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Evaluación De La Política Antinarcóticos En México

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Evaluación De La Política Antinarcóticos En México UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES ACATLÁN EVALUACIÓN DE LA POLÍTICA ANTINARCÓTICOS EN MÉXICO DURANTE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE FELIPE CALDERÓN HINOJOSA (2006-2010): GOBERNANZA PARA LA SEGURIDAD Y COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL CON ESTADOS UNIDOS. T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRA EN ESTUDIOS MÉXICO-ESTADOS UNIDOS PRESENTA: LAURA MÉNDEZ SALAZAR ASESOR: DR. RAFAEL VELÁZQUEZ FLORES NAUCALPAN, ESTADO DE MÉXICO MAYO, 2012 1 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Gracias a DIOS por haberme dado la vida y cubrirme en todo momento. Gracias mi querido padre porque me diste la fortaleza y la bendición de poder concluir con este trabajo. “A ti Ho Dios de mis padres, te doy gracias y te alabo porque me has dado la sabiduría” Daniel 2:23 Con Dios está la sabiduría y el poder, suyo es el consejo y la inteligencia”. Job 12:13 A mis PADRES por darme su apoyo en todo momento, por darme una formación llena de principios y valores que me han servido para salir adelante. Gracias por brindarme todo su amor. A mi querido Ángel por acompañarme y alentárme en esta importante etapa de mi vida. A mi escuela, especialmente a mi tutor Dr. Rafael Velázquez Flores, mi director de tesis, gracias por su paciencia, guía y apoyo. A mis sinodales Dr. Eduardo Alfonso Rosales Herrera, Dr. José Luis Valdés-Ugalde, Mtra. Sara Ramírez Moreno y Mtra. Maestra Silvia Elena Vélez Quero. A todos mis profesores. 3 4 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................. 9 CAPÍTULO I. MARCO TEÓRICO-CONCEPTUAL ................................................................................ 15 1.1. El nuevo contexto internacional: Globalización y Gobernanza ..................................... 15 1.1.1. Delincuencia organizada transnacional ........................................................................ 16 1.1.2. El narcotráfico .............................................................................................................. 17 1.1.3. Blanqueo de dinero....................................................................................................... 19 1.2. El Estado y la soberanía ................................................................................................... 21 1.2.1. Seguridad nacional ...................................................................................................... 22 1.2.2. Cooperación internacional. ........................................................................................... 25 1.3. Gobernanza ....................................................................................................................... 26 1.4. Gobernanza de seguridad ................................................................................................ 30 1.4.1. Políticas de Prevención ............................................................................................... 35 1.4.2. Políticas de Garantía. ................................................................................................... 37 1.4.3. Políticas de Protección. ................................................................................................ 38 1.4.4. Políticas de Contención. ............................................................................................... 39 1.5. Estados Unidos ................................................................................................................ 41 CAPÍTULO 2. ANTECEDENTES DE LA POLÍTICA ANTINARCÓTICOS EN MÉXICO: GOBERNANZA PARA LA SEGURIDAD Y LA COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL CON ESTADOS UNIDOS ............................. 45 2.1. Gestación de una política prohibicionista ....................................................................... 45 2.1.1. Hacia la segunda Guerra mundial - cooperación con los aliados .................................. 47 2.1.2. El enemigo externo. ...................................................................................................... 51 2.1.3. Campañas de erradicación vs auge del consumo de drogas. ........................................ 52 2.2. Narcotráfico como problema de seguridad nacional ...................................................... 56 2.2.1. Exportación masiva de cocaína proveniente de los países de Sudamérica.................... 58 2.2.2. Política de tolerancia hacia el narcotráfico. ................................................................... 61 2.2.3. Debilidad de las instituciones y corrupción. ................................................................... 64 2.2.4. Participación del Ejército en actividades antidrogas. ..................................................... 67 2.2.5. En busca de una alianza antidrogas con Estados Unidos ............................................. 70 2.3. Alternancia política y narcotráfico ................................................................................... 74 2.3.1. La confianza en el Ejército. ........................................................................................... 76 2.3.2. Terrorismo vinculado con el narcotráfico. ...................................................................... 78 2.3.3. La guerra sin cuartel. .................................................................................................... 79 5 CAPÍTULO 3. POLÍTICA ANTINARCÓTICOS EN MÉXICO DURANTE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE FELIPE CALDERÓN HINOJOSA (2006-2010) ............................................................................................... 85 3.1. México en el mercado mundial de las drogas ................................................................. 85 3.2. Política antinarcóticos en la administración de Felipe Calderón ................................... 87 3.2.1. Políticas de Prevención. ............................................................................................. 88 3.2.1.1. Objetivo. .................................................................................................................... 88 3.2.1.2. Instituciones encargadas. .......................................................................................... 89 3.2.1.3. Instrumentos legales. ................................................................................................. 91 3.2.1.4. Reformas legales ...................................................................................................... 92 3.2.1.5. Unidades médicas de rehabilitación .......................................................................... 93 3.2.1.6. Cooperación internacional. ........................................................................................ 95 3.2.1.6.1. Capacitación. ..................................................................................................... 98 3.2.1.6.2. Coaliciones comunitarias. ................................................................................... 99 3.2.1.6.3. Red Nacional de Transferencia de Tecnología para la Atención de Adicciones . 100 3.2.1.6.4. Cortes de Drogas. ............................................................................................ 100 3.2.2. Políticas de Garantía. ............................................................................................... 101 3.2.2.1. Aspecto educativo. .............................................................................................. 102 3.2.2.1.1. Acceso a la educación. ........................................................................ 103 3.2.2.1.2. Tasa de analfabetismo ........................................................................ 104 3.2.2.2. Aspecto laboral. .................................................................................................. 106 3.2.2.2.1. Programa del primer empleo gales ...................................................... 107 3.2.2.2.2. Indicadores laborales .......................................................................... 109 3.2.2.3. Cooperación Internacional. ..................................................................... 113 3.2.3. Políticas de Protección ........................................................................................... 115 3.2.3.1. Aplicación de la ley: Sistema Judicial Mexicano .................................................. 115 3.2.3.2. Reforma constitucional. ....................................................................................... 116 3.2.3.3. El sistema de juicios orales. ................................................................................ 117 3.2.3.4. La actuación ministerial. ...................................................................................... 120 3.2.3.5. Reforma institucional: Instituciones policiales). .................................................... 121 3.2.3.5. 1. Alinear las capacidades del Estado Mexicano contra la delincuencia.
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