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North American Criminal barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page ii barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page iii

North American Criminal Gangs

Mexico, , and Canada

Second Edition

Tom Barker Professor Emeritus, School of Justice Studies Eastern Kentucky University

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page iv

Copyright © 2015 Tom Barker All Rights Reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Barker, Thomas. North American criminal gangs : , United States, and Canada / Tom Barker. -- Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61163-547-8 (alk. paper) 1. Gangs--North America. 2. Prison gangs--North America. 3. Motorcycle gangs--North America. 4. Drug traffic--North America. I. Title.

HV6439.N67B37 2015 364.106'6097--dc23

2015001400

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America. barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page v

To Addie, who brought new meaning, love and joy into our world. barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page vi barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page vii

Contents

Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1 · Introduction 3 Overview 3 Assumptions 7 Criminal Organizations 9 Economic Criminal Organizations 10 Social Criminal Organizations 10 North American Perspective 11 North American Super Gangs 13 What Exactly Is a : A Criminal Justice Perspective 13 Single Purpose Criminal Gangs 14 Selected Examples of Single Purpose Gangs 15 Organized Criminal Gangs 18 Selected Examples of Organized Criminal Gangs (Street Gangs, Prison Gangs, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and DTOs) 20 Organized Criminal Gang Members in Government Institutions 39 Gangs in the Military 39 Employment in Criminal Justice Agencies or Collusion with Criminal Gangs 43 A Word of Caution 44 References 45 Chapter 2 · Street Gangs: US, Mexico and Canada 47 United States Street Gangs 47 Introduction 47 - Based/Influenced Street Gangs 47 Other Chicago Street Gangs 57 Chicago Caucasian Street Gangs (Local Street Gangs) 57 Los Angeles- Based/Influenced Street Gangs 58 African American Street Gangs 58 Hispanic Street Gangs — Sureños and Alliances 61 Street Gangs in Mexico 71 Street 76 Legislation in Canada 76 Aboriginal- Based Organized Crime (ABOC) 78

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Criminal Activities of Canadian Street Gangs Not ABOC 79 Canadian Provincial and Territorial Street Gang Overview 79 Territories (3) 79 Provinces (10) 80 References 89 Supplemental Readings 92 Reading 1. Aboriginal Gangs and Their (Dis)placement: Contextualizing Recruitment, Membership, and Status 92 References 105 Reading 2. The Ballad of Daniel Wolfe 108 Chapter 3 · Prison Gangs: A Criminal Gangs Anomaly 119 Prison Gangs 119 Introduction 119 Community Crime Threat 123 The Four Major Prison Gangs 126 (La Eme) — He Who Controls the Inside, Controls the Outside 126 Becoming a National Criminal Organization: First Phase — Reorganization 127 Becoming a National Criminal Organization: Second Phase — Into the Free World 129 Becoming a National Criminal Organization: Third Phase — The Sureños Alliance 130 Hierarchy of Women in Mexican Mafia 138 Mexican Mafia’s Fourth Phase: National, North American, and Transnational Crime Organization 140 Three Groups of Sureños 140 Mara Salvatrucha (MS- 13) and 18th Street Are Sureños 141 The Four Mexican Mafia Factions 142 : Racist Criminal Organization 143 What Is the Known as the Aryan Brotherhood and Who Are the Members? 143 AB History 144 AB’s Two Factions 146 Polishing the Apple 146 AB Women, Allies and Enemies 147 Chronology of the Aryan Brotherhood 147 Black Guerilla Family 150 Chronology of The 157 Prison Gang 158 NF Betrayal — No Honor Among Thieves 163 Nuestra Familia: The Mother Gang of All the Norteños Street Gangs 165 Women in Nuestra Familia 166 Geographic Location 166 barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page ix

CONTENTS ix

Texas Prison Gangs 167 Aryan Brotherhood of 167 ABT History 168 Symbols and Identifiers 168 Ideology and Beliefs 168 ABT “” Subculture 169 Geographic Presence 170 ABT Structure 170 Women in ABT 170 Criminal Activities 171 — Texas Mexican Mafia 171 — Cross Border Prison Gang 174 Four Horsemen, Tangos and Tango Blast 175 Hermanos de Pistoleros Latinos (HPL) 176 176 Other White Supremacist Prison Gangs 177 Nazi Low Riders 177 Dead Man Incorporated (DMI) 178 Public Enemy Number 1 179 211 Crew 179 References 181 Supplemental Reading 183 Reading 1. PEN1: Public Enemy Number 1 — California’s Growing Racist Gang 183 Chapter 4 · Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 193 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 193 Introduction 193 Conventional and Deviant Motorcycle Clubs 193 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 195 Criminal Organization Continuum 196 United States Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 202 The Big Five Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 202 Introduction 202 Motorcycle Club/Gang (HAMC) 203 /Gang 205 Outlaws Motorcycle Club/Gang 207 Pagans Motorcycle Club/Gang 208 Motorcycle Club/Gang 210 Puppet/Support Gangs For Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 210 Major Independent Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 213 The Mongols MC 214 Warlocks MC 216 Vagos Motorcycle Club 218 Wheels of Soul 220 Black or Interracial Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs 221 barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page x

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Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs in Canada: The Hells Rule 222 Introduction 222 Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) 222 CISC- 1996 222 CISC- 1998 223 CISC- 1999 223 CISC- 2000 224 CISC- 2001 225 CISC- 2002 225 CISC-2003 226 Canadian Biker War Ends 227 Canadian Bandido Massacre 227 Continued Efforts Against Canadian OMGs 230 Drug Smuggling into the United States from Canada 233 Law Enforcement Involvement with OMGs 233 References 234 Supplemental Reading 237 Reading 1. Coordinated Chaos: The Psychology and Structure of Organized Crime among One Percent Bikers 237 References 251 Chapter 5 · Mexican Cartels and Their North American Operations 255 Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) and Cartels 255 Mexican Drug Cartels 260 /Arellano Felix Organization (AFO) 261 Selected Activity in the United States 263 Cartel 265 Selected Activity in the United States 265 Juarez/Vicente Carrillo Organization 266 Selected Activity in the United States 267 269 Selected Activity in the United States 269 Cartel 273 Selected Activity in the United States 275 Beltran Leyva Organization (BLO) 277 Selected Activity in the United States 278 (LFM)/Knights Templar 279 Selected Activity in the United States 280 Mexican Cartels Today 280 Mexico 280 The United States 281 Canada 284 North American Crime Cabal 284 Mennonite Drug Smugglers in Canada and the United States 285 Why Are There No Large Drug Cartels in the United States? 286 References 288 barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page xi

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Supplemental Reading 288 Reading 1. The Mexican Threat in Central America 289 Chapter 6 · Dealing with Adult Criminal Gangs and Drug Trafficking Organizations 295 Introduction 295 Investigation and Prosecution Strategies 296 RICO and VICAR Prosecutions of Criminal Enterprises 297 Conclusion 302 References 303 Supplemental Reading 304 Reading 1. Enterprise Theory of Investigation 304 Index 311 barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page xii barker 2e 00 f2 3/20/15 9:03 AM Page xiii

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank his Canadian friend, Karan Katz. Without your help this project would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the staff of Car - olina Academic Press, especially Beth Hall. Your guidance and help smoothed out the laborious publishing process. As always, I express my gratitude to BSJ, who made it all possible.

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