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June 1994 150492- U.S If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. I \\I (j) ~ o lC) Guiding Philosophies for Probation in the 21st Century ........... " Richard D. Sluder Allen D. Supp Denny C. Langston Identifying and Supervising Offenders Affiliated With Community Threat Groups .................................................. Victor A. Casillas Community Service: A Good Idea That Works ........................ Richard J. Maher Community-Based Drug Treatment in the Federal Bureau of Prisons ................................ , ....................... Sharon D. Stewart The Patch: ANew Alternative for Drug Testing in the Criminal Justice System ..................................................... James D. Baer Jon Booher Fines and Restitution Orders: Probationers' Perceptions ............ G. Frederick Allen Harvey Treger What Do Offenders Say About Supervision and Going Straight? ........ " Julie Leibrich Golden Years Behind Bars: Special Programs and Facilities for Elderly Inmates................................................. Ronald H. Aday Improving the Educational Skills of Jail Inmates: Preliminary Program Findings ................................•.......... Richard A. Tewksbury Gennaro F. Vito "Up to Speed"-Results of a Multisite Study of Boot Camp Prisons ................................................... Doris Layton MacKenzie "Looking at the Law"-Recent Cases on Probation and Supervised Release ............................................. David N. Adair, Jr. JUNE 1994 150492- U.S. Department of Justice 150501 National Institute of Justice This document nas been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce thisqz"g' I material has been Jlranted by .J:<'ederal Probation to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the __ owner. Federal Probation A JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND PRACTICE i Published by the Administrative Office of the ~te flJatff{S@purts VOLUME LVIII JUNE 1994 NUMBER 2 OCT 14 1994 Guiding Philosophies for Probation in the 21st community-based Transitional Services Program, in­ Century.-What does the future hold in store for cluding the relationship between the Federal Bureau probation? Authors Richard D. Sluder, Allen D. Sapp, of Prisons, the United States Probation System, and and Denny C. Langston identify and discuss philoso­ community treatment providers. phies and goals that will emerge to guide probation in The Patch: A New Alternative for Drug Testing the 21st century. They predict that offender rehabili­ in the Criminal Justice System.-Authors James tation will become a dominant theme in probation but D. Baer and Jon Booher describe a new drug testing that it will be tempered by concern about controlling device-a patch which collects sweat for analysis. offenders to ensure community protection. They present the results of a product evaluation study Identifying and Supervising Offenders Affili­ conducted in the U.S. probation and U.S. pretrial ated With Community Threat Groups.-Gangs and community threat groups have placed a new breed CONTENTS of offender under the supervision of U.S. probation officers. Are the officers adequately trained in special Guiding Philosophies for Probation in the offender risk-management techniques to provide ef­ 21st Century ... / '.<"'l0·• 'rl9 ., .. .. Richard D. Sluder .:J ITO'- Allen D. Sapp A. fective supervision? Author Victor Casillas analyzes Denny C. Langston 3 gang and community threat group issues from a dis­ Identifying and Supervising Offenders trict perspective-that of the Western District of Affiliated With Community T4\eat Texas. He defines and classifies community threat Group,; ........ j. :j-:D.i.f.7.3J ...... Victor A. Casillas 11 groups generally, relates the history of gangs in San Community Service: A Good I~a. 'fhat Antonio, and recommends organizational strategies Works ...... ';::S7 ().t..J'7''f ........ Richard J. Maher 20 for identifying, tracking, and supervising offenders Community-Based Drug Treatment Ir-l) '-J 'I S- affiliated with community threat groups. in the Federal Bureau of Prisons .... '.~. SharonD. Stewart 24 Community Service: A GoodIdea That Works.­ The Patch; ANew Alternative for Drug /.:S7) 191J For more than a decade the community service pro­ Testing in the Criminal Justice System .... James D. Baer gram initiated by the probation office in the Northern Jon Booher 29 District of Georgia has brought offenders and commu­ Fines and Restitution Orders: P;.pbationers' Perceptions ... t S'(J)·tf·'1· 7· .. .. G. Frederick Allen nity together, often with dramatic positive results. Harvey Treger 34 Author Richard J. Maher present3 several of the dis­ What Do Offenders Say About Supervisi~ trict's "success stories" and describes how the program and Going Straight? .... /.S-o ljry.8 .. Julie Leibrich 41 has built a bridge of trust between offenders and the Golden Years Behind Bars: Special Programs I.s-O df79 community, has provided valuable services to the com­ and Facilities for Elderly Inmates ....... , Ronald H.lday 47 munity, and has saved millions of dollars in prison Improving the Education Skills of Jail costs. He also notes that the "get tough on crime" Inmates: Preliminary Program movement threatens proven and effective community Findings ......./l .-l"""6.r.-D'O" Ric~ardA, Tewksbury service programs and decreases the probability that I t..> ~ :.,.) <: Gennaro F. Vito 55 new programs will be encouraged or accepted. Community-Based Drug Treatment in the Fed­ Departments eral Bureau ofPrisons.-Author Sharon D. Stewart I '5'"() Sz) I Up to Speed ........................................ 60 provides a brief overview of the history of substance Looking at the Law ............... , . .. 67 abuse treatment in the Federal Bureau of Prisons and Reviews of Professional Periodicals ..................... 73 discusses residential treatment programming within Your Bookshelf on Review •........ , . .. 82 Bureau institutions. She describes in det~il the It Has Come to Our Attention ....................... " 87 1 Vol. 58. No. 2 /s-o~C;3 Identifying and Supervising Offenders Mfiliated With Community Threat Groups* By VICTOR A. CASILLAS Supervising United States Probation Officer, Western District of Texas Introduction sion, to reduce the risk the offender poses to the community, and to provide correctional treatment. In RGANIZED CRIMINAL groups and gangs fulfilling the role of protecting the community, Mono­ have become a major problem for communi­ Oties, justice professionals, and the public at graph 109, Supervision ofFederal Offenders, notes that both the national and local levels. At the local level the probation officer should, among other things: the random and often deadly violence associated with • establish a plan of supervision consistent with the youth and street gangs receives considerable atten­ level of risk posed by the offender to the community; tion in both the written and electronic media. The activities of more sophisticated gangs such as the • utilize varied and appropriate risk control activities; MEXIKANEMI, also known as the Mexican Mafia, o request modification of the conditions, if necessary, receive similar media attention. Other lesser known to reduce risks; organizations, some well structured and others more loosely organized, such as Cuban, Colombian, and • systematically review the conduct and condition of Nicaraguan organized crime, garner no media public­ offenders and revise supervision plans in accordance ity but receive significant law enforcement attention. with changes in risk levels. The tragic circumstances regarding the Branch Davidians, a cultic religious group in Waco, Texas, The Federal Probation System has always recognized received considerable national attention in 1993. its role in regard to enforcing supervision conditions During the 1980's the Federal law enforcement because it is a statutory function. Similarly, the Federal establishment began targeting conspiratorial crimi­ Probation System has always maintained an awareness nal drug organizations and violent armed offenders ofits responsibilities in regard to offender rehabilitation as a matter of policy. Federal law enforcement initia­ and the importance of correctional treatment. tives such as Triggerlock and Weed and Seed and the The question emerges, however, whether probation activities of the various Federal Organized Crime officers are adequately trained in specialized offender Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF) as well risk-management techniques to provide effective risk as numerous other state and local multiagency task control for the new breed of offender entering the forces, resulted in a dramatic change in the type of system. Specifically, should Federal probation officers offender entering the Federal justice system. In­ be doing anything beyond traditional practices to iden­ creasingly, these offenders were more prone to be tify, track, and supervise offenders affiliated with com­ violent and more prone to be members or associates munity threat groups? This article will attempt to of criminal groups. This trend became readily evi­ answer these questions by analyzing gang and com­ dent in the late 1980's as many of these offenders munity threat group issues from a district
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