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Ze Studiów Nad Recepcjč Problemów Architektury Miúdzy

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Ze Studiów Nad Recepcjč Problemów Architektury Miúdzy NAUKA S CIENCE Zdzis ïawa ibTomasz To ïï oczko* Ze studiów nad recepcj È problemów architektury mi Údzy neoklasycyzmem i bhistoryzmem w bsztuce krajów nordyckich XIX wieku The studies on reception of architectural problems between neoclassicism and historicism in the art of Nordic countries in the 19 th century Sïowa kluczowe: Dania, Norwegia, Szwecja, Finlandia, Key words: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, historia architektury i urbanistyki, klasycyzm, empire, history of architecture and urban design, classicism, narodowy romantyzm, neogotyk, neorenesans, neobarok, empire, national romanticism, neo-Gothic, styl ok. 1900 neo-Renaissance, neo-Baroque, style around 1900 Rozwój architektury w bSkandynawii w bdziewi Útnastym The development of architecture in Scandinavia in the stuleciu przebiega ï w bogólnym zarysie podobnie jak w binnych nineteenth century in general outline followed the same course pa ñstwach europejskich, atoli w bkrajach nordyckich neoklasy- as in other European countries, however in the Nordic coun- cyzm by ï na tym obszarze szczególnie stylem preferowanym. tries neoclassicism was the particularly preferred style. Political Polityczne przemiany, które wstrz Èsn Úï y fundamentami ancien changes which shook the foundations of ancien régime in the régime ’u bwbczasie efemerycznego cesarstwa zbudowanego przez times of the ephemeral empire built by Emperor Napoleon I, cesarza Napoleona I, mia ïy marginalne znaczenie dla rozwoju were of marginal signi Þ cance to the development of art in the sztuki na obszarze Danii, Szwecji i bNorwegii. Pozostawa ïa territories of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Scandinavia re- przeto Skandynawia poza g ïównym obszarem teatru wojen na- mained outside the main theatre of Napoleonic wars, although poleo ñskich, aczkolwiek owe brzemienne w bskutkach polityczne those political events fraught with consequences did not com- wydarzenia nie omin Úï y równie ĝ monarchii nordyckich. I btak pletely pass by the Nordic monarchies. Despite the fact that mimo oddzielenia si Ú Finlandii od Szwecji i bwcielenia jej do Finland was separated from Sweden and then incorporated into Imperium Rosyjskiego w b1809 roku, rozwi Èzania unii du ñsko- the Russian Empire in 1809, The Denmark – Norway union was -norweskiej w b1814 roku, utworzenia unii Szwecji z bNorwegi È dissolved in 1814, and a bunion between Sweden and Norway wblatach 1814-1905 – nie doprowadzi ïy do zerwania trady- was formed in the years 1814-1905 – it did not lead to breaking cyjnych zwi Èzków politycznych, a bnawet wi Úcej – wzmocni ïy traditional political alliances, on the contrary – it strengthened trwaj Èce niemal od zawsze wi Úzy spo ïeczno-kulturowe. Innymi the long-lasting social and cultural ties. In other words, dynastic, sïowy, dynastyczne i bpa ñstwowo-terytorialne, a btak ĝe ustrojowe state, territorial, as well as political reshuf ß ing on the continent, roszady na kontynencie, omin Úï y rewolucyjny i bbonapartystycz- with its revolutionary and Bonapartist chaos, bypassed Scan- ny zam Út, pozostawiaj Èc Skandynawi Ú oaz È spokoju i bstabilizacji. dinavia which remained an oasis of tranquillity and stability. Jednocze Ănie ów wielow Ètkowy ferment spowodowa ï, z bjednej At the same time that multi-level ferment caused, on the one strony – umocnienie si Ú tendencji neoklasycystycznych, jak np. hand – strengthening of the neo-classicist tendencies, such as styl Ludwika XVI, b Èdě neoklasycyzm rewolucyjny na prze- e.g. Louis XVI style, or revolutionary neoclassicism at the turn ïomie XVIII i bXIX wieku, z bdrugiej strony – przyczyni ï si Ú do of the 18 th and 19 th centuries, while on the other – contributed to pojawienia si Ú nowych Þ liacji neoklasycystycznych, takich jak: the appearance of new neo-classicist Þ liations, such as: the art of * Prof. dr hab. Zdzis ïawa To ïï oczko, Katedra Historii Architektury, * Prof. dr hab. Zdzis ïawa To ïï oczko, Department of History of Architecture, Urbanistyki ibSztuki Powszechnej, Instytut Historii Architektury Urban Planning and Popular Art, Institute of History of Architecture and ibKonserwacji Zabytków, Wydzia ï Architektury Politechniki Kra- Monument Conservation, Faculty of Architecture at the Cracow University kowskiej. of Technology; Dr Tomasz To ïï oczko, emerytowany adiunkt Politechniki Kra- Dr Tomasz To ïï oczko, retired adjunct at the Cracow University of kowskiej. Technology. Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomo Ğci Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 32/2012 7 sztuka dyrektoriatu, konsulatu i bszczególnie empire . Ta, trady- the French Directoire, the Consulate and especially the Empire . cyjna niejako i brelatywnie nowa sztuka i barchitektura, zyska ïa na That quite traditional and relatively new art and architecture znaczeniu i bpopularno Ăci w btakich o Ărodkach neoklasycyzmu, jak gained popularity and signi Þ cance in such centres of neoclassi- Kopenhaga i bSztokholm, gdzie akademicki klasycyzm otrzyma ï cism as Copenhagen and Stockholm, where academic classicism wiele inspiruj Ècych impulsów, czego przyk ïadem kopenha- was given many inspiring impulses, an example of which was ska szko ïa wykreowana przez Christiana Fredrika Hansena the Copenhagen school created by Christian Fredrik Hansen ibMichaela Gottlieba Birknera Bindesbølla, rze ěbiarza Bertela and Michael Gottlieb Birkner Bindesbøll, the sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsena, a bwbNorwegii – Christiana Heinricha Groscha, Thorvaldsen, in Norway – by Christian Heinrich Grosch, and wbFinlandii – Carla Ludwiga Engela. Ci w ïaĂnie architekci in Finland – by Carl Ludwig Engel. Those architects and artists ibarty Ăci przekszta ïcili centralne o Ărodki sztuki Skandynawii transformed art centres in Scandinavia in the international style wbmi Údzynarodowym stylu „greckiego odrodzenia”. of “Greek Revival”. NiepodwaĝalnÈ i btrwaïÈ po wsze czasy pozycj Ú w bKopen- An indisputable and permanent place of eminence in hadze zajmowaï architekt Christian Fredrik Hansen, senior Copenhagen was held by architect Christian Fredrik Hansen, rodu architektów. To on otrzyma ï wszystkie du ĝe publiczne absenior of abfamily of architects. He received all important zamówienia, zrealizowane w bdwóch pierwszych dziesi Úcio- public commissions, realised during the Þ rst two decades of the leciach XIX wieku. Jako profesor kopenhaskiej Królewskiej 19 th century. As a bprofessor at the Copenhagen Royal Academy Akademii Sztuki wblatach 1808-1835 odcisnÈï pi Útno na ca ïej of Art, in the years 1808-1835, he left his mark on a bwhole gen- generacji architektów – nie tylko w bDanii, ale równie ĝ w bNor- eration of architects – not only in Denmark but also in Norway. wegii. Za Ă rodzina Hansenów si Úga ïa wp ïywami znaczÈco na The Hansen family signi Þ cantly in ß uenced architecture in e.g. architektur Ú, mi Údzy innymi, Monachium, Aten i bWiednia. Munich, Athens and Vienna. In Scandinavia, and particularly Ryc. 1. Pa áac Christianborg, kaplica, wn Ċtrze. Kopenhaga. Ch.F. Hansen, 1803-1840 Fig. 1. Christianborg Palace, chapel, interior. Copenhagen. Ch. F. Hansen, 1803-1840 Ryc. 2. Pa áac Królewski. Oslo. H.D.F. Linstow, 1823-1848 Fig. 2. Royal Palace. Oslo. H.D.F. Linstow, 1823-1848 8 Wiadomo Ğci Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 32/2012 WbSkandynawii, abosobliwie wbDanii, wielkimi autorytetami byli wówczas Karl Friedrich von Schinkel, Charles Percier ibPompes Funèbres Fontaine. Ich wp ïyw jest znacz Èco widocz- ny wbdwóch monumentalno-reprezentacyjnych królewskich rezydencjach wbKopenhadze i bwbówczesnej Christianii, czyli obecnym Oslo. Wbpierwszym zbtych pa ïaców znajduje si Ú sie- dziba królów du ñskich wbChristiansborg’u, wzniesiona przez Christiana Fredrika Hansena w blatach 1803-1840, wbczystym francuskim empire à la Percier i bFontaine. Do tradycji du ñ- skich nawiÈzywaï jedynie wystrój malarski reprezentacyjnych pomieszczeñ, które udekorowano du ĝymi obrazami, pÚdzla Christophera bWilhelma Eckerberga. Te informacje nale ĝy jed- nak uzupeïni Ê wiedz È, i ĝ poprzedni, oryginalny pa ïac, zbudo- wany zostaï in situ w bstylu barokowym podïug projektu Eliasa Davida Häussera mi Údzy rokiem 1733 ab1745. Po kompletnej destrukcji powstaïo w ïaĂnie owe dzieïo Ch.F. Hansena, które uleg ïo zniszczeniu w bpo ĝarze w b1884 roku. Kolejna odbudowa pa ïacu zosta ïa przeprowadzona przez Eliasa Davida Jørgensena wb1907-1928 wbstylu neobarokowym. Rzec mo ĝna, zataczajÈc niejako dziejowe ko ïo, w bktórym dostrzega si Ú dziewi Útna- Ryc. 3. Pa áac Królewski. Sala balowa. Oslo. H.D.F. Linstow, 1823-1848 stowiecznÈ dychotomi Ú, a bzarazem iunctim mi Údzy barokiem Fig. 3. Royal Palace. Ballroom. Oslo. H.D.F. Linstow, 1823-1848 ibklasycyzmem. Zbdzieïa Ch.F. Hansena osta ïa si Ú ostatecznie imponujÈca kaplica païacowa (Ryc. 1). Drugim z bpa ïaców zaprojektowanych przez Hansa Ditleva Franciscusa Linstowa (1823-1848) w b stylu I b cesarstwa jest królewska rezydencja ulokowana na wzgórzu Bellevuehøyden wbOslo. H.D.F. Linstow wspó ïpracowaï przy budowie pa ïacu zbHeinrichem Ernstem Schirmerem zbLipska, któremu nale- ĝy przypisa Ê schinklowskie inspiracje, jak i bwp ïywy tradycji pompeja ñskiej, np. berli ñski Schauspielhaus (1818-1821) – wi- doczne wbsali balowej pa ïacu. Wn Útrza pa ïacu utrzymane by ïy wbniemal czystym stylu empirowo-klasycystycznym, wbktó- rych wszakĝe nie zabrak ïo, podobnie jak wbpa ïacu wbChri- stiansborgu, wymownych akcentów regionalno-narodowych ibwernakularnych zarazem, jak cho Êby w btzw. „ptasim pokoju”, urzÈdzonym wblatach 1839-1841. ¥ciany ibsu Þ t zdobi
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