Security & Defence European

D 14974 E D European & Security ES & Defence International Security and Defence Journal September 2018 ISSN 1617-7983 • SPECIAL ISSUE www.euro-sd.com • Special Issue September 2018 Land Forces Modernisation Preprint of the land forces coverage of ESD 6/2018 on the occasion of DVD2018 Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology B:8.3" T:8.06" S:6.9" We See a Safer Future T:11.46" B:11.7" S:10.1" Backed by Boeing and 20 years of experience, Insitu’s end-to-end information solutions—using unmanned aerial vehicles—strengthen your nation’s homeland security across land, sea and shore. insitu.com Job Number: 11012840 Client/Brand: Boeing/Insitu Date: 8-30-2018 2:50 PM APPROVALS File Name: 11012840_INSITU_Europe_8x11_r2.indd QC: Steve Jablonoski Bleed: 8.3" x 11.7" Gutter: None Publications: European Security & Defense PA: Steve Hutchings PR: Pat Owens Trim: 8.06" x 11.46" Folds: NoneNone Notes: None RET: Greg Olsen PP: Chris Joyce Safety: 6.9" x 10.1" Media/Color Sp: PRINT/4 COLOR AB: Sandra Sanchez TM: Deanna Loperena/Kate Vilt Scale: 1=1 Country: None Vendor: None GCD: None Actual Size: 8.06" x 11.46" Language: English Output%: None Colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black AD: McKenzie Moore Fonts: Helvetica Neue (55 Roman, 75 Bold, 35 Thin; Type 1) CW: Blythe Green AE: Michael Etzel/Erin Heiser ALL CONTENT WITHIN THIS FILE IS FOR OUTPUT ONLY BY END PRINTER/VENDOR. 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Images: 11012840C01_R2_Insitu_Ibiza_closeup.tif (300 ppi; CMYK), ABC_Insitu_30mm_Wht.eps Content SECURITY POLICY INDUSTRY & MARKETS 2 The Geopolitics of Energy – 37 "OCCAR stands ready to take the challenge" Energy Security in the 21st Century Interview with Major General Arturo Alfonso-Meiriño, Joris Verbeurgt Director OCCAR-EA 41 Hard Cases for Tough Times ARMED FORCES Tim Guest 45 European SHORAD Systems Land Combat System Support at the NATO 6 Doug Richardson Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA) Jörn Brauer and Robert Elvish 8 "High Range of Capabilities to Support COLUMNS NATO and the EU" Masthead Interview with Brigadier General Rudolf Maus, 32 Director of Life Cycle Management of the NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA) 10 Amphibious Warfare – Index of Advertisers Current Programmes on a Global Scale Jack Richardson Autoflug 25 IDEAS 11 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY IDEX 19 16 UK Armoured Vehicle Programmes David Saw Insitu – A Boeing Company 2nd cover 21 Wave of the Future? I/ITSEC 40 Hybrid and Electric Drive for Nexter 9 Armoured Combat Vehicles Sidney E. Dean Pearson Engineering 1 24 Surviving the Blast – MRAPs and Lessons SOBRA 5 Learned from the Mine and IED Threat John Antal Systematic 4th cover 29 Countering IEDs – TechNet 13 New Developments or More of the Same? Textron 15 Dan Kaszeta Wescom Defence 31 33 Force Multiplication Options for the Infantry David Saw Special Issue September 2018 · European Security & Defence 1 SECURITY POLICY The Geopolitics of Energy Energy Security in the 21st Century Joris Verbeurgt The existing world energy system was largely shaped by Anglo-American interests, which favoured market-driven competition over access to energy resources on a demand and supply basis. Global geopoliti- cal shifts in the early 21st century have caused a profound transformation of this market-oriented system to which we need to adapt and react appropriately. he geopolitics of energy comprises companies that favoured market-driven gigantic hurricanes and tornados have rap- Tthree dimensions: an economic dimen- competition over access to energy resourc- idly risen since the 1990s. The possible con- sion, an ecological dimension, and a secu- es on a demand and supply basis, sensitive sequences of the continued and increasing rity dimension. to price volatility. Due to internal and exter- use of fossil fuels forces stakeholders in the The economic dimension of the geo- nal dynamics, this market-driven system is fields of security and defence and policy politics of energy is twofold: on the one undergoing profound changes in the early makers to take these global disastrous ef- hand, energy is indispensable for mod- 21st century. fects into account when discussing energy ern economies to produce and transport With regard to the ecological dimension, related issues. Where traditional geopo- goods. There is a relatively straightforward the use of fossil fuels by the industry, the litical thinking regarding energy focused relationship between energy and economic transportation sector and households, is on availability, reliability and affordability, development, based mainly on the degree largely responsible for the environmental modern geopolitics of energy involves sus- tainability as well. Energy Security Energy security is the third dimension of Photo: U.S. Airforce the geopolitics of energy. There are no uncontested or universally accepted defi- nitions of ‘energy security’; it is a broad, evolving concept, encompassing many elements and aspects the importance or significance of which can alter in relation to the viewpoints, backgrounds or scientific expertise of the person using the defini- tion. Moreover, ‘geopolitics of energy’ is often narrowed-down to ‘energy security’ and both concepts are often used as if they were interchangeable. The origins of energy security date back to the beginning of the industrial revolution. Energy was a vital source underpinning industrial growth, modern technological life Conflicts over energy resources endanger the global balance of power. and economic development. Energy was, and is, tremendously important in every of energy self-sufficiency and on the com- problems and the thereto related health field of life and is a primary concern, second position of primary energy supply. On the issues of the past half-century: lead pol- only to national defence, for the survival and other hand, energy resources are economic lution, acid rain, fine dust pollution and, well-being of developed and developing na- commodities themselves. The rise of the oil the most threatening of all, global warming tions and societies. It is no surprise, then, to industry is interconnected with the rise of and its consequences for the climate. As see that the control over energy resources capitalism and international business, and from the 1990s, more and more scientists (oil, gas, coal, nuclear or renewable) is at the fossil fuels are perceived as the driving forc- claimed that fossil fuels were the principal heart of great power politics. es behind technological advancement and cause of increases in atmospheric concen- The intertwining relations between oil, economic power. In the twentieth century, trations of greenhouse gases, driving up politics and international power first the oil industry became the world’s biggest the mean temperatures of the planet and became evident during the First World business and the first globalised modern causing a worldwide melting of glaciers War, when Great Britain, due to German industry. The existing world energy system and of polar icepacks. Weather related submarine warfare, experienced severe was largely shaped by Anglo-American oil disasters, like severe flooding or drought, shortages in oil supply which threatened 2 European Security & Defence · Special Issue September 2018 SECURITY POLICY the entire war effort. With the beginning of the war, the combustion engine had gained prominence (in warships, air- planes, and mechanised transport) which increased the dependence on oil as a premier energy source. The Allies, under the impulse of First Lord of the Admi- Photo: US State Department ralty Winston Churchill, quickly realised the importance of a secure and uninter- rupted supply of oil at a reasonable price. They figured out that the control over energy resources and their secure transportation to energy markets would also be vital to their post-war existence and influence. This gave rise to the concept of energy security, and energy resources gained a prominent place in the war and postwar strategy. During the First World War, the Allies altered their strategic ob- jectives with regard to the Caucasus, the To avoid conflicts over energy at an early stage the US set up the US-China Middle East and the Ottoman Empire in Economic and Strategic Dialogue Joint Session on Energy Security. Pictured the light of the presence (or absence) of are former US Secretary of State John Kerry conducting talks with Chinese oil reserves. Regions previously neglected Vice Premier Wang at the US Department of State on 10 July 2013. by foreign policy (e.g. the Saudi Arabian peninsula) now attracted the attention Shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, An- lock-up exclusive access to oil and gas re- of politicians, entrepreneurs and the mili- glo-American energy security policy strived serves wherever it can obtain them. Chinese tary. In the Second World War, the con- at controlling most of the world’s energy companies are also trying to buy Western trol over vast energy reserves was an im- resources and at securing the lines of sup- energy companies in their hunt for energy portant determinant of the Axis strategy: ply from producer to consumer. The free resources and technology. Foreign policy Stalingrad was a result of Hitler’s desire market model, based on demand and sup- and the search for energy needed to sustain to gain access to the energy-rich areas ply, favoured the Western energy consum- economic growth, are intertwined through on the Caspian Sea, while the American ing powers and became the blueprint for the (quasi-) state owned energy companies oil embargo against Japan was one of the a global energy system, aimed at (relative) like SinoPec. The Chinese meddling in Suda- main events that led directly to the attack price stability. The oil producing countries nese internal affairs like in the Darfur region on Pearl Harbor.

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