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1984 Selected References on Walking, Crossing Streets, and Choosing Pedestrian Routes Michael R. Hill University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]

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Hill, Michael R., "Selected References on Walking, Crossing Streets, and Choosing Pedestrian Routes" (1984). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 463. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/463

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R. 1984. Selected References on Walking, Crossing Streets, and Choosing Pedestrian Routes. (Architecture series, No. A-1270). Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies. ISSN: 0194-1356 Architecture Series: Bibliography

November 1984 A 1270

SELECTED REFERENCES ON WALKING, CROSSING

STREETS, AND CHOOSING PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

Michael R. Hill

Vance Bibliographies Post Otflce Box 229 Monticello. Illinois 61856 VANCE BIBLIOGRAPHIES .Archi tecture Series: Bibliography #A 1270 ISBN: 0194-1356 ISBN: . 0-89028--160-2

SELECTED REFERENCES ON

,"lALKING, CROSSING STREETS, AND CHOOSING

PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

;, ..

Michael Ro Hill Department of SO'ciology" . University of Nebraska.-.Lincolri Lincoln, Nebraska

INTRODUCTION

StUdies on thebehaviop and experiences of pedestrians have continued. Unabated since the:rii'st, :Diajor bib~iography on the subject, was compiled by Diet:i;';ich Garbrecht (197la). NUmerous additions were noted in 'a supplement by this author (Hill, 1976a). The present bibliographY s~rizes and. updates these earlier "lorks'; FUrther , it, includesseverai related references from the environmental design reSearch literature which significantly illumina.te the geheralproblem of-understanding the pedestrian environment. References on route choice by automobile drivers have specifically ,been included to encourage comparisons betwe,en vehicular aildpedestrian.'transportation,modes. -

This bibliography is presented without aimotations.' However, those seeking a summary of these materials will find an attempt -to present an integrated review in 'the author'·s forthcoming University of Nebraska Studies monograph: Walking, Crossing Streets, and Choosing Routes. The author would appreciate receivingnotice of ctirr'ent research which should appear in future revision~ of this· bibliograp}:iY. 'Letters may be addressed in care of: PEDNET (The Pedestrian Research/Design Network), 2701 Sewell Street, Lincoln, Nebraska ,68502.

The author thB.nks the U.s. 'Urban Mass Transportation Administration under whose sponsorship (Grant No. IA-ll-0004) this bibliography was partially compiled. 2. Ar:6hi tecture Series: Bibliography #A 1270

Akoi, H. 1977-78. Bibliographie: Fussgangerzonen. Department of Architecture, Uni;versi ty of Tokyo. Mime 0 •

Alexander, K. C. and A. Federbar. ,1978. Qross!'Ialk Behavior and Attitudes. In New Directions'in Environmental Design Research, edited by W. E. Rogers and W. H. Itte1son, 59-67. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Design ReseaXch Association.

Anders, G. 1981. Renewal of Villages: The Car and the Pedestrian. Man-Environment Systems 11:73-74.

Appleyard, D., K. Lynch, :and J. R. Meyer. 1964. The View from the Road. Cambridg$:' MIT Press.

Arens, E. and D. Ba11anti. ,1975. Outdoor Comfort of Pedestrians in Cities. Gen',; Tech.', Report, no. NE-25. vlashington, D.Ce: U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Ballard, C. K. 1967. Transportation Dependents. Traffic Quarterly 21:83-90.

Bandi , F., P.,Brouwer,' M. C.' Cave,zai J. ''Nyst ,and F ~ 'Lehner. 1974. Length of "/alking Distances ,and Distance Between Stops: 'Their Influence on the Athadtiveness ,of Public Transport.'UITP ,ReVue' 23',:,No. 3:l75-~J,..' ,

:BartholoIIlaus, K.S~ 1972.pedes1:rianMoveinent:: 'Selected 'References 1965-June 1972. '. TI!ansportation Center Library, Northwestern University~ Evanston. photocopy. , , ' , Bechtel, R. 1970." HUman Movement in Architecture'. In Environmental Psychology: Man and His Physical Setting, edited 'by H. M. Proshansky, vI. He> Ittelson, and L. G. Rivlin, 642-45. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. "

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Bercher, A. o. 1981. Experiment and Evaluation in Pedestrianization Projects. Man-Environment Systems 11:13-18.

Berkowitz, W. R. 1971. A Cross-National Comparison of Some Social Patterns of Urban Pedestrians. Journal of Cross­ Cultural Psychology 2:129-44. 3., .Archi tecture Series: Bibliography #A 1270

Best,. G. 1970. ,Direction-Finding in Large Buildings. In, . Architectural Psychology, edited by D~ Canter, .72-74. " LOndon: Royal Institute of British Archit~c,ts •.

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Blivice, S. 1974. Pedestrian Route Choi~e~ A' St~dy of Walking to. ,Work in Munich., Ph!D. disserta~ion, 'University of Michigan.

Boles"v.;".1981a.,' The Effect of Dens:lty, Sex and Group Size Upon Pedest~ian Velocity. Man-Environment· Systems 11:37-40.

_~~_.... " • 1981b.. Planning Pedestrian Environments: A Computer Simulation Model. Man~Environment .' Systems 11 :41-56.

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Bowen,F~ P., M. M. Hoehn, and M. Do Yahr. 1972. P.arkins9nism: . JQ.t¢rations in Spatiai~ Orientation, a.s Dete~ed by a Route­ ~aIking Test. Neuropsychologia 10 :355-6L

Braaksma, J. P. and J. Cook. 1980. Human Orientation in Transportation Termina.ls. American Society or': ,CiVil Engineers Proceedinga'ib6 (TE2, no. 15274): 189-203.

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B:reines, S. 1981. The 'ltTalking City. Man-Environment. Systems 11:5-8.

Breine~, S. and W. Jo Dean. 1974. The Pedestrian Revolution: Streets vii thout Cars. New York: Vintage ,:Books.

Brigden, Ro L. 1935. The Dynamics of Spiral Movement in Man. Jou:rnaLof Compara.tive Psychology 20:59-74•.

Bronzaft, A. Lo, S. Bo Dobrow, and To J. O'Hanlon. 1976. Spatial. ,Orientation in a Subway System. Environment· and.Behavior 8:575-94. Campbell, n. T. and J. C. Stanley~ 1963. Exper~mental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand Mcl~ally. 4. Architecture Series: Bibliography #A 1270

Carr,S .. ,atidDe Schissler. 1969. The Ci1:;y as a Trip: Perceptual Selection and ~emoryin the View from, the Road.>Environment and Behavior 11:7-35. '

Churchman,A.!a.nd Y. Tzamir. 1981. Traffic Segregation and Pe4estrian Behavior in a Sh()pping Center" : ' Man-Environment Systems 11:19-24. " " '

Cohen, R., T. McLaren, S. Moss, ,R. Petyk, ap.d 'E.Zube. 1977. Pedesiriatis and Wind: in' the Urban Environment. AIIiherst: Environment and 'Bep.aviorResearch Center, InFlti,tute for Man and Environment, 'O'ni versi ty of Massac:Q,usett,s 0 . -'",. . ".' , ' .', ' i ',t· Collett, P. ahd P. Marsh. 19'74. Patterns of :PUblic Behavior: Co:1,.lision Avoidance in a Pede,strian Crossing. ' Sem.1.otica 12:281-99. "

Colony, Do C. 1970. '. An Application of Game Theory to Route Selection. Re,search Record 334:39~47"

Cooper,fi. and A. Eli thorn. 1973. The Organization of Search Procedures. In Artificial and Human Thinking, edited by A. Eli thorn andD. Jone~, 199-213. San Francisco: Josse~-Bass"

Crandell; G. and Me, Re Hill. '.' 1981. Connected Landscapes. Man~Environment Systems 11:9-12.

Cullen, I. G.. 1976. Human Geography, Regionl;l.l Science, and the Study of Individual Behavior. Environment and Planning, Series A, 8:397-409.

Dabbs, JoM. 9 Jr. and N~ A. Stokes. i975" , Beauty is Power: The Use of Spa?e on the, ~id~waJk. Sociometry J8 :551... 57 •

Dannick, L~ I. ,1973.Inf~uence of an Anonymous Stranger on a Routine Decision ,to Act or, Not to Act: An Experiment in Conformity. SOCiological Quarterly 14:127-34.

Dean, G~ A. 1965. An Analysis of the Energy Expenditure in Level and Grade Walking. Ergonoinics 8: 31... 47 • '

Deskins, D. R. and J .. D. Nystuen. 1973., Direct Obs,ervation as a Learning Strategy in Geography : Pedestrian Density and Functional Areas in Atlanta. Southeastern Geographer 13: 105-26.

Downs, Re M. and D. Stea. 1973. Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behavior. Chicago: Aldine. 5. Architecture Series: Bibliography #A 1270

" ~' . Elkington, J., R~'MCCaym, and J. Roberts. 1976. The Pedestrian: P1annin&"and Research-... a Li,terature Review and Annotated Bibliogra.phy•. : London: Transport an~, Environment Studies.

Emmons, D. 1965. The Pedestrian Count. Report no. 199. Chicago: ASPO Planning·Advisory.. Service, American Society of Planning 0f't1cials, Chicago." ,,:

",,: ~. ,.,' . Flynn, L. 1977. Pedestrians: A Bibliography. Report no. Hs-802 504•. ' Wash1Jlgton,D •. C.: National'Highway Traffic Safety Admini~iira.tion, U~S. Department'ofTransportation.

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Fruin, J. J. 1971. Pedestrian Planning and Design. New York: Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners.' .

Gantvoort, J. 1971. Pedestrian Traffic in Town Centers. , Traffic Engineering and Control 12 :454-56.

Garbrecht,D. 1969. The Binomial Model of Pedestrian Flows. Traif~c Qua.rterly 23:587-95., ' .' . . \. _____• 1970. Frequency Distributions in a Rectangular Grid. Jqurnal of T:t:~sP9rt Economics and Policy 4:66-88. '

_____0 1971a. Pedestrian Movement:. A Bibliography. Exchange Bibliography, no. 225. Monticello, Illinois: Council of Planning Librarians.' .

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Garland, H. C., J. J" Haynes, and G. C. Grubb. 1979. Transit Map Color Coding and Street Detail: Effects on Trip Planning Performance., Environment and Behavior 11:162-84. 6. Archi tecture Series s Bibliography #A 1270

Garling,T. 1975. Geographical Orientatiot):. Ability in Man as Related to, Route-Finding' in the Designed Elnvironment • . Man-Environme.nt; Systems 5 :175-76. _

Gifford, Ro,. J .. Ward, .and vI. Dahms.· 1977. Pedest;rianVelocities: A Multivariate, Study of Social.and Environmental Effects. Journal of Human Movement, Studies 3 :69--98. .

Goffman, E. 1971. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. J!1ew York:. ·Basic B.ook/?

Golson, H. L. and J. M. Dabbs, Jr. 1974. Line Following Tendencies Among Pedestrians: A Sex Differ~nce. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1:16-18.. . ;

Goodey, B. 1974. Urban Walks and Town Trails: Origins, Principles and Sources. Birmingha.m,England:Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Universi ty of Birmingham.

__~_ .... ' 1975. ·Urban Trails: Origins and Opportunities. Journal of·the;Royal'Town Planning-Institute 61:29-30.

Goodwin,P. B. and T. P. Hutchinson. 1977. The Risk of \-Ialking. Transportation 6:217-30.

Gordon, D. A.and H~ C~ Wood. 1970. How Drivers Locate Unfamiliar Addresses: An .Experiment in Route .Finding. Public Roads 36, No. 2:44-47.

Greater London CoUhcil~ 1973.. Pedestrianised Stre.ets': . GLC Study Tour of Europe and America. London:· Policy Group, Traffic and Development Branch, Greater London Council. , . Haas, R.C.G •. and.J. F. J}7orrall•. 1976. An Analysis of .Pede'strian Circulation Through a Tunnel Network. Traffic Quarterly 21:229-35.

Haggett, P., A. D. Cliff, and A. Frey. 1977. Locational Analysis in Human Geography. Vol. 1: . Locational Models. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Halprin, L. 1965. Motation. Progressive Architecture 46, No. 7:126-33.

Hartenstein, vI. and H. R. !blher. 196,[.. Visitors t Records: A Method for Analyzing the Flow of People in the C .BoD. In Urban Core and Ipner City, University of Sociological Department, 497-502. Leiden, : E. J. Brill. 7'. ','. Architect~e Series:: Bibliegraphy #A 1270 Baxtgen,D. T•. 1914.:' f.ttitudinaiand Situa.tio~al·Variables . Influencing'Urban'Mode Choice: Some Enpir;i.cal Findings. Transpo~tation3:371~82.

Henderson, Lo F. and D. J,. Lyons. 1972. Sexual Differences in Human Crowd .Motion., ,Nature, 240:246-55. . '. ~ . "'," ' " Hill, M. R~ 1975. Pede~t~ian. Behavior' in ~ Urban Environment. Department of Geegraphy; University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Mimeo.

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Hill, M. R. and Go Crandell. 1981. Pedestrian Facilities for Walking at Night. Workshop presented at the Annual Conference of the Environmental Design ResearCll A~sociation, Arne's, April.

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VAl~CE BIBLIOGRAPHIES Architecture Series: Bibliography #A 1270 ISSN: 0194-1356 ISBN: 0-89028~160-2 SELECTED REFERENCES ON WALKmG, CROSSING STREETS, AND CHOOSING PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

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