DOCSLIB.ORG

Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour Decent Work for all Women and Men in Nepal International Labour Office Nepal Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour Series 5 Decent Work for all Women and Men in Nepal Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour Series 5 International Labour Organization ILO in Nepal Copyright © International Labour Organization 2005 First published 2005 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; email: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 [Fax: (+1) (978) 750 4470; email: [email protected]] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licenses issued to them for this purpose. Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour Kathmandu, Nepal, International Labour Office, 2005 ISBN 92-2-115351-7 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Printed by Format Printing Press for ILO Office in Nepal Printed in Nepal. ii c ontents Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Foreword ix Acknowledgements xi Executive Summary xiii Maps xix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Concepts and Definitions 1 1.1.1 Caste and ethnic groups 1 1.1.2 Dalit 1 1.1.3 Prejudice 2 1.1.4 Discrimination 2 1.1.5 Discrimination in labour 3 1.1.6 Work and labour 3 1.1.7 Employment and occupation 4 1.1.8 Labour force, work force and labour force participation rate 4 1.1.9 Participation 4 1.1.10 Child labour 4 1.1.11 The worst forms of child labour 5 1.1.12 Forced labour 5 1.1.13 Slavery and slave 6 1.1.14 Sex, gender and gendering 6 1.1.15 Bista 6 1.2 Nepalese Society and the Caste System 6 1.3 Caste Discrimination 7 Chapter 2: Dalits in Nepal 9 2.1 Demographics 9 2.1.1 Dalit population 8 2.1.2 Distribution of Dalit population 15 2.1.3 Household size, sex composition and age structure 15 2.1.4 Migration, dependency ratio, index of ageing, median age and morbidity 15 2.1.5 Adult literacy and education 16 2.1.6 Labour force 17 2.2 Hierarchy within Dalits 17 2.2.1 Hierarchy within hill Dalits 17 2.2.2 Hierarchy within terai Dalits 18 2.2.3 Hierarchy within Newar Dalits 18 2.2.4 Hierarchy as a lived experience 19 iii Chapter 3: Socio-cultural, Economic and Political Exclusion, Occupations and Access to Resources 21 3.1 Participation at Local Level 21 3.1.1 Participation in socio-cultural and economic processes 21 3.1.2 Political exclusion 24 3.2 Exclusion at Macro Level 24 3.2.1 Exclusion from socio-cultural and economic processes 24 3.2.2 Exclusion from macro-level politics 27 3.3 Occupations and Access to Resources 29 3.3.1 Traditional occupations 29 3.3.2 Major occupations 30 3.3.2.1 Perception of income levels in various occupations 32 3.3.2.2 Perceptions of social status of various occupations 32 3.3.2.3 Production of goods 32 3.3.2.4 Markets for commodities produced 33 3.3.2.5 Problems in marketing 33 3.3.2.6 Non-traditional activities 33 3.3.2.7 Occupational mobility 34 3.3.2.8 Training 35 3.4.1 Access to resources 35 3.4.2.1 Access to land 36 3.4.2.2 Income and consumption 36 3.4.3.3 Access to credit 36 3.4.3.3.1 Sources of credit and nature of transactions 36 3.4.3.3.2 Purposes of borrowing 37 3.4.3.3.3 Indebtedness 37 Chapter 4: Dalits and Labour 39 4.1 Occupations and Livelihoods 39 4.2 Discrimination in Labour 40 4.2.1 Discrimination in employment 40 4.2.1.1 Wages/Salaries 40 4.2.1.2 Work allocation 40 4.2.1.3 Conditions at the work place 41 4.2.2 Forced labour 41 4.2.2.1 Perceptions and experience of forced labour 41 4.2.2.2 Factors, individuals and groups forcing continuation of traditional occupations 42 4.2.2.3 The patron-client or the Bista system 42 4.2.2.4 Carcass disposal 43 4.2.2.5 Commercial sexwork 4.2.2.6 Carrying the sick, dead and bridegrooms 44 4.2.2.7 Casual and irregular jobs 44 4.2.2.8 Threats for resisting forced labour 44 4.2.3 Child labour 44 4.2.3.1 The worst forms of child labour 45 iv 4.2.4 Other manifestations of labour discrimination 47 Chapter 5: Escaping Strategies and Coping Mechanisms 49 5.1 Escaping Strategies 49 5.1.1 Migration 49 5.1.2 Change of traditional surname 51 5.1.3 Religious conversion 51 5.2 Coping Mechanisms 51 5.2.1 Education and skill development 51 5.2.2 Sanskritization 51 5.2.3 Political extremism 51 Chapter 6: Legislation, Policies and Programmes for Reducing Labour Discrimination 53 6.1 Domestic Legislation 53 6.1.1 Moral sanctions 53 6.1.2 Legal sanctions 53 6.2 Policies and Programmes 56 6.2.1 Recent government policy measures 61 6.2.2 Initiatives from INGOs, NGOs and multilateral and bilateral donor agencies 61 6.2.2.1 ILO, decent work and poverty reduction 62 Chapter 7: Dalit Civil Society Movement 65 7.1 Background 65 7.1.1 Geographic coverage, programmes, activities and target groups 65 7.1.2 Size and resources of DNGOs 65 7.1.3 DNGOs' affiliations 66 7.2 Findings and Conclusions 66 Chapter 8: Conclusion and Recommendations 69 8.1 Conclusion 69 8.2 Recommendations 71 8.2.1 Legislation and policy 71 8.2.2 Advocacy 71 8.2.3 Interventions 72 8.2.3.1 Awareness raising 72 8.2.3.2 Capacity building 72 8.2.4 Monitoring and evaluation 72 8.2.5 Research 73 Bibliography 75 Annexes 81 v List of Boxes Box 2.1: Casteism within Dalits 17 Box 3.1: Denying Dalits Access to Public Resources 22 Box 4.1: Blockading of a Dalit Village 42 Box 4.2: Kalawati: Faced with an uncertain future 43 Box 4.3: Dalit Girls are Touchable! 44 Box 4.4: Mithuwa Musahar: Child domestic labour 45 Box 5.1: Migration: Escaping untouchability 50 Box 5.2: Migrating to Capital City in Search of Job 50 Box 6.1: Discrimination in Citizenship 54 Box 6.2: Some Court Cases Pertaining to Dalits 63 List of Tables Table 2.1: Dalit Population in Nepal, 1991 and 2002 10 Table 2.2: 'Untouchable' and 'Touchable but Water Unacceptable' Groups as per the Old Civil Code 12 Table 2.3: Dalit Population in 2001 as per the list prepared by the Dalit Development Committee 13 Table 2.4: Groups defined as Dalit in this Study 14 Table 2.5: Status of Adult Literacy of Dalit Population by Caste and Sex 16 Table 3.1: Integrated National Caste/Ethnicity Index of Governance 1999 25 Table 3.2: Caste/Ethnicity Analysis of Leadership Position Holders in the Royal Nepal Academy and other Cultural Associations 2002 26 Table 3.3: Caste/Ethnicity Analysis of Academic and Administrative Leadership Position Holders at Tribhuvan University 2002 26 Table 3.4: Caste/Ethnicity Analysis of Leadership Position Holders in Scientific Organizations and Professional Associations 2002 27 Table 3.5: Caste/Ethnicity Composition of Police Officers 2002 28 Table 3.6: Traditional Occupations associated with Different Caste Groups 29 Table 3.7: Distribution of Income and Expenditure by Major Caste/Ethnic Categories 36 vi abbreviations and acronyms CBO Community-based Organization CDO Chief District Officer CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CERID Research Centre for Educational Innovation and Development CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance DDC District Development Committee DFID Department for International Development D-LAC Dalit Legal Aid Centre DNF Dalit NGO Federation DNGO Dalit Non-governmental Organization DWO Dalit Welfare Organization FEDO Feminist Dalit Organization FY Fiscal Year HMG/N His Majesty's Government of Nepal HUGOU Human Rights and Good Governance Advisory Unit ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ILO International Labour Organization INGO International Non-Governmental Organization INSEC Informal Sector Service Centre JUP Jan Utthan Pratisthan LSGA Local Self-Governance Act 1999 LWF Lutheran World Federation NESAC Nepal South Asia Centre NGO Non Governmental Organization NPC National Planning Commission SDC Swiss Development Cooperation UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme VDC Village Development Committee vii viii foreword ne of the key factors that perpetuate poverty is social and economic exclusion through Odiscrimination.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Advancing Workers' Rights Under Sdgs
    Research Paper IX Advancing Workers’ Rights under SDGs Policy and Situational Analysis of Decent Work in Nepal The Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility is a research centre within Social Science Baha, Kathmandu, set up with the primary objective of contributing to broader theories and understandings on labour and mobility. It conducts interdisciplinary, policy-relevant research on critical issues affecting working people; serves as a forum to foster academic, policy and public debates; and provides new insights on the impact of labour and migration. Jeevan Baniya with 9 789937934916 Sunita Basnet, Himalaya Kharel and Rajita Dhungana Research Paper IX Advancing Workers’ Rights under SDGs Policy and Situational Analysis of Decent Work in Nepal Jeevan Baniya with Sunita Basnet, Himalaya Kharel and Rajita Dhungana This publication was made possible through the financial support of the Solidarity Center, Washington DC. The authors would like to thank Krishma Sharma of the Solidarity Center for administrative and logistical support during the study. The authors are grateful to Saloman Rajbanshi, Senior Programme Officer and Dr Biswo Poudel, Economic Advisor, from ILO Country Office Nepal, for reviewing the report and providing their valuable feedback. The authors would also like to thank Khem Shreesh at Social Science Baha for his feedback while finalising this publication. © Solidarity Center, 2019 ISBN: 978 9937 9349 1 6 Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility Social Science Baha 345 Ramchandra Marg, Battisputali, Kathmandu – 9, Nepal Tel: +977-1-4472807, 4480091 • Fax: +977-1-4475215 [email protected] • www.ceslam.org Printed in Nepal CONTENTS Acronyms v Executive Summary vii 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Reassessing Religion and Politics in the Life of Jagjivan Ram¯
    religions Article Reassessing Religion and Politics in the Life of Jagjivan Ram¯ Peter Friedlander South and South East Asian Studies Program, School of Culture History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia; [email protected] Received: 13 March 2020; Accepted: 23 April 2020; Published: 1 May 2020 Abstract: Jagjivan Ram (1908–1986) was, for more than four decades, the leading figure from India’s Dalit communities in the Indian National Congress party. In this paper, I argue that the relationship between religion and politics in Jagjivan Ram’s career needs to be reassessed. This is because the common perception of him as a secular politician has overlooked the role that his religious beliefs played in forming his political views. Instead, I argue that his faith in a Dalit Hindu poet-saint called Ravidas¯ was fundamental to his political career. Acknowledging the role that religion played in Jagjivan Ram’s life also allows us to situate discussions of his life in the context of contemporary debates about religion and politics. Jeffrey Haynes has suggested that these often now focus on whether religion is a cause of conflict or a path to the peaceful resolution of conflict. In this paper, I examine Jagjivan Ram’s political life and his belief in the Ravidas¯ ¯ı religious tradition. Through this, I argue that Jagjivan Ram’s career shows how political and religious beliefs led to him favoring a non-confrontational approach to conflict resolution in order to promote Dalit rights. Keywords: religion; politics; India; Congress Party; Jagjivan Ram; Ravidas;¯ Ambedkar; Dalit studies; untouchable; temple building 1.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DEVADASI SYSTEM: Temple Prostitution in India
    UCLA UCLA Women's Law Journal Title THE DEVADASI SYSTEM: Temple Prostitution in India Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37z853br Journal UCLA Women's Law Journal, 22(1) Author Shingal, Ankur Publication Date 2015 DOI 10.5070/L3221026367 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE DEVADASI SYSTEM: Temple Prostitution in India Ankur Shingal* Introduction Sexual exploitation, especially of children, is an internation- al epidemic.1 While it is difficult, given how underreported such crimes are, to arrive at accurate statistics regarding the problem, “it is estimated that approximately one million children (mainly girls) enter the multi-billion dollar commercial sex trade every year.”2 Although child exploitation continues to persist, and in many in- stances thrive, the international community has, in recent decades, become increasingly aware of and reactive to the issue.3 Thanks in large part to that increased focus, the root causes of sexual exploita- tion, especially of children, have become better understood.4 While the issue is certainly an international one, spanning nearly every country on the globe5 and is one that transcends “cul- tures, geography, and time,” sexual exploitation of minors is perhaps * J.D., Class of 2014, University of Chicago Law School; B.A. in Political Science with minor in South Asian Studies, Class of 2011, University of Califor- nia, Los Angeles. Currently an Associate at Quinn Emanuel Urquhart and Sul- livan, LLP. I would like to thank Misoo Moon, J.D. 2014, University of Chicago Law School, for her editing and support. 1 Press Release, UNICEF, UNICEF calls for eradication of commercial sexual exploitation of children (Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) Motion of K stars in line of sight Ka-đai language USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) Radial velocity of K stars USE Kadai languages K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) — Orbits Ka’do Herdé language USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) UF Galactic orbits of K stars USE Herdé language K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) K stars—Galactic orbits Ka’do Pévé language UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) BT Orbits USE Pévé language K9 (Fictitious character) — Radial velocity Ka Dwo (Asian people) K 37 (Military aircraft) USE K stars—Motion in line of sight USE Kadu (Asian people) USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) — Spectra Ka-Ga-Nga script (May Subd Geog) K 98 k (Rifle) K Street (Sacramento, Calif.) UF Script, Ka-Ga-Nga USE Mauser K98k rifle This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Inscriptions, Malayan K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 subdivision. Ka-houk (Wash.) USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 BT Streets—California USE Ozette Lake (Wash.) K.A. Lind Honorary Award K-T boundary Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary UF Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) K.A. Linds hederspris K-T Extinction Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction BT National parks and reserves—Hawaii K-ABC (Intelligence test) K-T Mass Extinction Ka Iwi Scenic Shoreline Park (Hawaii) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children USE Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-B Bridge (Palau) K-TEA (Achievement test) Ka Iwi Shoreline (Hawaii) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Ka Iwi National Scenic Shoreline (Hawaii) K-BIT (Intelligence test) K-theory Ka-ju-ken-bo USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test [QA612.33] USE Kajukenbo K.
    [Show full text]
  • Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal
    IA LCA – Nepal 2009 Version 1.05 Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal Country Name Nepal Official Name Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Regional Bureau Bangkok, Thailand Assessment Assessment Date: From 16 October 2009 To: 6 November 2009 Name of the assessors Rich Moseanko – World Vision International John Jung – World Vision International Rajendra Kumar Lal – World Food Programme, Nepal Country Office Title/position Email contact At HQ: [email protected] 1/105 IA LCA – Nepal 2009 Version 1.05 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Country Profile....................................................................................................................................................................3 1.1. Introduction / Background.........................................................................................................................................5 1.2. Humanitarian Background ........................................................................................................................................6 1.3. National Regulatory Departments/Bureau and Quality Control/Relevant Laboratories ......................................16 1.4. Customs Information...............................................................................................................................................18 2. Logistics Infrastructure .....................................................................................................................................................33 2.1. Port Assessment .....................................................................................................................................................33
    [Show full text]
  • Some Notes on Nepali Castes and Sub-Castes—Jat and Thar
    SOME NOTES ON NEPALI CASTES AND SUB-CASTES- JAT AND THAR. - Suresh Singh This paper attempts to make a re-presentation of evolution and construction of Jat and Thar system among the Parbatya or hill people of Nepal. It seeks to expose the reality behind the myth that the large number of Aryans migrated from Indian plains due to Muslim invasion and conquered to become the rulers in Nepal, and the Mongoloids were the indigenous people. It also seeks to show the construction and reconstruction of identity of the different castes (Jats) and subcastes (Thars). The Nepalese history is lost in legends and fables. Archaeological data, which might shed light on the early years, are practically nonexistent or largely unexplored, because the Nepalese Government has not encouraged such research within its borders. However, there seem to be a number of sites that might yield valuable find, once proper excavation take place. Another problem seems to be that history writing is closely connected with the traditional conception of Nepali historiography, constructed and intervened by the efforts of the ruling elite. Many of the written documents have been re-presented to legitimatize the ruling elite’s claim to power. As it is well known from political history, the social history, too, becomes an interpretation from the view of the Kathmandu valley, and from the Indian or alleged Indian immigrants and priestly class. It is difficult to imagine, that Aryans came to Nepal in greater numbers about 600 years ago, and because of their mental superiority and their noble character, they were asked by the people to become the rulers of their small states.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic Characteristics of Tribal Communities That Call Themselves Hindu
    Socio-economic Characteristics of Tribal Communities That Call Themselves Hindu Vinay Kumar Srivastava Religious and Development Research Programme Working Paper Series Indian Institute of Dalit Studies New Delhi 2010 Foreword Development has for long been viewed as an attractive and inevitable way forward by most countries of the Third World. As it was initially theorised, development and modernisation were multifaceted processes that were to help the “underdeveloped” economies to take-off and eventually become like “developed” nations of the West. Processes like industrialisation, urbanisation and secularisation were to inevitably go together if economic growth had to happen and the “traditional” societies to get out of their communitarian consciousness, which presumably helped in sustaining the vicious circles of poverty and deprivation. Tradition and traditional belief systems, emanating from past history or religious ideologies, were invariably “irrational” and thus needed to be changed or privatised. Developed democratic regimes were founded on the idea of a rational individual citizen and a secular public sphere. Such evolutionist theories of social change have slowly lost their appeal. It is now widely recognised that religion and cultural traditions do not simply disappear from public life. They are also not merely sources of conservation and stability. At times they could also become forces of disruption and change. The symbolic resources of religion, for example, are available not only to those in power, but also to the weak, who sometimes deploy them in their struggles for a secure and dignified life, which in turn could subvert the traditional or establish structures of authority. Communitarian identities could be a source of security and sustenance for individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kamaiya System of Bonded Labour in Nepal
    Nepal Case Study on Bonded Labour Final1 1 THE KAMAIYA SYSTEM OF BONDED LABOUR IN NEPAL INTRODUCTION The origin of the kamaiya system of bonded labour can be traced back to a kind of forced labour system that existed during the rule of the Lichhabi dynasty between 100 and 880 AD (Karki 2001:65). The system was re-enforced later during the reign of King Jayasthiti Malla of Kathmandu (1380–1395 AD), the person who legitimated the caste system in Nepali society (BLLF 1989:17; Bista 1991:38-39), when labourers used to be forcibly engaged in work relating to trade with Tibet and other neighbouring countries. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Gorkhali and Rana rulers introduced and institutionalised new forms of forced labour systems such as Jhara,1 Hulak2, Beth3 and Begar4 (Regmi, 1972 reprint 1999:102, cited in Karki, 2001). The later two forms, which centred on agricultural works, soon evolved into such labour relationships where the workers became tied to the landlords being mortgaged in the same manner as land and other property. These workers overtimes became permanently bonded to the masters. The kamaiya system was first noticed by anthropologists in the 1960s (Robertson and Mishra, 1997), but it came to wider public attention only after the change of polity in 1990 due in major part to the work of a few non-government organisations. The 1990s can be credited as the decade of the freedom movement of kamaiyas. Full-scale involvement of NGOs, national as well as local, with some level of support by some political parties, in launching education classes for kamaiyas and organising them into their groups culminated in a kind of national movement in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • CASTE SYSTEM in INDIA Iwaiter of Hibrarp & Information ^Titntt
    CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA A SELECT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of iWaiter of Hibrarp & information ^titntt 1994-95 BY AMEENA KHATOON Roll No. 94 LSM • 09 Enroiament No. V • 6409 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Mr. Shabahat Husaln (Chairman) DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1995 T: 2 8 K:'^ 1996 DS2675 d^ r1^ . 0-^' =^ Uo ulna J/ f —> ^^^^^^^^K CONTENTS^, • • • Acknowledgement 1 -11 • • • • Scope and Methodology III - VI Introduction 1-ls List of Subject Heading . 7i- B$' Annotated Bibliography 87 -^^^ Author Index .zm - 243 Title Index X4^-Z^t L —i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere and earnest thanks to my teacher and supervisor Mr. Shabahat Husain (Chairman), who inspite of his many pre Qoccupat ions spared his precious time to guide and inspire me at each and every step, during the course of this investigation. His deep critical understanding of the problem helped me in compiling this bibliography. I am highly indebted to eminent teacher Mr. Hasan Zamarrud, Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the encourage Cment that I have always received from hijft* during the period I have ben associated with the department of Library Science. I am also highly grateful to the respect teachers of my department professor, Mohammadd Sabir Husain, Ex-Chairman, S. Mustafa Zaidi, Reader, Mr. M.A.K. Khan, Ex-Reader, Department of Library & Information Science, A.M.U., Aligarh. I also want to acknowledge Messrs. Mohd Aslam, Asif Farid, Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui, who extended their 11 full Co-operation, whenever I needed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Sarki People from Naubise Vdc of Dhading District
    16 Occasional Papers, Vol 11 SOCIO-CULTURAL SUBJECTIVITIES OF LANDLESSNESS IN NEPAL: A CASE STUDY OF SARKI PEOPLE FROM NAUBISE VDC OF DHADING DISTRICT Jailab Rai * Introduction Land is a primary resource for an agrarian economy in underdeveloped countries like Nepal. More than 85 percent of Nepal’s population lives in rural areas and more than 60 percent of the economically active population is involved in agriculture (HMG, 2003). Rapid population growth and increasing pressure on land resources to earn the much needed calorie is a major challenge in the country (Graner, 1997). In this context, the study of landlessness remains an important aspect of national agenda (Shrestha, 2001), particularly in the national inclusion process (Gurung, 2006). Moreover, the study of landlessness has become a policy debate and an issue of concern in the debates on national economic development (Shrestha, 2001). The sociological and anthropological understanding of landlessness has its own importance since it requires the analysis of cultural dimensions (Caplan, 1970 and 1972) as socio-cultural subjectivities in a historical context. The access to land resources or landlessness is an important social issue, which can be linked with social and cultural aspects of landless people as socio-cultural subjectivities in drawing out the implication of their access to land resources. This study deals with the socio-cultural subjectivities of landlessness with a focus on the Sarki people in the central hills of Nepal who are among the extremely marginalized groups of people in terms of the access and ownership to land resources. It reviews the process of * Jailab Rai holds M.
    [Show full text]
  • In Nepal : Citizens’ Perspectives on the Rule of Law and the Role of the Nepal Police
    Calling for Security and Justice in Nepal : Citizens’ Perspectives on the Rule of Law and the Role of the Nepal Police Author Karon Cochran-Budhathoki Editors Shobhakar Budhathoki Nigel Quinney Colette Rausch With Contributions from Dr. Devendra Bahadur Chettry Professor Kapil Shrestha Sushil Pyakurel IGP Ramesh Chand Thakuri DIG Surendra Bahadur Shah DIG Bigyan Raj Sharma DIG Sushil Bar Singh Thapa Printed at SHABDAGHAR OFFSET PRESS Kathmandu, Nepal United States Institute of Peace National Mall at Constitution Avenue 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC www.usip.org Strengthening Security and Rule of Law Project in Nepal 29 Narayan Gopal Marg, Battisputali Kathmandu, Nepal tel/fax: 977 1 4110126 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] © 2011 United States Institute of Peace All rights reserved. © 2011 All photographs in this report are by Shobhakar Budhathoki All rights reserved. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Richard H. Solomon, President of the United States Institute of Peace VII Acknowledgments IX List of Abbreviations XI Chapter 1 Summary 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Survey 3 1.2 Survey Results 4 1.2.1 A Public Worried by Multiple Challenges to the Rule of Law, but Willing to Help Tackle Those Challenges 4 1.2.2 The Vital Role of the NP in Creating a Sense of Personal Safety 4 1.2.3 A Mixed Assessment of Access to Security 5 1.2.4 Flaws in the NP’s Investigative Capacity Encourage “Alternative
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic Status of Dalits Community in Sindhuli District
    Patan Pragya (Volume: 5 Number: 1 Sept. 2019) Received Date: July 2019 Revised: Augest 2019 Accepted: Sept. 2019 Socio-Economic Status of Dalits Community in Sindhuli District Neupane, Bed Prasad17* Abstract This study is based on Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli District. There are 56 households of Dalit (Damai 29 and Kami 27) in this area. The census method was used in the study where, total population is 365 from 56 households. Among them, 172 were male and 193 were female. The general objectives of this study are to identify demographic and socio-economic status of Dalits and to find out causes of deprivation of Dalits people in the community. They worked as agricultural labour and service work. Their income is less than their expenditure. Most of them are uneducated but nowadays, the level of education has increased so that their children go to school and college. Only 39 percent were literate and only 7 percentDalits have passed SLC and +2. They give priority on arrange marriage. Youth generation doesn't like the traditional occupation and skills. They use a lot of alcohol (Jaad and Raski) in the festivals and rituals ceremony howeverthe economic condition of Dalit is poor so many children of them are forced to dropout from schools because their parents cannot afford their education fees. The social status of the females in the Dalit community is very low than the males in the society. After the father's death all the properties is transferred to the son. The main causes for degrading status of Dalits are due to poverty, lack of education and lack of social awareness.
    [Show full text]