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Autrepart Est Une Revue À Comité De Lecture Coéditée Pa R L' Inst Itut De Recherche Pour Le Autrepart Développement (IRD) Et Les Presses De Sciences Po Autrepart est une revue à comité de lecture coéditée pa r l' Inst itut de Recherche pour le autrepart Développement (IRD) et les Presses de Sciences Po. Son objectif est de promouvoir la réflexion sur les sociétés du Sud pour mieux comprendre leurs dynamiques contemporaines et en mo n­ ISS N trer la d iversité. Les phénomènes de mondia- 1278-3986 1isation relativisent l'autonomie des États, les inégalités intra et internationales se creusent, ISBN 978-2-7246-317 4-6 des transformation,s maj eures affectent tantôt les politiques des Etats, tantôt la nature même SODIS des institutions. Les réactions et les adaptations 727 071.6 des sociétés du Sud à ces changements sont au cœur des interrogations de la revue. Le carac­ Prix tère transversal des sujets abordés implique en 25 € généra l de rassembler des tex tes relevant des Rédaction différentes disciplines des sc iences sociales. IRD 32, rue Henri-Varagnat 93243 Bondy cedex COMITt DE PARRAINAGE Claude Bataillon, Jean Coussy, Alain Dubresson, Couverture Françoise Héritier, Hervé le Bras, Elikia M ' Bokolo, Hémisphères et compagnie Laurence Tubiana COMITÉ .DE RÉDACTION Périodicité Isabelle Attané (IN ED) Revue trimestrielle Virginie Baby-Collin !Université de Provence! Sylvie Bredeloup (IRDI © 2010 Carole Brugeilles tUniversilé Paris Ouest - Nanterre) Presses de la Fondation nationale René Collignon (CNRS) des sciences politiques /IRD Charlotte Guénard (Université Paris 1-IEDESI Revue bénéficiant de la reconnaissance Christophe Z. 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En applic.11 ion de la loi Olivier Evrard du 1 ' juillet 1992. il e•I in l r~ rdit de reproduire. même particl­ leme>n , 1.i P "~"'n t P punlil ation sans l'au torisa 1ion de l'éditeur SECRÉTAIRE DE LA RÉDACTION ou du Centre fra nçai d'exploitat ion du droit de ( Upie (J , rue Hadrien Pottier Hduteieuillr-', 75<1UG P;iris Ali righ1s reserved. N o rart o( this pub/icalion may be 1ranslated. reproduct·:d, stored in a relrieval S)'Slem or /1 ,insmitted in clflY (orm 1 or .111 }' othrr mezrns, (-' /rctronic, mech;i nic,:. , photocopying.recor­ ding or otherw ise, withoul prior permiss ion of tlH.' pubfisher. Autrepart, sur le site de l'IRD www.autrepart.ird.fr r;wJ SciencesPo. J ~ Les Presses Indexé dans / lndexed in • INIST- CNRS IRDW • INGENTA Ëdit i ons • African Sudies Centre, Leiden, www.ascleiden.nl/Library/ Autrepart n° 55, 2010 Sommaire Varia Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos : Migration forcée et urbanisation de crise : l'Afrique subsaharienne dans une perspective historique................................. 3 Matthieu Salpeteur : Espaces politiques, espaces rituels : les bois sacrés de l'Ouest-Cameroun....................................................................................... 19 Fabrice Gangneron, ,Sylvia Becerra, Amadou Hamath Dia : Des pompes et des hommes. Etat des lieux des pompes à motricité humaine d'une commune du Gourma malien................................................................. 39 Manuel Valentin: Bouteilles et sachets en plastique. Pratiques et impacts des modes de consommation d'eau à boire au Sénégal........................................... 57 Pierre-Arnaud Barthe! : Casablanca-Marina : un nouvel urbanisme marocain des grands projets .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... .... .. .... .. .. ... .. ......... ... .. .. .. ... .. .... ...... .. ... 71 Estelle Carde : Quand le dominant vient d'ailleurs et l'étranger d'ici : l'accès aux soins en Guyane au prisme de la double altérité............................. 89 Patricia Vasseur, Laurent Vidal: Le soignant en son miroir. Accompagnement anthropologique d'une intervention en santé maternelle au Sénégal................ J07 Charles-Édouard de Suremain: Quand« le cheveu fait l'homme». La cérémonie de la première coupe de cheveux de l'enfant en Bolivie............. 125 Laure.Pas_quier-Do~m~r: Perc~ption de l'inégalité des chances et mobilités objective et subjective au Perou ....................................................................... 141 Note de lecture Sylvie Mazzella (dir.), 2009, La mondialisation étudiante, Le Maghreb entre Nord et Sud, Paris et Tunis, Éditions Kanhala et IRMC.............. 159 Derniers numéros parus 2005 33 Inventer le patrimoine urbain dans les villes du Sud, Galiln El Kculi, Anne Ouallet et Dominique Couret 34 Variations et Hommages 35 Les ONG à l'heure de la« bonne gouvernance "• Laëtitia Atlnni-Duault 36 Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara, Syliiie Bredeloup et Olivier Pliez 2006 37 La migration des emplois vers le Sud, Nolwen Henaff 38 La globalisation de l'ethnicité, Elisabeth Cunin 39 Variations 40 Tourisme culturel, réseaux et recompositions sociales, Anne Doquet et Sarah Le Menestrel 2007 41 On dirait le Sud .. ., Philippe Gervais-I.ambony et Frédéric Landy 42 Variations 4 3 Prospérité des marchés, désarroi des travailleurs 1, Laurent Bazin et Pmcale Phélinas 44 Risques et microfinance, Eveline Baumann et Jean-Michel Servet 2008 45 La ville face à ses marges, Alexis Sierra et Jérôme Tadié 46 Restructurations agricoles au Sud et à l'Est, Alia Gana et Michel Streith 4 7 Variations et dossier « dynamiques urbaines » 48 Les mondes post-communistes. Quels capitalismes ? Quelles sociétés ?, Cécile Batisse et Monique Selim 2009 49 La fabrique des identités sexuelles, Christophe Braqua et Fred Eboko 50 Les produits de terroir au service de la diversité, Marie-Christine Connier-Salem et Bernard Roussel 51 Variations 52 Régulation de naissances et santé sexuelle : où sont les hommes ?, Annelle Andro et Annabel Desgrées du Loû 2010 53 VieillirauSud,PhilippeAnwineetValérieGo/nz 54 Éducation et conflits, Magali Chelpi-den-Hamer, Marion Fresia, Éric Lanoue Migration forcée et urbanisation de crise : lAfrique subsaharienne dans une perspective historique* Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Monte/os** Tendance lourde, l'exode rural ne dépend pas seulement de causes structurelles mais aussi d'événements conjoncturels qui mettent en évidence la part des troubles politiques et des crises alimentaires dans les déplacements vers la ville. Les migra­ tions liées à des conflits armés, en particulier, participent d'une urbanisation dont la genèse s'avère bien plus ancienne que nos contemporains semblent habituelle­ ment le penser. Il importe donc de resituer le phénomène dans une perspective historique afin de mieux en apprécier les changements dans la durée. Concernant l'Afrique subsaharienne, il n'est certes pas évident de le dater précisément car il accompagne en continu le développement des villes sur un continent qui, par ailleurs, est resté rural pendant longtemps. Les récits des explorateurs et les recher­ ches des historiens attestent cependant que, dès avant l'arrivée des Européens, la guerre et les catastrophes naturelles contribuent à la construction (et à la destruc­ tion) des agglomérations existantes. La période coloniale pérennise ensuite l'enra­ cinement de cités qui sont parfois créées ex nihilo. Bien qu'ils cherchent souvent à dissuader ou à contenir l'urbanisation des Africains, les Européens assignent en effet aux villes des fonctions de pouvoir et des attributs de modernité qui en font des cibles privilégiées en cas d'insurrection ou de guerre civile. Dans la deuxième moitié du XX' siècle, les luttes pour l'indépendance exacerbent alors l'attractivité d'agglomérations qui concentrent l'essentiel des ressources politiques et écono­ miques, notamment les capitales. Les urbanisations de crise mettent ainsi en évidence l'existence d'une catégorie de citadins qui n'ont pas choisi d'aller en ville et qui y ont été poussés par des circonstances imprévues, même si l'analyse de leur déplacement révèle également une certaine part de libre arbitre quant aux choix des destinations finales. La notion oblige en l'occurrence à revenir un moment sur les caractéristiques qui président * Basé sur des sources secondaires, cet article prolonge les enquêtes de terrain et les réflexions que je mène depuis vingt ans sur les relations entre villes et violences. Je remercie particulièrement les deux lecteurs anonymes qui m'ont permis d'affiner et d'enrichir le texte. ** Docteur en sciences politiques, UMRI% Paris Descartes - INED- !RD, 221 Boulevard Davout, 75020 Paris, socrétariat: (33) 01.78.94.98.70. fax: (33) 01.78.94.98.79, mail: [email protected] Autrepart (55), ZO!ü, p. 3·18 4 Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos à des migrations forcées. En effet, les types de contraintes sont extrêmement variés. de la capture à la réduction en esclavage en passant par les razzias, les catastrophes naturelles, les famines, les réquisitions du colonisateur, les confisca­ tions de terres ou les exodes liés à des troubles politiques. Toutes les migrations forcées ne débouchent pas non plus sur la création de villes ex nihilo. Le cas de figure reste rare, à quelques exceptions près. En revanche, les exodes ruraux sous la contrainte alimentent souvent les flux vers les agglomérations existantes.
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