DOCSLIB.ORG

A Political and Cultural History of Nigeria’S Igala, Northern Yoruba and Nupoid-Speaking Peoples to 1900 CE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Political and Cultural History of Nigeria’S Igala, Northern Yoruba and Nupoid-Speaking Peoples to 1900 CE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Governance and Ritual Sovereignty at the Niger–Benue Confluence: A Political and Cultural History of Nigeria’s Igala, Northern Yoruba and Nupoid-Speaking Peoples to 1900 CE A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Constanze Weise 2013 © Copyright by Constanze Weise 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Governance and Ritual Sovereignty at the Niger–Benue Confluence: A Political and Cultural History of Nigeria’s Igala, Northern Yoruba and Nupoid-Speaking Peoples to 1900 CE By Constanze Weise Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Christopher Ehret, Committee Co-Chair Professor Andrew Apter, Committee Co-Chair This dissertation provides a political, cultural, and social history of central Nigeria. The time frame spans from the initial arrival of hunting, farming and fishing communities in the fourth millennium BCE until the nineteenth century CE. This work differs from other histories in that it marks the first exploration of religious and political power dynamics of the early history of the Niger-Benue confluence region over the longue durée. The engagement of Nupe, Northern Yoruba and Igala polities with regional and global historical processes—involving the political, economic, and social transformations caused by the Trans-Saharan trade, Atlantic economy, and expansion of Islam—is of central concern. Particular attention is given to the post-1500 effects on the Nigerian hinterland brought about by West Africa’s integration into the Atlantic world system and their imprint on the production and transmission of knowledge through oral traditions, rituals and festivals. ii The dissertation revisits debates on state formation and religious legitimization of power. These findings posit a new approach towards understanding the roles that religious institutions and rituals played in early African history as well as their relationship to an agriculturally defined material basis. It demonstrates that the Niger-Benue states were long characterized by a political order that valued ownership and control over rituals as a source of power and a sign of legitimacy. The expressions of sovereignty changed throughout time in response to local and regional power shifts. Ritually based authorities, as well as the relations between them and the governing institutions, constituted the critical context for political change while at the same time preserved an archive of past knowledge, which was transmitted into the present and invoked in rituals and oral traditions in two forms: as latent knowledge with hidden meanings, and as present-oriented knowledge that is reshaped according to the heterodox discourses of contemporary political- religious factors. The dissertation engages these political-religious histories from a regional and comparative perspective with the recognition that ritual authority often extended beyond certain polities’ jurisdictions. This political-religious fluidity drove historical change in the polities of the Niger-Benue confluence region until the establishment of the nation-state in the twentieth century. iii The dissertation of Constanze Weise is approved. Edward A. Alpers Ghislaine Lydon Michael Morony Michael R. Marlo Russell G. Schuh Andrew H. Apter (Committee Co-Chair) Christopher Ehret (Committee Co-Chair) iv To my grandmother, Maria Weise, and to Dr. Ade Obayemi and Dr. Aliyu A. Idrees, two Nigerian scholars, who have been pioneers in the study of the Niger-Benue confluence regions v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION II LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF MAPS X LIST OF PICTURES XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XII VITA XXIII 1 RITUAL AND POLITICS IN THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE OVER THE LONGUE DURÉE 1 1.1 The Study Area: A Major Geographic Region in World History 1 1.2 Ritual and Politics: Driving Forces of History in the Confluence 5 1.3 Methodology and Data Collection 9 1.4 Chapter Organization 25 2 APPROACHING THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Atlantic World Connections 30 2.3 Prelude to Colonialism: Explorers, Missionaries, Travelers 35 2.4 Colonial Epistemologies 42 2.5 Postcolonial Historiography 58 3 PEOPLES AND WORDS: THE ANCIENT CULTURAL WORLD AT THE CONFLUENCE 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Methodological Considerations 79 3.3 The Ancient Cultural World of the Igala-, Yoruba- and Nupoid- Peoples 110 3.4 Correlating the Linguistic Findings with Archaeological, Ethnographic and Oral Data 112 vi 4 RITUAL SOVEREIGNTY AND GOVERNANCE: RELIGION AND STATE TO 1600 142 4.1 Transformations at the Niger-Benue Confluence 142 4.2 Unfolding the Historical Palimpsest 148 4.3 The Emergence of States at the Confluence 168 4.4 Ritual Sovereignty and the State 178 4.4. The Nupe- and Nupoid-Speaking Religio-Political Complex 185 4.6 The Northern Yoruba Religio-Political Complex 201 4.7. The Igala-Igbo Religio-Political Complex 211 5 CROSSROADS OF POWER I: RITUAL, KINGSHIP AND TRADE IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC PERIOD (1600-1800) 235 5.1 Introduction 235 5.3 Atlantic Societies in Dialogue: Pre-colonial Niger-Benue Regional Contact Zones in Flux 242 5.4 Nupe and Nupoid-Speaking Areas: Shifting Imperial Centers and Peripheries 256 5.5 Northern Yoruba: City States, Shifting Currents and Zones of Transition 264 5.6 Igala: Commercial Activities, Opportunities and Challenges 274 6 CROSSROADS OF POWER II: COMMERCE, POLITICS AND RITUAL IN THE LATE ATLANTIC PERIOD C. 1800 – 1900 280 6.1 Introduction 280 6.2 Nupe: Expansion of Commercial Activities along the Niger River 286 6.3 Northern Yoruba: Zones of Contested Power and Culture Contact 311 6.4 Igala: European Encounter and the Transformation of the Igala State 318 6.5 Repercussions and Prelude to a New Era 339 CONCLUSION 344 APPENDICES 351 vii Appendix I 351 Kingslists and Chronicles 379 Appendix II 381 Comparative Method Evidence: Lexical and Phonological Innovations 401 Cultural Lexical Data 405 REFERENCES 410 I. List of Interviews 410 II. Archival Sources 414 III. Bibliography 419 viii List of Figures FIGURE 1: CROWLEYS' TABLE OF LINGUISTICS DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP ................................ 85 FIGURE 2: YORUBA-ITSEKIRI STRATIGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 96 FIGURE 3: NUPOID CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BLENCH ......................................................... 98 FIGURE 4: COGNATION COUNTS OF NUPOID ........................................................................................... 100 FIGURE 5: NUPOID LANGUAGE TREE ........................................................................................................... 101 FIGURE 6: OUTLINE OF NEW NUPOID LANGUAGE CLASSFICATION ............................................. 103 FIGURE 7: NUPOID STRATIGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 127 ix List of Maps MAP 1: THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE (© FOWLER MUSEUM) 78 MAP 2: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUPOID LANGUAGE GROUPS 109 MAP 3: YORUBA SUBGROUPS 316 x List of Pictures PICTURE 1: THE EMBLEM OF TSOEDE (PHOTO C. WEISE) 192 PICTURE 2 THE NDADUMA FLAG OF THE MOVEMENT FOR A NUPE STATE WITH TSOEDE EMBLEM (PHOTO C. WEISE) 192 PICTURE 3: THE CHAIN OF TSOEDE DEMONSTRATED BY THE ETSU ZUGURMA, KING OF THE NUPE SUCCESSOR DYNASTY OF THE GWAGBAZHI (PHOTO C. WEISE) 193 PICTURE 4: ETSU NUPE PATIGI, KING OF THE YISSAZHI SUCCESSOR DYNASTY WITH PALACE GUARD (PHOTO C. WEISE) 194 PICTURE 5: THE CREEKS NEAR LEAMFA KUSA WHERE TSOEDE'S BOAT SUPPOSED TO HAVE SUNK (PHOTO C. WEISE) 198 PICTURE 6: ETSU NYANKPA, CHIEF OF LEAMFA KUSO WITH TSOEDE'S ROYAL PARAPHERNALIA (PHOTO C. WEISE) 199 PICTURE 7: TSOEDE'S SACRED HARPOON (PHOTO C. WEISE) 200 PICTURE 8: TSOEDE'S BRONZE RING (PHOTO C. WEISE) 200 PICTURE 9: EGUNGUN ELEWE DURING THE EGUNGUN FESTIVAL IN ILA-ORANGUN 271 (PHOTO C. WEISE) PICTURE 10: ELEWE DURING FINAL PERFORMANCE (PHOTO C. WEISE) 272 PICTURE 11: CHIEFS OF ILA ORANGUN DURING THE EGUNGUN FESTIVAL (PHOTO C. WEISE) 273 PICTURE 12: THE ORANGUN OF ILA WITH TWO OF HIS WIVES (PHOTO C. WEISE) 272 PICTURE 13: LILLE OF MOKWA ON THE LEFT WITH UNKNOWN MAN AS PAINTED BY CARL ARIENS (© FROBENIUS INSTITUTE FRANKFURT) 290 PICTURE 14: ELO MASK GREETING LILLE OF MOKWA (PHOTO C. WEISE) 291 PICTURE 15: MAJIYA'S TOMB NEAR ZUGURMA, (PHOTO C. WEISE) 295 PICTURE 16: MAIYAKI OF ZUGURMA, TOMB GUARD OF MAJIYA'S TOMB, 295 (PHOTO C. WEISE) xi Acknowledgement This dissertation marks both the end and the beginning of a journey. Many people, whom I have met along the way, have helped in its completion. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to those individuals for their support and assistance. My interest in Africa and its history began in 1988 in the dark basements of the spinning mill in Flöha, in the German Democratic Republic, where I was working twelve-hour night shifts on the weekends during my training for a dual degree in textile technology and the German Abitur. It was there where I met my friends and colleagues from Mozambique and Angola, who had been sent to the cotton mills in Eastern Germany in order to receive training and to return to their home countries with the knowledge to build and improve their cotton industry. During the breaks, they taught me about Africa and told me that much of its history is still not written down but is instead transmitted orally from generation to generation. I was set to pursue a university degree in chemistry or engineering, but these conversations changed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • História (São Paulo) V.31, N.2, P. 146-170, Jul/Dec 2012
    História (São Paulo) A busca inglesa pelo curso do Rio Níger: do problema geográfico à possessão potencial The English’ search through Niger River course: from the geographical problem to potential possession ________________________________________________________________ Alexsander Lemos de Almeida GEBARA* Resumo: O artigo analisa o corpo de textos produzidos por expedições inglesas na região do rio Niger entre primeira viagem de Mungo Park (1795) e a expedição oficial britânica de 1841 procurando notar as semelhanças e diferenças nas representações ao longo do tempo. O período em questão apresenta grandes transformações no contexto atlântico, incluindo o final do tráfico de escravos pela Inglaterra, e marca também uma alteração no equilíbrio das forças na costa e no interior da África Ocidental. Desta forma, o trabalho procura mostrar como as ideias inglesas sobre escravidão e tráfico de escravos interferem nas dinâmicas de representação e nas práticas diplomáticas europeias para com as sociedades próximas ao curso do rio Niger. Finalmente, o artigo também aponta para a forma como as preocupações quase exclusivamente geográficas das primeiras viagens paulatinamente adquiriram o caráter intervencionista de um discurso de posse ao mesmo tempo em que as novas condições materiais e técnicas desequilibravam as relações de força em favor da Inglaterra. Palavras-chave: ingleses, Rio Níger, escravidão, diplomacia. Abstract: This paper analyzes a set of texts written during English expeditions in the region of the Niger River between first trip of Mungo Park (1795) and the 1841 official British expedition, looking for the similarities and differences in representations over time. The period in question encompassed transformations in the Atlantic context, including the end of the slave trade in England, and also assigns a change in the balance of forces on the coast and in the interior of West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Community Infrastructure Provision in the Development of Medium-Sized Towns in Kwara State Nigeria Adedayo, A
    Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management EJESM Vol. 5 no.4 (Suppl.2) 2012 IMPLICATIONS OF COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIUM-SIZED TOWNS IN KWARA STATE NIGERIA ADEDAYO, A. and *AFOLAYAN, G.P. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v5i4.S23 Received 20th September 2012; accepted 1st November 2012 Abstract Infrastructure has been recognized as the crux of human settlement development. This paper therefore examines the implications of community provision of infrastructure in the development of medium – sized towns in Nigeria. Medium-sized towns are settlements with population size of between 5,000 and 20,000. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The findings generally revealed a high level of community participation in the provision of such infrastructure as schools, electricity, roads, water, market stalls, health facilities, and town halls. However, variations exist among the medium – sized towns in the type and number of infrastructure provided by community action. Kendall’s Coefficient Concordance (W) used to test the degree of variations in ranks revealed a significant agreement in the ranking. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis used to classify the medium – sized towns based on infrastructure provision produced three classes. The general implication of this study is that, infrastructure provision by community action can lead to a balanced regional development as other smaller towns around the study emulate the action. Recognizing the role of small – sized towns in a balanced regional development process, government should encourage the people through the provision of financial support, machineries and technical know-how in the provision of infrastructure. This paper recommends the integration of community development plans with those of the local government towards achieving even development.
    [Show full text]
  • Ink 12 2 Full Journal FM 09 Jan.Backup.Fm
    Inkanyiso 1 The Journal of Humanities and Social Science ISSN 2077-2815 Volume 12 Number 2 2020 Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dennis N. Ocholla, PhD University of Zululand, Ochollad@Unizulu.ac.za. Editorial committee Prof. Catherine Addison, Dr. Neil Evans, Prof. Myrtle Hooper, Prof. Thandi Nzama; Prof. Jabulani Thwala Editorial advisory board Johannes Britz, Professor of Information Studies, Provost and Vice-Chancellor, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA – britz@uwm.edu. Rafael Capurro, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Ethics, Hochschule se Medien (HdM) Stuttgart, Germany – Rafael@capurro.de. Stephen Edwards, Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of Zululand, South Africa - sdedward@telkomsa.net . Christopher Isike, PhD, Professor of African Politics, African Development and International Relations, University of Pretoria – Christopher.Isike@up.ac.za Trywell Kalusopa, PhD, Professor of Records Management, University of Namibia, Namibia - tkalusopa@unam.na Mogomme Masoga, PhD, Professor and Dean , Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand, South Africa - masogaM@unizulu.ac.za Peter Matu, PhD, Professor and Executive Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Kenya – mainamatu@yahoo.com Elliot Mncwango, PhD, Senior Lecturer and Interim Head of the Department of General Linguistics and European Languages, University of Zululand, South Africa – mncwane@unizulu.ac.za . Berrington Ntombela, PhD Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department of English, University of Zululand, South Africa – Ntombelab@unizulu.ac.za
    [Show full text]
  • Inequality and Development in Nigeria Inequality and Development in Nigeria
    INEQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA INEQUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Edited by Henry Bienen and V. P. Diejomaoh HOLMES & MEIER PUBLISHERS, INC' NEWv YORK 0 LONDON First published in the United States of America 1981 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. 30 Irving Place New York, N.Y. 10003 Great Britain: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Ltd. 131 Trafalgar Road Greenwich, London SE 10 9TX Copyright 0 1981 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. ALL RIGIITS RESERVIED LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Political economy of income distribution in Nigeria. Selections. Inequality and development in Nigeria. "'Chapters... selected from The Political economy of income distribution in Nigeria."-Pref. Includes index. I. Income distribution-Nigeria-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Nigeria- Economic conditions- Addresses. essays, lectures. 3. Nigeria-Social conditions- Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bienen. Henry. II. Die­ jomaoh. Victor P., 1940- III. Title. IV. Series. HC1055.Z91516 1981 339.2'09669 81-4145 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA ISBN 0-8419-0710-2 AACR2 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Page Preface vii I. Introduction 2. Development in Nigeria: An Overview 17 Douglas Riummer 3. The Structure of Income Inequality in Nigeria: A Macro Analysis 77 V. P. Diejomaoli and E. C. Anusion wu 4. The Politics of Income Distribution: Institutions, Class, and Ethnicity 115 Henri' Bienen 5. Spatial Aspects of Urbanization and Effects on the Distribution of Income in Nigeria 161 Bola A veni 6. Aspects of Income Distribution in the Nigerian Urban Sector 193 Olufemi Fajana 7. Income Distribution in the Rural Sector 237 0. 0. Ladipo and A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Language Or Dialect Endangerment: Reviving Igbomina Through the Mass Media
    US-China Foreign Language, May 2016, Vol. 14, No. 5, 333-339 doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2016.05.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING A Case of Language or Dialect Endangerment: Reviving Igbomina Through the Mass Media Adebukunola A. Atolagbe, Ph.D. Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria This paper discusses an attempt to revive and rescue Igbomina, a dialect of Yoruba, from the language shift process evident in many mother tongues spoken in Nigeria. Igbomina is spoken in two local governments in Kwara state, one local government each in Osun and Ekiti states of Nigeria. Two episodes each of a 30 minute programme “Omo Igbomina” on Radio Lagos were critically analyzed to find out if the goals of reviving Igbomina and preventing it from language shift towards the standard Oyo dialect, were being achieved. Many Igbomina youths, ages 15–30, who live outside Igbomina land, can hardly speak Igbomina nor understand it when spoken. A descriptive survey approach to investigate the impact of a peculiar and interesting programme, “Omo Igbomina”, on this class of Igbominas was carried out with the following aims: (1) to discover if the intended audience are aware of the programme and if they are at all interested in such a programme; (2) to evaluate the sociolinguistic worth of the programme; (3) to discover the discourse and pragmatic features of the programme which are peculiarly Igbomina; and (4) to discover the positive effects of the programme or otherwise in revitalizing Igbomina dialect amongst indigenes of Igbomina land, as well as stopping the language shift process from Igbomina dialect to the standard Oyo dialect.
    [Show full text]
  • And Others a Geographical Biblio
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 052 108 SO 001 480 AUTHOR Lewtbwaite, Gordon R.; And Others TITLE A Geographical Bibliography for hmerican College Libraries. A Revision of a Basic Geographical Library: A Selected and Annotated Book List for American Colleges. INSTITUTION Association of American Geographers, Washington, D.C. Commission on College Geography. SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 70 NOTE 225p. AVAILABLE FROM Commission on College Geography, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281 (Paperback, $1.00) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 BC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Annotated Bibliographies, Booklists, College Libraries, *Geography, Hi7her Education, Instructional Materials, *Library Collections, Resource Materials ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography, revised from "A Basic Geographical Library", presents a list of books selected as a core for the geography collection of an American undergraduate college library. Entries numbering 1,760 are limited to published books and serials; individual articles, maps, and pamphlets have been omii_ted. Books of recent date in English are favored, although older books and books in foreign languages have been included where their subject or quality seemed needed. Contents of the bibliography are arranged into four principal parts: 1) General Aids and Sources; 2)History, Philosophy, and Methods; 3)Works Grouped by Topic; and, 4)Works Grouped by Region. Each part is subdivided into sections in this general order: Bibliographies, Serials, Atlases, General, Special Subjects, and Regions. Books are arranged alphabetically by author with some cross-listings given; items for the introductory level are designated. In the introduction, information on entry format and abbreviations is given; an index is appended.
    [Show full text]
  • The Issue of Colour Naming in Some Indigenous Nigerian Languages
    European Scientific Journal May 2014 edition vol.10, No.14 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 EXPANDING THE DOMAINS OF ENGLISH INFLUENCE: THE ISSUE OF COLOUR NAMING IN SOME INDIGENOUS NIGERIAN LANGUAGES Rabi Abdulsalam Ibrahim Department of English and Literary Studies Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria Abstract This paper discusses the expanding domain of English in Nigeria, a country where English is its official language. Schmied (1991) explores the domains where English has impacted upon some African languages. One domain he did not include was that of colour naming. This paper investigates the impact of English on speakers of some indigenous Nigerian languages, with emphasis on Hausa, in relation to the languages’ colour terms. It finds that some English colour terms have been loaned into these languages. The terms commonly loaned are blue, and to a lesser extent yellow, gold and silver. The loaned terms have some of their phonemes adapted to follow the phonemic patterns of the indigenous languages. The most common phonemic adaptation that features in the languages is the split consonant feature. Examples of phoneme adaptations of English colour terms in some Nigerian languages include, ibulu for blue in Igala, bulu in Hausa and ehbulu in Esan, while yellow is yalo in Hausa. This paper concludes that with the global influence of English in world, more domains would be impacted upon by the language. Keywords: English Language, Domains, Nigeria Introduction Nigeria is a country with several ethnic groups and languages. Gordon (2005) lists 510 living languages in Nigeria. However, it is actually hard to give an exact number of languages in Nigeria because some linguists argue that some so called languages are no more than dialects of each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainfall and the Length of the Growing Season in Nigeria
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 24: 467–479 (2004) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/joc.1012 RAINFALL AND THE LENGTH OF THE GROWING SEASON IN NIGERIA T. O. ODEKUNLE* Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Received 15 May 2003 Revised 8 December 2003 Accepted 16 December 2003 ABSTRACT This study examines the length of the growing season in Nigeria using the daily rainfall data of Ikeja, Ondo, Ilorin, Kaduna and Kano. The data were collected from the archives of the Nigerian Meteorological Services, Oshodi, Lagos. The length of the growing season was determined using the cumulative percentage mean rainfall and daily rainfall probability methods. Although rainfall in Ikeja, Ondo, Ilorin, Kaduna, and Kano appears to commence around the end of the second dekad of March, middle of the third dekad of March, mid April, end of the first dekad of May, and early June respectively, its distribution characteristics at the respective stations remain inadequate for crop germination, establishment, and development till the end of the second dekad of May, early third dekad of May, mid third dekad of May, end of May, and end of the first dekad of July respectively. Also, rainfall at the various stations appears to retreat starting from the early third dekad of October, early third dekad of October, end of the first dekad of October, end of September, and early second dekad of September respectively, but its distribution characteristics only remain adequate for crop development at the respective stations till around the end of the second dekad of October, end of the second dekad of October, middle of the first dekad of October, early October, and middle of the first dekad of September respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • English Fricative Rendition of Educated Speakers of English from a North-Central City of Nigeria
    International Journal of Language and Literary Studies Volume 2, Issue 3, 2020 Homepage : http://ijlls.org/index.php/ijlls English Fricative Rendition of Educated Speakers of English from a North-Central City of Nigeria Theodore Shey Nsairun Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife, Nigeria/Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria theodoreshey@gmail.com Eunice Fajobi *(Correspondence Author) eunicefaj@gmail.com Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife, Nigeria DOI: http://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i3.321 Received: Abstract 22/05/2020 This paper examines the influence of ethnicity on the realization of the Accepted: English fricatives articulated by selected educated speakers of English 13/08/2020 from four ethnic groups of Ebira, Igala, Hausa and Okun-Yoruba residing in Lokoja, a North-Central city of Nigeria. Data for the study consist of 1080 tokens elicited from 120 informants. The study was Keywords: English fricatives, guided by a synthesis of the theoretical frameworks of Honey’s (1997) ethnicity, Sociophonology and Azevedo’s (1981) Contrastive Phonology. sociophonology, Perceptual and acoustic analyses of the data reveal that, although contrastive phonology, speakers tend to not articulate sounds that are absent in their phonemic acoustic analysis inventory with the dexterity expected of their level of education, co- habitation seems a factor that has robbed off on the respondents’ level of performance in this study. Results reveal further that 80% overcame their linguistic challenges to correctly articulate the test items while 30% generally had difficulty articulating the interdental fricatives /P/ and /D/ and the voiced palato-alveolar fricative /Z/; perhaps, because these sounds are absent in their respective phonemic inventories.
    [Show full text]
  • A Publication of the Department of Religious and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Port Harcourt P.M.B 5323 Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
    JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND CULTURE VOLUME 20, NO 2, 2020 A PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT P.M.B 5323 CHOBA, PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY i JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND CULTURE VOLUME 20, NUMBER TWO, 2020 EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. K. I. Owete ASSISTANT EDITORS Dr. C. Mbonu (Executive Editor) Dr. J. O. Obineche (Reviews Editor) Dr. J. N. Gbule (Research Editor) Dr. J. U. Odili (Secretary) Dr. I. Suberu (Assistant Secretary) EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS Prof. W. O. Wotogbe-Weneka (University of Port Harcourt) Prof. A. O. Folorunsho (Lagos State University) Prof. C. I. Ejizu (University of Port Harcourt) Prof. F. M. Mbon (University of Calabar) Prof. A. R. O. Kilani (University of Port Harcourt) Prof. S. I. Udoidem (University of Port Harcourt) Prof. M. A. Bidmus (University of Lagos) Prof. M. Opeloye (Obafemi Awolowo University) Prof. Vincent Nyoyoko (Akwa Ibom State University) Prof. I. O. Oloyede (University of Ilorin) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY ii ENQUIRIES All enquiries and subscription should be directed to the Secretary Dr. O.U. Jones and Dr. I. Suberu, Department of Religious and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, email: jonesuodili@gmail.com or visit our website www.joracuniport.com or telephone 07038133706, 08032219105. Interested scholars may submit the Manuscript of well-researched works at any time of the year for possible publication in duplicate (15-20 A4 pages) with a CD-ROM in Microsoft Word format, 12 points, Time New Roman.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Geography & Environment Management University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Email: Geoakanbi2@Yahoo.Com
    Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management 9 (1): 45 – 55, 2016. ISSN:1998-0507 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v9i1.5 Submitted: August 13, 2015 Accepted: January 11, 2015 POVERTY AS A PRECURSOR FOR SPATIAL PATTERN OF WATERBORNE DISEASES PREVALENCE IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA: A GEOGRAPHER’S VIEW AKANBI, O.A. Department of Geography & Environment Management University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Email: geoakanbi2@yahoo.com Abstract This study aims at looking at the relationship between poverty and spatial pattern of waterborne diseases in Kwara State. The study involved 353 household heads across the three senatorial districts of the study area. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to obtain all the relevant data. In all, in-depth- interviews (IDI) were conducted and 664 questionnaires were also administered in the randomly selected settlements of the wards on the subject matter. Data from all these sources were subjected to correlation analysis, thus for Kwara North Senatorial district, the p-value of .008 < 0.05 level of significance stood at a correlation level of 0.530 at 22 df. Additionally, for Kwara Central Senatorial district, the p- value of .352 > 0.05 level of significance stood at a correlation level of 0.199 at 22 df, while for Kwara South Senatorial. This because the p-value of .194 > 0.05 level of significance at a correlation level of 0.275 at 22 df. The study revealed that poverty has much influence on the prevalence of waterborne diseases: it therefore concludes that as a result of poverty, accessing adequate safe water facilities in the study area is a mirage.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021-WATER-AND-SANITATION-SECTOR-Mtss MWRE
    WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR 2021 – 2023 MEDIUM-TERM SECTOR STRATEGY (MTSS) STATE OF OSUN NOVEMBER, 2020 1 Foreword The State of Osun overall development objectives and planning tools are driven by the Vision 2020, Goal 6 of Sustainable Development Goals, Federal Republic of Nigeria Water Resources Master Plan, National Action Plan of Revitalization of the Nigerian’s WASH Sector 2018 with targets for water supply and Sanitation Sector aiming to reach 100% coverage rate by 2030. The Sector has prioritized water supply and sanitation services in the thematic themes as a critical service that will contribute significantly to attainment of the growth needed for the State during the next three years. It is from this perspective that WATSAN would like to ensure effective delivery of adequate, reliable, and sustainable services for water supply and sanitation for social and economic development. The present strategic plan for the water supply and sanitation sector is a revision of the previous one (approved in 2010) that had not been implemented for years. The revision of the WATSAN strategic plan was necessary to ensure that the sector strategy is aligned to the new objectives, targets, guidelines and State Development Plan for year 2019 to 2028. The existing resources provided by the State and development partners, including that for the previous years, only cater for the core basis of implementation of some strategic plan and budget for the programmes. But the financing gaps that still exist are expected to be bridged through the State budget allocation, mobilization from existing and future development partners working in the Water and Sanitation sector, long term loans acquired by the State for the big sector projects that will be implemented by Ministry of Water Resources and Energy.
    [Show full text]