Select bibliography Chapter 1 For the standard British Africanist analysis, see Roland Oliver and John Fage, A Short History of Africa (Penguin, 1st edn., 1962, 5th edn., 1975); John Fage, History of Afn'ca (Hutchinson, 1978) and the new multi-volume Cambridge History of Africa, edited by Oliver and Fage. The American style is epitomised in Curtin, Feierman, Thompson and Vansina, African History (Longman, 1978), although the last two authors are originally from South Africa and Belgium respectively. Africans are largely responsible for the UNESCO History of Africa that has begun to be published. Pre-Africanist views that may be noted with profit are W.E.B. DuBois, The World and Africa (International Pub­ lishers, 1965), reflecting a specific Afro-American tradition and Samuel Johnson's History of the Yorubas (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966 reprint), a typical but distinguishedexample of the kind of written histories Africans were producing during the colonial period. Consensus and criticism within the field can be better understood by a progressive examination of Vansina, Mauny and Thomas, Ranger and Fyfe, the three collections discussed in the text and cited in the notes. On method and oral tradition, see its foremost champion, Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), but also his remarks on its abuse: 'Comment: Traditions of Genesis', JAH, XV (1974). A collection presenting a critical view of anthropology is Talal Asad, ed., Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (Ithaca Press, 1973). A brilliant portrait of one of the most influential anthropologists of the colonial 290 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY era has been penned by Richard Brown: 'Passages in the Life of a White Anthropologist: Max Gluckman in N orthern Rhodesia',jAH, XX (1979). Some of the earliest criticisms of Africanist history by Wrigley, Saul and Ochieng are cited in the text. The under­ developmentalist hypothesis is raised in E.A. Alpers, 'Re­ thinking African Economic History', KHR, I (1973) and Samir Amin, 'Underdevelopment and Dependen';e in Black Africa - Origin and Contemporary Forms',jMAS, X (1972). See also Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Bogle-L'Ouverture, 1972). Arguably the finest work in the South African liberal tradition is C.W. DeKiewiet, A History of South Africa: Social and Economic (Oxford University Press, 1940). The tradition was extended under Africanist influence with Leonard Thompson and Monica Wilson, eds, Oxford History of South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1969-71). Among the landmarks of the new historiography of southern Africa are: Frederick J ohnstone, Class, Race and Gold (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976); Charles van Onselen, Chibaro (Pluto Press, 1976) and Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, eds, Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (Long­ man, 1980). Drawing on underdevelopmentalist and Marxist thought is the major collection by Neil Parsons and Robin Palmer, The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa (Heinemann, 1977). A notion of the critieal ideas of some of the established African historians emerges from J.F .A. Ajayi's essay in the Ranger collection cited earlier, E.A. Ayandele, 'How Truly Nigerian is Nigerian History?' in his Nigerian Historical Studies (Frank Cass, 1979) and Bethwell A. Ogot, 'Towards a History of Kenya', KHR, IV (1976). An interestingsynthesis that has moved fairly far from the Africanist paradigm is Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch and Henri Mouniot, L 'Afrique noire de 1800 a nos jours (Presses Universitaires de France, 1974). Ailsa Auchnie, 'African Historical Research in the Paris Region', AA, LXXX (1981) usefully surveys the situation of African historiographie work in contemporary France. Three recent works have particularly influenced the writing of this chapter, the writings cited in the notes by Said, Swai and Bernstein & Depelchin. F or an expanded version of SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 Swai's hypothesis, see A.J. Temu and B. Swai, Historians and Africanist History: a Critique (Zed Press, 1981). Chapter 2 Marx 's scattered writings on pre-capitalist society have been collected in a number of editions, including one with a distinguished introduction by Maurice Godelier in French. A convenient English version was edited by Eric Hobsbawm, Pre-capitalist Economic Formations (International Publishers, 1964). The one Marxist classic on related material is Friedrich Engels' The Origin o[ the Family, Private Property and the State (Pathfinder Press, 1972). The serious student should also consult Lawrence Krader's edition of Marx's Ethnological Notebooks (Van Gorcum, 1974). The modes of production debate was inaugurated in France in the 1960s. Many of the early articles are collected in Sur le 'mode de production' asiatique, introduced by J ean Suret-Canale (Editions Sociales, 1974). Catherine Coquery­ Vidrovitch's seminal article, 'Research on an African Mode of Production' is translated in Martin Klein and G. Wesley J ohnson, eds, Perspectives on the African Past (Little, Brown, 1972). Many relevant articles have been published in the London journal Critiques o[ Anthropology. Others are avail­ able in three important collections, M. Bloch, ed., Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology (Random House, 1975), David Seddon, ed., Relatz'ons o[ Production (Frank Cass, 1978) and Harold Wolpe, ed., The Articulation o[ Mo des o[ Production (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980). Some of the most distinguished French Marxist anthropologists contrib­ uted short selections of their latest considerations in a special issue of Dialectiques (21, 1977). Claude Meillassoux has provided a provocative exposition of his concept of lineage society in Maidens, Meal and Money (Cambridge University Press, 1980). Studies specifically inspired by these issues include Marc Auge, Pouvoirs de vie, pouvoirs de mort (Flam­ marion, 1977);J.P. Olivier de Sardan, Le Systemederelations economiques et sociales chez les Wogo, (Musee de I'Homme, 1969); Pierre-Philippe Rey, Colonialisme, neo-colonialisme et la transition au capitalisme (Maspero, 1971) and Eric 292 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Pollet and Grace Winter, 'L'organisation sodale du travail agricole des Soninke', Cahiers d'etudes africaines, VIII (1968). Recent American considerations of the debate with some interesting case studies are edited by Donald Crummey and Charles Stewart, Modes of Production in Africa (Sage, 1981). Meillassoux has also edited a wide-ranging and major collection on slavery in Africa, L 'esclavage en Afrique pre­ coloniale, (Maspero, 1975). This and other work is critically surveyed by Frederick Cooper, 'The Problem of Slavery in African Studies',JAH, XIX (1979). These pages cannot embrace the vast literature of specialist interest on pre-colonial Africa. This selection is based on those works that cover major areas or have some wider import. For more detailed references, the multi-volume Cambridge History of Africa is a good starting point. The Ca m bridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology (Cambridge University Press, 1980) provides a convenient, brief overview of recent provenance. ] .E.G. Sutton, 'The Aquatic Age in Africa', JAH, XV (1974) is arecent provocative discussion of one facet of the transition to agriculture in Africa. See also ] .D. Fage and Roland Oliver, eds, Papers in African Prehtstory (Cambridge University Press, 1970); ].R. HarIan et al., eds, Origins of African Plant Domestication (University of Chicago Press, 1976); L. Krzyzaniak, 'New Light on Early Food Production in the Central Sudan',JAH, XIX (1978). Hunting and gathering communities in Africa are the subject of ]. Woodburn, Hunters and Gatherers: Material Culture of the Nomadic Hadza (The British Museum Trustees, 1970) and Richard Lee, The !Kung San; Men, Women and Work t'n a Foraging Society (Cambridge University Press, 1979) which addresses issues from a materialist perspective. The West African past is surveyed in the compendium, ].F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder, History ofWest Africa (Columbia University Press, 1976). Some of the most interest­ ing thinking on the ancient states of the upper Niger Basin has been done by East Europeans. These include Marian Malowist, 'Social and Economic Stability of the Western Sudan', Past and Present, XXXllI (1966, with a rejoinder by A.G. Hopkins, XXXVII, 1967); Michel Tymowski, 'Economie et societedans le bassin du Moyen-Niger, fin du XVI- SELEeT BIBLIOGRAPHY 293 XVIIIe siede', AB, XXXVIII (1973) and 'Les domaines des princes du Songhay', Annales, XXV (1970) and L.E'. Kubbel, Songhaiskaya Derzhava (Nauk, Moscow, 1974). A representative state further to the west is considered in Boubacar Barry, Le Royaume de Waalo (Maspero, 1972) and the economy of early Senegambia sulVeyed in Philip Curtin, Economic Change in Pre-colonial Africa (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975). Both emphasise contact with the West. On the Mossi-Volta section of the savanna (Upper Volta-Ghana), see Nehemiah Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa (Clarendon Press, 1968) and Michel Izard, Introduction a l'histoire du royaume mossi (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques, 2 vols, 1970). On the central savanna, H.F.C. Smith, 'The Beginnings of Hausa Society' in Jan Vansina, Raymond Mauny and L.V. Thomas, eds, The Historian in Tropical Africa (Oxford University Press, 1964) contains elements of a materialist analysis. So does Nicole Echard, L 'Experience du passe; ethno-histoire de l'Ader haoussa (Paris, 1972). The best introduction to the most famous jihad state is Murray Last, The Sokoto Caliphate (Longman, 1967). See also