Select bibliography

Chapter 1

For the standard British Africanist analysis, see Roland Oliver and John Fage, A Short History of Africa (Penguin, 1st edn., 1962, 5th edn., 1975); John Fage, History of Afn'ca (Hutchinson, 1978) and the new multi-volume Cambridge History of Africa, edited by Oliver and Fage. The American style is epitomised in Curtin, Feierman, Thompson and Vansina, African History (Longman, 1978), although the last two authors are originally from South Africa and Belgium respectively. Africans are largely responsible for the UNESCO History of Africa that has begun to be published. Pre-Africanist views that may be noted with profit are W.E.B. DuBois, The World and Africa (International Pub• lishers, 1965), reflecting a specific Afro-American tradition and Samuel Johnson's History of the Yorubas (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966 reprint), a typical but distinguishedexample of the kind of written histories Africans were producing during the colonial period. Consensus and criticism within the field can be better understood by a progressive examination of Vansina, Mauny and Thomas, Ranger and Fyfe, the three collections discussed in the text and cited in the notes. On method and oral tradition, see its foremost champion, Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), but also his remarks on its abuse: 'Comment: Traditions of Genesis', JAH, XV (1974). A collection presenting a critical view of anthropology is Talal Asad, ed., Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (Ithaca Press, 1973). A brilliant portrait of one of the most influential anthropologists of the colonial 290 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY era has been penned by Richard Brown: 'Passages in the Life of a White Anthropologist: Max Gluckman in N orthern Rhodesia',jAH, XX (1979). Some of the earliest criticisms of Africanist history by Wrigley, Saul and Ochieng are cited in the text. The under• developmentalist hypothesis is raised in E.A. Alpers, 'Re• thinking African Economic History', KHR, I (1973) and Samir Amin, 'Underdevelopment and Dependen';e in Black Africa - Origin and Contemporary Forms',jMAS, X (1972). See also Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Bogle-L'Ouverture, 1972). Arguably the finest work in the South African liberal tradition is C.W. DeKiewiet, A History of South Africa: Social and Economic (Oxford University Press, 1940). The tradition was extended under Africanist influence with Leonard Thompson and Monica Wilson, eds, Oxford History of South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1969-71). Among the landmarks of the new historiography of southern Africa are: Frederick J ohnstone, Class, Race and Gold (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976); Charles van Onselen, Chibaro (Pluto Press, 1976) and Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, eds, Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (Long• man, 1980). Drawing on underdevelopmentalist and Marxist thought is the major collection by Neil Parsons and Robin Palmer, The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa (Heinemann, 1977). A notion of the critieal ideas of some of the established African historians emerges from J.F .A. Ajayi's essay in the Ranger collection cited earlier, E.A. Ayandele, 'How Truly Nigerian is Nigerian History?' in his Nigerian Historical Studies (Frank Cass, 1979) and Bethwell A. Ogot, 'Towards a History of Kenya', KHR, IV (1976). An interestingsynthesis that has moved fairly far from the Africanist paradigm is Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch and Henri Mouniot, L 'Afrique noire de 1800 a nos jours (Presses Universitaires de France, 1974). Ailsa Auchnie, 'African Historical Research in the Paris Region', AA, LXXX (1981) usefully surveys the situation of African historiographie work in contemporary France. Three recent works have particularly influenced the writing of this chapter, the writings cited in the notes by Said, Swai and Bernstein & Depelchin. F or an expanded version of SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 Swai's hypothesis, see A.J. Temu and B. Swai, Historians and Africanist History: a Critique (Zed Press, 1981).

Chapter 2

Marx 's scattered writings on pre-capitalist society have been collected in a number of editions, including one with a distinguished introduction by Maurice Godelier in French. A convenient English version was edited by Eric Hobsbawm, Pre-capitalist Economic Formations (International Publishers, 1964). The one Marxist classic on related material is Friedrich Engels' The Origin o[ the Family, Private Property and the State (Pathfinder Press, 1972). The serious student should also consult Lawrence Krader's edition of Marx's Ethnological Notebooks (Van Gorcum, 1974). The modes of production debate was inaugurated in France in the 1960s. Many of the early articles are collected in Sur le 'mode de production' asiatique, introduced by J ean Suret-Canale (Editions Sociales, 1974). Catherine Coquery• Vidrovitch's seminal article, 'Research on an African Mode of Production' is translated in Martin Klein and G. Wesley J ohnson, eds, Perspectives on the African Past (Little, Brown, 1972). Many relevant articles have been published in the London journal Critiques o[ Anthropology. Others are avail• able in three important collections, M. Bloch, ed., Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology (Random House, 1975), David Seddon, ed., Relatz'ons o[ Production (Frank Cass, 1978) and Harold Wolpe, ed., The Articulation o[ Mo des o[ Production (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980). Some of the most distinguished French Marxist anthropologists contrib• uted short selections of their latest considerations in a special issue of Dialectiques (21, 1977). Claude Meillassoux has provided a provocative exposition of his concept of lineage society in Maidens, Meal and Money (Cambridge University Press, 1980). Studies specifically inspired by these issues include Marc Auge, Pouvoirs de vie, pouvoirs de mort (Flam• marion, 1977);J.P. Olivier de Sardan, Le Systemederelations economiques et sociales chez les Wogo, (Musee de I'Homme, 1969); Pierre-Philippe Rey, Colonialisme, neo-colonialisme et la transition au capitalisme (Maspero, 1971) and Eric 292 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Pollet and Grace Winter, 'L'organisation sodale du travail agricole des Soninke', Cahiers d'etudes africaines, VIII (1968). Recent American considerations of the debate with some interesting case studies are edited by Donald Crummey and Charles Stewart, Modes of Production in Africa (Sage, 1981). Meillassoux has also edited a wide-ranging and major collection on slavery in Africa, L 'esclavage en Afrique pre• coloniale, (Maspero, 1975). This and other work is critically surveyed by Frederick Cooper, 'The Problem of Slavery in African Studies',JAH, XIX (1979). These pages cannot embrace the vast literature of specialist interest on pre-colonial Africa. This selection is based on those works that cover major areas or have some wider import. For more detailed references, the multi-volume Cambridge History of Africa is a good starting point. The Ca m bridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology (Cambridge University Press, 1980) provides a convenient, brief overview of recent provenance. ] .E.G. Sutton, 'The Aquatic Age in Africa', JAH, XV (1974) is arecent provocative discussion of one facet of the transition to agriculture in Africa. See also ] .D. Fage and Roland Oliver, eds, Papers in African Prehtstory (Cambridge University Press, 1970); ].R. HarIan et al., eds, Origins of African Plant Domestication (University of Chicago Press, 1976); L. Krzyzaniak, 'New Light on Early Food Production in the Central Sudan',JAH, XIX (1978). Hunting and gathering communities in Africa are the subject of ]. Woodburn, Hunters and Gatherers: Material Culture of the Nomadic Hadza (The British Museum Trustees, 1970) and Richard Lee, The !Kung San; Men, Women and Work t'n a Foraging Society (Cambridge University Press, 1979) which addresses issues from a materialist perspective. The West African past is surveyed in the compendium, ].F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder, History ofWest Africa (Columbia University Press, 1976). Some of the most interest• ing thinking on the ancient states of the upper Niger Basin has been done by East Europeans. These include Marian Malowist, 'Social and Economic Stability of the Western Sudan', Past and Present, XXXllI (1966, with a rejoinder by A.G. Hopkins, XXXVII, 1967); Michel Tymowski, 'Economie et societedans le bassin du Moyen-Niger, fin du XVI- SELEeT BIBLIOGRAPHY 293 XVIIIe siede', AB, XXXVIII (1973) and 'Les domaines des princes du Songhay', Annales, XXV (1970) and L.E'. Kubbel, Songhaiskaya Derzhava (Nauk, Moscow, 1974). A representative state further to the west is considered in Boubacar Barry, Le Royaume de Waalo (Maspero, 1972) and the economy of early Senegambia sulVeyed in Philip Curtin, Economic Change in Pre-colonial Africa (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975). Both emphasise contact with the West. On the Mossi-Volta section of the savanna (Upper Volta-Ghana), see Nehemiah Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa (Clarendon Press, 1968) and Michel Izard, Introduction a l'histoire du royaume mossi (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques, 2 vols, 1970). On the central savanna, H.F.C. Smith, 'The Beginnings of Hausa Society' in Jan Vansina, Raymond Mauny and L.V. Thomas, eds, The Historian in Tropical Africa (Oxford University Press, 1964) contains elements of a materialist analysis. So does Nicole Echard, L 'Experience du passe; ethno-histoire de l'Ader haoussa (Paris, 1972). The best introduction to the most famous jihad state is Murray Last, The Sokoto Caliphate (Longman, 1967). See also his 'Administration and Dissent in Hausaland', Africa, XL (1970); Marilyn Waldman, 'The Fulani Jihad: a Reassessment',IAH, VI (1965); M.G. Smith, Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950 (Oxford University Press, 1960); Michael Mason, 'Captive and CHent Labour and the Economy of Bida Emirate, 1857-1901', IAN, XIV (1973). On post-jihad society in western West Africa, there are several stimulating artic1es: Y oussouf Gueye, 'Essai sur les causes et les consequences de la micropropriete au Fouta• Toro', Bulletin de l'Institut Fran~ais de l'Afrique Noire, serie B, XIX (1957); Walter Rodney, jihad and Social Revolution in the Eighteenth Century Futa DjaIlon',IHSN, IV (1968); Marion Johnson, 'The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy - the Case of Masina', IAH, XVII (1976) and Richard Roberts, 'Production and Reproduction of Warrior States: Segu Bambara and Segu Tukolor',IIANS, XIII (1980). Standard treatments of major states in the forest and adjacent West African forest inc1ude Ivor Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1975) 294 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY and Robin Law, The Oyo Empire, c.1600-1836 (Clarendon Press, 1977). On Yoruba culture see Frank Willett, Ife in the History of West African Art (McGraw-Hill, 1967). Raymond Dumett, 'Precolonial Mining and the State in the Akan Region' considers the Terray thesis empirically in George Dalton, ed., Research in Economic Anthropology (2), 1979. On West African states generally there is an interesting if technicist hypothesis in Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition and the State (Oxford University Press, 1971). The most vigorous debate about forest sodeties has centred on the state of Dahomey. Much of the discussion focusses on aperiod when the Atlantic slave trade is already of great significance, yet it is relevant to this chapter. See Melville Herskovits, Dahomey O.J. Augustin, 1938); Karl Polanyi, Dahomey and the Slave Trade (University of Washington Press, 1966); I. Akinjogbin, Dahomey and its Neighbours (Cambridge University Press, 1967); Honorat Aguessy, 'Le Dan-Horne de XIXe siede: etait-il une societe esdavagiste?', Revue fran~aise d'etudes politiques africaines, L (1970); Georg Elwert. Wirtschaft und Herrschaft von 'Daxome' (Dahomey) in 18. Jahrhundert, (Renner, Munich, 1973); Robin Law, 'Royal Monopoly and Private Enterprise in the Atlantic Trade: the Case of Dahomey', JAH, XVI (1975) and K. Moseley, 'The Political Economy of Dahomey' in George Dalton, ed., Research in Economic Anthropology (2), 1979. The same can be said of Robin Horton, 'From Fishing-Village to City-State: A Sodal History of New Calabar' in Mary Douglas and Phyllis Kaberry, eds., Man in Africa (Tavistock, 1969). The main lines of early Ethiopian history are traced in Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia 1270-1527 (Clarendon Press, 1972) and, for an earlier period yet, Yurii Kobishchanov, Axum (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979). Greater balance on the region is the main strength of Donald Levine, Greater Ethiopia (University of Chicago Press, 1974). A feel for dass society in Ethiopia emerges from Richard Caulk, 'Armies as Predators: Soldiers and Peasants in Ethiopia, c. 1850-1935', IJAHS, XI (1978). Allen Hoben, Land Tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia (University of Chicago Press, 1973), is a useful contemporary study of economic and social relations in the Ethiopian SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 295 highlands. R.S. O'Fahey and J.L. Spaulding, Kingdoms of the Sudan (Methuen, 1974), provide an introduction to Sennar and Dar Fur, states in the modem Sudan Republic. Jan Vansina, Kingdoms of the Savanna (University of Wisconsin Press, 1966), is an introduction to the southern savanna states. The most useful monographs on the history of this area include: Georges Balandier, Daily Life in the Kingdomof the Kongo (George Allen & Unwin, 1968); W.G.L. Randles, L 'ancien royaume du Congo des origines a la fin du X/Xe siecle (Mouton, 1968); Joseph Miller, Kings and Kinsmen (Clarendon Press, 1976); Andrew Roberts, History of the Bemba (Longman, 1973); Mutumba Mainga, Bulozi under the Luyana Kings (Longman, 1973) and Thomas Reefe, The Rainbow and the Kings; a History of the Luba Empire to 1891 (University of California Press, 1981). More penetrating than any of these is W.G. Clarence-Smith, 'Slaves, Commoners and Landlords in Bulozi, 1875-1906', JAH, XX (1979). For the states south of the Zambesi, the reader turns to D.N. Beach, The Shona and Zimbabwe, 900-1850 (Africana, 1980). The first essays in Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, eds, Economy and Society in Pre-/ndustrial South Africa (Longman, 1980) consider pre-conquest South Africa. The standard history of the Mfecane, now badly in need of re• interpretation, is J. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath (Longman, 1965). For one Mfecane state, see J. Cobbing, 'Evolution of the Ndebele amabutho', JAH, XV (1974). One contributor to Marks and Atmore, Jeff Guy, has also considered Zulu society in a full-Iength book, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom (Longman, 1979). For foraging and especially pastoral communities, Richard Elphick, Kraal and Castle (Yale University Press, 1977) is valuable. An early attempt to synthesise pre-colonial East African history is made in Gervase Matthewand Roland Oliver, eds, History of East Africa, I (Clarendon Press, 1963). Two continually cited studies of inter-Iacustrine states are Semakula Kiwanuka, A History of Buganda (Longman, 1971) and S.R. Karugire, History of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1891 (Clarendon, 1971). Other treatments of East African states are Steven Feierman, The Shambaa Kingdom (University of Wisconsin Press, 1974) and R.G. Willis, AState in the Making 296 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (Indiana University Press, 1980). Rwanda has been assessed by many writers; some of the most interesting pages on it are to be fQund in a special issue of the Cahiers d'etudes africaines (henceforth CEA) XIV (1974). This indudes the dass analysis of Claudine Vidal, 'Economie de la societe feodalerwandaise'. Some of the more successful attempts to recreate the history of peoples without state institutions have been made in East Afriea. These indude B.A. Ogot's path-breaking History o[ the Southern Luo (East African Publishing House, henceforth EAPH, 1967); Godfrey Muriuki, History o[ the Kikuyu 1500-1900 (Oxford University Press, 1974) and John Lamphear, Traditional History o[ the Jie (Oxford University Press, 1976). Descriptions of early trade within eastem, southem and south-central Africa are to be found in Riehard Gray and David Birmingham, eds, Precolonial African Trade (Macmillan, 1970).

Chapter 3

The slave trade has inspired a large literature, much of it coneemed with quantitative analysis only. Basil Davidson, Black Mother (Little, Brown, 1961) is a moving introduetion; a more reeent survey is M. Craton, Sinews o[ Empire (Double• day Anchor Books, 1974). Philip Curtin has drawn an effee• tive, short picture based on the history of the sugar industry in his ehapter in Ajayi and Crowder, History ofWest Africa, I, already cited; Walter Rodney provided a strong, "brief sum• mary in a pamphlet published by the Historical Association of Tanzania in 1967 entitled West Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Curtin's slave-counting exercise, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (University of Wisconsin Press, 1969) is most valuable for its demonstration of the ebb and flow of the trade and the relative importance in it of different parts of Africa. More recent research is collected in, among other places, the special issue of the Revue franfiaise d 'histoire d'outre-mer, LXn (1975); Roger Anstey and P.E.H. Hair,eds, Liverpool, the African Slave Trade and Abolition (Historie Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1976) andHenryGemery and Jan Hogendom, eds, The Uncommon Market, (Academic Press, 1979). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 297

On chartered slave trade companies, see Abdoulaye Ly, La compagnie du Senegal (Presence Africaine, 1958) and K.G. Davies, The Royal African Company (Longman, 1957). Other aspects of the trade are discussed in Walter Rodney, 'Gold and Slaves on the Gold Coast', Transactions 0/ the Historical Society 0/ Ghana, X (1969) and Marion Johnson, 'The Ounce in Eighteenth Century West African Trade', JAH, VII (1966). The new American crops introduced during this period are surveyed in William O. Jones, Manz'oc in Africa (Stanford University Press, 1959) and Marvin Miracle, Maize in Tropical Africa (University of Wisconsin Press, 1966). Michael Mason, 'Population Density and "Slave Raiding" - the Case of the Middle Belt',JAH, X (1969) contains a strong argument on the demography of the slave trade era. A large and important literature on the slave trade, slavery and the rise of industrial capitalism was born with Eric Williams' classic, Capitalism and Slavery; this does not really belong to the sphere of African history, however. On the general impact of slaving in Africa see J .D. Fage, 'Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History', JAH, X (1969), the important rejoinder by C.C. Wrigley, 'Historicism in Africa: Slavery and Slave Formation', AA, LXX (1971) and Walter Rodney, 'African Slavery and other F orms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave Trade',JAH, VII (1966). Standard histories of French involvement in the Senegambia are Andre Delcourt, La France et les etablissements francais au Senegal entre 1713 et 1763 (Institut Fran~ais de l'Afrique Noire, Memoire 17, 1952) and Leonce J ore, 'Les etablisse• ments francrais sur la co te occidentale d'Afrique 1758 a 1803', Revue fran~aise d'histoire d'outre-mer, LI (1964). The impact on African society receives attention in Philip Curtin, Econ• omic Change in Pre-colonial A[rica and Boubacar Barry, Le royaume de Waalo, both cited for Chapter 2. The region between the Gambia and present-day Liberia is the subject of Walter Rodney, A History o[ the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545-1800 (Clarendon Press, 1970). For the Gold Coast, there is J ohn Vogt, Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast (University of Georgia Press, 1979), Kwame Daaku, Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast, 1600-1720 (Clarendon Press, 1970) and Ray Kea, Settlements, Trade and Politics 298 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY in the Seventeenth-century Gold Coast Oohn Hopkins Press, 1982). Most of the books cited in the last chapter on the forest states of West Africa treat the slave trade. See as well: A.F.C. Ryder, Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (Longman, 1969); James Graham, 'Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History', CEA, V (1965); P. Morton-Williams, 'The Oyo Yoruba and the Atlantic Trade', IHSN, III (1964); Kwame Arhin, 'The Financing of Ashanti Expansion, 1700-1820', Africa, XXXVII (1967) and Pierre Verger, Trade Relations Between the Bight of Benin and Bahia 17th-19th Centuries, (Ibadan University Press, 1976). On the impact of the slave trade in the Niger delta, the most important work is contained in E.J. Alagoa, 'Long Distance Trade and States in the Niger Delta', IAH, XI (1970); David Northrup, 'The Growth of Trade among the Igbo Before 1800', IAH, XIII (1972) and A.J.H. Latham, Old Calabar, 1600-1891 (Clarendon Press, 1971). Angola is a neglected subject in English and French, but the main historical events are covered in David Birmingham, Trade and Conflict in Angola (Clarendon Press, 1966).Joseph Miller, 'Lineages, Ideology and the History of Slavery in Western Central Africa' in Paul Lovejoy, ed., Ideolog,:es of Slavery in Africa (Sage, 1982) is most suggestive. Standard histories of Kongo cited previously are by Georges Balandier and W.G.L. Randles. The work of revision and reinvestigation has begun with J ohn Thornton, 'Demography and History in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1550-1750',IAH, XVIII (1977). For the region north of the River Zaire, see Phyllis Martin, The External Trade of the Loango Coast, 1576-1870, (Clarendon Press, 1972). F or the Zambesi and the region to the north of it, the most important studies are: M.D.D. Newitt, Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi (Longman, 1973); Allen Isaacman, Mozambique; the Africanization of a European Institution (University of Wisconsin Press, 1972) and Edward Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa (Heinemann, 1975). On South Africa under the Dutch the most recent research is recapitulated in Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee, eds, The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1820 (Longman, Penguin, 1979). The question of race is assessed SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 299 in W.M. Freund, 'Race in the Social Structure of South Africa, 1652-1836', Race and Class, XVllI (1976) while Khoi-colonial relations are the subject of Shula Marks, 'Khoisan Resistance to the Dutch in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', JAH, XVII (1972) and Richard Elphick, Kraal and Castle, cited earlier.

Chapter 4

A general overview of the issues discussed in this chapter can be found in Martin Klein, 'Slavery, the Slave Trade and Legitimate Commerce in Late Nineteenth-Century Africa', Etudes d'histoire a[ricaine, 11 (1971). On the abolition of slavery and the slave trade the reader can still profit by consulting Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Capricom, 1944), but empiricist critiques require consideration, notably Roger Anstey, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760-1810 (Humanities Press, 1975) and Seymour Drescher, Econocide (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977). Nineteenth-century West Africa is covered by numerous economic historians but, as with other areas, few works are limited exclusively to this period of his tory. One with its strongest pages on the nineteenth century is A.G. Hopkins, Economic History o[ West Africa (Longman, 1973). Of note are the relevant articles in Claude Meillassoux, ed., The Development o[ Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa (Oxford University Press, 1971) and the economic studies of Colin Newbury such as 'Trade and Authority in West Africa from 1850 to 1880' in Lewis Gam and Peter Duignan, eds, Colonialism in Africa, I (Cambridge University Press, 1969). F or this epoch in Senegambia, the reader should consult the relevant pages in Barry and Curtin's studies cited earlier. Aspects of the impact of ground-nut exports are discussed in Ken Swindell, 'Serawoolies, Tillibunkas and Strange Farmers: Development of Migrant Groundnut Farming along the Gambia River, 1848-95', JAH, XXI (1980) and George Brooks, 'Peanuts and Colonialism: Consequences of the Commercialization of Peanuts in West Africa, 1830-70', JAH, XVI (1975). 300 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY The history of Sierra Leone is still short on analysis. Creole culture is discussed in Leo Spitzer, The Creoles o[ Sierra Leone (University of Wisconsin Press, 1974). For the Gold Coast in this period see Edward Reynolds, Trade and Econ• omzoc Change on the Gold Coast, 1807-74 (Longman, 1974). Freda Wolfson, 'A Price Agreement on the Gold Coast - Krobo Oil Boycott, 1858-65', Economic History Review, VI (1953) is worth a look. The Saros in Y oruba-speaking lands are the subject of J ean Herskovits Kopytoff, A Pre[ace to Modern Nigeria (University of Wisconsin Press, 1965). The strengths and lirnitations of their position in Abeokuta, the greatest Saro centre inland from the coast is central to Agneta Pallinder-Law, 'Aborted Modernization in West Africa? The Case of Abeokuta',fAH, XV (1974). On other political and economic aspects of nineteenth• century Y orubaland, the more significant titles would indude: S.A. Akintoye, Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840-83 (Longman, 1971); Bolanie Awe, 'Militarism and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Yoruba Country - the Ibadan Example', IAH, XIV (1973); Babatunde Agiri, 'Slavery in Y oruba Society in the Nine• teenth Century' in Paul Lovejoy, ed., The Ideology o[ Slavery in A[rica (Sage, 1981); E.A. Ayandele, The Missionary Impact on Modern Nzgerzoa, 1842-1914 (Longman, 1966) and T.G.O. Gbadamosi, The Growth o[ Islam among the Yoruba, 1841- 1908 (Longman, 1978). The Niger delta region is examined in K.O. Dike, Trade and Politics zOn the Niger Delta, 1830-85 (Clarendon Press, 1956); G.I. Jones, Trading States o[ the Gil Rivers (Oxford University Press, i963); Obaro !kirne, Merchant Prince o[ the Niger Delta (Heinemann, 1968). More recent and analyti• cally the most valuable are A.J .H. Latham, Old Calabar 1600-1891 (Clarendon Press, 1973) and David Northrup, Trade WzOthout Rulers (Clarendon Press, 1978). A number of family and individual studies of the coastal compradore dass exist. They include Raymond Dumett, 'J ohn Sarbah the EIder and African Merchant Entrepreneur• ship in the Gold Coast in the Late Nineteenth Century', fAH, XIV (1973); A.G. Hopkins, 'Richard Beale Blaize, 1854-1904', Tanokh, I (1966); David Ross, 'The Career of SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 301 Domingo Martinez in the Bight of Benin, 1853-64', IAH, VI (1965); and Margaret Priestley, West African T,rade and Coast Society (Oxford University Press, 1969). A dass perspective is suggested in Edward Reynolds, 'Rise and Fall of an African Merchant Class on the Gold Coast, 1830-70', CEA, X (1974) and developed in Susan Kaplow, 'The Mudfish and the Crocodile', Science and Society, XLI (1977). The jihad movements, covered in the last chapter's bibliog• raphy, dominate the historiography of the savanna region of West Africa for the nineteenth century. This rubric does not, however, really fit the empire-builder Samori, whose career is studied in three volumes by Yves Person, Samori, une revolution dyoula (Institut Fondamentale de l'Afrique Noire, 1968-75). A summary of French colonial intentions during this era exdusive of Senegal is contained in Bemard Schnapper, La politique et le commerce franflais dans le golfe de Guineede 1838 a 1871 (Mouton, 1961). For East and Central Africa, this chapter relies on books covered in other chapter bibliographies, induding work by Iliffe, Andrew Roberts, D.A. Low, W.G. Clarence-Smith and J. Forbes Munro. The nineteenth century looms large in Richard Grey and David Birmingham, eds, Pre-colonial African Trade, already cited. There is an excellent study of the slave plantations on the Kenya coast and the island of Zanzibar by Frederick Cooper, Plantation Slavery in Kenya and Zanzibar (Yale University Press, 1977) and an interesting piece on the dislocations in East African women's lives: Marcia Wright, 'Women in Peril',African Social Research, XX (1975). On the Lake Nyasa region, see Harry Langworthy, 'Central Malawi in the Nineteenth Century' in R.J. Macdonald, From Nyasaland to Malawi (EAPH, 1975) and Leroy Vail, 'Suggestions Towards a Reinterpreted Tumbuka History' in B. Pachai, The Early History o[ Malawi (Longman, 1972). Tippu Tip's memoirs are available in Swahili and English: Maisha ya Hamed bin Muhammad yaani Tippu Tip (reprint of Edward Amold edn, 1966, Nairobi). On the Zambesi valley in the nineteenth century, sources cited elsewhere - Newitt, Isaacman, Vail and White, are the most helpful. For Angola there is in particular Clarence-Smith's Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southem Angola (Cambridge 302 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY University Press, 1979) and David Birmingham, 'The Coffee Barons ofCazengo',JAH, XIX (1978). Davenport's general history is a passable introduction to nineteenth-century South African events and provides a useful bibliography. Among older works still of interest are C.W. de Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor tOn South Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1937) and J.S. Galbraith, Reluctant Empire (University of California Press, 1963) are prominent. More recent is David Welsh, The Roots of Segregatt'on: Native Policy tOn Colonial Na tal, 1845-1910 (Oxford University Press, 1970). There is an important revisionist interpretation of the imperial factor: Anthony Atmore and Shula Marks, 'The Imperial Factor in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century: Towards a Reassessment', Journal of Impenal and Commonwealth History, III (1974). The most influential and exciting research of the 197 Os is collected in a book edited by the same pair, Economy and Sodety in Pre-industrial South Africa (Longman, 1980). Two of the contributors have produced relevant books, J eff Guy writing on the Zulu, cited elsewhere and Colin Bundy, Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (University of California Press, 1979). Of a number of articles on the emergent African entrepreneurial dass, Norman Etherington, 'Mission Station Melting Pots as a Factor in the Rise of South African Black Nationalism', InternationalJoumal of AfricanHistorical Studies, IX (1976) is an interesting example. Another region with a fairly well-developed historiography for the nineteenth century is the Ethiopian plateau; it is, however, largely political and dynastic in character. This is the case with Sven Rubenson, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Heinemann, 1976); R.H. Kofi Darkwah, Shewa, Menilek and the Ethiopian Empire, 1813-89 (Heine• mann, 1975) and Zewde Gebre-Selassie, Yohannis IV of Ethiopia (Clarendon Press, 1975). Social and economic considerations have some purchase on Mordechai Abir, Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes (Longman, 1968); Donald Crummey, 'Initiatives and Objectives in Ethio-European Relations, 1827-62', JAH, XV (1974) and 'Tewodros as Re• former and Modemizer', JAH, X (1969). The standard work on Egyptian rule along the middle Nile is Richard Hill, Egypt in the Sudan, 1820-81 (Oxford University Press, 1959). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 Chapter 5

F or a general view of imperialism by a Marxist contemporary, V.!. Lenin, Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism (International Publishers edn., 1939) remains compelling. On very similar lines, see Nikolai Bukharin, Imperialism and World Economy (Merlin Press edn., 1971). John Hobson, Imperialism: A Study repays examination. This is also true of the work of other contemporary thinkers, such as Rosa Luxemburg. For recent critical assessments, the most signifi• cant used here are the excellent edited collection by Bob Sutcliffe and Roger Owen, Studies in the Theory of Imperial• ism (Longman, 1972); V.G. Kiernan, Marxism and Imperial• ism, (St Martin's Press, 1975); Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980) and Bill Warren, Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism (New Left Books, 1981). Important examples of the anti-economic (and anti-Marxist) school of imperialist historians are Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, with Aliee Denny, Africa and the Victorians (St Martin's Press, 1961) and David Fieldhouse, Economics and Empire 1830-1914 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973). Weighty collections generally following this line of thought are to be found in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis, eds, Britain and France in Africa and Britain and Germany in Africa (both Yale University Press, 1967 and 1971) and Lewis Gann and Peter Duignan, eds, Colonialism in Africa, already cited, Vol. I. There is a more balanced interpretation in George Sanderson, 'The European Partition of Africa: Coincidence or Conjuncture', in E.F. Penrose, ed., European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa (Cass, 1975) and a novel and important analysis in A.G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, already cited. For a French equivalent to the anti-Marxist British schooI, see Henri Brunschwig, French Colonialism 1871-1914: Myths and Realities (PalI Mall, 1961). The diplomatie history of the scramble is surveyed in a broader context of European power politics in W.L. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments, 1871- 90 and The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890-1902 (Alfred A. Knopf, 2nd edns., 1950 and 1951). For the material foundation of British imperialism, see 304 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Eric ]. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968) and P.]. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, 'The Political Economy of British Expansion Overseas, 1750- 1914', EHR, XXXIII, N.S.(1980). The social contextis explored in Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (Harvard University Press, 1960) and Richard Price, An Imperial War and the Bn·tish Working Class (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972). On France see C.M. Andrewand A.S. Kanya-Forstner, 'The French Colonial Party: Its Composition, Aims and Influence', H], XIV (1971) and lohn Laffey, 'The Roots of French Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Lyon', French Histon·cal Studies, VI (1969/70). Colin Newbury has written several pieces on the impact of French protectionism such as 'The Protectionist Revival in French Colonial Trade:· The Case of Senegal', EHR, N.S. XXI (1968). There is a large literature on the imperialism of the Second Reich. Major works include Fritz Ferdinand Müller, Deutsch• land-OstaJrika-Zanzibar (Rutten und Loening, East Berlin, 1959); Manfred Nussbaum, Vom 'Kolonialemthusiasmus' zur Kolonialpolitik der Monopole (Akadamieverlag, East Berlin, 1962) and Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Bismarck und der Imperialis• mus (Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 1969). Wehler's ideas are summarised in the Owen and Sutcliffe collection and criticised in Gifford and Louis by Henry Turner. Neal Ascherson, The King Incorporated (George Allen & Unwin, 1963) teIls weIl the story of Leopold 11; there is no general adequate his tory ofhis machinations. For the narrative of Portuguese expansion, see Eric Axelson, Portugal and the Scramble for Af1'1:ca (Witwatersrand University Press, 1967) and R.]. Hammond, Portugal and AJrica, 1815-1910 (Stan• ford University Press, 1966), but also the significant revision, W.G. Clarence-Smith, 'The Myth ofUneconomic Imperialism: The Portuguese in Angola',]SAS, V, 1979. Issues relating to medicine and ideology are handled in Philip Curtin, The Image of AJrica (University of Wisconsin Press, 1964) and the technological aspect 0 f expansionism in Daniel Headrick, The Tools of Empire (Oxford University Press, 1981). There are rather flattering biographies of a number of the major African conquistadores such as Margery SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 Perham, Lugard (Collins, 2 vols, 1956-60); J.E. Flint, Sir George Goldie and the Making of Nigeria (Clarendon Press, 1960) and Roland Oliver, Sir Henry johnston and the Scramble for Africa (Chatto & Windus, 1964). On a major business figure within British imperialism see J ohn S. Galbraith, Mackinnon and East Africa, 1878-95 (Cambridge University Press, 1972). The conquest of West Africa is considered generally in John D. Hargreaves, Prelude to the Partition of Africa (Mac• millan, 1963) and West Africa Partitioned: The Loaded Pause (University of Wisconsin Press, 1974); Obaro Ikime, The Fall of Nigeria (Heinemann, 1977) and Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance (Hutchinson, 1971). There is a valuable set of volumes collecting primary source material in C.W. Newbury, British Policy Towards West Africa: Select Documents (Clarendon, 1965-71). The context of conquest in southern Nigeria is considered in: S.A. Akintoye, Revol• ution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840-1893, cited previously; Bolanle Awe, 'The End of an Experiment: The Collapse of the Ibadan Empire 1877-93', jHSN, 111 (1965); Walter Ofonagoro, Trade and Imperialism in SouthernNigeria, 1881-1929 (Nok, 1979); S.J.S. Cookey, King jaja of the Niger Delta (Nok, 1974) and A.E. Afigbo, 'Patterns of Igbo Resistance to British Conquest', Tarikh, IV (1973). A.G. Hopkins, 'Economic Imperialism in West Africa: Lagos 1880-92', EHR, N.S., XXI (1968) is of seminal importance. The lands to the west of Lagos, including Dahomey, are the subject of C.W. Newbury, The Western Slave Coast and its Rulers (Clarendon Press, 1961). For northern Nigeria the main study of the conquest is Roland Adeleye, Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804-1906 (Longman, 1971). For the conquest of contemporary Ghana see Adu Boahen, 'Politics in Ghana, 1800-74' in Ajayi and Crowder, History of West Africa, 11, cited alreadyand Thomas Lewin, Asante Before the British; the Prempean Years, 1875-1900 (Regents Press of Kansas, 1978). Some of the economic context emerges from Kwame Arhin, 'Ashanti Rubber Trade in the 1890s', Africa, XLII (1972) and Raymond Dumett, 'The Rubber Trade of the Gold Coast and Asante in the Nineteenth Century',JAH, XII (1971). 306 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Considerations of the French intrusion in West Africa are in A.S. Kanya-Forstner, The Conquest of the Western Sudan (Cambridge University Press, 1969); Martin Klein, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal (Stanford University Press, 1968), Germaine Ganier, 'Lat Dyor et le chemin de fer arachide', BIFAN, serie B, XXVII (1965) and Yehoshuah Rash, Les premieres annees franf6aises du Damergou; des colonisateurs sans enthousiasme (P. Geuthner, Paris, 1973). There are elements of a materialist approach in Timothy Weiskel, French Colonial Rule and the Baule Peoples (Clarendon Press, 1980). The study of imperialism in East Africa is less well de• veloped. David Amold, 'Extemal Factors in the Partition of East Africa' read with A.J. Temu, 'Tanzanian Societies and Colonial Invasion, 1875-1907' in Martin Kaniki, ed., Tanzania under Colonial Rule (Longman, 1980) makes a serviceable introduction. The special circumstances of Buganda are discussed in D.A. Low, Buganda in Modern His tory (University of California Press, 1971); C.C. Wrigley, 'The Christian Revoluti~n in Buganda', Comparative Studies in Societyand History, ~I (1959) and John Rowe, 'The Purge of Christians at Mwanga's Court', JAH, V (1964). There is a survey of British involvement in Nyasaland in A.J. Hanna, The Beginnings of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia 1858-95 (Clarendon Press, 1956). For north-east Africa, the struggle over Ethiopia is treated in Harold Marcus, The Life and Times ofMenelikII: Ethiopia, 1844-1913 (Clarendon Press, 1975) and Sven Rubenson, 'Adwa: The Resounding Protest' in Robert Rotberg and Ali Mazrui, eds, Protest and Power in Black Africa (Oxford University Press New York, 1970). For the Islamic revolution in the Sudan, the reader still depends on P .M. Holt, The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881-1898 (Clarendon Press, 1958). The race to the Nile is covered in G. Sanderson, England, Europe and the Upper Nile, 1882-1899 (Edinburgh University Press, 1965) and Mare Michel, La mission Marchand (Mouton, 1972). For the English-speaking reader, the best available guide to the conquest of Madagascar is Phares Mutibwa, The Malagasy and the Europeans; Madagascar's Foreign Relations, 1861-1895 (Longman, 1974). None of these offers much beyond a narrative his tory. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 307 On resistance to the European conquest of East Africa, studies include G.H. Mungeam, 'Masai and Kikuyu Responses to the Establishment of British Administration in the East Africa Protectorate', jAH, XI (1970); J.M. Lonsdale, 'The Politics of Conquest: The British in Kenya, 1894-1908', Hj, XX (1977) and Edward Steinhart, Conflict and Collab• oration: Kingdoms of Western Uganda, 1890-1907 (Prince• ton University Press, 1977). There is a large and controversial literature on various aspects of the conquest of South Africa. It is surveyed and assessed in Atmore and Marks, cited for the previous chapter and included in the E. Penrose collection on European imperialism. This analysis is extended in Marks and Stanley Trapido, 'Lord Milner and the South African State', HWJ, 8 (1979). Some of the process of revision is encapsulated in aseries of writings on the J ameson Raid: G.A. Blainey, 'Lost Causes of the Jameson Raid', EHR, N.S. XVIII (1965); R.V. Kubicek, 'The Randlords in 1895: A Reassessment', jBS, 11 (1972) and R. Mendelsohn, 'Blainey and theJameson Raid: The Debate Renewed',jSAS, VI (1980). The growing force of Afrikaner nationalism is discussed in Floris van J aarsveld, The Awakening ofAfrikaner Nationalism (Human & Rousseau, 1961). A classic study of the politics of confrontation between Britain and the South African Republic is J.S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic (Clarendon Press, 1961). Transvaal society is re-interpreted in Stanley Trapido 's contribution to the Atmore & Marks book cited earlier, 'Reflections on Land, Office and Wealth in the South African Republic 1850-1900'. Norman Etherington has written a very important consideration of Confederation, 'Labour Supply and the Genesis of South African Confeder• ation in the 1870s', jAH, XX (1979). On the Boer War itself, Peter Warwick, ed., The South African War (Longman, 1980) is the most useful first resource to date. The intrusion of Rhodes' chartered company north of the Limpopo and the consequent conflict with Lobengula and the Ndebele state has often been recounted, for example in Philip Mason, The Birth of a Dz"lemma (Oxford University Press, 1958) and Stanlake Samkange, The Origins ofRhodesia (Heinemann, 1968). There are new interpretations in J. Cobbing, 'Lobengula, J ameson and the Occupation of 308 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Mashonaland', RH, IV (1973) and lan Phimister, 'Rhodes, Rhodesia and the Rand',]SAS, 1(1974). Chapter 6 A compendium of essays on colonial Africa in four volumes, most of which reflect the apologist viewpoint of the editors is Lewis Gann and Peter Duignan, eds., Colonialism in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1968-1975). The fifth volume contains an important bibliography. Among regional and national studies some of the best come from the French tradition. J ean Suret-Canale, French Colonialism in Africa, 1900-1945 (C. Hurst, 1971), is stronger on economic than social history. Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires, 1898-1930 (Mouton, 1972) is on French Equatorial Africa. An out• standing synthesis was achieved by Michel Merlier, Le Congo de la colonisation beige a l'independance (Maspero, 1962). A number of authors have expanded on Merlier's vision in general articles, notably J ean-Philippe Peemans, 'Capital Accumulation in the Congo under Colonialism: The Role of the State' in the Gann and Duignan collection. By contrast the best single national his tory in English is strongest on social and cultural developments: J ohn Iliffe, A Modern Hz"story of Tanganyika (Cambridge University Press, 1979). There is asolid historicalliterature in German, particularly on economic· factors, dealing with the old German colonies. Of particular significance are: Helmuth Stoecker (ed.), Kamerun unter Deutscher Herrschaft (Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften VEB, 1960-8); Rainer Tetzlaff, Koloniale Entwicklung und Ausbeutung (Duncker und Humboldt, 1970); Karin Hausen, Deutsche Kolonialherrschaft in Afrika; Wirtschaftsinteressen und Kolonialverwaltung in Kamerun vor 1914 (Atlantis Verlag, 1970); Albert Wirz, Von Sklaven• handel zum Kolonialhandel (Atlantis Verlag, 1972) and Helmut Bley, South West Africa under German Rule, 1894- 1914 (Northwestem University Press, 1971). Bley is a liberal who views imperialism as a prefiguration of fascism; Stoecker· and Tetzlaff are Marxist analyses from the German Demo• cratic Republic. F or an overview of British East Africa the best compendium remains Vincent Harlow and Elizabeth Chilver, History of SELECT BIBUOGRAPHY 309 East Africa, TI (Clarendon Press, 1965). For Kenya, there is a servieeable deseriptive introduetion in Carl Rosberg and John Nottingham, The Myth of 'Mau Mau'; Nationalism in Kenya (Stanford University Press, 1966). Studies of the political eeonomy are Richard Wolff, The Economics of Colonialis.m (Yale University Press, 1974) and, on the whole region, Edward Brett, Colonialism and Underdevelopment in East Africa; the Politics of Economic Change, 1919-1939 (Heinemann, 1973). Two major articles by Bruee Berman and J ohn Lonsdale further this analysis: 'Coping with the Contradietions: the DeveIopment of the Colonial State in Kenya', JAH, XX (1979) and 'Crises of Aeeumulation, Coereion and the Colonial State', CJAS, XIV (1980). J. Forbes Munro, Colonial Rule and the Kamba (Clarendon Press, 1975) is an important loeal study. On Uganda see Mahmood Mamdani, Politics and Class Formation in Uganda (Heinemann, 1976); Dan Wadada Nabudere,Imperialism and Revolution in Uganda (Onyx Press, 1980) and J an J eImert J ;rgensen, Uganda, A Modern History (St Martin's Press, 1981). On British Central Afriea two liberal standards are Philip Mason, The Birth of a Dilemma, already eited and Riehard Gray, The Two Nations (Oxford University Press, 1960). DJ. Murray, The Governmental System in Southern Rhodesia (Clarendon Press, 1980) is asolid Weberian study of interest groups and the state. Of pioneering importanee is Giovanni Arrighi, The Political Economy of Rh 0 desia (Mouton, 1967). Ian Phimister is preparing a major general study. The relevant pages in Andrew Roberts, A History of Zambia (Afrieana, 1976) make an introduetion to eolonial Northern Rhodesia. For Malawi see B.S. Krishnamurthy, 'Eeonomic Poliey, Land and Labour in Nyasaland, 1890-1914' in Paehai's already eited The Early History ofMalawi and the Roderiek Maedonald eolleetion, From Nyasaland to Malawi. Referenee has been made already to the BeIgian Congo. However, a number of works on the period of the Congo Free State should be noted: Neal Aseherson's biography, The King Incorporated (George Allen & Unwin, 1963); W.R. Louis and Jean Stengers, eds, E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Mo vement (Clarendon Press, 1968); Robert Harms, 'The End of Red Rubber: A Reassessment', 310 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY IAH, XVI (1975); Roger Anstey, 'The Congo Rubber Atrocities', AHS, IV (1971); Mutwale-Muyimbwe, 'Les sources publiques de financement de l'Etat Independant du Congo, 1885-1907', Cahiers du CEDAF, V (1973). On the contemporary slave trade scandal in Angola see J ames Duffy, A Question 0/ Slavery (Harvard University Press, 1967). Several important articles have begun the examination of the political economy of Portuguese Africa: Gervase Clarence• Smith, 'The Myth of Uneconomic Imperialism: the Portuguese in Angola', cited for the last chapter; Leroy Vail, 'The Struggle for Mozambique: Capitalist Rivalries, 1900-1940', Review, III (1979); Alan K. Smith, 'Salazar and Portuguese Colonial Policy', IAH, XV (1974). A number of surveys exist as well: James Duffy, Portuguese Africa (Harvard University Press, 1958); Ronald Chilcote, Protest and Resistance in Angola and Mozambique (University of California Press, 1972); Thomas Henriksen, Mozambique, a History(Rex Collings, 1978) and, best of all, Malyn Newitt, Portugal in Africa, the Last Hundred Years (C. Hurst, 1981), with a good bibliog• raphy. In Portuguese there is Armando Castro, 0 Sistema Colonial Portugues em Africa (ed. Caminho, 1978). Overviews of the French mainland colonies have already been noted. See also Sheldon Gellar, Structural Changes and Political Dependency: Senegal 1885-1945 (Sage, 1976) and on a special topic, Abdoulaye Ly, Les mercenaires noires (Presence Africaine, 1957) and Myron Echenberg, 'Les migrations militaires en Afrique Occidentale Fran~aise 1900-40', CJAS, XIV (1980). Two extraordinary colonial travel volumes are Geoffrey Gorer, Africa Dances, (Faber & Faber, 1935) and Andre Gide, Voyage au Congo, (Gallimard, 1927). There is a useful general history of West Africa in Michael Crowder, West Africa under Colonial Rule (Hutehinson, 1968). An overview on Nigeria by Gavin Williams in his edited book, Nigeria: Economy and Society (Rex Collings, 1976) may be supplemented by Bill Freund and Bob Shenton, 'The Incorporation of N orthern Nigeria in the World Capitalist Economy', Review 0/ African Political Economy, 13 (1979). On Ghana, Rhoda Howard has attempted an underdevelop• mentalist overview, Colonialism and Underdevelopment in SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 311 Ghana (Croom Helm, 1978). See also Geoffrey Kay's book of readings, The Political Economy 0/ Colonialism in Ghana (Cambridge University Press, 1972). North-eastern Africa is very poorly served for the colonial period. Among works to consult are: R.L. Hess, [talian Colonialism in Somaliland (University of Chicago Press, 1966); I.M. Lewis, The Modern History 0/ Somaliland (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965); Mohammed Omar Beshir, Revolution and Nationalism in the Sudan (Rex Collings, 2nd edn., 1977). The economic and social themes at the core of this chapter were advanced enormously by a seminal collection that bears on all aspects of agriculture, Robin Palmer and NeU Parsons, eds, The Roots 0/ Rural Poverty in Southern and Central Africa (Heinemann, 1977). There is arecent Russian synthesis of high merit, V.M. Ivanov, Agrarian Re/orms and Hired Labour in Africa (Progress Publishers, 1979). Judith Heyer et al., Rural Development in A/rica (St Martin's Press, 1981) considers colonial economic history extensively. A major study of the impact of the decline and abolition of slavery is Frederick Cooper, From Slaves to Squatters (Yale University Press, 1980), which deals with Zanzibar and the Kenya coast. Also on this theme are Denise Bouche, Les villages de liberte en Afrique Occidentale Frantiaise, 1887-1910 (Mouton, 1968); Tim Weiskel, 'Labour in the Emergent Periphery: From Slavery to Migrant Labour among the Baule Peoples 1880-1925' in W.L. Goldfrank, ed., The World System 0/ Capitalism; Past and Present (Sage, 1979) and Philip Igbafe, 'Slavery and Emancipation in Benin 1897-1945', JAH, XVI (1975). A pioneering study of coloniallabour in Africa by a South African Communist in Moscow has recently been reissued: Albert Nzula, Forced Labour in Africa (Zed Press, 1979). Aspects of labour history are taken up for Kenya in Anthony Clayton and Donald Savage, Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895-1963 (Frank Cass, 1974); Sharon Stichter, Migrant LabourinKenya (Longman, 1982) K.K.Janmohamed, 'African Labourers in Mombasa 1895-1940', in Bethwell Ogot, ed., Hadith (2), 1972, and Roger van Zwanenberg, Colonial Capital arid Labour in Kenya 1919-1939 (East African Literature Bureau, 1975). 312 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY The scattered history of labour in West Africa would include, in a developing literature, A.G. Hopkins, 'The Lagos Strike of 1897: an Exploration in Nigerian Labour History', Past and Present, XXXV (1968); Roger Thomas, 'Forced Labour in West Africa; the Case of the Northem Territories of the Gold Coast 1906-27', JAH, XIV (1973); Michael Mason, 'Working on the Railway: Forced Labour in Northem Nigeria, 1907-12' and Amold Hughes and Robin Cohen, 'An Emerging Nigerian Working Class: The Lagos Experience 1897-1939', both in Robin Cohen, Jean Copans and Peter Gutkind, eds, African Labor History (Sage, 1978) and Gilles Sautter, 'Le chemin de fer Congo-Ocean', CEA, VII (1967). On labour migration, see Samir Amin, ed., Modern Migrations in West Africa (Oxford University Press, 1974), W.M .. Freund, 'Labour Migration to the N orthem Nigerian Tin Mines 1903-45', JAH, XXII (1981); Marvin Harris, 'Labour Migration among the Mozambique Thonga', Africa, XXIX (1959);J.P. Chretien, 'Des sedentaires devenus migrants: motifs des departs des burundais et des rwandais vers l'Uganda', Cultures et dl!Veloppement, X (1978); F.E. Sander• son, 'Development of Labour Migration from Nyasaland 1891-1914', JAH, 11 (1961) and Segun Osoba, 'The Phenomenon of Labour Migration in the Era of British Colonial Rule',JHSN, IV (1969). Apart from Palmer and Parsons, another important col• lection relevant to agriculture in the colonial period is Martin Klein, ed., Peasants in Africa (Sage, 1980). For Zambia, Robin Palmer's edited Zambian Land and Labour Studies (Zambia National Archives, Occasional Papers, 4 vols) are useful. Quite unlike anything else are the fmely observed and fiercely empiricist books of Polly Hill: Migrant Cocoa Farmers 0/ Southern Ghana (1962); Studies in the"Rural Capitalism 0/ West Africa (1970); Rural Hausa; a Village and a Setting (1972) and Population, Prosperity and Poverty in Kano 1900 and 1970 (1977), all published by Cambridge University Press. In the scholarship produced during the late colonial period, the Makerere school of writers on Ugandan agriculture had a special importance and remains valuable despite the now transparently heavy celebration of the cash crop. A classic is SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 313 C.C. Wrigley, Crops and Wealth in Uganda (Kampala, 1959). Two late works deriving from this school are H.W. West, ed., The Transformation of Land Tenure in Buganda since 1896 (Afrika Studiecentrum, Leiden & Cambridge University Press, 1971) and Audrey Richards et al., Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Present-Day Buganda (Cambridge University Press, 1973). Among a list of works of analytic merit on cash cropping in various parts of tropical Africa, the best should include: Sara Berry, Custom, Cocoa and Socioeconomic Change (Clarendon Press, 1975); Yves Mersadier, 'La crise de l'arachide senegalaise au debut des annees trente', BIFAN, serie B (28), 1966; Jean-Yves Marchal, 'L'office du Niger: ilot de prosperid: paysanne ou pole de production agricole?', ClAS, VIII (1974); Herman Pössinger, 'Interrelations between Sodal and Economic Change in Rural Africa: the Case of the Ovimbundu of Angola' in Franz-Wilhelm Heimer, ed., Social Change in Angola (Weltforum Verlag, 1973); Leroy Vail and Landeg White, 'Tawani, Machambero! Forced Cotton and Rice Growing on the Zambesi', lAH, XIX (1978); Tony Bamett, 'Production of Cotton and the Reproduction of Underdevelopment' in Ivar Oxaal, ed., Beyond the Sociology of Development (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975);John Tosh, 'Lango Agriculture during the Early Colonial Period: Land and Labour in a Cash-Crop Economy',lAH, XIX (1978) and E.S. Atieno-Odhiambo, 'The Rise and Decline of the Kenya Peasant' in P. Gutkind andP. Waterman, eds, AfricanSocial Studies: A Radical Reader (Heinemann, 1977). On white settIers, a standard work is M.P .K. Sorrenson, Origins of White Settlement in Kenya (Oxford University Press, 1968). See also Frank Furedi, 'Kikuyu Squatters in the Rift Valley 1918-29' in Bethwell Ogot, ed., Hadith, V (1972). The settIer land problem is the focus of Robin Palmer, Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia (Heine• mann, 1977). There is an excellent survey of the economy of settlerdom in the Congo: Bogumil J ewsiewicki, 'Le cölonat agricole europeen au Congo belge 1910-60', lAH, XX (1979). On a large plantation system, Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique (Heine• mann, 1980) is outstanding. The ecological aspect of colonial agriculture has been 314 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY opened up by the work of Helge Kjekshus: Ecology Control and Economic Development in East Africa (Heinemann, 1977). See also Leroy Vail, 'Ecology and Society: the Example of Eastem Zambia', jSAS, 111 (1977). On a related subject there is Bob Shenton and Mike Watts, 'Capitalism and Hunger in Northem Nigeria', Review of African PoHtical Economy, 15/16, 1979. Colonial mining is much less well-served than agriculture in the literature. Charles van On selen made a major break• through in placing the mines in the context of African labour and social history in Chz'baro: African Mz'nes Labour in Southern Rh 0 desia , (Pluto Press, 1976). See also Agwu Akpala, 'Background of the Enugu Colliery Shooting Incident of 1949', jHSN, 111 (1965); Bruce Fetter, 'L'Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga 1920-40: naissance d'une sous-culture totalitaire', Caht"ers du CEDAF, VI (1973); CharIes Perrings, Blach Mineworhers ,'n Central Africa (Heinemann, 1979); Bill Freund, Capital and Labour in the Nigert'an Tin Mines (Longman, 1981). The his tory of colonial capitalist enterprise in Africa is far hetter developed in French than in English as note the work of Suret-Canale and Coquery-Vidrovitch. Business receives acute attention in the special edition of the Revue franliaise d'histoz're d'outremer, LXIII (1976), edited by Coquery• Vidrovitch, entitled 'L'Afrique et la crise de 1930'. She has also written the important article: 'L'impact des interets coloniaux: seOA et CFAO dans l'Ouest africain 1910-65', jAH, XVI (1975). A standard source for Belgian Africa is P. J oye and R. Lewin, Les trusts au Congo (Brussels, 1961). On narrower aspects of capitalism in Central Africa there is S.E. Katzenellenbogen, Railways and the Copper Mz'nes of Katanga (Clarendon Press, 1973); Lewis Gann, 'The N orthem Rhodesian Copper Industry and the WorId of Copper', RLlj, XVIII (1955) and Peter Slinn, 'Commercial Concessions and -Politics During the Colonial Period: The Role of the British South Africa Company in Northem Rhodesia 1890-1964', AA, LXX (1971). The trading minorities of colonial Africa have generally been described rather than analysed but see: Dharam Ghai, ed., Portrait of a Minority: Asians in East Africa (Oxford University Press, 1970); J ohn Zarwan, 'The Social and SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 315 Economic Network of an Indian Family Business in Kenya 1920-70', Kroneik van Afrika, N.S. VI (1975); R. Bayly Winder, 'The Lebanese in West Africa', CSSH, IV (1962) and Fuad Khury, 'Kinship, Emigration and Trade Partnership among the Lebanese ofWest Africa',Africa, XXV (1965). Michael Crowder has emphasised the irnportance of indirect rule as a mechanism of British domination in colonial Africa, notably in the edited collection, Crowder and Obaro Ikirne, eds, West African Chiefs (University of He Press, 1970). His views have been criticised in M. Semakula Kiwanuka, 'Colonial Policies and Administrations: the Myth of Contrasts', AHS, III (1970). For other assessments see Hubert Deschamps, 'Et maintenant, Lord Lugard', Africa, XXXllI (1963) and I.F. Nicolson, The Administration of Nigeria (Clarendon Press, 1969). There are numerous, generally narrowly administrative, case studies especially for Nigeria. The best-known include J.A. Atanda, The New Oyo Empire (Longman, 1973); Philip Igbafe, Benin under British Administration (Longman, 1979); Adamu Fika, The Kano Civil War and British Overrule, 1882-1940 (Oxford University Press, 1978); A.I. Asiwaju, Western Yorubaland under European Rule (Longman, 1976) and, on the Gold Coast, William Tordoff, Ashanti under the Prempehs, 1888-1935 (Oxford University Press, 1965). The most penetrating is A.E. Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs (Longman, 1972). Other areas are examined in Michael Twaddle, 'The Bakungu Chiefs of Buganda under British Colonial Rule, 1900-30', JAH, X (1969) and Gerald Caplan, The Elites of Barotseland (C. Hurst, 1970).

Chapter 7

Two novels on the same part of Nigeria that evoke the meaning of conquest from the point of view of the two sexes are Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (Heinemann, 1966) and Buchi Emecheta, The Joys of Motherhood (Allison & Busby, 1979). An overview of social change in twentieth-century Africa with a different perspective from this chapter can be found in Peter Uoyd, Afn·ca in Social Change (Penguin, 1967). Class 316 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY analysis is central to Gavin Kitching's complex Class and Economic Change in Kenya (Yale University Press, 1980) and K.W.J. Post's 'Peasantization in Western Africa' in Gutkind and Waterman, cited previously. The makings of a new bourgeoisie are the subject of J oan Vincent, 'Colonial Chiefs and the Making of a Class', Africa, XLVII (1977) on Uganda and Martin Chanock, 'The New Men Revisited' in R. Mac• donald, ed., From Nyasaland to Malawi, cited previously. The relations between men and women have only begun to receive the attention they deserve and rarely with much historical precision. Ester Boserup presented a debatable paradigm in Women's Role in Development (George Allen & Unwin, 1970). See also: Nancy Hafkin and Edna Bay, eds, Women in Africa (Stanford University Press, 1976); the special issue on women of CEA (XVII, 1977) and notably Claudine Vidal's stunning selection, 'Guerre de sexe aAbidjan: Masculin, Feminine, CFA'; Mona Etienne, 'Women and Men, Cloth and Cultivation: Transformation of Production• Distribution Relations Among the Baule', CEA XVII (1977); Jane Guyer, 'Food, Cocoa and Division of Labour by Sex in Two West African Societies', CSSH XXII (1980); Achola Pala Okeyo, 'Daughters of the Lakes and Rivers' in Mona Etienne and Eleanor Leacock, eds, Women and Colonization (Praeger, 1980); Deborah Bryceson, 'The Proletarianization of Women in Tanzania', Review o[AfricanPoliticalEconomy, 17, 1980; Margaret Strobel, Muslim Women in Mombasa (Yale University Press, 1979) and Christine Obbo, African Women (Zed Press, 1980). Recent work is collected in M.J. Hay and Marcia Wright, African Women and the Law: Historical Perspectives (Boston University Press, 1982). Two collections that reveal the dominant trends in writing on religion in colonial Africa are T .0. Ranger and I. Kimambo, The Histon·cal Study o[ A[n:can Religion (Heinemann, 1972) and Ranger and John Weller, eds., Themes in the Christian History o[ Central Africa (Heinemann, 1975), a more parochial volume. Of theoretical insight is W. van Binsbergen, Religious Change in Zambia (Kegan PaulInternational, 1981). The close relations of church and state in the Belgian colonies are discussed in Marvin Markowitz, The Cross and the Sword: The Polz"tical Role o[ the Missions in the Congo, 1908-60, (Stanford University Press, 1973) and Ian Linden, Church SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 and Revolution in Rwanda (Manchester University Press, 1977). On the mission mind, Andrew Ross, 'The Blantyre Mission and Problems of Land and Labour, 1891-1915' in R. Macdonald, ed., From Nyasaland to Malawi, c~ted above and T.O. Beidelman, 'Sodal Theory and the Study of Christian Missions in Africa', Africa, XLIV (1974) are suggestive. On the relationship between capitalism and mission Christianity, see]. Bertin Webster, 'The Bible and the Plough' and Sara S. Berry, 'Christianity and the Rise of Cocoa-Farming in Ibadan and Ondo',JHSN, 11 (1963) andIV (1968) respectively, and]. McCracken, Politics and Christianity in Malawi (Cam• bridge University Press, 1977). Studies of non-Christian African religious movements include Audrey Wipper, Rural Rebels, (Oxford University Press, 1977) and Elizabeth Hopkins, 'The Nyabingi Cult of Southwestern Uganda' in Robert Rotberg and Ali Mazrui, eds, Protest and Power z'n Black Africa, previously dted. There are numerous if usually unsatisfactory descriptions of independent churches, typically written by committed Western Christians. Some of the most informative are: F.B. Wellborn, East Afrz'can Rebels (SCM Press, 1961); M.L. Daneel, Old and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches (Mouton, 2 vols, 1971-4); Norman Long, Social Change and the Individual (Manchester University Press, 1968), a particularly analytical study; Marie-Louise Martin, Kimbangu: An Afrz'can Prophet and his Church (Blackwell, 1975); Damaso Fed, 'La vie cachee et vie publique de Simon Kimbangu selon la litterature coloniale et missionaire belge', Cahiers du CEDAF, 9/10, 1972; Thomas Turner and Kasongo Wembolua, 'Le Vandisme (Sankuru-Zalre) et sa signification politique', Cahiers du CEDAF (1978);].D.Y. Peel, Aladura: a Religious Movement Among the Yoruba (Oxford University Press, 1968) and Gordon Halliburton, The Prophet Harris (Longman, 1971). Some understanding of the forces within the Islamic community during the colonial period can be derived from Donal Cruise O'Brien, The Mourides of Senegal (Clarendon Press, 1971) and lohn Paden, Religion and Political Culture z'n Kano (University of California Press, 1973). There is a Journal of Religion in Africa published in The Netherlands. A new assessment of formal education in Africa exists in 318 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Kenneth Blakemore and Brian Cooksey, Sociology of Educa• tion for Africa (George Allen & Unwin, 1981). An early critical assessment is D.B. Abernethy, The Political Dilemma of Popular Education in Southern Nigeria (Stanford University Press, 1969). Other writings with a critical edge include Denise Bouche, 'Les ecoles fran~aise au Soudan a l'epoque de la conqu~te, 1884-1900', CEA, VI (1966) and 'Autrefois, notre pays s'appelait le Gaule', CEA, VIII (1968) and T.O. Ranger, 'African Attempts to Control Education in East and Central Africa', Past and Present, XXXII (1965). An area that has received far too little attention from historians is the law, but see Omoniyi Adewoye, The Judz'cial System in Southern Nigeria, 1854-1954 (Longman, 1977). African societies and organisations of a 'modern' type generally get abland or ahistorical treatment, but an interested reader could begin by consulting T.O. Ranger, Dance and Society in Eastern Africa, 1890-1940 (Heine• mann, 1975) and Bruce Fetter, 'African Associations in Elisabethville, 1910-35', Etudes d'hzstoire africaz'ne, VI (1974). For ethnicity and tribalism in colonial society, some useful readings could include Abner Cohen, Custom and Polz'tics in Urban Afn'ca (University of California Press, 1969); Obaro Ikime, NIger Delta Rivalry: Itsekiri-Urhobo Relations and the European Presence, 1884-1936 (Longman, 1969); M.J. Hay, 'Local Trade and Ethnicity in Western Kenya', AEHR, 111 (1975); John Lonsdale, 'When did the Gusii (or Any Other Group) Become a Tribe?', KHR, V (1977) and Aidan Southall, 'From Segmentary Lineage to Ethnic Association' in M. Owusu, ed., Colonialism and Change (Mouton, 1975). Some essays in writing urban his tory in Africa (a much stronger French than English tradition) include: Claude Meillassoux, Urbanization of an Afn'can Community (Uni• versity of Washington Press, 1968); Rene Gouellain, 'Douala: formation et developpement de la ville pendant la colonisa• tion', CEA, XIII (1973); Bruce Fetter, The Creation of Elasabethville, 1910-40 (Stanford University Press, 1976) and Bogumil Jewsiewicki, 'Histoire economique d'une ville coloniale: Kisangani', Cahiers du CEDAF (1978). There is a considerable literature on the economic and political life of the West African bourgeoisie during the SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 colonial period. See especially: J. Ayo Langley, Pan-A[ricanism and Natz"onalism in West A[rica, 1900-45 (Clarendon Press, 1975); J.K. Obatala, 'An African Case Study in the Bourgeois Origins of Cultural Nationalism' , Sdence and Sodety, XXXVI (1972); Partick Cole, Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics o[ Lagos (Cambridge University Press, 1975); A.G. Hopkins, 'Economic Aspects of Political Movements in Nigeria and the Gold Coast, 1918-39', lAB, IX (1968); Felicia Ekejuiba, 'Omu Okwei, the Merchant Queen of Ossomari', lBSN, III (1967); G. Wesley Johnson, The Emergence o[ Black Politics in Senegal (Stanford University Press, 1971) and Samir Amin, 'La politique coloniale fran~aise a l'egard de la bourgeoisie commer~ante senegalaise' in Claude Meillassoux, ed., Development o[Indzgenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, already cited. Looking beyond the elite at the problem of dass and political economy is Sam Rhodie, 'The Gold Coast Coaoa Hold-Up of 1930-31', Transactions of the Bistorical Society of Ghana, IX (1968). Writing on African 'resistance' in eastern and south-central Africa has created something of a school and has focussed primarilyon post-conquest revolts. The dassic studies are by Terence Ranger: Revolt in Southern Rhodesz"a, 1896-7 (Heinemann, 1967) and 'Connections Between Primary Resistance Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa', lAB, IX (1968). Ranger is subjected to an important critique by J ulian Cobbing, 'The Absent Priesthood', lAB, XVIII (1977)" Other studies following from Ranger's analysis are numerous; among the most highly considered is John Iliffe, 'Origins of the Maji Maji Rebellion', lAB, VIII (1967). The Chilembwe rising is the subject of George Shepperson and T. Price, Independent A[rican (Edinburgh University Press, 1958), alandmark in· the historiography of Africa. Also important are George Mwase, Stn"ke a Blow and Die (Harvard University Press, 1967) and Shepperson's reconsideration, 'The Place of J ohn Chilembwe in Malawi Historiography', in B. Pachai, ed., The Early Bistory of Malawz" (Longman, 1972). For later revolts, see j.A. Ballard, 'The Porto Novo Incident of 1923', Odu, N.S. II (1965); Sikitele Gize, 'Racines de la revolte pende de 1931', Etudes d'hzstoire afn"caine, V (1973) and J.P. Chretien, 'Une revolte au Burundi en 1934', Annales, XXV (1970). 320 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Cha}lter 8

The best currently available survey of modem South African history is T.R.H. Davenport, South Afrz"ca: a Modern History (Macmillan, 2nd edn., 1978) by a liberal scholar who at least refers to a wider range of perspectives. The second volume of Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson, eds, Oxford History 0/ South Afn:ca (Oxford University Press, 1969-1971) is interesting in parts. For a general introduction to the fundamental features of South African development, Bemard Magubane, Political Economy of Race and Class tOn South Afrz"ca (Monthly Review Press, 1979) is good. A classic liberal analysis of the political economy can be found in Sheila van der Horst, Native Labour in South Afrz"ca (Frank Cass, 1971 edn.). See also Herbert Blumer, 'Industrialisation and Race Relations' in Guy Hunter, ed., Industrialisation and Race Relations (Oxford University Press, 1965). Early Marxist critiques and attempts to link the racial system in South Africa to industrial capitalism as a whole were Frederick J ohnstone, 'White Prosperity and White Supremacy in South Africa Today', AA, LXIX (1970) and Harold Wolpe, 'Industrialism and Race in South Africa' in Sami Zubaida, ed., Race and Racialism (Tavistock, 1970). Among a number of seminal pieces that extend the argument, see Stanley Trapido, 'South Africa in a Comparative Study of Industrialization', JDS, VII (1971); Harold Wolpe, 'Capitalism and Cheap Labour-Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid', Economy and Society, III (1974). An interesting critique of the Marxist perspective can be found in David Yudelman, 'Industrialisa• tion, Race Relations and Change in South Africa', AA, LXXIV, (1975). The work of a second generation of South African Marxists has a preliminary outlet in Taffy Adler, ed., Perspectives on South Afrt"ca, African Studies Institute Publications, 4 (1977). See also the Revz"ew of African Political Economy, 7 (1977) and subsequent debate. From this school has come Michael Morris' outstanding 'The Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture', Economy and Society, V (1976) and Rohert Davies, Capital, State and White Labour in South Africa, 1900-60 (Harvester Press, 1979). Straddling hoth SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 321 generations is the work of Martin Legassick, much of it unpublished but otherwise scattered in, among other journals, the Review of Afn'can PoHtt"cal Economy, African Affairs and the Journal of Southern African Studz·es. 'South Africa: Capital Accumulation and Violence' in Economy and Sodety, 111 (1974) is an important example. On the economy in general there is a useful series of documents published in four volumes, D. Hobart Houghton and J ennifer Dagut, Source Material on the South African Economy (Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1972-3). There is a large sociological and anthropological literature on African society in South Africa. Deserving special atten• tion are the books of Bengt Sundkler on separatist churches, Bantu Prophets in South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1961 revised edn.) and Zulu Zion and Some Swazz' Zz'onists (Gleerups, 1976) and those of Philip Mayer, Townsmen or Tribesmen (Oxford University Press, 1961) and his recently edited collection, Black Villagers z'n an Industrial Society (Oxford University Press, 1981). Outstanding accounts of community life in South Africa include Monica Wilson and Archie Mafeje, Langa (Oxford University Press, 1963); Pierre van den Berghe, Caneville (Wesleyan University Press, 1964); J.B. Loudon, White Farmers, Black Labourers (Afrikastudiecentrum, Leiden and Africa Studies Centre, Cambridge, 1970) and Rob Gordon, Mines, Migrants and Masters (Ravan Press, 1977). On social change in the reserves, William Beinart, 'Joyini Inkomo': The Origins of Migrancy from Pondoland', JSAS, V (1979) is impressive. ColinMurray, Famz'lies Dz'vided (Cambridge University Press, 1981) is a major study of labour migration. The political his tory of struggle is described by three moving if unbalanced accounts: Edward Roux, Tz"me Longer than Rope (University ofWisconsinPress, 1964);H.J. and R. Simons, Class and Colour z'n South Africa (Penguin, 1969) and 'A. Lerumo', Fifty Fighting Years (Inkululeko, 1911). There is a competent narrative history of the ANC in Peter Walshe's The Rise of African Nationalism z'n South Africa, 1912-52 (University of California Proess, 1970). Gwendolen Carter and Thomas Karis, From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politz'cs in South Africa, 1882-1964 (Hoover Institution Press, 1972-7), is an invaluable docu• mentary collection in four volumes. 322 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Marion Lacey, Working for Boroko: The Origins of a Coercive Labour System in South Africa (Ravan Press, 1981) covers the years of this chapter specifically. On the war and reconstruction, arecent article by Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido, 'Lord Milner and the South African State', HW j, 8 (1979) is itself of great importance and also refers extensively to a large controversialliterature on the period. Among the most important are also Donald Denoon, A Grand Illusion (Longman, 1973); A.H. Jeeves, 'Contral of Migratory Labour on the Gold Mines in the Era of Kruger and Milner', jSAS, II (1975) and Tim Keegan, 'Restructuring of Agrarian Class Relations in a Colonial Economy: the Orange River Colony 1902-10', jSAS, V (1979). The political history of unification is skillfully assessed in Leonard Thompson, The Unification of South Africa (Clarendon Press, 1960). Shula Marks has written a history of the Bambatha Rebellion, Reluctant Rebellion (Clarendon Press, 1970). For the post-World War I period, the Rand Revolt serves as the central focus of a major analysis, Frederick J ohnstone, Class, Race and Gold (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976). Francis Wilson, Labour t'n the South Afn'can Gold Mines (Cambridge University Press, 1972) is a detailed liberal assess• ment of gold-mining labour. Arecent history of the ICU, P.L. Wickins, The Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Afrz'ca (Oxford University Press, 1978) is the best available study. It may be supplemented with Kadalie's own account, My Lzfe and the ICU (Frank Cass, 1970). There is litde equivalent material about other African politicians of this period, but see D.D.T. Jabavu, The Black Questz'on in South Afn:ca (Negro Universities Press, reprint 1969) and the docu• ments in Carter and Karris. Perhaps the most interesting assessment of the African petty bourgeoisie comes out of Shula Marks, 'John L. Dube of Natal: The Ambiguities of Dependence', jSAS, I (1975). See also her important study, 'Natal, the Zulu Royal Family and the Ideology of Segrega• tion',jSAS, IV (1978). Davenport, among others, can be used as a guide to the vagaries of 'White' politics and the large literature on the subject. The imperial historian Keith Hancock has written an authorised two-volume biography of Srrtuts (Cambridge SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 University Press, 1965-8). The novelist Alan Paton produced an engaging and attractively written biography of his chief lieutenant, Hofmeyr (Oxford University Press, 1964). A classic statement of the liberal capitalist outlook is contained in R.F.A. Hoemle, South African Native Policy and the Liberal Spirit (Negro Universities Press, reprint, 1969). His career has been explored by Martin Legassick, 'Race, In• dustrialization and Sodal Change: The Case of R.F. Hoernle', AA, LXXV (1976). On capitalist ideology in South Africa more generally, there is an important new study, Belinda Bozzoli, The Political Ideology of a Ruling Class (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981). The 1940s are only beginning to receive adequate historical attention, but see two articles that start to convey its turbu• lence: David Hemson, 'Dock Workers, Labour Circulation and Class Struggles in Durban 1940-59', jSAS, IV (1977) and Alf Stadler, 'Birds in the Cornfield: Squatter Movements inJohannesburg, 1944-7', jSAS, VI (1979). Stadler's piece is also inc1uded in the collection, Belinda Bozzoli, ed., Labour, Township and Protest (Ravan Press, 1979). With Eddie Webster, ed., Essays t·n Southern African Labour History (Ravan Press, 1979) it marks the growing development of sodal and labour history in South Africa which will soon be capped by the publication of Charles van Onselen's major study of the early history of the Rand. Jacklyn Cock, Maids and Madams (Ravan, 1981) takes on a neglected aspect of South African society impressively. The best guides to the unfolding historical study of South Africa have been the journal of South African Studies, the South African Labour Bulletin and the collected seminar papers of the South African seminars of the University of London.

Chapter 9

Only recently has this period been treated as a historical one, deserving analytical discussion. There is a lot of material from the 1960s but it has dated badly and now looks mainly like journalism of varying quality. A number of surveys present the main facts, such as Rudolf von Albertini, Decolonisation: The Administration and Future of the Co 10 nies (Doubleday, 1971). John Hargreaves, The End of Colonial Rule in West 324 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Africa (Macmillan, 1979) is suggestive and serious. Thomas Hodgkin, Nationalism in ColonialAfrica (New York University Press, 1956) is a classic that set the tone for later assessments and still bears re-reading. Jack Woddis, Africa: The Lion Awakes (Lawrence & Wishart, 1961), is joumalistic but very useful as a survey of the labour insurgency of the post-war era that liberal and nationalist writers have often conveniently forgotten. There are several relevant sections on the already cited collection of Gutkind, Cohen and Copans, African Labour History (Sage, 1978), that touch on this periode For an introduction to the great Malagasy rising of 1947-8, Jacques Tronchon, L 'Insurrection Malgache de 1947 (Maspero, 1974) is stimulating. On the UCP rebellion in Cameroun the standard work is Richard J oseph, Radical Nationalism in Cameroun (Oxford University Press, 1977). There is a large bibliography on Mau Mau. Two major intro• ductions can be found in Rosberg and Nottingham, The Myth of Mau Mau, cited earlier, and Robert Buitenhuys, Mau Mau Twenty Years After (Mouton, 1973). Several primary accounts by participants are available: Waruhiu Itote, Mau Mau General (EAPH, 1971);J.M. Kariuki, Mau Mau Detainee (Oxford University Press, 1963) and Donald Bamett and Karari Njama, Mau Mau From Within (Monthly Review Press, 1966). Mau Mau was the subject of a special issue of the Kenya Historical Review, V(2), 1977 and the important articles of Frank Furedi, 'The African Crowd in Nairobi', JAH, XIV (1973) and 'The Social Composition of the Mau Mau Movement in the White Highlands', journal of Peasant Studies, I (1974). See also Sharon Stichter, 'Workers, Trade Unions and the Mau Mau Rebellion', CjAS, IX (1975). On particular countries, the reader should look at previous lists of general histories cited earlier. For British West Africa, two particular studies carry special weight: Martin Kilson, Political Change in a West African State (Harvard University Press, 1966), which highlights the peasant struggles in rural Sierra Leone and K. Post and G. Vickers, The Price ofLiberty (Cambridge University Press, 1973), a biography of Adegoke Adelabu that powerfully conveys the realities of nationalist politics in Nigeria. The standard sources on Nigeria are informative and so far still to be replaced: J ames Coleman, Nigeria: Background to SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 Nationalism (University of California Press, 1958); Richard Sklar, Nigerian Political Parties (Princeton University Press, 1963); C.S. Whitaker, The Politics of Traditz·on: Continuity and Change in Northern Nigerz·a (Princeton University Press, 1970, best of the lot); B.J. Dudley, Partz·es and Politics in Northern Nigeria (Cass, 1968), and on the economic back• ground, Gerald Helleiner, Peasant Agrt·culture, Government and Economic Growth in Ntgeria (Richard Irwin, 1966). A brief corrective is Segun Osoba, 'The Nigerian Power Elite, 1952-65' in the Gutkind and Waterman reader cited pre• viously. The equivalent liberal standards for the Gold Coast are: David Apter, The Gold Coast (Ghana in later editions) in Transition (Princeton University Press, 1955) and Dennis Austin, Politz·cs z·n Ghana, 1946-60 (Oxford University Press, 1964). Most of the work on Nkrumah stresses the independence period. An illuminating exception is Richard Rathbone, 'Businessmen in Politics: Party Struggle in Ghana 1949-57', 1DS, IX (1973). John Cartwright, Politics in Sierra Leone, 1947-67 (University of Toronto Press, 1970) is the standard work for its subject. British East Africa is treated in the third volume of the History of East Africa edited by D.A. Low and Alison Smith (Clarendon Press, 1976). Apart from Mau Mau, other aspects of Kenya are discussed in M.P.K. Sorrenson, Land Reform in the Kikuyu Country (Oxford University Press, 1967); E.S. Atieno-Odhiambo, 'Seek Ye First the Economic Kingdom: A History of the Luo Thrift and Trading Corporation', Hadith, V (B. Ogot, ed.) and Clayton and Savage's labour history already cited. On Tanganyika there is Cranford Pratt, The Crz·tical Phase in Tanzania, 1945-68 (Cambridge Univer• sity Press, 1976); G.A. Maguire, Towards 'Uhuru' in Tan• ganyika (Cambridge University Press, 1969); Lionel Cliffe, 'Nationalism and the Reaction to Enforced Agricultural Improvement in Tanganyika During the Colonial Period', in the collection, Lionel Cliffe and John Saul, Sodalism z·n Tanzania (Tanzania Publishing House, 1973) and, on labour, W.H. Friedland, 'Co-operation, Conflict and Conscription: TANU-TFL Relations, 1895-64', in J. Butler and A.A. Castagno, eds, Boston University Papers on Africa, I, 1967,. On British Central Africa, Federation inspired a myriad of 326 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY rather interchangeable liberal assessments of 'race relations' for British consumption. One of the better is Patrick Keatley, The Polz'tt"cs of Partnership (Penguin, 1963). Change on the Copperbelt is studied in an anthropology classic, A.L. Epstein, Polz'tics in an Urban African Community (Manchester Univer• sity Press, 1958); Robert Bates, Unions, Parties and Po Htz·cal Development (Yale University Press, 1971); Elena Berger, Labour, Race and Colonial Rule (Clarendon Press, 1974) and J.R. Hooker, 'Role of the Labour Department in the Birth of African Trade Unionism in Northern Rhodesia', IRSH, X (1965). Among works already cited the reader should turn to Roberts' general history and Caplan on Barotseland for Zambia. Other works on Zambia include David Mulford, Zambia: The Polz'tz·cs of Independence, 1957-64 (Oxford University Press, 1967); lan Henderson, 'The Economic Origins of Decolonisation in Zambia, 1940-5', Rhodesz·an History, V (1974); Thomas Rasmussen, 'The Popular Basis of Anti-Colonial Protest' in William Tordoff, ed., PoHtz·cs z·n Zambz·a (Manchester University Press, 1974) and Mac Dixon• Fyle, 'Agricultural Improvement and Political Protest on the Tonga Plateau, Northern Rhodesia', JAH, XVIII (1977). For an interesting essay on Malawi in the Roderick Macdonald collection already cited see Roger Tangri, 'From the Politics of Unionism to Mass Nationalism'. Rhodesia is considered primarily in Chapter 11, but note also J ames Barber, Rh 0 desz·a: The Road to Rebellz'on (Oxford University Press, 1967) and Peter Harris, 'Industrial Workers in Rhodesia, 1946-72', JSAS, I (1975). Ruth Schachter Morgenthau, PQI:itz"cal Parties z·n French West Afrz'ca (Clarendon Press, 1964) has long been the introduction to her subject for English language readers. It is, in reality, much stronger on French than on African politics and has little to say on social and economic history. Jean Suret-Canale, Afrique Noz·re: de la colonisation Cl l'independance, 1945-60 (Editions Sociales, 1972) is less successful than the preceding volume on the colonial era. There is some inspired journalism in Georges Chaffard, Les carnets secrets de la decolonz'sation (Calmann-Levy, 1967). For arecent survey on Equatorial Africa, see ElikiaM'Bokolo, 'Forces sociales et ideologies dans la decolonisation de l'AEF', JAH, XXII (1981). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 327 On the Belgian Congo, Crawford Y oung, Politics z·n the Congo (Princeton University Press, 1965) is amine of in• formation. There is an eloquent brief assessment in Gerard Althabe, Les fleurs du Congo (Maspero, 1972). Thomas Kanza, Crisis z·n the Congo (Penguin, 1972) is an interesting account from the moderate Left. Also on the crisis of 1960 and its aftermath are: Catherine Hoskyns, The Congo Sz·nce Independence (Oxford University Press, 1965); the impas• sioned journalism of Jules Chome, notably La crise congo• laise (Editions des remarques congolaises, Brussels, 1960); Jules Gerard-Libois, Katanga Secessz·on (University of Wis• consin Press, 1966) and Conor Cruise O'Brien, To Katanga and Back (Sirnon & Schuster, 1962). The American role is revealed in Steve Weissman, Amerz·can Foreign Policy z·n the Congo 1960-1964 (Cornell University Press, 1974). More specialised study can be guided by the numerous volumes of annotated primary source material on the Congo and also Rwanda-Urundi published by the Brussels research centre, CRISP. Among monographs, Herbert Weiss, Political Protest in the Congo (Princeton University Press, 1967), a regional study, is interesting. Finally for the first part of the period covered in this chapter, note B. Jewsiewicki, Kiloma Lema andJean-Luc Vellut, 'Documents pour servir a l'histoire du ZaIre: greves dans la Bas Congo en 1945', Etudes d'histozre afrz·caine, V (1973) and Maurice Lovens, 'La revolte de Masisi-Lubutu (Congo belge, janvier-mai 1944)', Cahz·ers du CEDAF 3/4, 1974. On the ferment of the 1940s in Eritrea see G.K.N. Trevaskis, Eritrea, A Colony z·n Transz·tion (Oxford University Press, 1960) and Lloyd Ellingson, 'Emergence of Political Parties in Eritrea, 1941-50', JAB, XVIII (1977). For the nationalist era in the Sudan the best sources at present are Gabriel Warburg, Islam, Nationalzsm and Communism z·n a Traditz·onal Society: The Case of the Sudan (Frank Cass, 1978) and Peter Woodward, Condomz·nium and Sudanese Nationalism (Collings, 1979). Many African politicians of the decolonisation era have produced memoirs or political manifestos. A sampling includes: (Kenya) Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya (Secker & Warburg, 1953); Bildad Kaggia, The Roots of Freedom (EAPH, 1975); Tom Mboya, Freedom and After 328 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (LittIe, Brown, 1963); Oginga Odinga, Not Yet Uhuru (Heinemann, 1967); (Zaire) Anicet Kashamura, De Lumumba aux colonels (Buchet-Castel, 1966); (Malawi) M.W.K. Chiurne, Kwacha (EAPH, 1975); (Nigeria) Nnamdi Azikiwe, Zzok: A Selection from the Speeches (Cambridge University Press, 1961), and Sir Ahmadu BelIo, My Lzfe (Cambridge University Press, 1962). There is a published collection of Speeches and Wrz"tings of Patrice Lumumba (Little, Brown, 1972). Apart from Post and Jenkins the best biographies of African politicians are Jeremy Murray-Brown, Kenyatta (George Allen & Unwin, 1972) and Philip Short, Banda (RoutIedge & Kegan Paul, 1974). African writers of fiction convey the feeling of the period weIl in certain novels. These include in a short selection James Ngugi (Ngugi wa Thiongo), A Grain of Wheat (Heine• mann, 1967) and Weep Not, Chz"ld, (Heinemann, 1964) which powerfully evokes Mau Mau; Ousmane Sembene's epic of the great railway workers' strike in French West Africa, God's Bits of Wood (Doubleday, English translation, 1962) and the tragicomic fiction of Chinua Achebe, No Longer at Ease (Obolensky, 1961) and A Man of the People (Heinemann, 1966).

Chapter 10

The most important souce of analysis on contemporary Africa is the British-based Review of Afrzocan PoHtz·cal Economy. The nearest French equivalent is a new periodical, Politique africazone. A number of scholarly journals on contemporary Africa are particularly important, containing a host of articles varying both in outIook and quality. A short list must include Afrzocan Affairs, the Journal of Modern African Studzoes and the Revue frant;aise de poHtique africaine. A number of important collections are orientated towards the issues stressed in this chapter: Peter Gutkind and Peter Waterman, eds, African Social Studies: A Radz·cal Reader (Heinemann, 1977); Gutkind and Immanuel Wallers tein, eds, The PoHtical Economy of Contemporary Africa (Sage, 1976); Richard Sandbrook and Robin Cohen, eds, Development 0 fan Afrz·can Working Class (Longman, 1975) and Martin Klein, ed., Peasants zOn Africa (Sage, 1980). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 329 The underdevelopment paradigm has been developed most effectively for Africa by the Egyptian economist Samir Amin whose many works on tropical Africa indudeNeo-Colonüzlism in West Africa (Penguin, 1973); Le monde d'affaires slmega• laises (Editions du Minuit, 1969); Dlweloppement du capz"taHsme en CMe d'Ivoz"re (Editions du Minuit, 1967); 'Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa - Origins and Contemporary Forms', Journal of Modem African Studies, X (1972). Other influential writing in simiIar vein indudes Reg Green and Ann Seidman, Unz"ty or Poverty? Economics of Panafn:canism (Penguin, 1969) and Tamas Szentes, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Akademiai Kiadoi, 1976)" On African poIitics in general, Immanuel WalIerstein, Africa: The Polz"tics of Unity (Random House, 1967) covers the factual developments in the early years of inter-state relations. A very helpful general assessment and description of military and state power is Ruth First's The Barrel of a Gun (Allen Lane, 1970)" Yves Benot, Ideologies d'independ• ances afn:caz"nes (Maspero, 1969) is a penetrating assessment of the outlook of the African ruIing dass; a useful colIection along these Iines in EngIish is William Friedland and Carl Rosberg, eds, African Socialism (Stanford University Press, 1964)" Among the better studies of the myth of educational opportunity in Africa are Pierre van den Bergh, Power and Privilege at an African Universz"ty (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973) and Benott Verhaegen, L'enseignement universitaire au Za"ire (CEDAF, 1978). See also Abernethy on Nigeria, cited earlier" Apart from the Sandbrook and Cohen collection, a number of important studies have looked at the his tory and sociology of the emergent African industrial proletariat, induding Sandbrook's Proletarians and African Capitalism: !he Kenyan Case 1960-72 (Cambridge University Press, 1975); Cohen's Labour and Politics in Nigeria (Heinemann, 1974); Richard J effries, Class, Ideolagy and Power in Africa: The Railwaymen of Sekondi (Cambridge University Press, 1978); Adrian Peace, Choice, Class and Conflict (Harvester, 1979); Bruce Kapferer, Strategy and Transaction in an African Factory (Manchester University Press, 1972); Michael Burawoy, 'The Colour of Class in the Copper Mines', 330 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Zambian Papers, 7 (1972) and R.D. Grillo, Race, Class and Militancy (Chandler, 1974), dealing respeetively with Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia in two eases and Uganda (for those books without the relevant eountry in their tide). On specifie regions and eountries, the literature is more substantial than for any historie period and what follows is only seleetive and perhaps arbitrary, excluding numerous standard sourees in favour of interesting interpretations. The eolleetions and journals mentioned above are taken as read; seleetions from them are not included below with few exeeptions. For West Africa in general, a useful if uneven eolleetion is J ohn Dunn, ed., West A[rican States: Failure and Promtse (Cambridge University Press, 1978). On Nigeria, the analytical quality of the literature is gene rally rather poor. An interesting sketehy book of essays is Gavin Williams, ed., State and Society in Nzgerz'a (Afrografika, Idanre, Nigeria, 1981). The wisdom of mainstream Western seholarship foeussing on the military, ethnicity, ete. is eolleeted in Robert Melson and Howard Wolpe, eds, Nzgeria: Modernization and the Polz"tics o[ Communalism (Michigan State University Press, 1972). The best aeeount of the dvil war is J ohn de St J orre, The Brothers' War (Houghton Mifflin, 1972). On the army and army rule, see Robin Luekham, The Nzgerian Mz'litary (Cambridge University Press, 1972) and S.K. Panter-Brick, ed., Nigerian Politz'cs and Mz'litary Rule (Athlone Press, 1970). The rising tide of peasant agitation and organisation in Western Nigeria during the 1970s is the subjeet of C.F. Beer, Politics o[ Peasant Groups z'n Western Nigeria (Ibadan University Press, 1976). Not surprisingly, Ghana und er Nkrumah has attracted mueh high er quality work in general just as it attraeted many interesting seholars during that period. Nkrumah's view of his own life is expressed in his autobiography, Ghana, an Auto• biography (Nelson, 1957) and his downfall in Dark Days in Ghana (International Publishers, 1969). An apologetie biography prepared after his death in exile is Basil Davidson, Black Star (Allen Lane, 1973). The most eoherent defense of his eeonomie policies is Roger Genoud, Nationalism and Economz'c Development z'n Ghana (Praeger, 1969). The fall of Nkrumah brought about a serious reeonsideration of his SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 331 significance and the beginning of a materialist analysis of contemporary Africa, landmarks in which have been: Bob Fitch and Mary Oppenheimer, Ghana: End of an Illusion, (Monthly Review Press, 1967); Jitendra Mohan, 'Nkrumah and Nkrumahism', Sodalist Reg2ster (1967) and Roger Murray, 'Second Thoughts on Ghana', New Left Review, 42 (1967) and particularly Bjorn Beckman's outstanding Organizing the Farmers (Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1976). Another excellent work on Ghana by a Scandinavian is Jette Bukh, The Village Woman in Ghana (Nordiska Afrikainstitut, 1979) which, among other subjects, considers the decline of the cocoa economy. Nkrumah's contemporary Modibo Keita presided over a similarly contradictory 'socialist' regime in Mali. Among several assessments of significance are Claude Meillassoux, 'Class Analysis of the Bureaucratic Process in Mali', Journal of Development Studies, VI (1970); W.!. Jones, 'The Mise and Demise of Socialist Institutions in Rural Mali', Geneve• Afrique, XI (1972) and Guy Martin, 'Socialism, Economic Development and Planning in Mali 1960-68', GJAS, X (1976). See also the interesting study from the German Democratic Republic, Klaus Ernst, Tradition and Progress in an Afn·can Vz"llage (C. Hurst, 1976). The Republic of Guinea has been far less open to research and has inspired a particularly polemicalliterature (or abland one, in some cases). Among available studies are B. Ameillon, Guinee, bilan d'une in dependance (Maspero, 1964) and Ladipo Ademolekun, Sekou Toure's Guinea (Methuen, 1976). William Derman, Serfs, Peasants and Sodalists (Uni• versity of California Press, 1973) is an important study of rural social relationships. Toure hirnself has had his speeches and writings published over many years in a· multi-volume series from Conakry. The richest literature on Francophone West Africa (especially in translation) deals with Senegal. Donal Cruise O'Brien, Saints and Politicians (Cambridge University Press, 1975) contains several stimulating essays. Left scholarship in English on the republic is collected by Rita Cruise O'Brien, ed., The Political Economy of Development: Dependence in Senegal (Sage, 1979). There is an excellent study of the authoritarian political system of Cameroun in Jean-Fran~ois 332 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Bayart, L 'Etat au Cameroun (Presses de la foundation nationale des sciences politiques, 1979). On the Ivory Coast, arecent collection is Y.-A. Faure and J.-F. Medard, Etat et bourgeoisie en CMe d'Ivoire (Editions Karthala, 1982). For some radieal Francophone regimes, see Hugues Bertrand, Le Congo: formation sodale et mode de developpement eco• nomique (Maspero, 1975) and Robert Archer, Madagascar depuis 1972 (L'Harmattan, 1976). Our major source on the peasant risings of the 1960s in the Leopoldville Congo republic is Benoit Verhaegen, RebelHons au Congo (CRISP, Brussels, 2 vols, 1966~9) with a rieh selection of documents. Renee Fox, Willy de Craemer and Jean-Marie Ribeaucourt, 'The Second Independence: A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion of the Congo', Compar• ative Studies zOn Society and History, VIII (1965) is also important. On Zaire and its fundamental problems since rebaptism under General Mobutu, readings indude Guy Gran, ed., Za"ire, the Polz"tical Economy o[ Underdevelop• ment (Praeger, 1978); Jules Chome, L 'ascencion de Mobutu (Maspero, 1979); Comite Zaire, Za"ire: le dossier de la re• colonisatz"on (L'Harmattan, 1978); Michael Schatzberg, Politics and Class zOn Za"ire (Afrieana, 1981) andJean-Philippe Peemans, 'The Social and Economic Development of Zaire sinee Independenee', AA, LXXIV (1975)0 There is an exeellent one-volume study of independent Kenya: Colin Leys, Underdevelopment tOn Kenya (Heine• mann, 1975) which the author eorrected in favour of a greater emphasis on internal dass formation in 'Capital Aeeumulation, Class Formation and Dependeney -- the Significance of the Kenyan Case', Socialzst Register, 19780 Other important eontributions on dass, state and dependeney in books on Kenya indude: Alice Amsden, International Firms and Labour ,on Kenya 1945-70 (Frank Cass, 1971); Nairobi Christian Council of Churehes, Who Controls Industry in Kenya? (EAPH, Nairobi, 1968), Nieola Swainson, Development o[ Corporate Capitalism tOn Kenya (Heinemann, 1980) and Raphael Kaplinsky, edo, Readings on the Multi• national Corporations t·n Kenya (Oxford University Press, 1978)0 Power and loeal politics are the subject of Geoff Lamb, Peasant Politics (Friedmann, 1974) and David Parkin, Palms, Wine and Witnesses (Chandler, 1972), while Gary SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 Wasserman, The Po Htics of Decolonization (Cambridge University Press, 1976) has explored the 'Afric'anization' of the once white highlands. No African state is so well-studied as Tanzania on which a rich literature has been developing for more than a decade. Several Dar es Salaam-based journals have played a role in this, notably African Review, Utafiti (in English despite the title) and Maji Maj'·, the organ of the university branch of the party youth league. All have published many important articles. Julius Nyerere is a very eloquent defender of his own concept of socialism, put forth in several collections, Freedom and Unity (Oxford University Press, 1967); Freedom and Socialism (Oxford University Press, 1968) and Freedom and Development (Oxford University Press, 1973). For a critical view by a former cabinet minister and politician of the Left, A.M. Babu, African Socialism or Socialist Africa? (Zed Press, 1981) is a corrective. The best writing from the late 1960s into the new decade was collected in John Saul and Lionel Cliffe, eds, Socialism ,·n Tanzania (Tanzania Publishing House, 2 vols, 1973). Saul's important analyses mayaiso be found in his volume with Giovanni Arrighi, Essays on the PoHtical Economy of Africa (Monthly Review Press, 1973) and State and Revolu#on ,·n Eastern Africa (Monthly Review Press, 1980). Cliffe edited a somewhat later collection that continues the themes of Saul and Cliffe, Rural Co-opera#on ,·n Tanzania, (Tanzania Publishing House, 1975). A deeply critical and fundamentally more coherent Marxist analysis with its roots in the Tanzanian student movement is Issa Shivji, Class Struggles ,·n Tanzania (Heine• mann and Tanzania Publishing House, 1976). It is a sort of signal post for two more recent collections, Andrew Coulson, ed., African Socialism ,·n Practice (Spokesman Books, 1979) and Bismarck Mwansasu and Cranford Pratt, eds, Towards Socialism ,·n Tanzania (Tanzania Publishing House and Uni• versity of Toronto Press, 1979). As the titles imply the first is on the whole critical and the second defensive towards the state. Other major works published in Dar es Salaam are the 'Studies in Political Science' pamphlet series, the long list of papers produced by the Economic Research Bureau and Henry Mapolu, ed., Workers and Management (Tanzania Publishing House, 1976). More recent analyses of the state 334 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY and rural development of particular merit are Michaela von Freyhold, Ujamaa Vz"llages in Tanzania (Heinemann, 1979) and the searching articles of Suzanne Mueller, notably, 'Retarded Capitalism in Tanzania', Socialist Register (1980). I have attempted a synthesis with more citations in 'Class Conflict, Political Economy and the Struggles for Socialism in Tanzania', AA, LXXXI (1981). One consequence of the Amin reign of terror has been the absence of much new research on Uganda in recent years. Collections cited earlier by Nabudere and J ~rgensen are helpful on independent Uganda. On the Zanzibar revolution see Michael Lofchie, Zanzz'bar: Background to Revolution (Princeton University Press, 1965) and Anthony Clayton, The Zanzz'bar Revolutz'on and z'ts Aftermath (C. Hurst, 1981). Zambia has been less lucky than East Africa in its specialist writing; fewer books have had a more than local impact. Most distinctive perhaps have been those that have considered the nationalisation of the copper industry: Antony Martin, Mz'nding thez'r Own Business: Zambia 's Struggle Agat'nst Western Control (Hutchinson, 1972); M. Bostock and C. Harvey, eds, Economic Independence and Zambz'an Copper (Praeger, 1972) and Richard Sklar, Corporate Power z'n an African State (University of California Press, 1975). For useful introductions to Zambian politics and economy, see William Tordoff, ed., Polz'tics in Zambia (Manchester Uni• versity Press, 1974) and Tim Shaw, 'Zambia: Dependence and Underdevelopment', CJAS, X (1976). Events in the Horn have been dominated by the Ethiopian Revolution which has been the subject of a number of studies. There are useful descriptive works in Patrick Gilkes, The Dying Lz'on (St Martin's Press, 1975); Marina and David Ottaway, Ethiopia: Empz're in Revolutz'on (Africana, 1978) and Fred Halliday and Maxine Molyneux, The Ethiopian Revolutz'on (New Left Books, 1981). For background the best sources on pre-revolutionary Ethiopia are John Markakis, Etht'opia: Anatomy of a Tradz·tz'onal Polz'ty (Clarendon Press, 1974) and John Cohen and Dov Weintraub, Land and Peasants z'n Impert'al Ethiopia (Van Gorcum, 1975). The Dergue is critiqued from the Left in Addis Hiwet, Ethiopia: From Autocracy to Revolution (Review of African Political Economy, 1975) and John Markakis and Nega Ayele, Class SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 335 and Revolution in Ethiopia (Spokesman Books, 1978). Markakis's excellent reconsideration, 'Garrison Sodalism: The Case of Ethiopia' is to be found in the Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) Report IX (1979). Fiction is often a powerful force for comprehending sodal conditions. Ayi Kwei Armah's symbolic portrayal of the Nkrumah years in Ghana, The Beautyful On es are Not Yet Born and Ngugi wa Thiongo's Petals o[ Blood on Kenya are testimony to a remarkable political and sodal sensibility.

Chapter 11

Most of the relevant bibliography is journalistic, some of it of excellent quality, and an immense amount of contemporary writing on southern Africa does exist. A compressed and perceptive recounting with an emphasis on the latest develop• ments can be found in J ohn Saul and Stephen Gelb, 'Crisis in South Africa: Class Defense, Class Revolution', Monthly Review, XXXIII (1981), also issued as a book by the review press. There is a somewhat older but valuable overview in Martin Legassick, 'Legislation, Ideology and Economy in Post-1948 South Africa', JSAS, I (1974). Some of the readings on South African sodety suggested for Chapter 8 are relevant here too. For Afrikaner nationalism, see T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise o[ Afrikanerdom (University of California Press, 1975) and several important articles of Dan O'Meara, notably 'The Afrikaner Broederbond: Class Vanguard of Afrikaner Nationalism 1927-48', JSAS, 111 (1977) and his wide-ranging 'The African Mine Workers' Strike of 1946 and the Political Economy of South Africa', Journal o[ Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, XIII (1975). Further developments receive sensitive treatment in Heribert Adam and Hermann Giliomee, Ethnic Power Mobilized (Yale University Press, 1977), although they exaggerate the political centrality of Afrikaner nationalism as opposed to dass struggle. Gwendolen Carter provides a compendium of useful material on the system the Nationalists built in the early 336 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY years in power, The Politics of Inequality (Praeger, 1959 revised edn). There is some historical discussion in Albie Sachs' Justice in South Afn"ca (University of California Press, 1973). On the architect of separate development, Alex Hepple, Verwoerd (Penguin Books, 1967) is interesting. A frequently very shrewd attempt to come to grips with the thinking of those who managed the South African state as of the time it was written is Heribert Adam, Modernizing Racial Domination (University of California Press, 1971). The first account of a Bantustan in the making was Gwendolen Carter et al., South Africa's Transkei (Northwestern University Press, 1967). More recent descriptions include Jeffrey Butler, Robert Rotberg and John Adams, The Black Homelands of South Afn"ca (University of California Press, 1977) and Barry Streek and Richard Wicksteed, Render Unto Kaiser; a Transkez" Dossz"er (Ravan, 1982). On the republic's overseas economic connections, Ruth First et al., The South African Connection (Penguin, 1972) is the oldest long study. For the ANC, consult the autobiography of Chief Albert Luthuli, Let My People Go (Collins, 1962) and the collected speeches of his successor as president, Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk to Freedom (Heinemann, 1965). The turn to armed struggle is assessed sympathetically in Ben Turok, 'The Violent Alternative', Socialist Register, 1972 and in more depth in Basil Davidson, J oe Slovo and A.R. Wilkinson, Southern Africa: The New Politics of Revolution (Penguin, 1976). A number of critical studies of the liberation movement and African nationalism in South Africa exist: Fatima Meer, 'African Nationalism - Some Inhibiting Factors' in Herbert and Kogila Adam, eds, South Africa: SociologicalPerspectives (Oxford University Press, 1971); Harold Wolpe, 'The Theory of Internal Colonialism' in Ivar Oxaal, ed., Beyond the Sociology of Development (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975); Archie Mafeje, 'Soweto and its Aftermath', Review of Afn·can Political Economy, 11 (1978) and No Sizwe, One Azania, One Nation (Zed Press, 1979). Gail Gerhart sympa• thetically chronicles the rise of the Africanist tendency in Black Nationalism in South Africa (University of California Press, 1978). On particular facets, see also Govan Mbeki, South Africa: The Peasants' Revolt (Penguin, 1964) on the SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 337 Pondoland risings and Cosmas Desmond, The Discarded People (Penguin, 1971), which examines the dumping of Africans into the homelands. Events in the 1970s have caused considerable re-examina• tion of the underpinnings of the South African system. This begins to be noted in Leonard Thompson andJeffrey Butler, eds, Change in Contemporary South Africa (University of California Press, 1975). Collections that articulate American liberal perspectives on southern Africa include Gwendolen Carter and Patrick O'Meara, Southem Africa: The Continuing Crisis (Indiana University Press, 1979). Accounts that consider the significance of Soweto are Alex Callinicos and John Rogers, Southem Africa After Soweto (Pluto Press, 1977); Baruch Hirson, Year of Fire, Year of Ash (Zed Press, 1979) and J. Kane-Berman, South Africa: The Method in the Madness (Pluto Press, 1979). R.W. Johnson, How Long Will South Africa Survive? (Macmillan, 1977) has some original and stimulating ideas. The public writings and courtroom evidence of Steve Biko are collected in The Testimony of Steve Biko (M. Temple Smith, 1979). Together with J ohnson, Robert Davies, 'Capital Restructuring and the Modification of the Racial Division of Labour', JSAS, V (1979), is usefu! on the political economy of the late 1970s. EIsa Joubert's Poppie (Hodder & Stoughton, 1980) power• fully expresses the impact of labour control/Bantustan policy on the Iives of black working-class women in particular. South African dissident journals of high quality include the South Afn:can Labour Bulletin, Africa Perspective and Work in Progress, all begun in the 1970s. On conflicts elsewhere in southern Africa there is a large but very uneven literature. Two long but far from authorit• ative studies of Angola are John Marcum, The Angolan Revolution (MIT Press, 1969-78) and Rene Pelissier, La guerre du minotaure (Orgeval, France, 1978). Basil Davidson wrote an attractive account of the MPLA in the field during their strongest phase, In The .Eye of the Stonn (Longman, 1972). Eduardo Mondlane's account of the Mozambican revolution covers up conflicts but is valuab le: The Struggle for Mozambique (Penguin Books, 1969). See also J ohn Sau!, 'FRELIMO and the Mozambique Revolution' in Saul and Arrighi, Essays in the Political Economy of Africa, cited 338 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY earlier. For a critical survey of Angola since the MPLA victory see W.G. Clarence-Smith, 'Class Structure and Class Struggle in Angola in the 1970s', JSAS, VII (1980). On the Rhodesian war the best accounts are Kees Maxey, The Fight for Zimbabwe (Rex Collings, 1975) and David Martin and Phyllis Johnson's book 'authorised' by ZANU, The Struggle for Zimbabwe (Monthly Review Press, 1981). For the UDI regime see Larry Bowman, Politics in Rhodesia (Harvard University Press, 1973) andMartin Loney,Rhodesz'a: Whz'te Raczsm and Imperial Response (Penguin, 1975). There is a sensitive feeling for African politics in Nathan Shamu• yarira, Crisis in Rhodesia (Andre Deutsch, 1965). For Namibia the literature has been, lessinteresting. RuthFirst, South West Africa (Penguin, 1963) gives a good background description. See also Reg Green, Marja-Liisa and Kimmo Kiljunen, eds, Namz'bia: The Last Colony (Longman, 1982). Index

Note: Numbers in italic type refer to sub-entries, numbers in roman type to main entries.

Abaluhyia 154 Afro-Americans 3,9,12 Abdurrahman, A. 177 see also Uni ted States of Aberdare Mountains 206 America Abidjan 192,195 Afro-Shirazi Party 221 abolition 59-64,73; Cape 76, age sets 24,34 125-7,146 agriculture 19-22,23,29,32; Aborigines' Rights Protection in the Congo 117,119; Society 162 in crisis 235, 252, 255-9; Abyssinia see Ethiopia corporate 124--5; and East Accra 65,192,196,211-12, African states 32-3; 214 peasant 127-35, 144--6; Acheampong, Col. 254 post-war 196; settIer Achebe, Chinua 36, 168-9 122-4; and slave trade 45; Achimota College 163 and slavery 54; South Action Group 215-16 African 56, 66, 69, 78-80, Addis Ababa 192,196 101-2,172-4,184-5,187, Adelabu, Adegoke 215 195-7,263,265-6,270 Adwa 99 Akan 31-2 Afghanistan 108 Akosombo dam 252 Afonso, Dom (Mbemba-a- alcohol 50; alcoholism 266; Nzinga), roler of Kongo, monopoly 101; 44-5 revenue 132; and trade African Mineworkers' Union 56,62 189 Alexandria 94 African mode of production Algeria xiv, 10, 74, 92, 225--6 25-6 Althusser, Louis 12 African National Congress Amaro 66 (South Africa) 176, 180, American Colonisation Society 184,188-9,267-7~286 67 Afrlcan Political Organisation Amharic, Amharinya 28, (South Africa) 176 108,256 African Studies since 1945 10 Amin,Idi 238, 250-1 Afrikaners 56, 101, 174--5, Amin, Samir 11 178,181-5,188,272 ancestor worship 22 340 INDEX

Anglicisation 1 74 backwardness, historie 1 7 Anglo-Ameriean 183, 189, Bagamoyo 69 271-3 Bahia 66-7 Anglo-Boer War 2, 85, 103, Baikie expeditition 74 106-7, lllf, 171--3, Balewa, Sir Abubakar 216,248 181 Bamako 92 Anglo-Oriental 121 Bamba, Ahamadu 160,164 Angola 23,33,46,47,49-51, Bambatha rebellion 109, 53,57,65,80,117,119, 161-2,174 140,141,193,200,229, bananas 21, 141 257,274-6,283-4,287 Banda, Hastings Kamuzu 208, anthropology 2, 6, 9, 22, 26, 222 138; Marxist 12-13 BankofBritish West Afriea 130 Antilles, Lesser 48 banks 148, 150 apartheid 12,262-3,271-2, Bannerman,James 65 280 Bantu Edueation Aet 266, 282 Aquatie Age 20 Bantu languages 32, 154; Arabia 28, 64, 69 South Afriean usage 266 Arabian Sea 34 Bantustans 270, 272, 279, Arabic, Arabs 29, 34, 64, 69 285-6 125,160,218,220,249 Baran, Paul 11 arehaeology 19,29 Barotse1and 139,240; see Arden-Clarke, Sir Charles 212 Bulozi Arguin 49 Bas-Congo 227 Armee noire 164 Basel Mission Trading Company Aro Society 53 131 Arusha Declaration 246 Basutoland 139; see Lesotho Asante 22, 32, 52, 63, 72, Bathurst 73 90-1,97,105,106,108, Baudouin, King of the Belgians 114,139,146,213-14, 228,230 223 bauxite 258 Ashanti see Asante Beehuanaland see Botswana Asia 13, 16, 21, 28, 35,41, Beehuanaland, British, 99 43,55,56,108,133,194, beeswax 62 202,218,240, see also Beira 277 India, China, etc. Beit, Sir Alfred 102 Asian mode of produetion 35 Belgium in Afriea 4, 93, Asmara 196 116--21, 128, 139, 157, assimilation poliey 140,200, 194, 201-2, 210-11, 274,278 227-32,253 Assinie 74 Bello, Sir Ahmadu, Sardauna of Association des Bakongos Sokoto 216, 248 (ABAKO) 229 Benadir eoast 70, 95 Atlantie Oeean 20, 34, 47, 50 beni daneing 152 Attahiru 108 Benin (kingdom) 27-8,50-2, automobiles 115, 196 72,106,108,139 Awolowo,Obafemi 215 Benin Republie 250 (see also Axum 28 Dahomey) Azikiwe, Nnamdi 214-15 Benue river 74 INDEX 341

Berlin Conference 96. 115 163-5, 173, 177-8, 184, Beti. Mongo 149 187,193-4,196~ 198- Beyers. C.F. 181 201,203-4,207-8. Biafra 249 210-23,225,227,249, Biafra. Bight of 62 271.273.284 bicycles 115 British South Africa Company Binza group - 231 98.101-2. 117-18. 120, Bismarck. Otto von 95.117 124,161-2 Black Consciousness Movement Broederbond 263,285 282.286 Buganda 32.68,70....:2.97. Bloc Democratique Senegalais 105.114, 125-6, 133. 224-5 139.146.156.199.223. Bloemfontein 103 240-1 Blood River 77 Bukharin, N.!. 87 blood tax 115 Bulhoek 181 BoerWar 2.85.103.106-7. Bulozi 33, 72. 139 11lf, 171--3, 181 Bunyoro 105. 114 Boers 99,103,105,107 Burmi 108 (see also Afrikaners) Buthelezi, Gatsha 286 Bokassa, J ean Bedel (emperor) bywoners 106 251 Bondelswarts 181 Cabora Bassa 277 Booth,Joseph 167 Cairo 70 Bophuthatswana 276 Calabar 54 Bordeaux 65, 164 Cameroun 32.96, 117. 121. Bomo 30 128. 134. 141-2, 149, Boston University 4 205-6. 224. 226 Botha. Louis 102, 175 Canada 66 Botha, PJ. 285 canals in Bulozi 33 Botswana 101-2,187,223, Cape of Good Hope 41,55-7, 241,272,274,284,287 76,78-80; Cape liberalism bourgeoisie. African 4, 148-9, 78.99.101--2,171,173-5; 151; and nationalism African vote 184-5, 262, 206-7; South African 172; 2678 and world capitalism 214, Cape Town 55-6,101.167. 217.238-9 180, 268-9, 273 brass 91 Cape Verde islands 47 Brazil 40,47-8,60,62,65,66 Cape Vert 74 Brazza, Savorgnan de 94 capital. finance and settIers Brazzaville 94, 115; Con- 124; monopoly 84--90; ference 201 merchant capital and bridewealth 80.128 capitalism 39-40, 46, 48, Briere de l'Isle, Col. 91 ''57-8, 70, 81, 129-30, 156, Britain in Africa 4, 8,40,48, 208; investment in Central 59-62,65,66, 69, 71, African Federation 196 72-4,76-7,87-8,89, capitalism. and the African 90,93-103, 105-8, state 241-2; 'black' 163; 117-20,125,128,130, and Christianity 156---7; 133, 138-9, 155=6, 160, Contd 342 INDEX

Capitalism Chipenda, Daniel 276 and apartheid 264, 271-2; Chokwe 23,80 and the colonial state 136; Christianity 1,28,31,41, industrial 57; and 44-5; and Portuguese 53; imperialism 84-90; in the 64-6, 79--80; and Buganda Ivory Coast 243-4; in 105; 109, 152, 155-6, Kenya 242-3; and labour 156-9,168,174,185,215, migration 134--5; and 267 mining 118-121; peripheral Christiansborg Castle 211 xiii-xiv; and race 16; and Church of England 105 the slave trade 48; slavery circumcision 158 60-2; in South Africa 57; Ciskei 286 in the West 169 class xi-xiii, 11, 13-15; Carnarvon, Lord 100 in the Congo 227,229; in Carr, Henry 150-1 contemporary Africa 239- Cary,joyce 149 48,251-2,259; and cassava (manioc) 45, 50, 132 colonialism 111-14,125- Catholics 44---5,53,67,97, 7,143-52;andculture 152; 117,119,157,159,227,249 struggles and decolonisation Cato Manor 268 202-9, 232; and imperialism cattle 55,. 69;killing - 80; 104-6, 109; and 'legitimate' 124, 134 commerce 78-81;inpre• Cayor 91 colonial Africa 17, 25, Cazengo 80 28-30; and mode of pro• Central Africa 9, 33-4, 96, duction 36--38; and race 102, 118-21, 152, 154, 171-2, 185; and resistance 198,204-5,221-2, 161--2, 165, 168; struggles in 225--6 South Africa 287--88; and Central African Federation slave trade 54-55,57--58; 198-9, 205, 221, 272-3, working 146-7,150-1,197 278 clerks 148, 150-1, 205, 215 Central African Republic 162, clientage 63, 70, 240, 248 251,280 cloth trade 32,45,47,48, Central Intelligence Agency 50-1,62 (USA) 275 cloves 69, 125 Cetewayo 100 cocoa 131-2, 134, 141, 146, Chad 115, 249 149;hold-up 165; 197, Chad,Lake 30,92,98 205,207,212-13,224, Chagga 134 244 Chamberlain, j oseph 102 coconuts 69 Changamire dynasty 44 coffee 71,80, 123, 131, 134, chartered companies 114, 136 141,219,244,275 chiefs 26,128,133-4,137-8, Cohen, Abner 153 146, 149, 151, 155-6, Cohen, Sir Andrew 223 176,204,240 Cokers 54 Chilembwe,john 166-8 collaboration and resistance Chimurenga 109, 156, 161 104-9, 114, 161-9 China 17, 53, 108, 173, 202, colonialism, and capitalism 246 111-14; and class 143- 52; INDEX 343

and colonial society 152-69 Coptic church 28-9 impact 235; Portuguese Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine 274; post-World War 11 12,25,194 192-202, 206 cotton 47,7-0,94,117,131-3, Colonos 44, 64 141,149,155,160,162 colour bar 173, 183, 186, 201, 'country' wives 53 274 Coussey Commission 212 coloureds (South Africa) 188, cowries 51,88 265,267,272,282,285 craft production 24, 28,30--2; comey 54 organisation 37; commerce see trade Portuguese 42; 67,160 Communist Party, Angolan credit 54,63, 148, 150 276; European 13; French Creoles 66 224--5; international Creswell, Col. Frederick 178-9 224-5; South African Cuba 60,62,256,283 180-1, 184, 188-9, 267-8; currency 51,63 Sudanese 254 Curtin, Philip 10,49 Compagnie franliaise de I 'Afrique Curtis, Lionel 173 orientale 130 customs 54 compradores 53-4, 65-7, Cyprus 47 73,80,91,140,150,243, 245 Dahomey 52,63,67,74,97, Confederation des Associations 114,142,154,163,164, Tribales du Katanga 250 (CONAKAT) 229 dairy farming 123 Congo, Belgian 116-17, Dakar 74,91,140,192,196 118-20,124-5,134,141-2, dance 152 149,156, 158-9, 162, 193, Dar es Salaam 11,203,277 200,202-3,227-32,238, Dar Fur 70 253-4,256,274-6; Free Darwin, Charles 86 State 94,96,103,115-17; Daura 138 French (Republic of the Davidson, Basil 9, 10, 15 Congo-Brazzaville) 51, 115, De Beers Corporation 183 117, 162, 229, 254, 276; - De La Rey,j.H. 181 - Ocean railway 115, decolonisation 198--200, 162; river 33, 44, 68, 73, 211-33, 241--2, 274-8, 93-94, 96, 115-16 282--3 Congress of the People 267-8 Defiance Campaign 268 Conrad, j oseph 116 Denmark 90 Conservative Party (UK) 198, dependency theory xm-xiv, 221 11--13,40,46,57,113, Convention People's Party 170-1,209,238,244 (Ghana) 207,211-13, Depression Great Nineteenth• 246,252--3 Century, 87-8; of 1929, co-operatives 197,201,209 121, 123, 165, 184, 187, copper 24,68,118-20,198, 192-3,197 237 Dergue 255-6 Copperbelt 119-21,135,152, Deutsch Ost-Afrika Gesellschaft 198,203 118 344 INDEX development as ideology 194, Engels, Friedrich 25,247 212, 252 ensete 21 Diagne, Blaise 164 Equatorial Guinea 251 diamonds 99, 120-1, 183 Eritrea 28,99,193,210, Dike, K.O. 8 255-6 'divine kingship' in Africa 25, essentualism 6-7 27 Estado Novo 282 Ethiopia 17,21,28-9,41-2, Doe, Master-Sergeant 254 48,71,83,95,98-9,105, Domaine de la couronne 116 108,144,193,210,255-6 Douala 192, 205-6 Ethiopian churches 158 Drakensberg mountains 34 Ethiopian People's Revolu• drought see famine tionary Party 256 DuBois, W.E.B. 4 Europe, anti-slavery movement Durban 184,267-8,281 59-62; decolonisation Dutch East India Company 202-3, 278; and Egypt 70, 55-7 73; expansion, 18,40; dynamite 101 ideology of imperialism Dyula 104 83-7; 'informal empire' 72-5; medieval and early Earth cults 22,24 modem 17; mode of pro• East Africa 9, 19--21; state duction 35; and the parti• formation 32-3;coast 34, tion of Africa 88-109; 41-2,48; and the slave settlers in Africa 55-6, trade 63-4; 67-73,97-8, 122--5,198-200,204-6, 130,152,154,161,199, 217,229,243,274; slavery 204-6: decolonisation 48-51, 49--50; workers in 217-21;240-1 Africa 121 East African Association 166 Evolues 228 East African Community exploration 73 237-8 Eyadema, Etienne 250 ecology and settlers 124 'educated elite' 8, 151 Fagan Commission 189 education 151,163,185, Faidherbe, Louis 74 197-8,201,212,215, family relations 19--20, 244,247,266,282 128--9, see also lineage Egypt xiv, 21, 25, 28, 34, famine 23,52,145,255,257 40-1,70-1,94-5,107, Fanon, Frantz 10 210-11 Fante Confederation 91 EIder Dempster Line 130 Farouk, King of Egypt, 211 elders 20-1,22-3, 134, 155 Fashoda 98 Electrical Supply Company of Fasilidas 42 South Africa (ESCOM) Federale Mynbou 272 182 Feierman, Steven 10 Elisabethville see Lubumbashi Femando Pao 131 Elmina 43,49 fertiliser 195 Emecheta, Buchi 36 feudalism 108 Emerging Themes in African Firestone 124 History 10 fishing 20, 24, 34 INDEX 345

Fonds des Investissements German East Africa see Economiques et Sociales Tanganyika, Ruanda• 195 Urundi football 152 Germany in Africa 56, 80, 84, Foraging 18-20, 22 87-8,95-8,103,110t FortJameson 124 117,128,155,157,167, F orty Group 218 177,263 franc, CF A 243 Gezira 133 France in Africa 4,8, 12-13, Ghana, ancient 29; modem 40,48-9, 56, 59-62, 65, 31, 208, 213-14, 235, 73-5, 88, 90-4, 96-8, 246, 250, 252-3, 254, 104-5,107,115,117, 258, 280 (see also Gold 128,130-1,139-40,157, Coast) 160,164-5,194-5, Gizenga, Antoine 231 200-1,203,206,209-11, Gladstone, W.E. 100 224-7, 249, 282 Glen Grey Act 174 Frank, Andre Gunder 11 gold 24,29-30,31,33-4, Freetown 66 40-1,43,100,103,162, French Equatorial Africa 172-3,178-9,183,185, 117-18, 121, 141-2, 187,189,271,277-8, 162, 225-6, 228 284 French Union 201 Gold Coast 43,49-51,63,65, French West Africa 121, 130, 67,74,90-2,97,130-3, 141, 151, 164, 193-4, 139,141,144, 151, 201, 203, 224-6 162-3,165,197,201, Frente de LibertalSaö de 205,207-9,211-14 MOlSambique (FRELIMO) (see also Ghana) 276-8,283 Golden Stool 139, 146 Frente Nacional de LibertaC6aö Goldie, Sir George 92--3,96, de Angola (FNLA) 111 275-6,283 Gondar 42 Frere, Sir Bartle 100 Gordon, Charles 95 Freyhold, Michaela von 241 Goree 65, 140 Fulbe 30 Gran, Ahmed 42 Fusion govemment 185-7 Grand Bassam 74 Futa Djallon 225 Great Trek 77,101 Futa Toro 92 Greeks in Africa 130 Ground-nut Sehe me 195-6 Gabon 51,74,160,236,258, ground-nuts 62-3, 65, 92, 280 132-3,141,163,195-6, Gama, Vasco da 34,41,42 257 Gambia 63,73,96,133,217, Group Areas Act 265 254,256 Guggisberg, Sir "Gordon 163 game reserves 124 Guine-Bissau (ex-Portuguese Gandhi Mohandas 177, 268 Guinea) 140, 145, 278 Gandhi-Smuts Agreement Guinea 96, 104, 133, 141, 177 225-6,240,253,258 Garvey, Marcus 163,208 gum arabic 49,65 Gaul1e, Charles de 201,225-7 Gumede,James 187 346 .INDEX gun trade 32, 50, 62, 68, Imerina 107,206 71-2,81,98 Immorality Act (South Africa) Gusü 155 265,285 Guyana 60 imperialism xü-xili, 7,14,81, 83-90; conquest of Africa Hadza 19 90--109; and settlers Haile Selassie 210, 255 122; in South Africa 171-2, Haiti 32-3 175; 238-9,243 Hamburg 88 India 17,50,69,79,130,149, Hammarskjöld, Dag 231 195,202 Hausa, Hausaland 30,36-7, Indian Ocean 34,41-2,51, 51,89, 144, 153-4 68-9,123 Heddle, Charles 65 Indians in Africa 44, 123, 130, Hehe 114 140,148,166,197,204, Hemson, David 188 222; in South Africa 177, Herero 109, 161 188-9, 264-5, 267-8, Herskovits, Melville 9 282,285 Hertzog, Albert 263 indirect rule 79, 138, 146, 163, Hertzog,J.B.M. 175,181-5, 213-16,241 188, 190f, 262-3 Indo-China 225 Het Volk 174 Industrial and Commercial Himyarites 28 Workers' Union (ICU) Hispaniola 61 180-2,184 Historian in Tropical Africa 10 Industrial Revolution 39; and historiography, African 1-15, slaving 48; 57, 60-2, 17, 128, 159, 182 81;Second 89;South Hobson, J ohn 84-6 African 170-1 Hodgkin, Thomas 9--10 industry in Africa 178, 182-3, Hofmeyr,J.H. 189,262 187-8,196,235,238, Hopkins, A.G. 88 243,256-7,271-2,277 horses 26 influx control 265, 268, 271 Hottentot Proclamation (1809) 'informal empire' 72 76 Inkatha 286 Houphouet-Boigny, FHix Institut Solvay 228 224-6 Institute of Race Relations How Europe Underdeveloped (South Africa) 189 Africa 11 International Association 93, Huberman,Leo xü 116 hunting and gathering 18-20, International British East 22, 77 Africa Association 97-8, Hutu 32-3 117-118 Hyden, Goran 259 investment, foreign in Africa 85,87 Ibadan, school 8; University iron 21-2; trade 24, 33, 50 150;153-4,192,215 Iran and Steel Corporation of Igbafe, Philip 106 South Africa (ISCOR) Igbo 36,53,165,215,249 183 Igbo-Ukwu 31 Ironsi, Major-General 248-9 Ijebu 50,97, 106 irrigation 133,195 Imbangala 23, 53 Isandhlwana 100 INDEX 347

Islam 1,7,18,29-31,34,37, Kavirondo, Bantu 154 41,66,68,70,74-5,95, Keita, Modibo 253 97,105,133-4,153-4, Kennedy,John 273 159-61,164,216,224 Kenya 13,41; Mount 69; Israel 236 98, 117, 122-4, 130, 134-5, Israelites (South Africa) 181 141-2,144,154,155,158, Italy in Africa 95,98-9, 105, 166,178,193-4,199,201, 108,115,122,193,210 205, 206, 218-20, 238, 241, Iteso 149 242,246,250 ivory 62,68, 70-1 Kenya African National Union Ivory Coast 50, 51, 74,96, 220,242 104, 114, 132, 141-2, Kenya African Union 218 195,224-6,241,243-4, Kenyatta,Jomo 166,208, 248-9,280 218-20 Iyayi, Felix 258 Kerekou, Matthieu 250 Khalifa 105 JaJa 96 Khartoum, Khartoumers 70, Jamaica 48, 163 95,133 Jameson Raid 102 Khoi Khoi 55 Janssens, General 230 Kibachia, Chege 218 Japan 42,108,271 Kikuyu 69,158,166,200, Jehovah's Witnesses 167 206,218 -19 Jesuits 42 Kilimanjaro 134 Jews 28,130 Kilwa 34,43, 48 jihads 18,31, 72, 74, 155 Kimbangu, Simon 158--9 Johannesburg 100-2,262,271 Kimberley 99-100,286 J ohnson, Revd Samuel 3 Kindergarten, Milner's 173--4 J ohnston, Sir Harry 2 Kinjikitile 155 J ohnstone, Frederick 186 Kinshasa 192,196,227--9, Jos Plateau 118, 120-1 231,276 kinship see lineage kabaka (of Buganda) 32, 72, Kisangani 229-30 105,125-6,146,223,240 Kisii 155 Kabaka Yekka Party 223,240 Kliptown 267 Kabarega 105 kola 32,63, 72 Kadalie, Clements 180-1 Kongo 33,44-6,50,52,57, Kagnew base 210 159,229,275,277 Kalahari 19 Kordofan 70 Kalondji, Albert 231 Krio 66 Kamba 69,80 Kru 67 Kananga 228 Kruger, Paul 101-2 Kanem 30 Kumasi 91,146 Kano 107,132,192 !KungSan 19 Kasai Province, Za'ire 119, Kwilu 253 228,231 Kasavubu,Joseph 229-30 Katanga Province, Congo, labour, andcapitalism 60-1; see Shaba and colonialism 113-14; Kaunda, Kenneth 247,253, 281 Contd- 348 INDEX

Labour Liberia 47,67,83,124,156, in the Congo 117; forced 254,280 115-16, 201, 224, 278; Libreville 74 history 12; insurgency Libya xiv, 210 202-4, 205, 218; migrant lineage organisation 19-20, 119,125,131-5,146-7, 22-4,25,27,32-3,37, 157, 225, 244; mines 53-4,130,144,153 101-2,118-21;process Lippert, Eduard 101 xi, 112; skilled 148, 163; Lisala, Zaire 248 South African 78-80, literacy 1,29,31,45 171-3,178-81,183,188, Little Englanders 100 266,282,284-6; unions litunga of Bulozi 72, 240 203, 207, 214, 220, 221, Liverpool 65, 88 222, 255-6, wage 67-8 Livingstone, WilliamJervis 167 Labour Party (South Africa) Loango 51 179, 181-2, 184,263 Lobengula 102 Labour Party (UK) 198, 279 Lonsdale,John, and Anthony Lagos 66,72,73,97,105-6, Low 194 150,164,192,196,203, Louren~o Marques see Maputo 214 Lovedale 78 Lake Province, Tanganyika Luanda 47,80,192,275--6 204, 221 Luangwa 124 Land Act, 1913 (South Africa) Luba 33, 228-9 176 Lubumbashi 119,228,230-1 Land Freedom Army 206,219 Lugard, Lord 107, 120, 138, Landes, David 88 144 Langa 268-9 Lukiiko 146 Lat Dyor, Dame! Cayor 92 Lulua 228 Latin America 13,59,240 Luluabourg see Kananga Leadership Code (Tanzania) Lumumba, Patrice 230-1,253 246 Luo 219-20 League of Nations 129,177, Lusaka 257 209-10 Luxembourg 217 Lebanese in Africa 130, 140, Lyon 88 163 Lee, Richard 19-20 Maasai 69, 123 Lembede, Anton 188 Macauley, Herbert 164,214 Lenin, V.1. 84-7 Machei, Samora 277 Leopold 11, King of the BeIgians, Macias Nguema 251 93-4,96,103,115-16,230 Macmillan, Sir Harold 222,273 LeopoldviIle see Kinshasa Madagascar (Malagasy Republic) Lesotho 80,99,105,139, 56, 107, 130, 156, 205-6, 187,223,241,272,274, 226,254,280 280,287 Madeira 47 Lever Brothers 130 Maghreb xiv, 225 Leys, Colin 242 Mahili 95,98,105,114,160 Liberal Party (South Africa) Mahiliyya 95 272-3 mailo 125,133, 146 Liberal Party (UK) 100, 174 maize (corn) 45, 172 INDEX 349

Maji Maji 109, 154-5, 156, Mauritania 29,30,49,115,257 162,253,274 Mauritius 49, 60, 64, 223, 280 Majuba 100 Mba, Leon 236 Makoko treaty 94 mbeni 152 Makonde 277 Mboya, Tom 220 Malan, Daniel Fran~ois 185, Mbundu 46,53 189,262--3 Mecca 108 Malawi (Nyasaland) 34, 118, medicine 89,185,197,244 124, 130, 134, 166-8, Medina, battle of 74 187,198,221-2,273, Mediterranean Sea 47,194 280,287 Meison 256 Malawi, Lake 98 (see also Lake Mengistu, Lt-Col. Haile Mariam Nyasa) 255-6 Mali (ancient) 30 Meqdela (Magdala) 71 Mali (modern) 104, 133, mercantilism 46,87 225-6,240,253 mercenaries 251 Mali Federation 226 merchants 29,37,48,54, Malvern, Lord 199 65-7, 69--70, 88, 106, Manchester 88 122, 129-30, 132, 150, Mandela, Nelson 269 160--1,209,214,216, manganese 258 225 (see also trade and Maniema 118 merchant capital) manillas 51 Meroe 29 Maoism 14, 253, 270 Merriman,John X. 78,175 Maputo 101,203 Meru 205 Marchand expedition 98 Methodists 65 Margai, Milton, Sir 217,250 methodology as mystique 6 Maria's War 274--5 htfecane 18,34,68,77,80, maritime power 41 98 marketing Boards 197, 201, Mfengu 80 252 Middle East 17 (see also Marks,J.B. 188 Arabia, Arabs) Marks, Shula 161 migration 23, see labour Maroons 66 migration marriage 23 militarism 86 Marx, Karl xi-xü, 13-14, military and warfare in Africa 35,84,87,112,247 41,51; and slaving 52,64; Marxism xi-xiv, 13-15, 35, 67,70,77,89,92,99; 85-7,182,288 resistance 104, 107-8, Mashonaland 162 114; 136; coups 249-50, Massamba-DC'oat, J acques 276 254-6 masu sarau ta 59 millet 21 Matadi 203 Sir Alfred Milner 102-3, Matanzima, Kaiser 270 173-4, 181 materialist history xi-xü, mines, mining 24,43, 89, 99, 13-15,35-8,57-8 101,118--21,145,147, Mathu, Eliud 201 162, 170-3, 178--9, 182, matrilineality 23, 149 187,189,215,257-8, Mau Mau 205-6,219-20 277-8 350 INDEX

Minilik (Menelik) 71,98-9, Nama 181 105,107-8 Namibia 286 (see also South Mirambo 68, 71, 104 West Africa) mISSIonaries 73,79,93,97,98, Napier expedition 71 154, 156-8, 160, 249 Napoleon 60,74 Mitterand, Fran~ois 225 Natal 77--9,-99-101,109, Mobutu, Sese Soko Uoseph• 161,171,173-4,267-8, Desire) 231,250,253, 282 275 National Congress of British mode of production 13, 25-6, West Africa 163-5 35-6; capitalist 112--14 National Congress of Nigeria and Mombasa 135, 152, 203, 218 the Cameroons (NCNC) MondIane, Eduardo 277,279 209,214-16 Monrovia 67 National Union of South African monsoons 34 Students 282 Moodie, Dunbar 263 nationalism, African 7-8, Moors 30-1, 74 12,13,16,161,202,206--33, Morocco xiv, 225 240,252-3,267--8,280, Moshweshwe 105, 107 282; Afrikaner 101, 181-4, Mouvement National Congolais 189,198,262-6,272,285; (MNC) 230, 232 black 3; in the Ethiopian Movimento Popular de region 255-6; European Liberta~aö de Angola 86 (MPLA) 275-7,278,283 Native Affairs Commission Mozambique 34,43,56,57, (South Africa) 173; Act 80, 101, 117-18, 125, (1920) 176 130, 135, 140, 167-8, Native Authorities system 121, 190f, 193,200,203,272, 138-9,151 276--8,280,283-4,287 Native Representative Councils Msiri 68 185 Mugabe, Robert 279, 284 Native Urban Areas Act (1923) Muhammad AU 70-1 183 mulattoes 46,53-4,80,156, navetanes 63, 133 274-5 Ndebele 92,102 Muldergate 285 Negritude 209 Mule1e, Pierre 253 neo-colonialism 11,235,238, Mumbo cult 155 243,259 Muridiyya (Murids) 133, 160, Netherlands in Africa 40,43, 257 47-8,49,55-7,59,76-7, Murtala Muhammad 254 90-1,101 muskets 251 Neto, Agostinho 276 Mutesa, kabaka 105 N ew England 48 Muzorewa, Bishop Abel 283 Ngoni 114, 124 Mwana Lesa 156 Niamey 257 Mwanga, kabaka 105 Niger Company (Royal) 96-7, 117,120 Naguib, Mohammed 211 Niger-Congo languages 52 Nairobi 166, 192, 196, 199, Niger Republic 225, 233f, 218,220,238 257 INDEX 351

Niger river, delta 50, 51, 53, oral tradition 1 54,63,65,74,92-3,96,144; Orange Free State (Orange interior delta 21, 31; river River Colony) 77,99, 73;valley 97 107-8,174-5 Nigeria xiv, 8,13,27-8,30--1, Orange river 99 32,66,97,114,117,118, Oranje Unie 175 120-1,130, 131-2, Ordinance 50 (1828) 76 133-5, 138, 141-2, 144, Organisation for African Unity 149,155,160-1,165, 238,251 194,199,201,203-4, Orientale Province, Congo 231 214-16,241-2,246, Orientalism 7 248-9,250,257-8 Oromo 256 Nike 53 Osagyefo 252 Nile river 73,95: valley 17, Ottoman Empire 40-2 29,70,96,133;White 98 Ovambo 280-1 Nimeiri, Gaafar 249, 254 Ovimbundu 80 nizers 241 Oyo 52,72,139,154 Nkomo,Joshua 279 Oyono, Ferdinand 149 Nkrumah, Kwame 207-8, 212-14,235,237,246, Pact government 182-3, 186, 250, 252-3, 258 262 North Africa see Maghreb palm, coconut 69; oll 62-3, Northern Elements Progressive 73, 74, 88, 97, 124-5 Union 215-16 Pan-Africanism 3, 163, Northern People's Congress 208,237-8,246 215-6 Pan-Africanist Congress Northwestern University 4 268-9,286 Nouakchott 257 Pare 204 Nuba Hills 114 Paris 209 Nyamwezi 68, 80, 154 Parti Democratique du Gote Nyasa, Lake 68,87,98 d'Ivoire (PDCI) 224-5 Nyasaland see Malawi Parti Democratique du Guinee Nyasaland African Congress (PDG) 225 222 Partido Africano da Nyerere,Julius 208-9,220-1, Independencio. da Guine e 237,246,253,279 Gabo Verde (PAIGC) 278 oathing 218-19 pastoralism 20,32-3, 55-6, obas 27, 106 76, 115, 134,257 Obasanjo, Olusegun 242 patrilineality 23 Oboto, Apollo Milton 223, Patriotic Front 284 235,240,247,253 pawning 131 Ochieng, William 10 peanuts see ground-nuts Ogot, Bethwell A. 8 Pearce Commission 284 Oman 69 peasantisation 144-5 Omdurman 98, 192 peasantries 29,30,78,86,108, Opobo 96 123, 125-6; and cash crops Oppenheimer, Sir Ernest 153 127-35; 145-7, 155, 157, Oppenheimer, Harry 273 Gontd 352 INDEX peasantries quatre communes (four com• 195-7; insurgency 204-6; munes of Senegal) 140, 207,219,252-3,255-6, 164,200 256-7 Pedi 77,80,99-100,106 race and racism 5; 'race Pemba 221 relations' 12; 16-17, Persia 108 32--33,56,86, 122, Person, Yves 104 150-1,157,172,200, Peter the Great 107 203,216 Petite Cote 74 railways 91-2, 101, 113, 115, petroleum 210,256-8 117, 120, 128, 132-3, phosphates 258 135,148,183,195,203, Phungula, Zulu 188 277 Pioneer Column 102 Rand see Witwatersrand Pirow, Oswald 184 Rand Revolt (1922) 179-80 ploughs 129, 149, 195 Randlords 101, 171---3, 183 Poland 245 Ranger, T.O. 5, 10, 13 polygamy 23, 149, 158 Rassem blement Democratique pom beiros 46 Africaine (RDA) 224-5 Pondoland 268 Rawlings, j erry 254 Ponty, Ecole William 149 recaptives 66-7 Popular Front 203 reciprocity, sodal 25,37,144 population, and the slave trade Red Sea 20, 28, 42, 70, 95, 98 49---50; 129, 145 religion 22, 28, 37,42, 53, porterage 63,68, 113, 115 154-61 (see also Porto Novo 163 Christianity; Islam) Portugal in Africa 11, 12,23, Reunion 49,64 40-7, 49, 53, 69, 93--4, 96, Review 01 African Political 98,101,103,109-10t Economy xiü 117-18,122,128,140,157, Rhodes, Cecil 98, 102, 118, 201-2, 204, 249, 274--8; 174 liberation wars, 280, 282-3, Rhodesia 236, 240, 260f, 286 277-80,283-4 (see also Positive Action 212 Southem Rhodesia) Post, K.W.j. 144 Rhodesia, Northern 118-21, Poulantzas, Nicos 12 122, 124, 135, 139, 152, prazos 44, 64 156,193,198,203,221-2 pre-colonial Africa 5, 16-82, 113 240 (see also Zambia) Pretoria 103,268,286 Rhodesia, Southern 101-2, primitive accumulation 112 117,118,122,124,127, Progressive Party (SA; later 135,142,147,170,193, Progressive F ederal Party) 198-200 (see also 272-3,285 Rhodesia) proletarianisation 121, 135, Rhodesian Front 278-9 143-4,146-7,258 Rhodesian Railways 120 Protestants 66,97--8 rice 21,133 Providence Industrial Mission rinderpest 176 168-9 Rivonia 269 Province of Freedom 66 Roberto, Holden 275-6,283 INDEX 353 Roberts family 154 224, 225--6, 250-1, 254, Rodney, Walter 11, 55 257 Roger, Baron 74 Senegambia 30,49, 52, 62, 65, rois de la brousse 136 75,92 Rozvi 43 Senghor, Leopold Sedar 209, Ruanda-Urundi 119, 125, 128, 224-6,250 133,135 Sennar 29 rubber 62,84,115-17,124 separate development 266, Rufisque 140 272 Rupert, Anton 264 Seretse Khama, Sir 241 Russia 107 (see also Soviet Seyehelles 223 Union) Seyyid Said 69 Rwanda 32-3, 241 Shaba Provinee, Zaire 33,51, 68,118-20,156,228-31, Sa, Salvador da 47 240 Sahara xiv, 17, 20, 29-30, Shaka 34 92,115 Shambaa 204 Sahle Silasse 71 Sharpeville 268-9, 273, 280 Said, Edward 7 sheep 55, 76 (see also wool) Saint Domingue 48 Shepstone, Theophilus 79, Saint Louis 54,65,74,91,140 99-100 Salazar, Antonio 274 Shewa 71 Salisbury 192, 196 Shona 33,161,280 salt trade 24, 33, 50 Siam 108 Samori Toure 88,103-4,107, Sicily 47 114,159 Sierra Leone 54,65-7,73, San 19 96,142,156,163,213- Sanlam/Saambou 262-3 14,217,250 säo Tome 46 Sierra Leone Company 66 Saro 66-7,72 Sierra Leone People's Party 209 Satiru 155 simbas 253 Saul,John 11; and Stephen sisal 125 Gelb, 287 Sithole, Revd Ndabaningi 279 Savimbi, Jonas 276,283 Slagters Nek 77 Sawaba 225 slave trade 10-11,23,32,40, Sayyid Muhammad Abdile 45-6,46-55; abolition Hassan 159-60 59-64; 66, 68-9, 70, Seandinavians in Afriea 56, 59 71-2, 73, 92, 94, 106, Sehool of OrientaI and Afriean 112-13, 116, 132 Studies 4 slavery in Afriea 26,35,37, Seotland 98, 158 44, 49, 52-4; Cape 55, seeret societies 24, 53 76-7; 61-2, 63-5, 72, segregation 79, 157-8, 170, 74,80,106,118,125-7, 173-Q,184-9,262~ 129,131,168,225 Seme, Pixley 184 slavery in the New World 40, Semitie languages 16,28 47-8,49,56,60-1 Senegal 12,31,47,54,63,67, Smit Commission 189 74,88,91-2,132--5,141, Smith,lan 278-9, 283-4 160, 163-4, 200, 209, Smuts, Jan Christiaan 2, 175, 354 INDEX

177--8, 181---4, 188--9, Spain 60 190f,262-3 spiee trade 40-1 Sobukwe, Robert Mangaliso squatting 79, 144, 176; 269 urban 188; 200,206, socialism 178, 188, 202; 262,264 African 245--7 stabilisation,labour 119-21 Societe Commerciale de rOuest Stanley, Henry Morton 73,93 Africain (SCOA) 130 Stanleyville see Kisangani Societe Generale 117--18 state, pre-colonial 7,10-11, Societes Indig;mes de Prevoyance 25-36, 6~ 6~ 153; 197,252 colonial 88--90,117-18, Sofala 43 123, 136-40, 146, 208; Sokoto 63,74,97,107--8, post-colonial 212, 241- 138,155,216 2,244--8,250-2 Somalia 70, 95, 115, 159--60, 'stateless' societies 26, 36, 210; Somalis 256 52-3;andslavetrade 114 Songhay 3 Stevens, Siaka 217 Soninke 29 Steyn, M.T. 175 sorghum 21 'strange farmers' 63, 133 South Africa xiv, 2--3, 12, 18, Strijdom,Johannes 266 34, 55-7, 66, 76---80, 85, Sudan xiv, 29, 70,95, 105, 89,113,122-4,128,129, 114,133,160,210-11, 130,149,156,158,170- 228,249 90,198,210,236,240-1, Sudan, French 133 (see also 249,262-74,277-88 Mali, modem) South African Congress of Trade Suez Canal 94 Unions 269 sugar 47,60,67,79,125 South African Party 178, 184 Sukuma 154 South African Republic 77, Sundkler, Bengt 158 79-80,99-103 (see also Susenyos 42 Transvaal) Sutton, J .E.G. 20 South African Reserve Bank Suzman, Helen 272 182 Swahili 34,41,235 South West Africa (see also Swainson, Nieola 242 Namibia) 96, 109, Swazi, Swaziland 106, 139, 128,135,161,177,181, 187,223,241,272,274 193,265,280,281 Sweezy, Paul xii, 11 South West African People's swollen shoot 205,207,211 Organisation (SWAPO) Swynnerton Plan 219 280,283 syndicalism 178 Southem Africa 19,145,154, 261-88 Table Bay 55 Southem Rhodesia see Tabora 68 Rhodesia, Southem talakawa 37, 144 Southem Rivers 54 Tananarive 192 Soviet Union 4,184,202,231, Tanganyika 96,122,124-5, 235-8, 245, 256, 270, 128,130,141-2,151; 283 (see also Russia) African Association 151; Soweto 12,265·,271,282 154-5,161,177,195--6, INDEX 355

197,199,203-5,208-9, mate' 59-61,65; nine• 218,220-1 (see also teenth-century Cape 77; Tanzania) ocean 34,55; and wage• Tanganyika, Lake 68 employment 148,150 (see Tanganyika African National also merchants and capital, Union 209,220-1,246 merchant) Tanganyika Federation of Trade Union Congress (UK) Labour 246 204 Tanzania xiv, 11, 13,34,41, Transkei 270, 286 68,109,208-9,221,238, Transvaal (see also South 240,242,246-51,277, African Republic) 101, 284 (see also Tanganyika, 108, 171-3, 179, 262, Zanzibar) 267-8,282 taxation 29,114,125,128, Trapido, Stanley 172 132, 135, 137-38, 166, Treason trials 269 204 trekboers 76-7, 79--80 tell 21 tribalism 152-4,215,220, Teke 94 228 telegraph 92, 203 tribes 6,22,26,153 Tema 252 tribute 26,32-3,41,44, 78, Terray, Emmanuel 13,32 112,114, 125 Tete 277,279 Trinidad 60 Tewodros (Kassa, Theodore) Trotskyism 14 71 True Whig Party 254 thaumaturgy 25 trust 54,65 Theron Commission 285 trypanosomiasis 124 Thies 135 Tshombe, MOlse 229-31,240 'Third World' 13 tsotsi 266 Thompson, Leonard 9,10 Tswana 101,106,241 Thuku, Harry 166 Tuareg 30 Tigre 28,71,256 Tunisia xiv, 225 Tigrinya 28 Tukulor 92 timber 243 Tutsi 32-3 tin 24,84, 120-1, 125 tyeddo 52 Tippu Tip 68, 71,88,104 tirailleurs senegalais 67, 89 Ubangi-Shari, see Central title societies 24, 36 African Republic tobacco 67,200,264 Uganda 32,98,117,130, Togo 96, 128, 141--2,226, 138-9,141,149,199, 250,258 217,222-3,228,230, Tomlinson Commission 266 235-6,238,240-1,247, Toure, Sekou 226, 253 250-1,253 trade,long-distance 6, 23-4, Uganda Agreement, 1900 25-6, 29-32, 64, 68-9, 125-6,146 73, 154; and dass in nine• Uganda People's Congress teenth-century Africa 81, 209,223,240-1 106,112-13; export-import Uganda Railway 123 196; gold 43; and Uige, Angola 274 imperialism 87-8; 'legiti- uitlanders 102 356 INDEX

Umar, al Haii 74, 92 vent-for-surplus 128 underdevelopment see depen• Vereeniging 103,268 dency theory verkramp 285 Uniaö das Popula~aös de verlig 285 Angola (UPA) 275 Verwoerd, Hendrik 266,269- Uniaö Nacional para a 70,272 Independencia Total de Vichy 140,194 Angola (UNITA) 276, Victoria Federation of Co• 283,287 operative Unions 197 Unilever 124-5, 130, 150, Victoria Nyanza, Lake 32,97, 196,212,237 123 Union des Populations du Viet Nam 225 Cameroun (UPC) 205-6, Vincent,Joan 149 224 Volksraad 101 Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga Volta rivers 252 118-20,231 Vorster, BJ. 269,280-1, Union Soudanaise 225 285 Unionist Party (South Africa) Vridi Canal 195 178, 181--2 United Africa Company 93, Waalo 74 150,196,212,237 walata 29 United Gold Coast Convention warrant chiefs 138 207,212 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 86 United National Independence Welensky, Sir Roy 222 Party (Zambia) 240 Welsh, David 79 United Nations Organisation Wernher, Beit & Co. 102 209-10,226,231 West Africa 9, 17, 18, 21, 26, United Party (South Africa) 29-32,34,49-55, 62-3, 184,189,262-3,272, 65-7, 72, 73, 81, 88, 285 90-3, 120-1, 129, 130, United States of America 131-~, 135, 139, 156, 4,8-9,48,50,59-61, 161, 163, 200, 205, 66-7,84,87, 110f, 211-17,224-7,229,251 157-8,163,166-7, West African Frontier Force 89 202-3,208,214,231-2, West Indies 9,10,60-1,67, 236-7,250,253,271-3 163-4,208 Urabi 94 wheat 56, 123 uranium 258 White Flag Rebellion 210 urban society 146-7,152-3, White Highlands 123, 144, 178,185,188,194,207, 199-200, 205-6, 220, 218-19,227 242 Usuman dan Fodio 155 whites see Europe/Europeans; racism Vaal river 77 Williams, Eric 60 Vail, Leroy 124 Williams, Raymond 14, 35 Van Bilsen,J. 228 Wilson, Sir Harold 279 Vansina, J an 10 wine 56,76 veeboers 55 (see also trekboers) witches 156 Venda 286 Witwatersrand 100, 102, 118 INDEX 357

178-9, 184, 188, 263, Zaire (see also Belgian Congo) 277 33,51,237,248,250, Wolof 160 257,277 women 19-21,23-4,37, Zaire, river (see Congo) 33 43-5,52,56,63,129, Zambesi 33, 43-4, 4ß, 68, 98, 131, 134, 147, 149, 152, 276,279 . 158,165,168, 183-4,207 Zambia 33-4,222,237,240, Women's War 165 247,249,253,257,260~ wool 76,78 273,276,280,284~ee World Bank 259 also Rhodesia, Northern) World War I 87,103,114, Zanzibar 48,64,68-9,71, 74, 128-9,178,194 125,199,218,221,241 World War 11 188,192-4, Zanzibar National Party 221 203,262-3 Zikists 214-15 Wretched 01 the Earth 10 Zimbabwe 33,34,43, 109, Wrigley, C.C. 10 161, 283-4, 287 (see also Rhodesia and Rhodesia, Xhosa 76,80 Southern) Xuma, Alfred 188 Zimbabwe African National Union 279-80, 282-3 Zimbabwe African People's yarns 21,132 Union 279-80,283 Yohannis IV Uohn) 71 Zionist churches 158,166-7 Yoruba, Yorubaland 22,52, Zoutpansberg 77 66, 72, 74, 97, 105-6, Zulu 34, 77-8, 80, 99-100, 114,139,153-4,215 106,109,174,266-7; Y oulou, Fulbert 254 Kwa ZulU. 286