DOCSLIB.ORG

The State and Nation-Building in Nigeria, 1967 – 2007: A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The State and Nation-Building in Nigeria, 1967 – 2007: A THE STATE AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA, 1967 – 2007: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS BY FALODE ADEWUNMI JAMES MATRICULATION NUMBER: 069015028 A THESIS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS MAY, 2012 i THE STATE AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA, 1967 – 2007: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS BY FALODE ADEWUNMI JAMES MATRICULATION NUMBER: 069015028 SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS. ii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the thesis submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, University of Lagos for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History and Strategic Studies is a record of original research carried out by FALODE ADEWUNMI JAMES, MATRICULATION NUMBER: 069015028 ____________________ _______________ __________ AUTHOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ____________________ _______________ __________ 1ST SUPERVISOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ____________________ _______________ __________ 2ND SUPERVISOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ____________________ _______________ __________ 1ST INTERNAL EXAMINER’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ____________________ _______________ __________ 2ND INTERNAL EXAMINER’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ____________________ _______________ __________ EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ____________________ _______________ __________ SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE SIGNATURE DATE STUDIES’ REPRESENTATIVE iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the good Lord Jesus Christ and to my parents, Elder and Mrs. Joseph Idowu Falode. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In writing this thesis, I am indebted to many. First, I wish to thank my primary supervisor, Dr. Ademola Adeleke, for his invaluable guidance, criticisms and suggestions. His enthusiastic encouragement and support provided the necessary stimulus that helped me complete this dissertation. I am immensely indebted to him for being a constant source of inspiration and encouragement. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to my second supervisor, Dr. David Aworawo. I owe him many thanks for sparing time from his busy schedule to read through my dissertation. His instructive commentaries and constructive criticisms helped me to fine-tune my work. I wish to thank the entire members of the Department of History and Strategic Studies, University of Lagos, for their assistance and guidance throughout the duration of my studentship. I also wish to express my profound gratitude to my brother Joseph Adeyeye. He was a constant source of strength and encouragement. Finally, I wish to express my immense and sincere gratitude to my wife Omonigho, and my children, Oluwatobi, Oluwadara and Oluwatosin. Their constant care, affection cooperation and understanding made it possible for me to complete this thesis. v Table of Contents Title Page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Table of Contents vi-x Lists of Abbreviations xi-xiv Abstract xv CHAPTER ONE Introduction and Background to the Study 1-14 Statement of the Problem 14-16 Justification for the Study 16-17 Significance of the Study 18 Scope and Limitations of the Study 19-20 Aims and Objectives 20-21 Research Questions 21 Operational Definition of Terms 22 Theoretiocal Framework 23-38 Methodology 38-40 Literature Review 40-47 Endnotes 48-55 CHAPTER TWO: THE EMERGENCE OF THE NIGERIAN STATE TO 1967 56-60 British Conquest of Nigeria, 1861 60-62 The Indirect Rule System 62-64 The Almalgamation of 1914 64-67 Nigerian Political Development to 1960 67-72 The Independence Era to 1970 72-88 Endnotes 89-94 vi CHAPTER THREE: THE ERA OF RECONSTRUCTION, 1967-1975 95-97 Conceptual Mechanism used by the Gowon Administration in the Nation-Building Process 97-104 Institutional Mechanism Used by the Gowon Regime in the Nation-Building Process 104-106 Praetorian Mechanism of the State during the Gowon Regime 106-109 Endnotes 110-114 CHAPTER FOUR: THE ERA OF SOCIAL RE-ENGINEERING: 1975-1985 Murtala/Obasanjo Regime, 1975-1979 115-122 Conceptual Mechanism used by the Murtala/Obasanjo Regime in the Nation-Building Process 122-123 Constitutional Mechanism used by the Murtala/Obasanjo Regime In the Nation-Building Process 123 Constitutional Drafting Committee (CDC), 1975 123-124 Institutional Mechanism used by the Murtala/Obasanjo Regime in the Nation-Building Process 124-126 Praetorian Mechanism used by the Murtala/Obasanjo Regime in the Nation-Building Process 126-127 Alhaji Shehu Shagari’s Administration, 1979-1983 127-133 The Nation-Building Efforts of Alhaji Shehu Shagari‟s Administration, 1979-1983 134 Conceptual Mechanism used by the Alhaji Shehu Shagari Regime in the Nation-Building Process 134-135 Buhari/Idiagbon Regime, 1983-1985 135-137 The Nation-Building Efforts of the Buhari/Idiagbon Regime, 1983-1985 137 The Conceptual Mechanism used by the Buhari/Idiagbon Regime in the Nation-Building Process 138 Praetorian Mechanism used by the Buhari/Idiagbon Regime in the Nation-Building Process 138-139 Endnotes 140-143 vii CHAPTER FIVE: THE ERA OF TRANSITION, 1985-1993 144-151 The Instutitional Mechanism used by the Babangida Regime in the Nation-Building Process 151 The Political Bureau, 1986-1987 151-154 The Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), July 1986-1994 154-157 Mass Mobilization for Social Justice and Economic Recovery (MAMSER), 1987 157-158 National Electoral Commission (NEC), 1987 158-159 Constitutional Mechansim used by the Babangida Regime in the Nation-Building Process 159-162 The Praetorian Mechansim used by the Babangida Regime in the Nation-Building Process 162-163 Endnotes 164-167 CHAPTER SIX: THE ERA OF CIVIL RESTRUCTURING, 1993-1999 168 General Sani Abacha‟s Regime, 1993-1998 168-175 The Preatorian Mechanism used by the Abacha Regime in the Nation-Building Process 176-177 Institutional Mechanism used by the Abacha Regime in the Nation-Building Process 177-178 Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), 1994 178 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), 1995 179 Constitutional Mechanism used by the Abacha Regime in the Nation-Building Process 179-180 Civil Society Groups (CSGs) and the Nation-Building Process in Nigeria 180-186 Typologies of CSGs in Nigeria 186-189 CSGs and The Nation-Building Process in Nigeria, 1967-1985 189 CSGs and the Babangida Regime, 1985-1993 190-191 CSGs and the Abacha Regime, 1993-1998 191-192 CSGs and General Abdulsalami Abubakar‟s Regime, 1998-1999 192-193 CSGs During the Fourth Republic, 1999-2007 193-195 Endnotes 196-201 viii CHAPTER SEVEN: THE DEMOCRATIC ERA 1999 – 2007 202-210 Institutional Mechanism used by the Obasanjo Administration 210 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Inde- Pendent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) 210-213 Niger Delta Deveploment Commission (NDDC), 2000 213 National Political Reform Conference, 2005 213-214 Conceptual Mechanisms used by the Obasanjo Administration 214-215 Power-Sharing 215-216 Zoning 216 National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), 2004 216-217 Constitutional Mechansims used by the Obasanjo Administration in the Nation-Building Process 218 Federal Character Principle 218-219 Endnotes 220-224 CHAPTER EIGHT: THE CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA 1967-2007: AN OVERVIEW 225-226 Challenge of Federalism 226-228 Challenge of Distribution 228-230 Challenge of Democracy 231-232 Challenge of Governance 232-233 Challenge of Aggressive Ethno-Regionalism 233-236 Challenge of Religion 236-238 Challenge of Corruption 238-239 Challenge of Ideology 240-241 Challenge of Autarky 241-242 Endnotes 243-248 ix CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE Conclusion 249-255 Recommnedations 255-260 Contributions to Knowledge 260-261 Bibliography 262-300 Appendix 301-307 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABN - Association for Better Nigeria AG – Action Group AFRC – Armed Forces Ruling Council ANC - All-Nigeria Congress ANPP - All Nigeria People‟s Party ASUU – Academic Staff Union Of Universities BYM – Bornu Youth Movement BDPP – Benin Delta People Party BMPIU – Budget Monitoring and Price Intelligence Unit CAN - Christian Association of Nigeria CDD - Centre for Development and Democracy CNC - Congress for National Consensus CSGS – Civil Society Groups CLO – Civil Liberties Organization CD – Campaign for Democracy CA – Constituent Assembly CRC – Constitutional Review Committee CDC – Constitutional Drafting Committee CDS – Centre for Democratic Studies CBDS – Community Based Organizations CDHR – Committee for The Defence Of Human Rights CFCR – Citizen‟s Forum for Constitutional Reform CRD - Centre for Research and Documentation CRP - Constitutional Rights Project DPN - Democratic Party of Nigeria DFRRI – Directorate of Foods, Roads, And Rural Infrastructure EPD – Enterprise Promotion Decree EFCC – Economic and Financial Crimes Commission ERN – Electoral Reform Network FEDECO – Federal Electoral Commission xi FMG - Federal Military Government FEM – Foreign Exchange Market FEC – Federal Executive Council GDP - Grassroots Democratic Party GNPP – Great Nigeria People‟s Party INEC – Independent National Electoral Commission ING – Interim National Government IPP - Ideal People‟s Party IYC - Ijaw Youth Council JAMB – Joint Admission Matriculation Board JACON – Joint Action Committee LC - Liberal Convention LHR - League for Human Rights MAMSER – Mass Mobilization for Self-Reliance, Economic Recovery and Social Justice MOSOP – Movement for the Struggle of the Ogoni People MAN - Manufacturers association of Nigeria MASSOB - Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra MEND - Movement
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Africa and the African Renaissance
    South Africa and the African Renaissance PETER VALE* AND SIPHO MASEKO On May , immediately prior to the adoption of South Africa’s new con- stitution,Thabo Mbeki, Nelson Mandela’s chosen successor, opened his address to the country’s Constitutional Assembly with the words ‘I am an African!’. In an inclusionary speech, symptomatic of post-apartheid South Africa, Mbeki drew strands of the country’s many histories together. His words evoked great emotion within the assembly chamber, and later throughout the country: across the political spectrum, South Africans strongly associated themselves with the spirit of reconciliation and outreach caught in his words. South Africa’s reunification with the rest of the continent had been a significant sub-narrative within the processes which led to negotiation over the ending of apartheid. That South Africa would become part of the African community was, of course, beyond doubt; what was at issue was both the sequence of events by which this would happen and the conditionalities attached to its happening.The continent’s enthusiasm for the peace process in South Africa was initially uneven: the Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit in June decided to retain sanctions against South Africa although the Nigerian leader, General Ibrahim Babingida, expressed an interest in meet- ing South Africa’s then President, F.W.de Klerk, if such an occasion ‘would help bring about majority rule.’ The political prize attached to uniting South Africa with the rest of the continent explains why South Africa’s outgoing minority government, despite energetic and expensive diplomatic effort, was unable to deliver its own version of South Africa in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Property and Copyright 36Th Year-No
    Published monthly Annual subscription: 190 Swiss francs Each monthly issue: Industrial 24 Swiss francs Geneva Property 3rd Year - No. 6 June 1997 (Industrial Property and Copyright 36th Year-No. 6) (Copyright Monthly Review of the 33rd Year-No. 6) World Intellectual Property Organization Contents GOVERNING BODIES OF WIPO WIPO Budget Committee. Sixteenth Session; WTPO Premises Committee. Seventh Session (Geneva, April 14 and 15,1997) 210 WIPO Budget Committee. Seventeenth Session (Geneva, April 16 and 18,1997) 210 NOTIFICATIONS CONCERNING TREATIES ADMINISTERED BY WIPO Berne Convention. Withdrawal of Notification Concerning Mongolia 211 Rome Convention I. Accession: Cape Verde 212 IL Ratification: Lebanon 212 Phonograms Convention. Accession: Latvia 212 Budapest Treaty. Termination of the Status of International Depositary Authority Under Article 8(2): National Collection of Food Bacteria (NCFB) (United Kingdom). 212 Trademark Law Treaty. Accession: Burkina Faso 213 NORMATIVE ACTIVITIES OF WTPO UNESCO-WIPO World Forum on the Protection of Folklore (Phuket, April 8 to 10,1997) 213 WIPO World Symposium on Broadcasting, New Communication Technologies and Intellectual Property (Manila, April 28 to 30,1997) 214 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION AC- TIVITIES International Patent Classification (IPC) Union. Committee of Experts. Twenty-Fifth Session (Geneva, March 10 to 14,1997) 216 [Continued overleaf] WIPO 1997 Any reproduction of official notes or reports and translations of laws or agreements published in this ISSN 1020-2196
    [Show full text]
  • A Socio- Economic History of Alcohol in Southeastern Nigeria Since 1890
    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Alcohol has various socio-economic and cultural functions among the people of southeastern Nigeria. It is used in rituals, marriages, oath taking, festivals and entertainment. It is presented as a mark of respect and dignity. The basic alcoholic beverage produced and consumed in the area was palm -wine tapped from the oil palm tree or from the raffia- palm. Korieh notes that, from the fifteenth century contacts between the Europeans and peoples of eastern Nigeria especially during the Atlantic slave trade era, brought new varieties of alcoholic beverages primarily, gin and whisky.1 Thus, beginning from this period, gins especially schnapps from Holland became integrated in local culture of the peoples of Eastern Nigeria and even assumed ritual position.2 From the 1880s, alcohol became accepted as a medium of exchange for goods and services and a store of wealth.3 By the early twentieth century, alcohol played a major role in the Nigerian economy as one third of Nigeria‘s income was derived from import duties on liquor.4 Nevertheless, prior to the contact of the people of Southern Nigeria with the Europeans, alcohol was derived mainly from the oil palm and raffia palm trees which were numerous in the area. These palms were tapped and the sap collected and drunk at various occasions. From the era of the Trans- Atlantic slave trade, the import of gin, rum and whisky became prevalent.These were used in ex-change for slaves and to pay comey – a type of gratification to the chiefs. Even with the rise of legitimate trade in the 19th century alcoholic beverages of various sorts continued to play important roles in international trade.5 Centuries of importation of gin into the area led to the entrenchment of imported gin in the culture of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Diplomatic Crisis of Nigeria and South Africa Between 1994 and 2013
    E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 4 No 1 ISSN 2281-3993 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy March 2015 Exploring Diplomatic Crisis of Nigeria and South Africa between 1994 and 2013 Samuel Augustine Umezurike Department of Politics and International Studies (POLIS), University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa [email protected] or [email protected] Dr Asuelime E Lucky Department of Politics and International Studies (POLIS), University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa Email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n1p65 Abstract Nigeria’s relations with South Africa were of double standard during the apartheid era. The post-independence Nigeria and the apartheid regime in Pretoria relations were sour and confrontational, while it was friendly between Nigeria and the liberation movements in South Africa, especially with the African National Congress (ANC). It was more so because Nigeria adopted Africa as the centerpiece of its foreign policy, and committed itself to the total liberation of the African continent from colonialism and racism. Nigeria staged untiring opposition to colonialism on the African continent, and the racism that existed in South Africa before 1994. The beginning of a new era started in the final days of apartheid in South Africa when President de Klerk visited Nigeria in April 1992 to discuss bilateral issues, mostly trade relations. The paper examines, however, Nigeria and South Africa’s diplomatic fluidity since re-establishing formal relations in 1994 in order to understand the causes of the misunderstanding and the effect on both countries’ relations and suggest better ways to foster their relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic and Cultural Development of Nigeria
    LJ~GUISTIC A.ND CULTURAL Ol<.:VELOPMENT OF NIGERIA: I\tlASS MEDIA INFLUENCE AND lMPACr BY ABIGAIL ODOZI OGWEZZY LECTURER 0-0 - - DEPART IE T OF MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVli:nSITY OF LAGOS AKOKA - LACOS A PAPER PRESE. TED AT TilE 6'1'11 APN1LAC NATIONAL CONFERENCE A lrstrac-t '}'I,:,\, /'(//"',. cvnm itn:« the Role ofth c Tncd U) IIf tlt« /llIgIII,\'I/L' IIIld "11/1111'0/ .towtoinnont ql' Sig('I'IC1, , '1}('('ilh'C1/~\', il,/i!('/I.\'l'S oU th«: ,",'('I('I)"i(' media. If look. ••at broadcast regulations as 1'L'.I!,(ln/S IIIL' iSSIIL' 111/(1 opines tliat tli«: medic: through tts /JI'oJ{rafl"I/t1.\'lI/aIHJ visible our 'angllages and cultures. Delving into issues ofmessage packaging, the paper arguesthat II· 'If I"l'(t! {'rfl,I!1'UIIJIIIl'S CO/l ln: heifeR packaged To make them more attractive and (11I Tilt' net: )J'/~ ui! J)" J" 1,\ if /"./!.' \',' \ I'" 1/ /"'1 111/0 It.' IIIf' /lI'og nil/lilies, and thus the languages and cultures. If posits that the media is under-representing th« ilJ(/IJ:;T:IIIJ/1,V /'ffIHl/fI}{(J,V antl clI/11IreS in their programming and calls for a revisit to avoid another form of imperialism, especially in Theface of debates on media hegemony. It concludes that the media can help in the linguistic and cultural development of Nigeria. L,\'TRODLJCTtON Mcdiu is taken from the Latin word 'medius' which means middle. Communication media are different technological processes that facilitate communication. between (and are in till! middle of) the sender of a message and the receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Walter Ofonagoro [The Five Remaining Members of T�E Constitutional Com­ Mission Are: Dr
    Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 21, Number 24, June 10, 1994 in New York City. Interview: Dr. Walter Ofonagoro [The five remaining members of t�e Constitutional Com­ mission are: Dr. Tunji Otegbeye; C�ief Ayo Ogbolofami; Amb. Yahaya Kwande; Chief C.A. J\gbogi; and Professor Ijioma.] So, you see the kind of people we have here? Do you think these are the kind of people ybu put together to pull The constitutional road the wool over the Nigerian people's eyes? We are inviting memorandums from the entire nation, the public at large, to genuine democracy interest groups, communities, etc., to tell us exactly what they think is wrong with Nigeria and how we can put it right, Dr. Walter Ofonagoro is chairman of the Publicity and Con­ and to tell us the kind of Nigeria they want, so that we ference Convention Committee of the National Constitution­ can have a constitution emanating d�rectly from the people al Conference Commission in Nigeria. He is a former associ­ themselves. And for the last five m()nths we've been bom­ ate professor of African economic history at Columbia barded with over 1,200 memoranda., Out of these, we have Universityin New York City. Dr. Ofonagoro was interviewed been able to extract an agenda for the conference. We also by phone in Abuja, the Nigerian capital, on May 31 by Lydia organized elections. Each ward in the country elects five Cherry. delegates and these five elect their district delegates to the Constitutional Conference. There are 6,927 electoral wards EIR: You are preparing for a Constitutional Conference in in this country, each one electing five delegates.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Page 1 of 52
    Nigeria Page 1 of 52 September 1996 Vol. 8, No. 3 (A) NIGERIA "PERMANENT TRANSITION" Current Violations of Human Rights in Nigeria SUMMARY Despite its stated commitment to return Nigeria to elected civilian rule by October 1, 1998, the military government continues to violate the rights of Nigerians to free political activity, including freedom of expression, assembly and association, freedom of movement, and freedom from arbitrary detention and trial. Its security forces in Ogoniland and elsewhere persist in a longstanding pattern of human rights abuses. Head of state General Sani Abacha continues to hold in arbitrary detention the presumed winner of the June 12, 1993 elections, Chief M.K.O. Abiola. Nigerians are deeply skeptical that this military government, after setting aside the fairest elections ever held in their country, will hand over power to a civilian government when it has promised to do so. Nigeria appears to be in a state of permanent transition, still governed by the armed forces a decade after a program to restore democracy was first announced by General Ibrahim Babangida. Recent reforms announced by the government-including the restoration of a right to appeal to a higher court in some cases where it had been denied, the repeal of a decree preventing the courts from granting writs of habeas corpus in favor of detainees without charge, and the creation of a human rights commission-have had no effect in practice, and do not begin to address the need for fundamental reform and renewal. The transition program announced on October 1, 1995, is already slipping behind schedule, while the conditions that have been set for political participation seem designed to exclude the great majority of credible and committed pro-democracy activists.
    [Show full text]
  • V39-Eagle Report Draft 3:Draft 1
    THE EAGLE AND THE SPRINGBOK: STRENGTHENING THE NIGERIA/SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONSHIP CENTRE FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA POLICY ADVISORY GROUP SEMINAR REPORT 9-10 JUNE 2012, THE MOORHOUSE, LAGOS, NIGERIA THE EAGLE AND THE SPRINGBOK: STRENGTHENING THE NIGERIA/SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONSHIP CAPE TOWN • SOUTH AFRICA POLICY ADVISORY GROUP SEMINAR REPORT THE MOORHOUSE, LAGOS, NIGERIA 9-10 JUNE 2012 RAPPORTEURS DAWN NAGAR AND MARK PATERSON ii THE EAGLE AND THE SPRINGBOK: STRENGTHENING THE NIGERIA/SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONSHIP Table of Contents Acknowledgments, Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), and the Rapporteurs v Executive Summary 1 Introduction 6 1. The History of Nigeria/South Africa Bilateral Relations 8 2. The Diplomacy of Nigeria/South Africa Bilateral Relations 13 3. Nigeria/South Africa Multilateral Relations 16 4. Nigeria/South Africa Economic Relations 20 5. Nigeria/South Africa Trade Relations 23 6. Civil Society Perspectives 26 7. The Future of Nigeria/South Africa Relations 29 Policy Recommendations 32 Annexes I. Agenda 34 II. List of Participants 37 III. List of Acronyms 39 DESIGNED BY: KULT CREATIVE, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA EDITORS: ADEKEYE ADEBAJO AND MARK PATERSON, CENTRE FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA PHOTOGRAPHER: EMMANUEL BALOGUN THE EAGLE AND THE SPRINGBOK: STRENGTHENING THE NIGERIA/SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONSHIP iii iv THE EAGLE AND THE SPRINGBOK: STRENGTHENING THE NIGERIA/SOUTH AFRICA RELATIONSHIP Acknowledgments The Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), in Cape Town, South Africa, would like to thank the governments of Denmark and Norway for their generous support which made possible the holding of the policy advisory group seminar, “The Eagle and the Springbok: Strengthening the Nigeria/South Africa Relationship” at The Moorhouse, Lagos, Nigeria, from 9 to 10 June 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Repressive State and Resurgent Media Under Nigeria's
    Research Report No. 126 Ayo Olukotun Repressive State and Resurgent Media Under Nigeria’s Military Dictatorship, 1988–98 Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Uppsala 2004 Indexing terms Censorship Democratization Media Military government Political opposition Press Nigeria Language checking: Peter Colenbrander ISSN 1104-8425 ISBN 91-7106-524-5 © the author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2004 Printed in Sweden by Elanders Infologistics Väst AB, Göteborg 2004 Table of Contents Dedication . 5 Introduction. 7 CHAPTER 1 Hegemonic Contest – Repressive State Versus Resurgent Media. 9 I. Introduction. 9 II. The Context – Antecedants . 10 III. Hegemony Theory. 12 IV. Hegemony and the Media – Applying the Theory . 15 CHAPTER 2 The Economic and Technological Tapestry – The Global Backdrop . 21 I. Nigerian Media – Economics, Technology and Ownership The Context . 23 II. Harsh Economics and Survival Strategies. 27 III. Conclusion – Economics, Technology and Hegemony . 33 CHAPTER 3 Repression and Resistance 1989–93 . 37 I. Introduction. 37 II. Toughening Cadences and the Context of Repression . 39 III. Calendar of Repressive Activities. 45 IV. Coverage of the Annulment Controversy Crisis . 50 V. Conclusion . 55 CHAPTER 4 Censorship and Intolerance – The Media in the Abacha Years . 60 I. Introduction. 60 II. Harsh Cadences, Persecution and Resistance . 62 III. A Calendar of Repression . 69 IV. Editorial Postures – The June 1994 Crisis . 72 V. Conclusion . 75 CHAPTER 5 Driven Underground – The Guerrilla Media Phenomenon . 78 I. Introduction. 78 II. Profile and Perceptions . 79 III. Editorial Postures – The Election Annulment Controversy . 86 IV. The Self-Succession Controversy – Antecedents . 91 V. Linkages to Civil Society and Production Strategy . 95 VI. Conclusion – Retrospect and Prospect . 98 CHAPTER 6 Protest Vernacular – Neo-Traditional Media Versus the Military State .
    [Show full text]
  • NIGERIA AAAPERMANENT TRANSITION@@@ Current Violations of Human Rights in Nigeria
    September 1996 Vol. 8, No. 3 (A) NIGERIA AAAPERMANENT TRANSITION@@@ Current Violations of Human Rights in Nigeria SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................................................3 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................................................4 To the Nigerian Government .........................................................................................................................4 To the International Community....................................................................................................................5 THE LATEST ATRANSITION@ PROGRAM ............................................................................................................8 The Annulment of the 1993 Elections and the November 1993 Coup ..........................................................8 The National Constitutional Conference........................................................................................................9 The Abacha Transition Program..................................................................................................................10 Local Government Elections........................................................................................................................12 Guidelines for the Registration of Political Parties ......................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • REPLANTING the SEEDS of HOME: SLAVERY, KING JAJA, and IGBO CONNECTIONS in the NIGER DELTA, 1821-1891 by Joseph Miles Davey A
    REPLANTING THE SEEDS OF HOME: SLAVERY, KING JAJA, AND IGBO CONNECTIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA, 1821-1891 By Joseph Miles Davey A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History- Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ABSTRACT REPLANTING THE SEEDS OF HOME: SLAVERY, KING JAJA, AND IGBO CONNECTIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA, 1821-1891 By Joseph Miles Davey My dissertation argues that past examinations of West African slave systems have over- emphasized the importance of social, linguistic and cultural marginalization, highlighted by a lack of access to the enslaving society's kinship networks, as the defining factors of slavery in West Africa. By centering the narrative of renown nineteenth century slave-turned-king, Jaja of Opobo, my work argues that, as abolition took effect in the Atlantic world, Igbo slaves amassing in Niger Delta trading state of Bonny were increasingly able to maintain elements of their natal identities and, in cases like Jaja's, were able to reconnect with their natal kinship network in the Igbo interior. Furthermore, my dissertation argues that the slavery-to-kinship continuum model, first put forth by Miers and Kopytoff in 1977, is inherently flawed, inasmuch as it only accounts for the ability of the enslaved to be absorbed into the kinship networks of the slave-holding society, ignoring completely their ability to reconnect with their natal kinship groups in this increasingly turbulent period of West Africa's history. Copyright by JOSEPH MILES DAVEY 2015 This work is dedicated to my collaborators, my friends and all of the citizens of Umuduruoha.
    [Show full text]
  • A CRITICAL REVIEW of the EVOLUTION of KINGSHIP SYSTEM AMONG the IGBO of NIGERIA Dons Eze Agency for Community and Social Development Project, Enugu, Nigeria
    International Journal of Health and Psychology Research Vol.3, No.2, pp.10-20, November 2015 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF KINGSHIP SYSTEM AMONG THE IGBO OF NIGERIA Dons Eze Agency for Community and Social Development Project, Enugu, Nigeria. ABSTRACT: In this paper, we look at the evolution of the kingship system among the Igbo people of Nigeria. From a republican form of administration where the Council of Elders played pivotal roles in determining the political governance of the people, the Igbo are made to adopt a kingship system that confers political authority on a single individual. Aside of the initial hiccups that arose while introducing the system there is a further problem of how to institutionalize the kingship system in a largely republican character of Igbo society. Here, we take a cursory look at the evolution of the kingship system in Igboland and the criteria set out by successive administrations for selecting and recognizing the Igbo king. We then compare the Igbo king with his counterparts in other parts of Nigeria, in particular, the Hausa/Fulani and the Yoruba kings. We conclude that even in trying to meet with the ideal, the Igbo king still mirrors the republican character of traditional Igbo society. KEYWORDS: Republicanism, Warrant Chief, Kingship, Chieftaincy, Traditional Ruler. INTRODUCTION The way and means people can live together in peace to pursue a better life for themselves has remained a problem since man found himself in society. When the British came to Nigeria as colonial overlords, they sought for an easy way to rule the country without committing much resource into the system.
    [Show full text]