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Butterflies As Spiritual Insects in the Akihabara Culture

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Butterflies As Spiritual Insects in the Akihabara Culture Journal of Geek Studies jgeekstudies.org Cultural lepidopterology in modern Japan: butterflies as spiritual insects in the Akihabara Culture Hideto Hoshina Faculty of Education, University of Fukui, Fukui City, 910-8507 Japan. Email: [email protected] Butterflies are one of the most popular pillars, is very popular and has been broad- insects because they have diversified and casted in Japan since 2013. Moreover, the colorful wings. They were probably the first logo of a Korean airplane company, Jin Air, insects to be collected purely for their beau- is a butterfly (there are no butterfly logos ty (Preston-Mafham, 2004). In the Western for Japanese airplane companies). More- culture, Dicke (2004) showed that butter- over, many butterfly-shaped accessories are flies and moths are the most frequently sold in Seoul City (Hoshina, 2019). depicted insects in Western art from 13th century till date. Hvenegaad (2016) recog- What did older Japanese people tradi- nized 81 insect festivals in North Ameri- tionally think about butterflies? Dunn (2000) ca through a web-based research study in indicated that famous Japanese poets in the 2015. Of these festivals, 49% focus on all Edo period (1603–1868) wrote their works, insects. In festivals that target one group of haiku, using butterflies, dragonflies, cicadas, insects, 31% focus on butterflies, followed crickets, grasshoppers, and fireflies as their by 4% on dragonflies and honeybees, and subject matter. However, Japanese people 1 3% on caterpillars and blackflies. Further- loved fireflies and singing Orthoptera more more, Shipley & Bixler (2017) demonstrated than butterflies before World War II (Hoshi- that modern American people are generally na, 2017a, 2018b), likely due to their limit- friendly towards butterflies as revealed in ed seasonal appearance. They deeply love an interview with 60 participants, in the age cherry blossoms and prodigiously drink li- range of 18 to 50 years. quor around the roots of trees every spring because flowers open for only about ten Similarly, Korean people are likely to days in April. On the contrary, most erst- show favorability towards butterflies in while Japanese people felt that butterflies, general (Hoshina, 2019). In Hampyeong especially the common species Paplio xuthus of the southwestern Korean peninsula, a Linnaeus, 1767 (the Asian swallowtail) and butterfly festival has been held every year Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) (the small cab- since 1999. The festival is one of ecotourism, bage white), were tedious, yet beautiful, during which visitors observe many butter- because they are multivoltine,2 and adults flies and flowers, learning about the natural emerge from spring to autumn (Hoshina, environment and eco-friendly agriculture 2018a). (Kim et al., 2008a, 2008b). Additionally, the 3D Korean animation Larva (TUBAn Co., Moreover, although butterflies often ap- 2006), in which main characters are cater- pear in many worldwide mythologies (for 1 Orthoptera is the order of insects that includes grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. 2 A multivoltine species has two or more broods of offspring per year. 149 Hoshina, H. example, Wyman & Bailey, 1964; Shinoda, ed in Akihabara Culture, which is a symbol 2018), they are not described in the Japanese of the modern Japanese culture. I have pre- myths (Hoshina, 2017b). In addition, in the viously discussed rhinoceros beetles and oldest Japanese poetical work, Man’yōshū ( fireflies appearing in Akihabara Culture 万葉集), which was edited in the 8th centu- (Hoshina & Takada, 2012; Hoshina, 2018c). ry, there are no poems of butterflies (Taka- Therefore, I have focused the discussion on hashi, 1988). Furthermore, older Japanese butterflies in this paper. people were uncomfortable with the ex- treme changes of butterflies from larvae to adults (Kozai, 2012). Thus, they general- ly paid little attention to butterflies before BUTTERFLIES AS SOULS World War II. In the ending of a Japanese TV anima- So, what do present-day Japanese peo- tion, This Ugly yet Beautiful World (この醜く ple think about butterflies? This will be dis- も美しい世界, romanized as Kono Minikuku cussed here, related to cultural entomology. mo Utsukushii Sekai; by Gainax), in 2004, Recently, some papers about Japanese vid- a scene of numerous red butterflies was eo games included in ‘Akihabara Culture’ shown, representing souls of all lives before were published in a branch of cultural en- birth, flying into the universe from Earth. tomology (Kawahara, 2007; Hoshina, 2018c; Kittel, 2018; Schmidt-Jefferus & Nelson, In a Japanese animation movie, A Silent 2018; Shelomi, 2019). Further, Kritsky & Voice (映画 聲の形, Eiga Koe no Katachi; by Smith (2018) in “Akihabara Culture: Toys, Kyoto Animation), in 2016, the soul of the Video Games, and Anime from Modern Ja- heroin’s grandmother transformed into a pan” provided a descriptive introduction white butterfly after her death and flew to of cultural entomology. Generally, foreign the heroin in order to see her again in the researchers thought that Japanese people funeral ceremony (Miyanoshita, 2019). traditionally have a favorable disposition Cafe Stella to Shinigami no Chou (喫茶 towards insects (Hogue, 1987; Dunn, 2000). ステラと死神の蝶, Kissa Stera to Shinigami Therefore, some cultural entomologists may no Chou; by Yuzusoft) went on sale in 2019, be interested in how the insects are depict- Figure 1. Aoi Sorakado and a butterfly; © Visual Arts/Key. Journal of Geek Studies 7(2): 149-159 (2020). Cultural lepidopterology in modern Japan which is a romantic fantasy graphic novel. BUTTERFLIES AS SPIRITUAL ME- One of the main characters, Kо̄sei Taka- DIUMS FOR WOMEN TO RELEASE mine, is run over by a car and dies soon af- MAGICAL POWERS ter the start of the story. However, he can turn back the clock to before the traffic ac- A series of action games, Samurai War- cident through a strange power of a blue riors (戦国無双, Sengoku Musō; by Koei), is butterfly. Subsequently, a deceased female set during the Japanese Civil War in the 16th appears before him and explains that blue century, and its first product went on sale butterflies are human souls and dangerous in 2004. Players operate military command- for the world. Therefore, he decides to sup- ers, or their wives or sisters, aiming to de- port her in collecting butterflies. feat the opposing army. One of the popular characters, Nōhime, is a voluptuous and Summer Pockets is a popular romantic mysterious lady who is called “a butterfly graphic novel released in 2018 (by studio accompanying her husband, like Satan”. Key). The novel is set in a small rural is- She usually fights by using long claws and land. The hero, a boy named Hairi Taka- sometimes releases many purplish-red but- hara, comes to the island from a large city terflies to initiate explosions that kill many during a summer vacation and meets a enemy soldiers (Fig. 2). shrine maiden girl, Ao Sorakado. On the is- land, shining whitish strange butterflies fly Hisahide Matsunaga is a character in the about a mountain at night. These butterflies animation The Ambition of Oda Nobuna (織 represent incarnations of the memories of 田信奈の野望, Oda Nobuna no Yabō; by Stu- people who died with regret. She searched dio Gokumi and Madhouse), which was for butterflies having memories of her older broadcasted in 2012 and set in the Japanese twin sister, Ai, who is in a death-like state Civil War period in the 16th century. She is (Fig. 1). Hairi begins to look for butterflies half-Japanese, a witch, and a lush and mys- with her. terious girl. She can suddenly teleport from a faraway place, accompanied by many golden-yellow butterflies, to confuse her enemies. Figure 2. Nōhime in Samurai Warriors 4-II; ©Koei Tecmo Games. 151 Hoshina, H. Figure 3. Yukina Shinjō in Manatsu no Yoru no Yuki Monogatari; © Ex-One. A graphic novel, Manatsu no Yoru no Yuki set on the Eternal Summer Island existing Monogatari (真夏の夜の雪物語; by Ex-One), in a dream of the heroine, Ayumu Nanase. went on sale in 2011 and is a romantic fanta- Many blue butterflies fly laughing in a low sy graphic novel. The heroine, Yukina Shin- voice all over the island. These butterflies jō, is a yuki-onna, which means a beautiful are souls that invite humans into her dream. snow fairy filled with much love, a famous In the end, she sees her deceased lover in Japanese traditional monster wearing a ki- her dream, and a cloud of butterflies disap- mono. She releases many frozen pale but- pears entering into her body (Fig. 4). terflies that freezes the whole town in the end of the story (Fig. 3). The TV animation series Sister Princess, by Zexcs Inc., was broadcasted in 2001. The In this way, butterflies often become main characters included one elder broth- spiritual mediums in order to charge magi- er and twelve younger sisters that loved cal powers released by female characters in him very much. One day, one of the sisters, the Akihabara Culture. Aria, lost a ribbon, which was a present from her brother, and wept over it. She saw a tree sprit changing into an elderly gentle- man and looked for the ribbon with him. BUTTERFLY FLIGHT IN THE DREAM Just then, a green butterfly appeared be- WORLD AND CONNECTION TO fore them and took them to a dream world. THE REAL WORLD Once they found her ribbon, they returned to the real world. In the Blackfoot tribe of North Ameri- ca, there is a myth in which butterflies are Akai Ito (アカイイト, by Success Corpo- spreaders of sleep and dreams (Cherry, ration) is a horror graphic novel that went 2005; Prischmann et al., 2009). In the Aki- on sale in 2004. The heroine, Kei Hatō, is habara Culture, butterflies are often given an ordinary high school student. However, a similar role. A graphic novel, Natsu Yume she is targeted by an oni, a traditional Jap- Nagisa (ナツユメナギサ, by SAGA PLAN- anese devil, because her blood is a favor- ETS), went on sale in 2009 and is an emo- ite dish for oni.
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