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Entomologi Copyright Lufthi Rusniarsyah Kie2nd@Ipb.Ac.Id kie2nd | Entomologi Copyright Lufthi Rusniarsyah [email protected] http://kie2nd.staff.ipb.ac.id/entomologi/ Entomologi Entomologi adalah salah satu cabang ilmu biologi yang mempelajari serangga. Istilah ini berasal dari dua perkataan Latin – entomon bermakna serangga dan logos bermakna ilmu pengetahuan. Batasan dan Ruang Lingkup Entomologi Secara terbatas, Entomologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari serangga (insecta). Akan tetapi, arti ini seringkali diperluas untuk mencakup ilmu yang mempelajari Arthropoda (hewan beruas-ruas) lainnya, khususnya laba-laba dan kerabatnya (Arachnida atau Arachnoidea), serta luwing dan kerabatnya (Millepoda dan Centipoda). Dimasukannya Arthropoda lain sebagai bagian yang dibahas pada Entomologi karena ada hubungan evolusioner/filogenetis dalam konteks pembahasan taksomis dengan serangga. Selain itu dalam konteks fungsional Arthropoda lain berperan sebagai pemangsa dan pesaing bagi serangga. Melalui entomologi kita akan diajak memgenal serangga lebih jauh. Sebagai disiplin ilmu yang sudah berkembang pesat entomologi kini dapat dibagi menjadi dua cabang ilmu yaitu Entomologi Dasar dan Entomologi Terapan. Entomologi Dasar dibagi lagi menjadi sub-cabang ilmu yang lebih khusus antara lain : - Morfologi Serangga adalah ilmu yang mempelajari bentuk dan struktur tubuh serangga, biasanya lebih ditekankan kepada bentuk dan struktur luar tubuh serangga. - Anatomi dan Fisiologi Serangga adalah ilmu yang mempelajari bentuk dan struktur organ dalam serangga beserta fungsinya. - Perilaku (behavior) Serangga adalah ilmu yang mempelajari apa yang dilakukan serangga, bagaimana dan kenapa serangga melakukannya. - Ekologi Serangga adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan serangga dengan lingkungannya baik lingkungan biotic (organisme lain) maupun lingkungan non-biotik (faktor fisik dan kimia). - Patologi Serangga adalah ilmu yang mempelajari serangga sakit baik tingkat individu (patobiologi) maupun pada tingkat populasi (epizootiologi). - Taksonomi Serangga adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tatanama dan page 1 / 4 kie2nd | Entomologi Copyright Lufthi Rusniarsyah [email protected] http://kie2nd.staff.ipb.ac.id/entomologi/ penggolongan serangga. Dalam mengkaji taksonomi ini banyak para ahli serangga (Entomologyst) mengkhuskan kajian hanya pada satu ordo bahkan satu famili dari serangga, mereka memberi nama ilmunya biasanya didasarkan kepada nama ilmiah kelompok serangga tersebut seperti : - Apiology (melittology), adalah ilmu yang khusus mempelajari lebah. - Coleopterology, adalah ilmu yang khusus mempelajari kumbang. - Dipterology, adalah ilmu yang khusus mempelajari lalat. - Hemipterology, adalah ilmu yang khusus mempelajari kepik. - Lepidopterology, adalah ilmu yang khusus mempelajari kupu-kupu dan ngengat. - Myrmecology, adalah ilmu yang khusus mempelajari semut. - Orthopterology, ilmu yang khusus mempelajari belalang, jengkrik, kecoak dan sebangsanya Entomologi terapan kini telah terspesialisasi kedalam sub-sub disiplin yang lebih khusus yaitu : - Entomologi Forensik memfokuskan kajian pada penyelidikan kematian manusia dengan menggunakan serangga sebagai petunjuk. Jenis, fase kehidupan dan suksesi serangga yang berasosiasi dengan mayat, misalnya berbagai jenis lalat seperti Cochliomyia macellaria, Hydrotaea aenescens, dan Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis dan kumbang bangkai seperti Nicrophorusorbicollis dan Necrophila americana dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi saat dan lokasi kematian manusia yang bersangkutan. - Entomologi kedokteran (Medical Entomology), memfokuskan kajian pada golongan serangga pengganggu manusia, baik yang langsung (penyengat/menggigit mangsa seperti tawon, lebah, kutu dan serangga berbisa lainnya), maupun yang tidak langsung (vektor penyakit seperti lalat, nyamuk,kecoak, pinjal/kutu). - Entomologi Peternakan (Veterinary Entomology), memfokuskan kajian kepada serangga yang mengganggu pada peternakan baik yang bersifat langsung seperti caplak, kutu yang bersifat ektoparasit pada hewan ternak maupun yang berperan sebagai vektor penyakit. Hewan dapat berfungsi sebagai inang alternatif bagi berbagai pathogen penyebab penyakit pada manusia dan tidak jarang serangga berperan sebagai vektornya. Misalnya penyakit malaria dapat ditularkan dari kera ke manusia dan sebaliknya, dengan vektor perantara adalah nyamuk Anopheles. Penyakit flu burung (avian influensa) dapat page 2 / 4 kie2nd | Entomologi Copyright Lufthi Rusniarsyah [email protected] http://kie2nd.staff.ipb.ac.id/entomologi/ ditularkan dari unggas ke manusia. - Entomologi perkotaan (Urban Entomology), secara khusus mengkaji serangga-serangga yang menjadi masalah dikawasan perkotaan, Disini lebih difokuskan pada serangga-serangga yang berasosiasi dengan manusia (fasilitas manusia) yang masih hidup seperti kecoak, lalat, nyamuk, dan rayap diperumahan, hotel, apartemen, gudang, perkantoran, kapal laut, pesawat udara. - Entomologi Kehutanan (Forest Entomology), disini pengkajian lebih difokuskan pada serangga-serangga yang berada pada ekosistem hutan baik serangga yang bermanfaat seperti lebah madu berperan sebagai produsen dan polinator di ekosistim hutan, dan sebagian rayap (Capritermes) dapat berperan sebagai serangga saprofit yang membantu menguraikan materi organik berupa serasah dan pohon tumbang di ekosistem hutan. Sedangkan kelompok rayap lain (Coptotermes) berperan sebagi hama merusak hutan jati. - Entomologi Pertanian (Agricultural Entomology), fokus kajian pada serangga-serangga yang berasosiasi dengan ekosistem pertanian seperti tanaman hortikultura, tanaman pangan dan perkebunan baik yang menguntungkan seperti serangga pollinator, peredator dan parasitoid maupun serangga herbivor yang berperan sebagai hama yang dapat merusak semua bagian tanaman mulai dari akar, batang, daun, bahkan sampai ke buah dan biji yang sudah tersimpan di gudang. Kelompok serangga-serangga menguntungkan, kelompok ini antara lain dibagi menjadi: dapat - Serangga yang dapat menghasilkan sesuatu yang akan memberi nilai tambah di dalam kehidupan manusia. Sebagai contoh: Apis spp. (penghasil madu), Bombyx mori (penghasil sutera), Laccifer lucca (penghasil politur). - Serangga yang dapat meningkatkan produksi hasil panen (polinator) contoh lebah (Apis mellifera), kupu-kupu (Papilio menon) - Serangga sebagai musuh alami seperti predator, contoh Mantis regilosa (walang sembah), Ophius sp. (predator hama buah), parasitoid (beberapa famili Hymenoptera) - Serangga yang dapat menguraikan sisa materi organik (detritus dan sampah) misalnya bangsa lalat dan kumbang. Kelompok serangga-serangga yang merugikan, dapat dibagi antara lain: - Serangga hama tanaman, contoh Nilaparvata lugens (hama tanaman padi), Bactrocera spp (hama/lalat buah),Tribolium sp. (hama gudang) page 3 / 4 kie2nd | Entomologi Copyright Lufthi Rusniarsyah [email protected] http://kie2nd.staff.ipb.ac.id/entomologi/ - Serangga sebagai pembawa penyakit atau vektor, misalnya Anopheles spp. (vektor penyakit malaria), Aedes aegypti (vektor penyakit demam berdarah), Culex quinquifasciatus (vertor penyakit kaki gajah /filariasis, Musca domestica, vektor penyakit diare dan disentri. Sumber : http://www.scribd.com/doc/20704678/ENTOMOLOGI http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LUGfwFvGUPQJ:ml.scribd .com/doc/20704678/ENTOMOLOGI+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl =id Diposkan 11th January 2013 oleh Percy Ajis Jackson page 4 / 4.
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