Behavioral Interactions Between Bacterivorous Nematodes and Predatory Bacteria in a Synthetic Community
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators
diversity Review Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators Andrés Ordiz 1,2,* , Malin Aronsson 1,3, Jens Persson 1 , Ole-Gunnar Støen 4, Jon E. Swenson 2 and Jonas Kindberg 4,5 1 Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (J.P.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 4 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (O.-G.S.); [email protected] (J.K.) 5 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The effects of human disturbance spread over virtually all ecosystems and ecological communities on Earth. In this review, we focus on the effects of human disturbance on terrestrial apex predators. We summarize their ecological role in nature and how they respond to different sources of human disturbance. Apex predators control their prey and smaller predators numerically and via behavioral changes to avoid predation risk, which in turn can affect lower trophic levels. Crucially, reducing population numbers and triggering behavioral responses are also the effects that human disturbance causes to apex predators, which may in turn influence their ecological role. Some populations continue to be at the brink of extinction, but others are partially recovering former ranges, via natural recolonization and through reintroductions. -
Ecological and Evolutionary Effects of Interspecific Competition in Tits
Wilson Bull., 101(2), 1989, pp. 198-216 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OF INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION IN TITS ANDRE A. DHONDT' AmTRAcT.-In this review the evidence for the existence of interspecific competition between members of the genus Purus is organized according to the time scale involved. Competition on an ecological time scale is amenable to experimental manipulation, whereas the effects of competition on an evolutionary time scale are not, Therefore the existence of competition has to be inferred mainly from comparisons between populations. Numerical effects of interspecific competition in coexisting populations on population parameters have been shown in several studies of Great and Blue tits (Parus major and P. caerulm) during the breeding season and during winter, and they have been suggested for the Black-capped Chickadee (P. atricapillus)and the Tufted Titmouse (P. bicolor).It is argued that the doubly asymmetric two-way interspecific competition between Great and Blue tits would have a stabilizing effect promoting their coexistence. Functional effects on niche use have been experimentally shown by removal or cage experiments between Willow (P. montanus)and Marsh (P. pahstris) tits, between Willow and Crested tits (P. cristatus)and Coal Tits (P. ater) and Goldcrests (Regulus reguh), and between Coal and Willow tits. Non-manipulative studies suggestthe existence of interspecific competition leading to rapid niche shifts between Crested and Willow tits and between Great and Willow tits. Evolutionary responses that can be explained as adaptations to variations in the importance of interspecific competition are numerous. An experiment failed to show that Blue Tit populations, subjected to different levels of interspecific competition by Great Tits, underwent divergent micro-evolutionary changes for body size. -
Single Gene Locus Changes Perturb Complex Microbial Communities As Much As Apex Predator Loss
ARTICLE Received 5 Dec 2014 | Accepted 30 Jul 2015 | Published 10 Sep 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9235 OPEN Single gene locus changes perturb complex microbial communities as much as apex predator loss Deirdre McClean1,2, Luke McNally3,4, Letal I. Salzberg5, Kevin M. Devine5, Sam P. Brown6 & Ian Donohue1,2 Many bacterial species are highly social, adaptively shaping their local environment through the production of secreted molecules. This can, in turn, alter interaction strengths among species and modify community composition. However, the relative importance of such behaviours in determining the structure of complex communities is unknown. Here we show that single-locus changes affecting biofilm formation phenotypes in Bacillus subtilis modify community structure to the same extent as loss of an apex predator and even to a greater extent than loss of B. subtilis itself. These results, from experimentally manipulated multi- trophic microcosm assemblages, demonstrate that bacterial social traits are key modulators of the structure of their communities. Moreover, they show that intraspecific genetic varia- bility can be as important as strong trophic interactions in determining community dynamics. Microevolution may therefore be as important as species extinctions in shaping the response of microbial communities to environmental change. 1 Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland. 2 Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland. 3 Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. 4 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. 5 Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland. -
Constructing and Analyzing Biological Interaction Networks for Knowledge Discovery
Constructing and Analyzing Biological Interaction Networks for Knowledge Discovery Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Duygu Ucar Graduate Program in Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Srinivasan Parthasarathy, Advisor Yusu Wang Umit Catalyurek c Copyright by Duygu Ucar 2009 ABSTRACT Many biological datasets can be effectively modeled as interaction networks where nodes represent biological entities of interest such as proteins, genes, or complexes and edges mimic associations among them. The study of these biological network structures can provide insight into many biological questions including the functional characterization of genes and gene products, the characterization of DNA-protein bindings, and the under- standing of regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, the task of constructing biological interac- tion networks from raw data sets and exploiting information from these networks is critical, but is also fraught with challenges. First, the network structure is not always known in a priori; the structure should be inferred from raw and heterogeneous biological data sources. Second, biological networks are noisy (containing unreliable interactions) and incomplete (missing real interactions) which makes the task of extracting useful information difficult. Third, typically these networks have non-trivial topological properties (e.g., uneven degree distribution, small world) that limit the effectiveness of traditional knowledge discovery al- gorithms. Fourth, these networks are usually dynamic and investigation of their dynamics is essential to understand the underlying biological system. In this thesis, we address these issues by presenting a set of computational techniques that we developed to construct and analyze three specific types of biological interaction networks: protein-protein interaction networks, gene co-expression networks, and regulatory networks. -
Symbiotic Relationship in Which One Organism Benefits and the Other Is Unaffected
Ecology Quiz Review – ANSWERS! 1. Commensalism – symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. Mutualism – symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit. Parasitism – symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed or killed. Predation – a biological interaction where a predator feeds on a prey. 2A. Commensalism B. Mutualism C. Parasitism D. Predation 3. Autotrophic organisms produce their own food by way of photosynthesis. They are also at the base of a food chain or trophic pyramid. 4. Answer will vary – You will need two plants, two herbivores, and two carnivores 5. Decreases. Only 10% of the energy available at one level is passed to the next level. 6. If 10,000 units of energy are available to the grass at the bottom of the food chain, only 1000 units of energy will be available to the primary consumer, and only 100 units will be available to the secondary consumer. 7. Population is the number of a specific species living in an area. 8. B – All members of the Turdis migratorius species. 9. The number of secondary consumers would increase. 10. The energy decreases as you move up the pyramid which is indicated by the pyramid becoming smaller near the top. 11. Second highest-level consumer would increase. 12. Primary consumer would decrease due to higher numbers of secondary consumer. 13. The number of organisms would decrease due to the lack of food for primary consumers. Other consumers would decrease as the numbers of their food source declined. 14. Number of highest-level consumers would decrease due to lack of food. -
Hammill, E., & Clements, C. F. (2020
Hammill, E. , & Clements, C. F. (2020). Imperfect detection alters the outcome of management strategies for protected areas. Ecology Letters, 23(4), 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13475 Peer reviewed version Link to published version (if available): 10.1111/ele.13475 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Wiley at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.13475. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ 1 Imperfect detection alters the outcome of management strategies for protected areas 2 Edd Hammill1 and Christopher F. Clements2 3 1Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5210 Old 4 Main Hill, Logan, UT, USA 5 2School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK 6 Statement of Authorship. The experiment was conceived by EH following multiple 7 conversations with CFC. EH conducted the experiment and ran the analyses relating to species 8 richness, probability of predators, and number of extinctions. CFC designed and conducted all 9 analyses relating to sampling protocols. EH wrote the first draft -
Novel Trophic Cascades: Apex Predators
Opinion Novel trophic cascades: apex predators enable coexistence 1 2 3,4 Arian D. Wallach , William J. Ripple , and Scott P. Carroll 1 Charles Darwin University, School of Environment, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia 2 Trophic Cascades Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 3 Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, CA 95616, USA 4 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Novel assemblages of native and introduced species and that lethal means can alleviate this threat. Eradica- characterize a growing proportion of ecosystems world- tion of non-native species has been achieved mainly in wide. Some introduced species have contributed to small and strongly delimited sites, including offshore extinctions, even extinction waves, spurring widespread islands and fenced reserves [6,7]. There have also been efforts to eradicate or control them. We propose that several accounts of population increases of threatened trophic cascade theory offers insights into why intro- native species following eradication or control of non-na- duced species sometimes become harmful, but in other tive species [7–9]. These effects have prompted invasion cases stably coexist with natives and offer net benefits. biologists to advocate ongoing killing for conservation. Large predators commonly limit populations of poten- However, for several reasons these outcomes can be inad- tially irruptive prey and mesopredators, both native and equate measures of success. introduced. This top-down force influences a wide range Three overarching concerns are that most control efforts of ecosystem processes that often enhance biodiversity. do not limit non-native species or restore native communi- We argue that many species, regardless of their origin or ties [10,11], control-dependent recovery programs typically priors, are allies for the retention and restoration of require indefinite intervention [3], and many control biodiversity in top-down regulated ecosystems. -
A Regional Study
POPULATION STRUCTURE AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTION IN PRE- HISPANIC MESOAMERICA: A BIODISTANCE STUDY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By B. Scott Aubry, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Clark Spencer Larsen, Adviser Professor Paul Sciulli _________________________________ Adviser Professor Sam Stout Graduate Program in Anthropology Professor Robert DePhilip Copyright Bryan Scott Aubry 2009 ABSTRACT This study addresses long standing issues regarding the nature of interregional interaction between central Mexico and the Maya area through the analysis of dental variation. In total 25 sites were included in this study, from Teotihuacan and Tula, to Tikal and Chichen Itza. Many other sites were included in this study to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the biological relationships between these regions and to better estimate genetic heterozygosity for each sub-region. The scope of the present study results in a more comprehensive understanding of population interaction both within and between the sub-regions of Mesoamerica, and it allows for the assessment of differential interaction between sites on a regional scale. Both metric and non-metric data were recorded. Non-metric traits were scored according to the ASU system, and dental metrics include the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions at the CEJ following a modification of Hillson et al. (2005). Biodistance estimates were calculated for non-metric traits using Mean Measure of Divergence. R-matrix analysis, which provides an estimate of average genetic heterozygosity, was applied to the metric data. R-matrix analysis was performed for each of the sub-regions separately in order to detect specific sites that deviate from expected levels of genetic heterozygosity in each area. -
Plant Ecology and Biostatistics
BSCBO- 203 B.Sc. II YEAR Plant Ecology and Biostatistics DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 BSCBO-203 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 Unit Written By: Unit No. 1-Dr. Pooja Juyal 1, 4 & 5 Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital 2-Dr. Harsh Bodh Paliwal 2 & 3 Asst Prof. (Senior Grade) School of Forestry & Environment SHIATS Deemed University, Naini, Allahabad 3-Dr. -
Biomolecule and Bioentity Interaction Databases in Systems Biology: a Comprehensive Review
biomolecules Review Biomolecule and Bioentity Interaction Databases in Systems Biology: A Comprehensive Review Fotis A. Baltoumas 1,* , Sofia Zafeiropoulou 1, Evangelos Karatzas 1 , Mikaela Koutrouli 1,2, Foteini Thanati 1, Kleanthi Voutsadaki 1 , Maria Gkonta 1, Joana Hotova 1, Ioannis Kasionis 1, Pantelis Hatzis 1,3 and Georgios A. Pavlopoulos 1,3,* 1 Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece; zafeiropoulou@fleming.gr (S.Z.); karatzas@fleming.gr (E.K.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (F.T.); voutsadaki@fleming.gr (K.V.); [email protected] (M.G.); hotova@fleming.gr (J.H.); [email protected] (I.K.); hatzis@fleming.gr (P.H.) 2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark 3 Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece * Correspondence: baltoumas@fleming.gr (F.A.B.); pavlopoulos@fleming.gr (G.A.P.); Tel.: +30-210-965-6310 (G.A.P.) Abstract: Technological advances in high-throughput techniques have resulted in tremendous growth Citation: Baltoumas, F.A.; of complex biological datasets providing evidence regarding various biomolecular interactions. Zafeiropoulou, S.; Karatzas, E.; To cope with this data flood, computational approaches, web services, and databases have been Koutrouli, M.; Thanati, F.; Voutsadaki, implemented to deal with issues such as data integration, visualization, exploration, organization, K.; Gkonta, M.; Hotova, J.; Kasionis, scalability, and complexity. Nevertheless, as the number of such sets increases, it is becoming more I.; Hatzis, P.; et al. Biomolecule and and more difficult for an end user to know what the scope and focus of each repository is and how Bioentity Interaction Databases in redundant the information between them is. -
Growth, Death, and Resource Competition in Sessile Organisms
Growth, death, and resource competition in sessile organisms Edward D. Leea,1 , Christopher P. Kempesa, and Geoffrey B. Westa aSanta Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501 Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved February 24, 2021 (received for review October 8, 2020) Population-level scaling in ecological systems arises from individ- and size (25–27) and build on allometric dependence of growth, ual growth and death with competitive constraints. We build on a mortality, and resource acquisition (28–36). In an alternative set minimal dynamical model of metabolic growth where the tension of approaches, mechanism-free maximum entropy principles can between individual growth and mortality determines population capture demographic patterns by fixing a few population “state size distribution. We then separately include resource competition variables” to predict measured properties (37). Across these based on shared capture area. By varying rates of growth, death, examples, forests are particularly well-studied empirically across and competitive attrition, we connect regular and random spatial diverse species, sizes, and environments (38, 39) and grounded patterns across sessile organisms from forests to ants, termites, on predicted theoretical regularities in space and demogra- and fairy circles. Then, we consider transient temporal dynamics phy such as in the context of metabolic scaling (40–43) and in the context of asymmetric competition, such as canopy shad- mechanical or hydraulic limits (44–47). ing or large colony dominance, whose effects primarily weaken Here, we build on previous work on forest growth and struc- the smaller of two competitors. When such competition couples ture to consider sessile organisms more broadly in the context of slow timescales of growth to fast competitive death, it generates both spatial structure and demographic dynamics. -
Reply to Roopnarine: What Is an Apex Predator?
LETTER LETTER Reply to Roopnarine: What is an apex predator? Roopnarine (1) suggests that the significance required for food (4). However, these impacts be considered apex predators as they do not of the human trophic level (HTL) (2) is re- are not a result of our being apex preda- consume the total quantity of their catch? duced because it defines the position of tors, and we feel that the fact that we are a,1 a humans in the food web by diet and is not Anne-Elise Nieblas , Sylvain Bonhommeau , not apex predators is a useful observation b c representative of our functional role in the Olivier Le Pape , Emmanuel Chassot , with consequences for our ability to reduce c c ecosystem. He is concerned that humans are Laurent Dubroca ,JulienBarde,andDavid our impacts. c compared with low trophic level omnivores To consider humans as trophic compo- M. Kaplan a and asserts that we are apex predators because nents of ecosystems was the key objective of Institut Français de Recherche pour in marine systems, our extraction of wild fish our paper. Roopnarine’s (1) point regarding l’Exploitation de la MER, Unité Mixte de is linked to high trophic level species. marine systems is indeed interesting, and we Recherche (UMR) Exploited Marine Our report demonstrates that humans are believe that the exploration of the functional Ecosystems (EME-212), 34203 Sète Cedex, low trophic level omnivores because globally role of humans in specific food webs is an France; bEcologie et santé des écosystèmes we eat more plant than meat. This fact re- exciting topic for future research.