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SYNOPSIS of BIOLOGICAL DATA on SKIPJACK Katsuwonus Pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 (PACIFIC OCEAN)

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SYNOPSIS of BIOLOGICAL DATA on SKIPJACK Katsuwonus Pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 (PACIFIC OCEAN) Species Synopsis No, 22 FAO Fisheries Biology Synopsis No, 65 FIb/S65 (Distribution restricted) SAST Tuna SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON SKIPJACK Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 (PACIFIC OCEAN) Exposé synoptique sur la biologie du bonite à ventre rayé Katsuwonus palamis (Linnaeus) 1758 (Océan Pacifique) Sinopsis sobre la biología del bonito de vientre rayado Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) 1758 (Océano Pacífico) Prepared by KENNETH D, WALDRON U, S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Honolulu, Hawaii FISHERIES DIVISION, BIOLOGY BRANCH FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1963 695 FIb! S65 Skipjack 1:1 1 IDENTITY 'Body robust, naked outside the corselet; 1, 1 Taxonomy maxillary not concealed by preorbital; teeth present in jaws only; dorsal fins with only a short space between them, the anterior 1, 1, 1Definition (after Schultz, et al, spines of the first fin very high, decreasing 1960) rapidly in length; second dorsal and anal each followed by 7 or 8 finlets; pectoral not very Phylum CHORDATA long, placed at or near level of eye, with Subphylum Craniata about 26 or 27 rays." (Hildebrand, 1946). Superclass Gnatho stomata The foregoing statement is applicable to Class Osteichthys mature adults of the genus. Subclass Teleostomi Superorder Teleosteica Order Percomorphida - Species Katsuwonus pelamis Suborder Scombrina (Linnaeus) (Fig. 1) Family Scombridae "Head 3. 0 to 3,2; depth 3. 8 to 4.1; D. XIV Genus Katsuwonus or XV - I,13 or 14 - VIII; A. II,12 or 13 - VII; Species pelamis P. 26 or 27; vertebrae 40 (one specimen dissected).rnote: Both Kishinouye, 1923 and Some of the larger taxa under which skip- Godsil and Byers, 1944 give the number of jack have been listed are shown in Table I. vertebrae as 4l,j The tendency over the past few decades has been to set the tuna apart from other scorn- "Body robust, its greatest thickness about broids, and further to set up monotypic genera. two-thirds its depth, tapering strongly pos- Within recent years this tendency appears to teriorly; caudal peduncle slender, depressed, be changing to one of re-including tuna in the with a strong, lateral keel, its depth 14 to 15,3 family Scombridae and doing away with some in head, head somewhat compressed, convex of the monotypic genera,Under this system above; snout long, pointed, 3. 3 to 3.7 in head; it is likely that skipjack will be included in the eye moderate, round, 5.7 to 6,1; interorbital genus Euthynnus, 3.7 to 4.0; mouth slightly oblique, terminal; maxillary reaching nearly or quite opposite 1. 1. 2Description middle of eye, 2.6 to 2.8 in head; teeth in jaws in single series, short and rather stocky; gill - Genus Katsuwonus rakers long, slender, about four-fifths length Table I Classification of skipjack according to different authors Authority Group Regan KishinouyeJordan, Evermann Berg Schultz et al, 1909a, b 1923 and Clark 1930 1940 1960 PHYLUM - - - - Chordata SUBPHYLUM - - - - Craniata CLASS Pisces - Pisces Teleostomi Osteichthys SUBCLASS Neopterygíi - Actinopteri ActinopterygilT eleostorni SUPERORDER - - Acanthopterygil - Teleosteica ORDER Percomorphi Plecostei Percomorphi ThunniformesPercomorphida SUBORDER Scombroidei - Rhegnopteri - Scombrina SERIES, SECTIONScombriformes - Scombriformes - DIVISION FAMILY Scornbridae KatsuwonidaeKatsuwonidae Thunnidae Scornbridae SUBFAMILY - - - Auxidini - GENUS - Katsuwonus Katsuwonus Katsuwonus Katsuwonus SPECIES - pelamis vagans - pelarnis 696 FIb/S65 Skipjack Fig. 1Lateral view of an adult skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) (from Walford, 1937) 697 FIb/S65 Skipjack 1:3 of eye, 36 to 40 on lower and 15 or 16 (counted through the kidneys the arteries turn outward in only 3 specimens) on upper limb of first and forward, instead of turning more or less arch; lateral line missing anteriorly, curved backward as in the other plecostean fishes. downward at midlength, attaining a midlateral Each artery reaching to the myotorne of the position under about the first dorsal finlet, first rib is divided into two arteries, epaxial straight from thence to caudal keel; scales and hypaxial.The epaxial artery runs below present anteriorly in region of pectoral, the first rib, while the hypaxial artery runs extending on back to or beyond origin of above the rib.These two arteries, are first dorsal, reduced scales in lateral line, nearly equally developed, and are separated and a pointed area of scales extending about from each other at a distance of 6-8 times an eyets diameter beyond tip of pectoral the breadth of the blood-vessels. These fin; first dorsal composed of slender spines, arteries do not form a ioop at the caudal the anterior ones long, posterior ones short, region. The cutaneous artery and cutaneous scarcely extending above dorsal groove, the vein lie in juxtaposition, nearly flat at the first one 1.8 to ¿.0 in head, origin of fin a surface of the body. Arterioles and venules little behind insertion of pectoral, its connected with these cutaneous canals run in distance from tip of snout 2,6 to 2.9 in opposite directions, along the surface of the length; second dorsal somewhat elevated body and they are not so numerous as in the anteriorly, with deeply concave margin, the tunnies,The rod of the vascular plexus in posterior rays being very short, its origin the haemal canal is called kurochiai by fisher- about equidistant from origin of first dorsal men, and it is thicker than the diameter of the and base of next to last dorsal finlet; anal vertebral column." similar to second dorsal, its origin a little in advance of vertical from base of last ray The spinal column (Fig. 2) differs of second dorsal; ventral somewhat shorter sufficiently from that of other fishes to be than pectoral, inserted slightly posterior to worthy of comment. Godsil and Byers (1944) pectoral, its distance from tip of mandible state "The spinal column is extremely complex 2.7 to 2.9 in length; pectoral moderately in this species.In the posterior half of the pointed, 1.9 to 2.1 in head. precaudal, and the anterior part of the caudal region, haemopophyses arise at both ends of "Color very dark blue above, with each vertebra, with the anterior haemo- metallic reflections; silvery below; lower pophyses of one vertebra articulating with the part of head, chest, and area around ventral posterior haemopophyses of the preceding fins dirty white; lower half of side with two vertebra. These haernopophyses project far to four dark longitudinal strips; spines of below the spinal column and alternate with the first dorsal dusky, anterior margin of first longer haen-ial spines described below. An spine and membranes pale or white; second osseous bridge roughly parallel with the dorsal, dorsal and anal finlets, caudal, anal, spinal column unites the anterior and posterior and pectoral all more or less dusky; pectoral haemopophyses of each vertebra. Viewing the much darker on inner side than outside, the spinal column laterally, the bridge and the upper rays generally silvery; ventral fins circular opening it forms may be easily seen, white on outside, inner side dusky; inside of A branch arises from each bridge and extends mouth largely dusky." (Hildebrand, 1946), downward to unite in the median line with its In life, and in some preserved specimens, fellow from the opposite side. This forms the light vertical bars are evident along the haemal arch from the tip of which a single sides. haemal spine continues veritralward,This complex basketwork occurs only in the Anatomical descriptions of the species skipjack." and genus may be found in Kishinouye (1923), Godsil and Byers (1944), Schultz et al(1960). The skipjack lacks an air bladder. Kishinouye (1923, p. 452) states, "The Some of the organs not mentioned by Gods il cutaneous circulatory system is unique. A and Byers (1944) or not described in detail by pair of cutaneous arteries branch just behind Kishinouye (1923) have been described by other the insertion of the pharyngeal muscles as in authors, Among these descriptions are those the tunnies and other bonitos; but passing of Rivas (1953) and Rasquin (1958) concerning 698 1:4 FIbIS65 Skipjack the pineal region; tJchihashi (1953) on the brain of skipjack since it was first proposed in 1915 as related to ecology; Hanyu (1959) on certain by Kishinouye, although at that time he used structures of the eye; and Suyehiro (1941, 1942, the spelling TTpelamysht.The present tendency 1950) on the pituitary body, the Islets of appears to be towards replacing Katsuwonus Langerhans, arid the digestive system (it might with Euthynnus, retaining the specific name be noted that this author erred in ascribing an pelamis. air bladder to skipjack). 1.2.2 Other scientific names ascribed 1.2 Nomenclature to this species 1.2.1 Valid scientific name The following list of names, taken mainly from Rosa (1950), is arranged in alphabetical Katsuwonus pelarnis (Linnaeus, 1758) has rather than chronological order. Each name been widely accepted as the scientific name is followed by one of the early authors to use the combination. Euthynnus pelamis Tanaka, 1912 Euthynnus (Katsuwonus) pelamis Fraser-Brunner, 1950 Euthynnus pelamys Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 Gymnosarda pelamis Dresslar and Fesler, 1889 Gymnosarda pelamys Barnard, 1925 Katsuwonis pelamis Herre, 1933 Katsuwonus pelamis Kishinouye, 1923 Katsuwonus pelamys Kishinouye, 1915 Katsuwonus vagans Jordan, Evermarin, and Clark, 1930 Orcynus pelamis Goode and Bean, 1879 Pelamys pelamys Bleeker, 1865 Pelamys thynnus Jenkins, 1925 Scomber pelarnides Lacpde, 1802 Scomber pelamis Linnaeus, 1758 Scomber pelamys Bloch and Schneider, 1801 Thynnus pelamis Hoek, 1914 Thynnus pelamys Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 Thynnus vagans Lesson, 1830 99 FIb/S65 Skipjack 1:5 1, 2. 3 Standard common names, tions of fish and the stocks of the Eastern and vernacular names Central Pacific also appear to be at least semi- independent, The following list of common names and vernacular names, the latter in parentheses, -Varieties and the countries in which they are used was taken from Rosa (1950).Other common names There are no records of varieties of skip- not included in the list, refer to skipjack of a jack.
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