Anlisis Osteolgico Del Gnero Brevoortia (Actinopterygii, Clupeidae)

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Anlisis Osteolgico Del Gnero Brevoortia (Actinopterygii, Clupeidae) Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 39(2): 37 – 52, diciembre de 2004 Análisis osteológico de la saraca Brevoortia aurea (Spix) (Actinopterygii: Clupeidae) en el Atlántico suroccidental Osteological analysis of the menhaden Brevoortia aurea (Spix) (Actinopterygii: Clupeidae) in the southwestern Atlantic Valeria Segura1 y Juan M. Díaz de Astarloa1,2 1Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, B7602AYL, Mar del Plata, Argentina 2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina [email protected] Resumen.- Se efectuó un análisis osteológico comparativo Abstract.- A comparative osteological analysis between entre especímenes de Brevoortia aurea procedentes de dos specimens of Brevoortia aurea from two regions of the regiones del Atlántico suroccidental. El objetivo fue describir southwestern Atlantic was done. The aim of this paper was to la osteología de la saraca con el fin de aportar características describe the osteology of the menhaden in order to bring diagnósticas que permitan la discriminación de la especie con diagnostic characteristics that allow species discrimination otras especies nominales del género. Se utilizaron técnicas de from other congeneric species. Methods of preparing desarticulación en fresco para ejemplares grandes (162 a 285 disarticulated skeletons of large specimens (162-285 mm SL), mm de largo estándar) y de clareado y tinción para individuos and cleared and stained techniques for small specimens (31.5- pequeños (31,5 a 112,4 mm de largo estándar). El análisis 112.4 mm SL) were used. The detailed osteological analysis detallado de las estructuras óseas permitió la discusión de las allowed the discussion of the similarities and differences afinidades y diferencias con otras especies de clupeidos. among other clupeid species. Palabras clave: Peces, taxonomía, osteología Key Words: Fishes, taxonomy, osteology Introducción 1993, Cousseau & Díaz de Astarloa 1993, Cousseau & Denegri 1997, Cousseau et al. 1998). Un tercer grupo El género Brevoortia Gill se distribuye en el Atlántico de autores considera que deberían aceptarse las occidental desde Nueva Escocia (45ºN) hasta Argentina conclusiones de Hildebrand (1948) sobre la presencia (40ºS). Según Whitehead (1985) dos especies de las dos especies hasta que un mayor número de nominales del género estarían presentes en el Atlántico ejemplares fuera adecuadamente estudiado (Berry 1964, suroccidental: Brevoortia aurea (Spix, 1829) que se Whitehead 1985, Carvalho-Filho 1999). extendería desde Bahía, Brasil, hasta la boca del Río de la Plata, y B. pectinata (Jenyns, 1842) que ocurriría Cousseau & Díaz de Astarloa (1993) analizan desde Río Grande do Sul, Brasil hasta Bahía Blanca, estadísticamente 489 ejemplares de Brevoortia Argentina (Hildebrand 1948). procedentes del sur de Brasil (Rio Grande) hasta Bahía Blanca (Argentina), incluyendo el área de superposición A partir del trabajo de Hildebrand (1948) algunos que Whitehead (1985) señala para las dos especies autores reconocen a las dos especies nominales como nominales, esto es la boca del Río de la Plata. La válidas (De Buen 1950, Ringuelet & Arámburu 1960, comparación de los caracteres morfométricos y Ringuelet et al. 1967, Figueiredo & Menezes 1978, merísticos observados, con los dados por otros autores Menni et al. 1984, Menezes et al. 2003). Otros autores indica que no se podrían distinguir las dos especies mencionan la existencia de una sola especie, que por sobre la base de los caracteres que se toman prioridad correspondería a Brevoortia aurea (Reintjes normalmente en consideración. Los autores hacen una 1969, Hormaechea 1983, Cassia & García de la Rosa aclaración con respecto al número de hileras de escamas 38 Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Vol. 39, Nº2, 2004 que cruza el flanco del cuerpo y que Hildebrand (1948) Para la nomenclatura de los mismos se siguió en líneas establece como el mejor carácter para distinguir a B. generales a Cervigón (1980) y en casos particulares a pectinata de B. aurea. Cousseau & Díaz de Astarloa Rojo (1988) y Patterson & Johnson (1995). (1993) comprobaron que dicho número es proporcional al tamaño de los ejemplares. Finalmente, los autores Resultados concluyen que en la región entre Rio Grande do Sul y Bahía Blanca (32ºS y 41ºS) sólo se encuentra una sola Neurocráneo especie, Brevoortia aurea. Presenta las tres características típicas del superorden Cassia & García de la Rosa (1993) describen y Clupeomorpha: los forámenes temporales (Ft) comparan diferentes estadios de desarrollo de larvas y delimitadas por los frontales y los parietales (Fig. 1C); postlarvas de Brevoortia aurea del norte de Argentina las fosas preepióticas (F.p) limitados por el parietal, con muestras procedentes del sur de Brasil descriptas pterótico y epiótico (Fig. 1C); y las fenestras auditivas con el nombre de B. pectinata, y concluyen que ambas (F.a) rodeadas por los proóticos, exoccipitales y especies nominales representan variaciones latitudinales basioccipital (Fig. 1B). de una sola especie, B. aurea. Región etmoesfenoidal El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir la osteología de ejemplares de Brevoortia aurea con el fin Constituida por el etmoides (Etm) y el prevómer (Pv) de aportar características diagnósticas que permitan la como huesos impares y los etmoides laterales (E.l) y discriminación de la especie con otras especies nasales (Na) como huesos pares. nominales que pudieran estar presentes en el Atlántico suroccidental. El etmoides en vista dorsal presenta un componente rostral (E.r) en forma de escudo con dos procesos laterales dirigidos posteriormente y con una escotadura Materiales y métodos en la región anterior (Fig. 1A). En la región anterior se expande en dos procesos laterales formando los bordes Tomando en cuenta los antecedentes sobre la frontal y lateral del rostro. El etmoides tiene una identificación de especies de Brevoortia en el área de escotadura posterior que forma el límite anterior de la estudio del presente trabajo, y de acuerdo a las fontanela etmoidal (Fig. 1A). A la superficie dorsal, y características merísticas y morfométricas obtenidas de extendiéndose a cada lado del hueso, están adosados los los ejemplares objeto de este estudio, el material etmoides laterales, de forma alar y laminares (Fig. 1A y analizado corresponde a la especie nominal Brevoortia C). Por debajo del etmoides, se extiende el prevómer, aurea. sin dientes y delgado, el cual se ensancha hacia la parte anterior (Fig. 1B). Hacia el borde lateral del etmoides se Se analizó un total de 49 ejemplares, de los cuales sitúan los nasales, huesos de canal pequeño, que se 10, de tallas entre 53,6 y 112,4 mm de largo estándar encuentran ubicados inmediatamente por debajo de la procedieron de la laguna Los Patos (30º30’ a 32º12’S y piel (Fig. 2). 50º a 51ºW) (Brasil), mientras que el resto de los ejemplares, de largo estándar de entre 31,5 y 285 mm, Región orbitotemporal provinieron de la laguna Mar Chiquita (37º32’ a 37º45’S y 57º19’ a 57º26’W). Se desarticularon los Esta región está constituida por los frontales (F), esqueletos y neurocráneos para individualizar cada uno parietales (Par), pteroesfenoides (Pt) y circumorbitarios de los huesos. Se siguió la metodología propuesta por como huesos pares y el basiesfenoides (Bs) y el Díaz de Astarloa (1994) para ejemplares adultos o bien orbitoesfenoides (Orb) como huesos impares. el método de Mayden & Wiley (1984) para juveniles. Se utilizaron técnicas de clareado y tinción para los Los frontales son huesos que están alargados en el peces de pequeño tamaño. En este trabajo se siguieron eje horizontal. Anteriormente se separan limitando la las indicaciones formuladas por Wasserssug (1976) y fontanela etmoidal (Fe), mientras que están unidos Kawamura & Hosoya (1991). Se confeccionaron hacia la parte posterior por una sutura sigmoidea (Fig. dibujos de los huesos en tamaño original y también 1A y C). Se encuentran recorridos lateralmente por el utilizando una lupa estereoscópica provista de cámara canal sensorial supraorbitario (Css) (Fig. 1C). Por detrás clara. En el caso particular de los arcos branquiales, las de los frontales se encuentran los parietales, de branquispinas fueron removidas y no fueron dibujadas. Segura & Díaz de Astarloa Osteología de Brevoortia aurea 39 Figura 1 Neurocráneo de B. aurea. A: vista dorsal; B: ventral; C: lateral Boc: basioccipital B.p: bulla del proótico Bs: basiesfenoides Cg: canal del nervio glosofaríngeo Cv: canal del nervio vago Css: canal sensorial supraorbitario E.l: etmoides lateral Etm: etmoides Epi: epiótico E.r: escudo rostral Es: esfenótico Exo: exoccipital Ext: extraescapular F: frontal F.a: fenestra auditiva F.e: fontanela etmoidal F.p: fosa preepiótica F.t: foramen temporal Int: intercalar Orb: orbitoesfenoides Par: parietal Pf: paraesfenoides P.l: proceso lateral Pro: proótico Pt: pterosfenoides Pte: pterótico P.v: prevomer Soc: supraoccipital Escalas: 5 mm Neurocranium of B. aurea. A: dorsal; B: ventral; C: lateral views Boc: basioccipital B.p: prootic bulla Bs: basisphenoid Cg: glossopharyngeal nerve canal Cv: vagal nerve canal Css: supraorbitary sense canal E.l: lateral ethmoid Etm: ethmoid Epi: epiotic E.r: escudo rostral Es: sphenotic Exo: exoccipital Ext: extrascapular F: frontal F.a: otical fenestra F.e: ethmoidal fontanella F.p: preepiotic fossa F.t:
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