The Magazine of the Battlefields Trust

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VOLUME 19 / ISSUE 4 / SPRING 2015 The Sealing of and Related Battles

100th Anniversary of Gallipoli

200th Anniversary of Waterloo

Time to Talk with Michael Jones

NEWS • WALKS • TALKS • REVIEWS • EVENTS • BOOK REVIEWS The Agincourt Archer

On 25 October 1415 with a small English army of 6,000 men, made up mainly of archers, found himself trapped by a French army of 24,000. Although outnumbered 4 to 1 in the battle that followed the French were completely routed. It was one of the most remarkable victories in British history.

The Battlefields Trust is commemorating the 600th anniversary of this famous battle by proudly offering a limited edition of numbered prints of well-known actor, longbow expert and Battlefields Trust President and Patron, Robert Hardy, portrayed as an English archer at the . The prints are A4 sized and are being sold for £20.00, including Post & Packing.

This is a unique opportunity; the prints are a strictly limited edition, so to avoid disappointment contact Howard Simmons either on email howard@ bhprassociates.co.uk or ring 07734 506214 (please leave a message if necessary) as soon as possible for further details. All proceeds go to support the Battlefields Trust. Battlefields Trust Protecting, interpreting and presenting battlefields as historical and educational The resources Agincourt Archer Spring 2015 Editorial Editors’ Letter Harvey Watson Welcome to the spring 2015 issue of Battlefield. At exactly 11.20 a.m. on Sunday 18 June 07818 853 385 1815 the artillery batteries of Napoleon’s army opened fire on the Duke Wellington’s combined army of British, Dutch and German troops who held a defensive position close Chris May to the village of Waterloo. French attack after attack failed and when Blucher’s Prussian 07963 445 506 army unexpectedly appeared on Napoleon’s right flank he faced disaster. By 9.00 p.m. the French army had been completely routed. In one incredibly bloody afternoon, after 25 years Production of almost continual warfare, the fate of Europe was finally resolved for the next hundred Artcentre Graphics years. There are few moments in history which are as dramatic or significant. Graeme Cooper has been studying this iconic battle for years and we are fortunate in 01773 776780 having an article from him to commemorate the 200th anniversary. Waterloo isn’t the only anniversary we have to commemorate. In April 1915 a huge Anglo- Battlefields Trust, French invasion force landed troops on the Gallipoli peninsular in an unsuccessful attempt c/o 60 Seymour Road, St Albans, to force the Dardanelles. As Michael Mannix reminds us in his fascinating article, the allies Herts, AL3 5HW were sailing over the same waters as the heroes of Ancient Greece more than 30 centuries earlier when they set out to attack the fabled city of Troy. Gallipoli is probably the most www.battlefieldstrust.com controversial campaign of the First World War. It’s an argument which still is unresolved, but what isn’t in dispute is the incredible courage and sacrifice of the soldiers on both sides President and Patron of the campaign. Three countries – Australia, New Zealand and Turkey – all view the tragic Robert Hardy CBE FSA Gallipoli campaign as a major milestone in their development towards nationhood and revere that rocky peninsular as hallowed ground. Patrons In June 2015 we are also celebrating the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta, the oldest The Lord Dannatt, GCB, CBE, MC, DL constitutional document in the world and the first significant step in a process which would Lord Boswell of Aynho eventually make Britain a . However, it is a mistake to assume that the meeting at Runnymede in June 1215 really resolved anything. As Emma Horsfield explains in her article The Earl of Ulster it led directly to the First Barons’ War and it was only after two years of fighting that Magna Prof Michael Wood Carta was accepted..

Chairman Harvey Watson & Chris May Frank Baldwin [email protected] Contents Tel: 07813 179 668 4 - 7 Trust News National Coordinator Peter Burley 8 Scottish Battlefields Trust [email protected] 9 Places to Visit - Lincoln Tel: 01727 831 413 10 - 12 Sealing of Magna Carta Membership 13 - 17 100th Anniversary of Gallipoli David Austin 18 - 21 200th Anniversary of Waterloo [email protected] 16 Friary Meadow, Bury St Edmunds, 22 - 23 Book Reviews Suffolk, IP32 6EJ 24 Time to Talk with Michael Jones Development Officer 25 - 27 Battlefield Trust Walks and Special Events Julian Humphrys [email protected]

Board of Trustees Article Submissions Whilst every care will be taken of submitted material and/or photographs, the publishers cannot be held Frank Baldwin (Chairman), Matthew Bennett, Ideas for articles are welcomed. responsible for any loss or damage that may occur. Peter Burley (National Coordinator and To ensure that articles are not The material in this magazine is copyright of the Board Secretary), Geoffrey Carter, Prof Anne duplicated please contact us to Battlefields Trust 2015 and may not be reproduced Curry, James Dinsdale (Treasurer), Peter discuss your ideas before putting in part or whole without permission of the publishers. Any individual providing material for publication must Doyle, Clive Hallam-Baker, Noël James, pen to paper. If you are sending in news items and details of events ensure that they have obtained the correct permissions Howard Simmons, Kelvin van Hasselt before submission to us. Every effort has been made please note the following copy (Deputy Chairman), Russell Walters, Harvey to trace copyright holders. The editors, publishers and deadline: Watson. the Trust apologise for any unwitting cases of copyright Volume 20, Issue 1, Summer 2015 transgression. The opinions expressed by contributors are not www.battlefieldstrust.com Copy deadline 15 June 2015 www.battlefieldstrust.com necessarily those of the Battlefields Trust. No Registered Charity 1017387 political affiliation is implied or intended. Company number 2786730 Cover photo - King John’s Tomb by Janice Bridgen 3 Trust News

Breaking news on the Battlefield of Barnet The Battle of Barnet, fought just north of London in 1471, was a key battle in the (1455–87). The battle saw the death of Warwick the ‘Kingmaker’ and some innovative Which side will you tactics, being one of the earliest battlefields where handguns were choose? used in large numbers. The battlefield Launch looms for first is, therefore, of high historical and archaeological significance and UK centre devoted to has been included on the Register deadly British Civil Wars of Historic Battlefields by English Heritage in recognition of its national Members of the Battlefields Trust inspecting the importance. Monument to the Battle of Barnet 1471

Two recent developments will have an battlefield area. The approach will be impact on the battlefield. The first is a based on that so successfully used at proposal by Old Fold Manor Golf Club, the 1485 battlefield of Bosworth, which which occupies much of the designated has been so much in the news recently. battlefield, to remodel their grounds. The project will be overseen by Dr This represents a potential threat. Glenn Foard who previously led the However, discussions are underway archaeological work at Bosworth. with the Club involving local residents and amenity societies as well as the This work which will take place over Battlefields Trust to ensure that if this the next two years – a launch event occurs the work is done as sensitively is planned for 9 May – will help to as possible and essential archaeological locate securely the extent of the actual studies are carried out beforehand. Any historic battlefield and therefore help finds will be displayed in the Barnet to ensure its proper conservation and Museum and appropriate interpretation interpretation. A set of proposals to panels will be put in place as necessary. further develop community involvement in the process and create a proper The second is a very exciting battlefield educational and interpretation development in that the Barnet centre as part of Barnet Museum is Battlefield Partnership, comprised of now under discussion with the Heritage local community groups led by Barnet Lottery Fund. Museum and the Barnet Society supported by the Battlefields Trust and Watch this space for more Centre for Battlefield Archaeology at It was Britain’s deadliest conflict and Huddersfield University, has secured news and updates from this one which shaped our modern world. funding to carry out a systematic exciting new project!! Now the UK’s first-ever National archaeological study of the total Civil War Centre – a flagship project

Proposed Civil War exhibition Newark 4 by Newark and Sherwood District National Civil War Centre: http:// that tell the story of the UK’s democratic Council – will open on 3 May 2015. nationalcivilwarcentre.com heritage. Twitter: @ civilwarcentre The £5.4 million attraction, backed by Facebook: www.facebook.com/ As part of this, on Sunday 14 June at £3.5m from the Heritage Lottery Fund, NationalCivilWarCentre 3.00 p.m., and the National will be based in Newark’s magnificent Trust are asking the nation to take part Grade II* Old Magnus Building, originally in LiberTeas. To coincide with the 800th a Tudor grammar school. It is expected Help the nation anniversary of the sealing of Magna to attract over 60,000 visitors a year. Carta, take a moment to celebrate, celebrate its liberties debate and reflect on those rights and During the British Civil Wars Newark with a LiberTea freedoms which we can very often take was held by the Royalists and endured for granted but which people throughout three sieges, the last of which in 1645–6 Sunday 14 June 2015, history have campaigned to make caused terrible suffering. A treasure happen or fought to preserve. trove of previously unexamined papers 3.00 p.m. found in archives, including period If there is a liberty, right or representation invoices, petitions and accounts, gives In 2015 the Houses of Parliament will you are passionate about you can get a vivid insight into how ordinary people be commemorating two important involved! Perhaps something related coped. Together with state-of-the-art anniversaries: the 800th anniversary to your interest in and support of technology and hundreds of relics, this of the sealing of Magna Carta and Battlefields? There are lots of ways new material will be used to create a the 750th anniversary of what is you could take part – from organising unique museum experience. widely recognised as England’s first a lecture or debate, to arranging an parliament, the Montfort parliament. afternoon tea for friends at home, or Newark’s story has also inspired another bringing your community together innovation – an augmented reality Throughout this momentous year, through a street party, parade or picnic National Civil War Trail. This £300,000 Parliament will bring these anniversaries in the park. LiberTeas events can be project will tell the epic tale using a to life through a year-long programme anything you want, so long as at 3.00 newly-designed app for smart devices. of public engagement across the UK, p.m. you include the tea moment! Featuring lavishly filmed costumed entitled Parliament in the Making. scenes shot at locations across Newark, Communities and individuals of all ages The Central Council of Church Bell it will encourage visitors to explore key will be encouraged to come together Ringers will also be organising a national Civil War sites. to mark and remember the movements peal of bells at 3.00 p.m., after which and moments the nation will pause Michael Constantine, Business Manager to remember all those at the National Civil War Centre, people whose passion said: ‘The British Civil Wars laid the and dedication has foundations for our modern state. Yet for fostered the liberties many it is an unknown episode. We want that we enjoy today, to change that. It was a cruel conflict, not as well the value of a joust between gentlemen and claimed the rights that they a dreadful slaughter.’ engendered.

The final siege of Newark saw it sealed There will be a large- off by over 16,000 troops. Typhus and scale LiberTeas event plague broke out and the population on Runnymede swelled to 6,000. One-third of the Meadows on the inhabitants died. Despite this, the actual anniversary, Royalist garrison refused to surrender. 15 June, hosted by The six-month stand-off ended in May the National Trust. 1646 on the order of King Charles, who surrendered to the Scots army assailing www.liberteas.co.uk Newark. Half-starved, 1,800 Cavaliers marched out, leaving behind a huge cannon known as ‘Sweet Lips’, named after a prostitute who catered for both sides.

Further information Opening times are 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. daily. Price: £7 adults and £3 children. Concessions £6. The National Civil War Centre app is available for free download from Google Play and itunes.

5 Trust News

have been used. It also shows that the Eagle Oldest cannon-ball Drive area of the registered battlefield is found at Northampton crucial to the understanding of the whole site.’ Northampton sculptures From March until the end of August, six full- size wooden statues of medieval knights will be dotted around the centre of Northampton to create ‘A Knights’ Trail’, with each of the knights from the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries related to important dates from the town’s past.

Sealing of the Magna Carta in 1215

Second Barons’ War in 1264

Start of the Hundred Years’ War in 1337 A lead ball, believed to be the oldest surviving cannon-ball in England, has been Last parliament held at Northampton found at Eagle Drive on the site of the 1460 Castle in 1381 Battle of Northampton.

The battle was fought between Yorkists Battle of Northampton in 1460 and Lancastrians on 10 July 1460 in the (Two knights – one mounted) area now known as Delapré Park. The 50–60 mm diameter ball was originally found Copies of the trail can be downloaded at on farmland in the area of Eagle Drive, http://lovenorthampton.co.uk/wp-content/ Northampton, part of the English Heritage uploads/2015/03/knights-map.pn registered battlefield. The ball was actually found several years ago by the late Stuart Allwork, but had been believed lost until last year. Since its rediscovery the cannon-ball has been subjected to detailed analysis by Dr Glenn Foard, one of the UK’s leading experts on medieval artillery and noted battlefield archaeologist from Huddersfield University. Dr Foard also led the team that found the true site of the Battle of Bosworth. Dr Foard has concluded that ‘It is highly likely that the projectile was fired during the battle in 1460.’

The ball itself has suffered massive impact damage from at least two bounces, and one gouge still contains small fragments of Northampton Sand and Ironstone. The area in which it was found is not only part of the 1460 battlefield, which contains large and well-preserved areas of the medieval field system over which the battle was fought, it is also the site of a Roman villa or settlement and a possible Neolithic cursus of national importance is nearby. Indeed, a number of other important finds from the Stone Age have also been found in the area.

Mike Ingram, medieval historian, author and chair of Northampton Battlefield Society said ‘This is a find of national significance and confirms the battle as one of the earliest in England where cannons can be shown to

6 Reburial of Richard III On Thursday 26 March 2015 the mortal remains of Richard III, the last Plantagenet king, were reburied in Leicester Cathedral, some two-and-a-half years after they were discovered beneath a car park in the city.

The previous Sunday, his remains had been taken on a seven-hour procession through Leicestershire before being handed over to the Church authorities by the University of Leicester. His coffin went from Fenn Lane Farm, where it is now believed that Richard died, through the villages of Dadlington and Sutton Cheney to the Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre, and then on to Market Bosworth before making its way through the streets of Leicester to its final destination in the Cathedral.

Many thousands had lined the route to witness this unique experience and over the following three days over 20,000 people filed past his coffin to pay their respects.

The service on the Thursday was a once-in-a-lifetime event, the re-interment of a medieval monarch, and a fitting close to the search for King Richard III.

All photographs of Richard III reburial courtesy of Leicester Cathedral Quarter Partnership Board 7 Scottish Battlefields Trust very much into action 4 March 2015

end of the meeting on 4 March some All the signatories of last Cairn in memory of Battle of Prestonpans year’s Accord, calling for the 16 Members had been elected by the Trustees. The National Trust for Scotland establishment of the Scottish has stated publicly that it is wholly in Battlefields Trust, were called support of the initiative. The Trust will back for a progress report at also have an Affiliated Organisations the Scottish Storytelling Centre category although it will not be a voting membership grade. Nominations for in Edinburgh on 4 March. patrons are also being sought, who will The new Trust confirmed be invited to join the Trust’s Committee that its objectives are the of High Patronage. The current Duke enhancement of promotion, of Somerset, whose ancestor led the English army at Pinkie in 1547, has interpretation and protection of already agreed to join. Scotland’s battlefield assets, and that its aims are to work An immediate decision was taken to transfer responsibility to the Trust with individuals, societies and of the biennial National Battlefields communities across Scotland Symposium series, initiated by the Battle to further those objectives in of Prestonpans [1745] Heritage Trust the years to come. in 2008 with support from the Heritage Lottery. This conference will now Herbert Coutts, who chaired the 4th rotate around the Scottish battlefield communities, starting in 2016. Biennial National Battlefields Symposium The next and 4th Meeting of the Trustees on 24 October 2014 which reached that will be held in Prestonpans on 16 April Accord again took the chair and called Volunteers have been found to fill all the key officer roles by co-option until the at 8.00 p.m. at The Prestoungrange on Arran Johnston, Acting Director, to Gothenburg, 227/ 229 High Street, give his Report. 1st AGM which will be in spring 2016, and a website is being developed. Arran Prestonpans. Any Members are welcome to attend. The basics have been set in place for Johnston was confirmed by the Trustees as the Foundation Director subject to the Trust, now incorporated as a not-for- Website http://www.scottishbattlefields. profit trust, guaranteed by its individual confirmation at the 1st AGM when all org members. Formal application has been Trustees and Officers will be subject made to Scotland’s Office for Charities to review and re-election. Expressions A Facebook page has already been [OSCR] for registration there and the of support have already been received initiated to enable all to keep up-to- Royal Bank of Scotland selected as from the Civil War Trust in the USA, and date at https://www.facebook.com/ bankers. that emerging friendship will be further scottishbattlefieldstrust nurtured. It was unanimously accepted The Scottish Battlefields Trust is open that the trust will seek to maintain a Membership details are available to all who support its objectives on strong relationship with The Battlefields from the Secretary at burgess@ payment of an initial Guarantee of £10 Trust, which has formally expressed its prestoungrange.org or the Director at and Annual Subscription of £20. By the support for the endeavour. [email protected]

A timeline of Scottish major periods of conflict. Photo by Tony Marsh for the Scottish Battlefields Trust

8 Places to Visit Lincoln

The castle, built from the It was through that gate that relieving area in The Vault, a strikingly modern Conquest period onward, forces entered before they erupted into design in the basement of the Victorian prison. Carved in the wall on the stairwell initially of motte-and-bailey the city to attack the besieging French and baronial forces on 20 May 1217. is the full text of the charter with its main form with a stone-walled Led by the 70-year-old William Marshal, clauses picked out in gold. Not only bailey added in the mid- they bowled the enemy back down the has heritage interpretation been greatly twelfth century, is unusual in hill, where the surprised knights were enhanced, but it provides the city with having two mottes. For the trapped in the Bar Gate and almost a group of tourist attractions rather like last ten years Lincolnshire all taken prisoner. This ended the war York, including the Roman fortress and in one stroke (although the French city upon which the medieval layout is County Council has invested attempted a naval invasion, defeated at based. heavily in restoring the site; sea off Sandwich in August), with the with our guide Margaret huge number of ransoms taken leading Work on Lincoln Vault Powell playing a major role to the battle being known as Lincoln Fair. in both the archaeology and These spoils of war were the main point of combat between chivalric warriors, reconstruction.

Lincoln Castle

Most significantly, it is now possible to death in knightly combat being unusual, walk the wall circuit of the 6-acre site and therefore the only French notable to access all the towers. The extensive tree be killed was much regretted by his growth which concealed and threatened opponents!’ the walls has been removed. Also, the West Gate, crucial to the events of 1217, Lincoln’s copy of Magna Carta is now has been excavated and restored to its being given a magnificent new display former glory. Lincoln north gate

Battle of Lincoln Battle of Sandwich 9 The Sealing of Magna Carta and Related Battles By Emma Jane Horsfield

Originally issued in 1215, He had also wasted a great deal of 1215‘Magna Carta’ (‘Great Charter’), money over of his futile actions in France. When John raised taxes again influenced by the Charter of to recoup some of the money wasted Liberties from 1100 under and income lost, the already disgruntled Henry I, is still considered barons decided enough was enough. one of the most pioneering They had become seething with documents in the history of discontent at their king’s apparent belief democracy. But what led to that he was above the law, and war Emma Jane proved imminent and inevitable. the sealing of this document Horsfield by King John? And why did Subsequent to the Norman Conquest 25 barons force him into the belief, William de Braose, 4th Lord of in 1066, the king of England had agreement? Bramber, although previously held in become the most powerful ruler in high royal esteem then fell from favour Europe; however in 1209 King John John, a largely unpopular ruler, was and was forced to flee to France. English was ex-communicated by Pope never expected to inherit the throne, nobility did not feel comfortable with this Innocent III because of a dispute over being the fourth of Henry II’s sons exile and the treatment of de Braose the appointment of the Archbishop of to survive infancy. In 1177 his father and were tired of John’s fickle attitude Canterbury. This meant that John also made him Lord of Ireland, sending him towards the barons. These events along fell from favour with the English people there to create alliances and establish with the accusations of his lecherous who were very concerned about being the English sovereign’s dominance. behaviour towards the barons’ wives and ostracised by the Church. However he returned to England in daughters, and his exploitation of the disgrace after insulting the local lords Church’s wealth, led to the widespread Twenty-five discontented barons, and wasting his father’s money, the motivated by the desire to protect latter being subsequently one of their property and rights, were his major shortfalls as king. led by Lord of Dunmow Castle, (who had an Richard I (The Lionheart), who had alleged history of grudges and inherited the throne after Henry disaffections against John), and II’s death, died after a ten-year summoned the king at Runnymede reign, naming his nephew Arthur on 15 June 1215 where he was of Brittany, as heir, thus meaning presented with a document which John (Richard’s brother) was not had been formulated to limit the the only one with a claim to the powers of the monarch. throne. John, realising he needed the approval of the French King The barons offered King John Philip Augustus, employed bribe their allegiance if he agreed to its tactics, relinquishing former terms and, although John put his English-ruled Anjou territories to royal seal to what was entitled ‘The the French. Articles of the Barons’, this action should not be viewed as a sign However, despite this, after a of surrender, as it was really just disagreement concerning John’s a stalling tactic. The ethos of the marriage to Isabella of Angouleme, document was concerned with ‘the Philip chose to declare Arthur the law of the land’ rather than just the true ruler of Anjou. Momentarily mere will of the king, with Clause victorious at the Battle of Mirabeau 61 giving the barons the collective in 1202, John was eventually right to seize the king’s castle defeated, leaving Philip to and possessions should he fail summon all his French holdings. to adhere to the charter. The king He received great condemnation had to take an oath of loyalty to the from French lords for his barbaric The arms of the 25 Magna Carta Barons committee of barons but he had treatment of prisoners and is also no intention of honouring the Charter, reputed to have murdered his nephew declaring it null and void as soon as the Arthur. judgement that he was a weak and barons left London. As a result, England selfish leader who could not be trusted. was then plunged into a civil war, known After his wife voiced her opinion on this as the First Barons’ War.

10 After John’s deceit, the barons offered truly in the balance, with a threat of a The Magna Carta Memorial the throne to the maternal grandson of repeat of the Norman Conquest of 1066. the late Henry II, King Phillip Augustus’s son, Louis, who was encouraged Louis attacked Dover in July but by this to invade England to seize control time opposition led by Hubert de Burgh, from John. It should be said that this was well prepared. Aside from Dover, the proposed action was not supported only other stronghold to withstand Louis’ by King Phillip or by the Pope, with the invasion was Windsor, where despite latter returning his support to John. sustaining a great deal of damage to the lower walls, 60 loyalist knights defended As part of the terms of Magna Carta, the castle for two months, during which Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of time uprisings were also happening Canterbury, had been given control of elsewhere. William of Cassingham was , but on 11 October By the time Louis arrived at Kent in also leading the resistance forces in 1215, on their way from Dover to May 1216 the French prince met very Kent, of which Louis had previously London, it was besieged by John little resistance as John had fled to gained control. and his forces. The castle was under Winchester. Louis was welcomed by the the protection of troops sent by the rebel barons who, at St Paul’s Cathedral, On 14 October 1216, after three months rebel barons but while they awaited quickly proclaimed him king of England. of trying to conquer and reinforcements, John burned the bridge He was not crowned however and his being repelled, with most of his forces over the Medway which would have strategy of not first taking control of diverted from other areas, Louis called been their route in. Dover, the key to England’s door, would a truce and returned to his stronghold soon backfire. Although John had in London. However at Newark Castle, Ousting Langton he took already successfully taken control of in a bizarre twist of fate and anything of value from arguably doing his country a Canterbury Cathedral, while great service, John fell ill and died ordering its citizens to produce MAGNA from dysentery. Subsequently as many pickaxes as possible CARTA his son became his successor, Berwick to support the king’s forces in 14 Jan WAR Henry III. As Henry was only 9 gaining entry and control over 1216 1215-1216 years old, his regent, William Rochester. The king’s army first Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, took control of the Bailey and signed the re-issued 1216 Magna Durham the defenders withdrew to the 30 Jan 12 Feb Carta in his name, which had had 1216 1216 Keep. The king then had miners Scarborough many items removed, including dig beneath the south-east York the aforementioned Clause corner of the tower and wooden 61. Marshal also urged former supports were set alight, using enemies of the late king to not 24 Dec pig carcases, causing the whole 1215 Lincoln blame the new king for his father’s corner of the Keep to collapse. Nottingham mistakes. Rebel forces still managed to hold out and retreated behind Cambridge Gradually Marshal engaged in the Keep’s cross wall until Northampton negotiations with the barons, winter began to set in. Some Hertford convincing them to switch sides St Albans 14 Mar rebels were permitted to leave London 1216 to Henry. In December 1216 Louis Windsor the castle and John threatened Rochester took the castles at Hertford and 12 Dec to execute them. However 1215 Oct-Dec Sept Berkhamsted but in returning Winchester 1215 1215 in consideration of possible Dover to France for reinforcements he future repercussions he was suffered heavy losses in the south advised not to do so, but as in early 1217, losing a large part a demonstration of his power of his forces near Lewes. he had their hands and feet severed instead. As most of the French troops the North of England and the Midlands, were concentrated at Dover, this allowed By 30 November the castle was being where he had created mass slaughter, those at Lincoln to be easily defeated overpowered by starvation rather than not taking London would prove costly. by Marshal and Henry’s supporters, in invasion and was successfully captured a battle on 20 May 1217, which became by John, with the remaining barons The remaining barons supportive of known as the Second Battle of Lincoln. taken away and imprisoned in various John were furious at this retreat and at Lincoln’s citizens were still loyal to Louis towers including Corfe Castle. this point the future of England hung so the city was ‘sacked’ by Henry’s

11 King John granting the Magna Carta

Church), 13 (Granting cities and towns free liberties and customs), 39 (The right to a jury and a fair hearing), and 40 (‘To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice’) – still being in force today.

From at least 40 originals of the charter, only four remain, one held in Lincoln, two in London and the other one in Salisbury. However there are also a number of later copies available in other locations for public viewing. The US Constitution was formed from basic principles taken from Magna Carta and these principles were used as justification in the defence of liberty in the American Civil War.

Contrary to popular belief, for the most part the Charter did not limit the powers of the king in the , but it can be seen how democratic societies today developed because of rights established by Magna Carta. forces and a number of barons and led to ultimate victory for Henry and the It can also be said that King John’s knights were captured. This whole battle English. unintended legacy, Magna Carta, is a and defeat lasted just six hours. direct, successful and powerful result of At Kingston-Upon-Thames, in his weakness and failure, securing basic August 1217 saw the Battle of Sandwich, September 1217 following 18 months international human rights that live on in surprisingly a little-known battle of war Louis abandoned his fight for the democratic societies of today. considering that it could be placed the English throne. The peace on equal scale with the defeat of the was signed; Spanish Armada. Arguably England’s thus ending the First Barons’ first decisive naval victory, this event War campaign. Barons who had signalled the climax of the civil war. After supported Louis were forced abandoning his vows, monk turned to pay him off with a significant ‘professional pirate’, Eustace (‘The sum to return home, in return for Mad Monk’), who had been previously clemency. , which chased out of England for his allegiance had been badly damaged during to Louis, now equipped the French fleet the civil war was also quickly with supplies, taking command with repaired by Henry’s rule (much of Robert de Courtenay of what consisted the new defences he built there of 11 troop ships and a further 70 supply still survive today). vessels. Opposing the French was Philip D’Aubigny with the English fleet; After the chronic failed rule of which consisted of no more than 40 John, his son Henry III reigned for vessels with the flagship commanded 56 years, the longest reign of any by Hubert de Burgh. Intercepting the monarch in the medieval period. French before they could land, archers, By his death in 1272, Magna assisted by their up-wind position, fired Carta had become a settled arrows before the French had a chance element of English law, although to defend themselves. After this ambush not without a Second Barons’ the survivors were killed or thrown into War. the sea, including Eustace who was The original version of Magna beheaded. Realising the English had Carta, which was reissued in control of the Channel, the remaining 1216, 1217 and 1225, became ships returned to Calais. The battle was law in 1297, with some clauses – King John sealing Magna Carta by Graham Turner a disaster for the French cause and this 1 (Concerning the free rights of the Copyright Osprey Publishing

12 100th Anniversary of Gallipoli by Michael Mannix

Alexander the Great was an early battlefield tourist. The Macedonian conqueror is known to have made a sacrifice to Poseidon, the protector of the Trojans, before disembarking and setting foot in what is now Turkey, and then climbing up the hill to what he assumed to be remains of the fabled

city of Troy. The Landing at Anzac Cove, Gallipoli, 25 April 1915 by David Rowlands www.davidrowlands.co.uk

Modern history credits the pioneer Today that same view includes the has adopted a dignified stance towards archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann with Helles Memorial, protruding from the far vacation marauders, and the ritual of the rediscovery of Troy, but whether or shore, which lists the names of 21,000 having your holiday happy-snap taken not the modern Hisarlik is ancient Troy British and Indian soldiers and sailors while aboard the reimagined horse is remains an issue for debate, but when who died in the area during the Gallipoli almost irresistible. Alexander visited the place in the fourth Campaign, fought where the legendary century BC he had no doubt that the Priam once ruled. According to Homer, it was King great mound, still visible from the Trojan Less well-known, but no less heroic Agamemnon who led the Greeks ruins was the funeral pyre of Achilles, than Achilles or Caesar was Lt. Col. Eric during their ten-year siege, but in 1915 King of the Myrmidons and slayer of Robinson of a Royal Marine landing another Agamemnon would arrive and Hector. party, who blew-up enemy anti-aircraft eventually conquer. This Agamemnon and other guns sited on the Achilles was a battleship, displacing over 16,000 An even earlier visitor to Hisarlik was Mound in 1915. Robinson was awarded tonnes and completed in Britain in 1908. another conqueror, King Xerxes of one of the Gallipoli Campaign’s early It was aboard HMS Agamemnon that Persia, also compelled by the allure Victoria Crosses. the Ottoman Empire would be finally of the famous legend of siege and dissolved when that defeated state slaughter. Julius Caesar made the Today’s tourists at Troy arrive with few signed away its imperial sovereignty and same ascent in 48 BC, finding no doubts about the identity of the ruins, control over the forts which had defied magnificent ruins, only thorny scrub, although the Homeric city has suffered the might of the British and French much to his disappointment. All three greatly from levelling in antiquity and Empires between February 1915 and conquerors would have gazed down on from Schliemann’s reckless excavations. January 1916. the sight below them, the Dardanelles A replica wooden horse serves to or Hellespont, that narrow sleeve of remind visitors of the final fate of Priam’s Homer’s two epic poems, the Iliad and water which divides Europe from Asia. kingdom. Horse apart, modern Troy the Odyssey, lie deeply embedded

Dardanelles fleet 13 The taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist

Troy

Gallipoli Peninsula

in European cultural DNA. Religious The classically educated British officer- Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Armed British texts aside, Homer’s account of an class of the Great War was quick to troops seized two newly constructed amphibious attack by Europeans on recognise parallels between themselves battleships almost under the noses of an Asiatic power remains a core theme and the Homeric heroes of ancient their intended Turkish crews. Turkish for our understanding of Greco-Roman times. One of these was the poet Rupert pride and security were both threatened civilisation. Brooke, who became one of the first by the seizure. To bolster the Turks and casualties of the 1915 campaign, dying cement an alliance, Germany made There is some irony in the fact the 1915 after an insect bite. He wrote: good the losses, evading the Royal battles along the Dardanelles waterway Navy and sailing the warships Goeben have given three modern-day countries, Achilles in the darkness stirred… and Breslau through the Dardanelles to Australia, New Zealand and Turkey itself, And Priam and his fifty sons replace the two vessels which the British definitions of themselves which are every had suddenly appropriated for their own bit as virile and muscular as the idea of Wake all amazed and hear the guns, purposes. the Trojan War had within the cultural And shake for Troy again It remains commonplace for those consciousness of the Ancient Greeks, seeking to blacken the name of and their later Roman imitators. Even Less romantically, one cause of tension , then First Lord of the the name of Britain itself was regarded between Britain and Turkey (then the Admiralty, to cast him as the initiating during medieval times as a derivative Ottoman Empire), was an incident which villain of the Gallipoli debacle. He was form of the Trojan Brutus. occurred far away in the dockyards of certainly an enthusiast, but the plan in some form was over 100 years old, and had been partially put into effect during the Napoleonic Wars.

Forcing the Turks into submission by pounding their capital city from the sea was not a new idea. In 1807 Nelson was dead, but despite the vanquishing of the French fleet from the Eastern Mediterranean following the Battle of the Nile, local politics necessitated an attack on Constantinople (the name Istanbul was generally adopted in 1930), then allied to Napoleon Bonaparte.

The 1807 attack, like the opening of the 1915 attack, was conceived as a naval operation. Ottoman gun positions defending the Dardanelles were silenced by British marines, and Admiral John Duckworth and his flagship, HMS Royal Gallipoli beach George, were able to by-pass the same

14 The taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist

forts which would repulse the steam- powered warships of 1915. Duckworth managed to fight his way to Constantinople, advantaged by the depletion of Turkish forces during the month of Ramadan, but Duckworth failed to open fire on the city and withdrew. Duckworth was never forgotten, and as Balkan tensions arose in the 20th century, a contingency plan was drawn-up by the Royal Navy in 1906 and rejected, but then reappraised in detail by Greece.

Constantinople remains the only city in the world to straddle two continents; but it was not quite unique among First World War capital cities in that it was vulnerable to attack by naval artillery. Military planners in London and St Petersburg faced the same problem, but there was an assumption prevailing in London, that the impact of a raid on Constantinople would tear the Ottoman Empire apart. How and why this political implosion would automatically follow Cape Helles landing was never explained. neutral, the Dardanelles was the only narrowed to a distance of about a mile. Long after the destruction of Troy conduit between Austria-Hungary and Mobile Turkish artillery was almost and the silting process which robbed Turkey. impossible to spot accurately by the the location of its strategic maritime Royal Navy and the spotter-plane advantages, the passage between the To Churchill and others, including Lord technology of the time proved to be as Mediterranean and Constantinople Kitchener and future Prime Minister inadequate as the minesweeping plan. remained a natural choke point for Black David Lloyd-George, a knockout blow Sea traffic. In 1914 the choke was on against the Ottomans using warships The only way to eliminate the Turkish British and French links with their ally considered too slow for North Sea fleet defences was to send the Army to Russia, and while Bulgaria remained manoeuvres made perfect sense. After clear the barren Gallipoli Peninsula of all, the Turks had already attacked forts, artillery positions and land-based the Suez Canal and posed a threat to torpedo defences. On 25 April 1915, the British Empire, but they would no with the ‘ships only’ plan shelved, doubt collapse into factional chaos inadequately prepared British and if Constantinople was shelled. Any French armies landed on both shores Balkan players contemplating an of the Dardanelles. The British suffered alliance with Germany would surely appallingly as the attack at Cape Helles join Britain and France, as the Ottoman went disastrously wrong. On the north- Empire disintegrated. Romania, allied west coast of the same peninsula, to Russia, Serbia and Greece could, if Australians and New Zealanders landed the Dardanelles strategy worked, topple on the wrong beach, now known as Franz-Josef himself in Vienna. With Anzac Cove. Below Troy’s ruins the stalemate on the Western Front, Gallipoli French fared better, but the French became (arguably), the most important contingent was a diversionary force, and campaign of 1915. was quickly transferred to the defence of Helles. The ‘ships only’ plan was a complete failure. A little Turkish minelayer, the A combination of inept attempts to push Nusrat, was responsible for the sinking inland and murderous Turkish counter- of three battleships which attempted attacks, meant that by the time of the HMS Majestic sinking 27 May 1915 to force the passage as the waterway third battle for the small town of Krithia

15 Australian troops charging at a Turkish trench.

had taken place in August 1915, the Archaeological findings depicting the Erickson has replaced traditional British Allies were bogged down in a trench- Trojan Horse prove that a myth-making notions of a campaign characterised war stalemate. When a new beachhead process based on events on the shores by serial mistakes made by failing was established using fresh troops at of the Dardanelles had been activated British officers with an interpretation Suvla Bay on 6 August 1915, the same even before the intervention of Homer which highlights the aggression slaughter, muddle and chaos ensued (the poet’s existence is also disputed), shown by Ottoman commanders and as the summer heat added flies and and will doubtless continue well past the the mobility of the Ottoman forces pestilence to the terrifying experience of current centenary commemorations. operating ‘consistently inside the British entrapment. decision cycle’. Erickson gives credit Since 1956, Alan Moorhead’s book to the Ottomans themselves for making One of the attractions of the original Gallipoli has been regarded as the key the crucial decisions ‘with or without ship-only attack-plan was that it did not work on the subject, but more recently, German advice and assistance’ which divert troops from the Western Front, but Canadian Professor Tim Travers, turned the campaign in their favour. by August it was clear that the Gallipoli publishing in 2001, and others have campaign was not only a drain on looked at the campaign again and have Older British accounts tend to ignore resources but that, if prolonged, it might incorporated more information and the fact that the Ottomans had fought turn into a defeat. insight from the Ottoman point of view. invading Bulgarians on the Gallipoli Peninsula as recently as 1913. Their Evacuation in December and January Edward J. Erickson, a former US Army recent experience had prompted the was ironically brilliantly executed, colonel turned academic, produced digging of prepared positions, army and in the century which has almost an in-depth analysis of the Ottoman reorganisation and a programme of passed since the last units of the British perspective in 2010. The Imperial War gruelling route marches which allowed Army sailed away in January 1916, the Museum’s resident expert, Peter Hart, the Turks to reinforce the high ground Gallipoli Campaign has been pored over published Gallipoli in 2011, a work which above landing positions while the British by military strategists, historians, hack has arguably superseded Moorhead’s were still off-loading their baggage and writers and film directors. famous work of the same name. munitions. As a European, the role of German General Liman von Sanders may also have been exaggerated, to the detriment of senior Turkish officers.

Hart prefaces his recent book with the words ‘Gallipoli! It was a lunacy that never could have succeeded.’ With hindsight, readers who have read various accounts of the campaign over the years can judge for themselves whether the invasion was a ‘British failure’ or less enigmatically an outright Turkish victory.

The Australian myth-machine has not been idle since Keith Murdoch’s not always accurate or unbiased reports reached home. According to newspaper editor and author Max Hastings (reviewing Peter Fitzsimmonds’ new book Gallipoli earlier this year) ‘almost everything Australians believe about the First World War is untrue’, he wrote, adding that: ‘Some [Australians] feel so passionately proprietorial about the place that they resent the presence of British representatives at local ceremonies.’

Interest in the fighting at Gallipoli has been sustained for a century, but the peninsula itself remains rugged and Australian troops in the trenches. relatively under-developed; therefore

16 Interrogation of Turkish prisoners

much of the battlefield remains minelayer Nusrat (its name means help unchanged. The Turkish tourist industry of God) has also been restored and is Memorial at Anzac Cove has embraced in full the advantages now proudly displayed in Tarsus, not far offered by cheap air transport, but from the Syrian border. ‘THOSE HEROES THAT SHED THEIR visiting Gallipoli still poses formidable BLOOD AND LOST THEIR LIVES… issues for the modern traveller. It has been impossible to compress the horrors of the Gallipoli expedition in a YOU ARE NOW LYING IN THE SOIL OF This author recommends the advantages short article, so a list of the enormous A FRIENDLY COUNTRY. of package deals offered by British casualties for the campaign must suffice. operators or by coach from various Total Ottoman and German casualties THEREFORE REST IN PEACE. operators in Istanbul. Taken as a single may be in the order of 250,000 with THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN deal, a package which includes Gallipoli perhaps 65,000 dead. Britain itself and Troy is a not-to-be-missed historical lost over 73,000 dead and wounded THE JOHNNIES AND THE MEHMETS and cultural highlight of any lifetime. For from a total of over 115,000 from the TO US WHERE THEY LIE SIDE BY Australians and New Zealanders as well British Empire and Commonwealth. as Turks, Gallipoli has become a place France and its overseas soldiers, mainly SIDE HERE IN THIS COUNTRY OF of nationalist pilgrimage. The Australian Senegalese, lost about 27,000 men. Government was so overwhelmed OURS… with requests to attend official Selected reading: YOU, THE MOTHERS, WHO SENT commemorations that it was forced to THEIR SONS FROM FARAWAY ballot would-be participants. E. Erickson, Gallipoli: The Ottoman Campaign (Pen & Sword 2010) COUNTRIES WIPE AWAY YOUR Peter Hart includes a three-day itinerary in his recent book, and warns of the P. Hart, Gallipoli (Profile Books, 2011) TEARS; prickly vegetation and recommends T. Travers, Gallipoli 1915 (Tempus, 2001) YOUR SONS ARE NOW LYING IN OUR a ‘common sense’ approach which M. Wood, In Search of the Trojan War includes carrying plenty of water and a BOSOM AND ARE IN PEACE, (BBC, 1985) mobile phone. Mr Hart told Battlefield: AFTER HAVING LOST THEIR LIVES ‘For your first visit – and most visitors go back – it is best to go on a guided ON THIS LAND THEY HAVE BECOME walking tour.’ OUR SONS AS WELL.’ My own one-day whistle-stop excursion was simply not long enough, although Ataturk 1934 all three peninsula beachheads were either visited or viewed from the nearby heights. Accommodation was booked for me on the southern shore of the Narrows at Canakkale, an excellent starting point for Gallipoli and Troy. Hart also suggests Eceabat as an entry point. There is a second replica of a Trojan Horse at Canakkale and a full-sized replica of the Nusrat at one of the Turkish fortresses nearby.

The only British warship still in existence and present at Gallipoli will open for viewing in August, at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard on the 100th anniversary of the Suvla Bay landings, after years of restoration. The monitor HMS M33, once known as HMS Minerva, and designed on the back of an envelope by Churchill himself, is a remarkable survival, the only other surviving warship of the period being the cruiser HMS Caroline Gallipoli Memorial at Anzac Cove (opening for visitors in 2016 for Battle of by Ataturk Jutland commemorations). The original

17 200th Anniversary of Waterloo by Graeme Cooper

So what was the endgame at Waterloo? A Waterloo Legacy – ‘Soon after the battle there sprang up among the peasants of the locality a new and lucrative trade of guides, relic vendors, and stick cutters; all noisy and wrangling rivals, and all able and just too willing to expose and cry down the pretensions of any one of their number who should put up an unfounded claim for the purpose of procuring an undue and more highly-paid share of the gains.’

J S Noldwritt – circa 1820 Hon Sec The 33rd Regiment of Foot forms a square to repulse attacks by French cavalry. In Walworth Literal and Scientific the background is the burning farmhouse of La Haye Sainte. By military artist David Institution Rowlands. For further examples of David’s work visit www.davidrowlands.co.uk.

Sergeant Major Edward Cotton fought in and survived the Map designed by Frank Toogood Battle of Waterloo as a private in the saddle with the 7th for Corporate Battlefields Ltd Hussars. After the war he resided in Mont St Jean and gained notoriety by guiding nobility and royalty around the battlefield. As a disciple of Cotton’s guiding craft I offer this article to our Trust membership for the reader to decide ‘What was the endgame at Waterloo?’ My take on the campaign endgame is based on my experiences as a Waterloo Guide having walked the campaign battlefields and delved into the battle history. On Guiding Barring party spoilers such as a broken-down coach or vicious inclement weather, the quality of any battlefield tour is solely down to the ability of the guide who leads it. The guide is challenged to engage the guest with passion and ‘cordite’ of the battle or action with what he or she believes is the truth. On that delivery, and with a constant awareness of the need for customer care, the guide and tour experience is judged. After Waterloo I suspect Cotton

Charge of the French Cuirassiers

18 identified and adhered to that same casualties, we discover that at the summoned to him on the night before ethos, the ethos that Dr Chris Scott campaign’s unbelievable end, soldiers the campaign began to explain the state designed for the highly coveted Guild of in multicoloured coats, amidst the fog of of the roads north to the River Sambre. Battlefield Guides Validation programme war, did not know whether they had won After a long time with the Emperor she which all ‘Badged Guides’ of the Guild or lost. So what did happen at Waterloo? was so enthused having met the great have experienced, passed and hugely man that she spent all night writing benefit from today. On Napoleon letters to her relatives in which she described Napoleon’s stress, tiredness On Waterloo and unhealthy appearance although she highlighted that he was very animated Waterloo is a story of such magnitude, and eager for information. not only of the leaders, but also of the men themselves. It is a story of their Secondly, Napoleon’s mind throughout lives, their families, their fears, their the campaign was focused on the heroism and, for many, their ultimate political situation in Paris. So much so sacrifice on that fateful June Sunday in that following his last victory at Ligny he 1815. summoned his officers to Brye where his main point of address was what Henri Nieman of the 6th Uhlans wrote: they thought was happening in Paris. ‘At about 9 o’clock in the evening the Meanwhile the Prussians had made a battlefield was almost cleared of the clean break towards Wavre. Another French army. It was an evening no pen is indication of the political stress the able to picture: the surrounding villages Emperor endured was evident when yet in flames, the lamentations of the This Corsican genius fights 49 battles at Waterloo during the early part of the wounded of both armies, the singing for and only loses 7 and none of those battle he spent several hours at Lower joy; no one is able to describe nor find a losses were snowball fights at school Rossomme writing letters to Paris name to give to those horrible scenes.’ where every boy wanted to be on his whilst leaving the brave Marshal Ney in side. Napoleon met his Waterloo for command. From its dishevelled start to its several reasons. Thirdly, on the ground Napoleon’s senior electrifying end, the Waterloo campaign staff officers were merely a second XI fascinates in its intensity. It endured four First, we know Napoleon’s poor health team and even then these leaders were great battles in as many days, the climax contributed to his downfall. Madam in unsuited appointments. For example, of which, dramatic by any standard, Leporeg, Beaumont’s postmistress, was Soult, a cavalry officer, was appointed saw the defeat of an empire and ended the dreams and ambitions of the greatest soldier of modern times. The feat of arms at Waterloo changed the course of European history when Bonaparte pitted his military brilliance and charisma against the dogged determination of the loyal Blúcher and the tactical skill and stamina of Wellington, in an effort to decide the fate of Europe.

This great military gamble unfolded 200 years ago in a small valley 11 miles south of Brussels. With five gross errors of judgement and Map designed by Frank Toogood two incredible chance for Corporate Battlefields Ltd decisions, amid 115,000

19 Chief of Staff. Apart from Davout, this and wrote about his experiences of who remained in Paris, his trusted facing Wellington’s infantry in line during On Outcome commanders from the past had largely the Peninsular War. He wrote: So what was the outcome on that bloody not supported his cause. To compound ‘At 300 yards the redline remained silent Sunday afternoon? matters, earlier he had lost Bertier his and still. They then made a quarter turn trusted and long-time Chief of Staff who with muskets going up to the ready Napoleon’s brother Jerome Bonaparte in had that knack of understanding the and an indefinable sensation nailed to the letter to his wife Catherine describing Emperor’s mumblings. the spot many of our men, who halted the end of the battle wrote: and began to open a wavering fire. The Fourthly, and perhaps most damagingly, enemy’s return, a volley of simultaneous ‘By some fateful chance, the guard he conveyed an air of arrogance and precision and deadly effect, crashed attack failed! The Garde were brought would not listen to his senior officers. At upon us like a thunderbolt. Decimated back … we had to beat a retreat, but his breakfast on 18 June at La Caillou he by it, we reeled together. Then three there was no longer time. The Emperor addressed his senior staff. ‘The enemy formidable “Hoorahs” terminated the wanted to get himself killed. We were army exceed ours by nearly a quarter horrible silence of our adversaries. in the midst of balls and of enemies. but the odds are in our favour nine to With the third they were down upon us Wellington had a totally fresh cavalry one. Because you have been beaten by pressing us into disorderly retreat.’ force which he released into the plain at Wellington you think him a great general. 8 pm. At 9 pm a terrifying panic seized I tell you that Wellington is a bad general, With regard to Wellington’s ability as a the army; at 10 pm it was in rout …. The that the English are bad troops and that leader the French General Foy wrote in Emperor was carried away. No one gave this will be a picnic.’ Such was the over- his diary six days after the 1812 Battle of orders and we ran until south of the River confidence that had spread through Salamanca: Sambre.’ the Army that when the Imperial Garde ‘This battle is the most cleverly fought, attacked at the end of the battle they the largest in scale, the most important did so with their parade uniform in their results, of any of that the English have My Take backpacks for their victory parade in won in recent times. It brings up Lord Without the Prussians’ intervention the Brussels that night. Wellington’s reputation almost to the Allies would not have seen victory at level of that of Marlborough. Up to this Waterloo. However without Wellington’s On Wellington day we knew his prudence, his eye leadership and staying power there for choosing good positions, and the would never have been a battle for the skill with which he used them. But at belated Prussians to save. Verdict on Salamanca he has shown himself a Waterloo … ‘Truly an Allied victory’. great and able master of manoeuvring. He kept his dispositions hidden nearly My Endgame all day: he allowed us to develop our movement before he pronounced his In the summer of 2013 I led a tour to own: he played a close game: he utilised Waterloo. Frank and Hazel Newton the oblique order in the style of Frederick joined the tour with the intent of seeing the Great.’

The Storming of La Haye Saint by Richard Knotel

Wellington was aloof, arrogant and disliked by a proportion of his men. However, whenever he appeared on a battlefield they felt confident as they knew he had never lost whilst in command. Wellington wrote to his brother referring to the deciding factor at Waterloo as being the infantry, ‘the best instrument I had’.

The French Marshal Bugeaud endorsed

20 Farmhouse of La Haye Sainte Cimetière_de_Bruxelle

Captain Lloyd’s Battery, Royal Artillery under attack from French Cuirassiers. Captain Lloyd was mortally wounded. By military artist David Rowlands. For further examples of David’s work visit www.davidrowlands.co.uk. where their ancestor had formed up in fought at Waterloo in the 7th Hussars and Waterloo 200th Bi-Centennial the saddle with the heavy cavalry of the survived?’ I was stunned. To think I had Royal Horse Guards (Blues). been going to Waterloo since 1972 and Commemorations had never known that my ancestor had If you are going to the Waterloo 200th Three weeks later I received a phone saddled up alongside the first Waterloo Bi-centennial commemorations I trust call from Frank thanking me for the tour. Guide … Private Edward Cotton. you will enjoy the experience for I think He asked me how many years I had our generation will not see its like again. been touring Waterloo. I looked into Over 200,000 visitors are expected … my life diary to discover it had been 40 more folk than were involved in the years. Frank then said ‘Graeme, did battle. you know that your great, great, great grandfather Private John Cooper had Graeme Cooper. Trust Member, Founder of the Guild of Battlefield Guides MD Coopers’ Waterloo Tours and Corporate Battlefields Ltd

Lion mound on the battlefield of Waterloo

21 Book Reviews

readers. It is intended primarily as By setting King John’s reign in the The Magna Carta Chronicle a souvenir for young people on the context of the fortunes of the Angevin By Christopher Lloyd 800th anniversary of Magna Carta. The Empire established by his forceful Published by What on Earth combination of newspaper articles, father (which stretched from the Publishing Ltd, April 2015 timeline and quiz provide a great way for Scottish Borders to the Pyrenees and Paperback: 32 pages ISBN-10: young people to explore these stories encompassed almost two-thirds of 0993019919 of how our freedoms were won over modern-day France), the author explains the centuries. The Chronicle is strongly that not all John’s problems were of endorsed by Sir Robert Worcester, his own making. However, he does Chairman of the Magna Carta 800th not mince his words about the king’s Anniversary Committee, and with whom incompetence: ‘People loathed John ... the Battlefields Trust works closely. It a cruel and unpleasant man, a second needs to stand the test of time, and we rate soldier and a slippery, faithless, hope to promote it widely. interfering king.’ He is not about to get a Richard III-type rebranding here! The Review by Edward Dawson book is written in similar lively prose throughout and is an excellent read. Dan Jones is a telegenic young Magna Carta: The Making historian with an eye for a hot topic, and the Legacy on the and he certainly knows his subject. I recommend this book as a good general Great Charter introduction to the subject suitable for By Dan Jones any enthusiastic amateur historian aged Published by Head of Zeus Ltd from 12 years up. 192 Pages £14.99 Review by Dr Matthew Bennett King John: Treachery, Tyranny and the Road to

The Magna Carta Chronicle is described Magna Carta as a Young Person’s Guide to 800 Years By Marc Morris in the Fight for Freedom. Well illustrated, Published by Hutchinson it charts the fight for freedoms from the 400+ Pages Unpriced sealing of Magna Carta by King John in 1215 to the present day. It consists of about 40 newspaper articles, and features a 2-metre wall chart. The other temptation is a faithful copy of Magna Carta, plus a special guide.

The chronicle is the brainchild of Christopher Lloyd, a flamboyant and colourful character, who turns up The 800th anniversary of Magna Carta wearing a black magician’s cloak. What has produced a plethora of publications on Earth Publishing is a new venture, seeking to explain its significance to a which has produced a number of similar variety of audiences, including many format books that chart the development aimed at children. At first glance this of man’s history on the planet and book looks like one of the latter, but it the evolution of life itself. It has an is actually a more sophisticated piece unusual combination of elements. altogether. It is very nicely produced The newspaper pieces are a kind of and well-illustrated, with 30+ pages of daily tabloid reportage of Magna Carta pertinent full-colour pictures. It has a incidents. It would be good to have a simple but elegant structure, taking the little more on the historic events around reader from the accession of Henry II in the time of the Barons’ Wars, and the 1154 through to 1215 in nine chapters emergence of Simon de Montfort. The and with a tenth on the afterlife of French invasion and medieval battles the Charter. Almost half the book is deserves perhaps greater coverage as composed of appendices: one on the a series of dramatic events, ending with text, the second on the men of Magna the French rout at . Carta, a third on its enforcers and the This review is based on a proof copy fourth providing an 800-year timeline sent on the advice of the author, which There is no doubt that the illustrations (mostly the first 100 years) outlining its is still lacking illustrations, indices and will grab the attention of younger impact. the scholarly apparatus. Marc Morris is

22 Berlin in ruins well known for his accessible studies May and another ceremony, further on medieval history with a best-selling east in a Berlin suburb, on 8 May with biography of Edward I and a recent the Russians in the chair, may be less study of the Norman Conquest; he also familiar. The machinations by all sides in presented a well-received TV series on between these various ceremonies make castles. fascinating reading. His approach to John’s reign is individual, beginning with the crisis It is not widely known that, whilst Britain year of 1203, as Chateau Gaillard – was celebrating VE-Day on 8 May, it Richard I’s great castle on the Seine would not come for the Russians until 9 – was besieged by the French, before May. Despite the formal surrenders, in returning to review the growth of the several places the fighting continued. English cross-Channel empire in the Jones tells us about the uprising in twelfth century. He then resumes a Czechoslovakia and the extraordinary chronological track for the rest of events which led to the rescue of Prague the book. He provides a clear and by the Russians. The war also continued authoritative survey of events well- in Latvia, where 200,000 Germans and a grounded in original sources. With Latvian SS Division, under the command twice the space of the Jones book he of another fanatical Nazi, held out under is able to go into much more detail of appalling conditions. The continuation political events – further evidence, were of the fight defied any explanation other it needed, of John’s cruelty and duplicity. than a remarkable devotion to Hitler’s Morris has a good understanding of memory and an implacable hatred military activity, and describes it well, of the Russians. Even Stalin couldn’t so it is a pity that the book ends in a bit understand the reason for the continued of a hurry, with only a cursory study of resistance and began to think that it was the events after John’s death in October Dönitz’s influence as pernicious and some kind of plot by the Western Allies 1216. Battlefields Trust members might feels that his role after the Fürher’s to maintain post-war influence in the wish for more on the battles of Lincoln death is underestimated. Certainly he Baltic. and Sandwich in 1217; but this is one was a loyal, fanatical Nazi and could of the problems of writing history as not accept the Allied requirement for Mistrust between Western Allies and the biography and why the Magna Carta unconditional surrender. On 25 April Soviet Union was evident as the human Wars have not been accorded their full when the question was raised of a and political implications of the Yalta significance until now. surrender to save lives, Dönitz would not Agreement on the post-war division of hear of it. On 27 April when Berlin was all Europe emerged. Jones deals deftly Review by Dr Matthew Bennett but lost, he sent 900 naval cadets there with these complex issues. As he says, to assist in the defence. With neither ‘the ten days after the death of Hitler training nor experience they suffered heralded a flawed triumph for post- After Hitler: The Last Days horrific casualties to no purpose. On 1 war Europe. For some, suffering and of the Second World War in May, Dönitz broadcast to the German injustice continued. Others struggled people to announce Hitler’s death, to make sense of what they had Europe giving the impression that he had died experienced’. Most fears, however, By Michael Jones heroically in battle. Jones considers that were put aside for the time being in the Published by John Murray, 2015 he was lucky to escape the noose at general relief at the final defeat of the 372 pages, incl. Maps and Nurnberg. Nazi menace. illustrations. Berlin fell on 2 May and the accounts What Jones has done, to very good Those unfamiliar with the final days of the Russian entry into the city are effect, is to draw many intricate threads of the Second World War might be interesting as is Jones’ coverage of the together with a perceptive narrative that forgiven for thinking that, with Hitler’s Russians elsewhere where there was unfolds chronologically. His researches death, all was over bar the shouting. fierce resistance, such as at Breslau have taken him far and wide, including This compelling book illustrates clearly – fear of surrender to the Red Army Berlin, Prague and Moscow. In the that this was not so. Michael Jones is became a Nazi obsession. process he has unearthed some superb a prolific author and readers may be personal accounts, many of which familiar with his books on Bosworth and Those final days still evoke horror and appear to be new. At each stage the Agincourt. More recently he has turned despair – liberation of the concentration accounts are supported by thoughtful to the Eastern Front. This book tells the camps, desperate efforts to feed starving and interesting analysis. A fascinating story of the last ten days of the war from populations in northern Holland and book. Hitler’s suicide on 30 April 1945 to VE floods of German refugees heading west Day on 8 May. to avoid the Russians. Montgomery’s Review by Christopher Newbould HQ on Lüneberg Heath and the great Hitler’s mantle was inherited, perhaps showman’s arrangements for the Christopher Newbould is the Chief to the surprise of Goering and Himmler, German surrender on 4 May are well Guide of Spirit of Remembrance – www. by Admiral Dönitz. Goebbels had killed covered. The story of the German spiritofremembrance.com himself the following day. Jones regards surrender delegation in Rheims on 7

23 Time to Talk with Michael Jones

I studied under Professor Charles It is a real privilege to work with veterans Ross at Bristol University – and that is of some of the great battles of the where I got my interest in the Wars of Second World War, and yet veteran the Roses. I found Charles an inspiring testimony, like all historical sources, has teacher – and the clarity of his approach to be handled carefully and critically. guided me through a complicated but Ideally, one wants to use this material in fascinating period in our history. It is an conjunction with more contemporaneous interest I developed further in books material, whether personal – war diaries on Margaret Beaufort, the mother of and letters – or documentary – the army Henry VII; on the battle of Bosworth; records of the units involved in the The Women of the Cousins’ War, which fighting. This contemporaneous material I wrote with Philippa Gregory and David can establish a framework to gauge Baldwin; and, most recently, in co- the reliability of such testimony and authoring The King’s Grave: The Search use it to its best effect. But I think it is for Richard III with Philippa Langley. I also important to build up an emotional should add that I did my thesis on the rapport with veterans – and this rapport, latter stages of the Hundred Years War. and the trust it creates, helps bring their I have led many historical tours on this stories more fully to life. In this sense topic and have also written a battlefield oral testimony, unlike diaries or letters, guide to Agincourt. is a living thing – for example, a veteran It was through my tour guiding work that may often remember episodes with Dr Michael Jones is a well-known I got a chance to lead battlefield tours of remarkable clarity once he returns to military historian and lecturer the Second World War’s Eastern Front, the location where he actually fought. and to meet some of the veterans who Sometimes this form of recollection is who has written a series of books fought in this brutal conflict. I developed exceptionally vivid. As a former Red on 15th century warfare and the a concept with the company I worked Army soldier stood with us on the Second World War. His latest for, bringing in veterans to put across forecourt of Stalingrad’s Tractor Factory books include The Kings Grave: their personal experiences of combat and showed how he chained his gun to The Search for Richard III and – particularly at the battles of Kursk the iron gates as he and his comrades After Hitler: The Last Days of the and Stalingrad. And it was through this desperately tried to stop the Germans Second World War in Europe. work that I then began to write about breaking through to the Volga, it seemed the Eastern Front myself, in books on as if we had travelled back in time and Michael, when did you realise that your Stalingrad, the siege of Leningrad, were actually there. interest in history could be more than a the Moscow campaign and a broader hobby and you could make a living out survey, Total War: From Stalingrad to What are you planning for your next of it? Berlin, which tries to evoke the war project? experience of the ordinary Red Army I have always loved history, and soldier. It is from this background that I am now returning to the Hundred especially military history, ever since I After Hitler arose, a book about all the Years War and writing a new book, 24 was a child – and in terms of my career, great powers involved in the last days Hours at Agincourt, which will come out I am fortunate enough to have been of the Second World War in Europe, in time for the 600th anniversary of the able to make a living out of it. I did my in which I try to present a fairer view of battle. Much valuable and important BA and PhD at Bristol University and the Soviet Union, whose actions were research has been done on Agincourt after finishing my doctorate went straight sometimes viewed with considerable in recent years, and the book aims to into teaching. I now work freelance as suspicion by its allies – the United States bring this extraordinary clash of arms a writer, presenter and battlefield tour and Great Britain – as that terrible war alive for the ordinary reader. It uses guide. So I am lucky enough to find drew to its close. eye-witness testimony, preserved in in my work something which I enjoy the chronicles, alongside documentary and continue to be fascinated by. I am Christopher Newbould reviewed your sources to portray the dilemmas facing intrigued by the human stories that most recent book, ‘After Hitler: The the commanders and the visceral lie behind the great campaigns and Last Days of the Second World War experience of the ordinary combatants. battles of history – and what motivates in Europe’. He found it a fascinating people to fight in the most difficult of account about the little-known period of circumstances. some 10 days between Hitler’s suicide Dr Michael Jones and Germany’s final surrender. He Fellow of the Royal Historical Society The majority of your books are either was wondering how you discriminate and Member of the British Commission about the Second World War or the Wars between and evaluate accounts of eye- for Military History of the Roses. What is it that so fascinates witnesses recorded at the time and those you about these periods? from interviews many years later?

24 Walks, Talks & Special Events

Friday 1 May–Sunday 3 May 1069. Appledore, Devon. archaeologist Glenn Foard talks 2015 Although King Harold had been about the detective work involved in defeated and killed at Hastings in 1066, the rediscovery of the battlefield at Battlefields Trust Annual resistance to the Norman Conquest Bosworth, the site of King Richard III’s Conference continued for many years. In 1069 the death. Learn more about the battle, The Battlefields Trust Annual Conference sons of Harold landed at Appledore in its archaeology and why a small silver and AGM will be held in Oxford 1–3 May Devon with a fleet of 64 ships and an brooch probably marks the place where 2015. army of Irish/Norse raiders. They were King Richard was killed. To book tickets For further details visit the ‘Events’ quickly defeated. Local historian Nick contact the Banbury Museum on 01295 section of the Battlefields Trust website. Arnold has done extensive research 753752. The Museum is located in on the invasion and will be leading a Spiceball Park Road, Banbury, OX16 Saturday 2 May–Monday 4 walk across the site of the probable 2PQ. May 2015 battlefield. Battle of Tewkesbury 1471: Meet at Appledore Library (postcode Saturday 16 May 2015 EX39 1QS) at 11.00 a.m. Sunday 10 May ‘Armour at the Abbey’ Exhibition Battle of Lewes 1264 2015. Please notify the organisers in The Tewkesbury Battlefield Society are The Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264 had advance if you plan to attend. For further holding their annual exhibition of arms a significant impact on parliamentary details contact Malcolm Eden on 07925 and armour at Tewkesbury abbey. For democracy. Simon de Montfort and the 064086 or email [email protected] further details email Steve Goodchild on rebel barons defeated the army of Henry [email protected] III leading to De Montfort running the Sunday 10 May 2015 country in the name of the king. In January Thursday 7 May 2015 The Battle of Edgcote 1469 1265 he summoned a Parliament which Harvey Watson will be leading a 3–4 included burgesses for the first time and 100th anniversary of the sinking of mile (approx.) guided walk across the is considered the first representative the Lusitania site of one of the least famous – but Parliament. most pivotal – battles in the Wars of the The walk is organised in conjunction Roses. We will start at 1.30 p.m. from with Sussex Archaeological Society and the Chipping Warden Parish Church, will be led by Michael Chartier (Chair Chipping Warden, Banbury, Oxfordshire, of SAS) and John Freeman who were OX17 1JZ (thus allowing for an optional both on the Steering Group of the 750th spot of lunch at the pub beforehand). Commemoration Committee in 2014. The battle site is currently threatened Parking is in the town car parks (John by the proposed High Speed Rail link, can email/post a map). Meet at 11.00 so this is an opportunity to view this a.m. at Lewes Castle entrance – 169 beautiful valley in its current state. High Street, Lewes, BN7 1YE. The Castle The route will be a mixture of roads, opens at 11.00 a.m. and we suggest a footpaths and fields so bring suitable visit (£7.00 entrance fee). It offers views Our image of the First World War is footwear, and a rain jacket in case of towards the battlefield and was Prince dominated by the Western Front and the inclement weather. Contact Harvey Edward’s (later Edward I) base. We then slaughter in the trenches. It is easy to Watson on 01494 257847 or email will be proceeding to the Priory (Henry forget that Britain came close to being [email protected] for III’s base). defeated because a new weapon, the further details. Lunch can be taken in a café/pub at German submarine, or U-boat, came approx. 1.00 p.m. close to cutting Britain’s vital life lines After lunch drive to the car park at with the rest of the world. Battlefields the west end of the town at St Anne’s Trust Chairman, Frank Baldwin, will Crescent, BN7 1UE to start the battlefield be marking the 100th anniversary of walk at 2.00 p.m. Mike and John will lead the sinking of the liner, Lusitania, off the group up onto Landport Downs. The the coast of Ireland by leading a walk distance of the walk is approx. 2 miles looking at the ships and naval memorials with excellent views over the town, with a from the First World War. Meet at Tower return to cars at approx. 4.30 p.m. Hill tube at 6.30 p.m. and disperse at Battle of Edgcote information guide For further details please contact John the Embankment Tube 9.30 p.m. For on 07957 829997 or email him at further details contact chairman@ Saturday 16 May 2015 [email protected] battlefieldstrust.com or ring Harvey Talk at Banbury Museum: ‘Finding Watson on 01494 257847. Bosworth: The Search for the Sunday 17 May 2015 Battle that Killed a King’ – 2.30 Runnymede 1215

Sunday 10 May 2015 p.m. 2015 marks the 800th anniversary of The defeat of the sons of Harold in Internationally renowned battlefield Magna Carta, the oldest constitutional

25 The Magna carta Memorial

document in the world. Harvey Watson Roses, there is a foot tournament at almost entirely on roads and pavements, will be leading a walk and explaining Delapre Abbey, Northampton followed so the going should be easy. However, the significance of a site that has been by a walk over the site of the battle. The Peter warns that the last time he led a described as ‘the very soul of England’. tournament starts at 11.00 a.m. and the summer evening walk on this route it A brisk 1 km walk leads to the top walk at 1.30 p.m. from Delapre Abbey. turned out to be in a monsoon! of Coopers Hill, where there is the For further details contact Mike Ingram, Further information and booking details Commonwealth Air Forces Memorial, email [email protected] or will be from the organiser Elizabeth Adey one of the largest and most impressive ring 07738 908 808. at [email protected] memorials to the Second World War to be found anywhere in the British Isles. Sunday 5 July 2015 Friday 10 July 2015 On the walls of the memorial there are Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644 Battle of Northampton memorial walk the names of over 20,400 airmen lost Join the Trust and Anthony Rich for To commemorate the 555th anniversary on active service over the Atlantic, North a Sunday afternoon walk to visit this of the 1460 Battle of Northampton Sea, British Isles and North-west Europe, most modern of civil war battles. Was there is a walk over the site of the battle and who have no known grave. the Royalist press right to report that commencing from Delapre Abbey at Meet outside the National Trust tea ‘Wilmot’s service this day was very 6.30 p.m. For further details contact Mike rooms at 10.30 a.m. (post code TW20 eminent’? Or was he guilty of ‘supine Ingram email mikeingram2000@yahoo. 0AE). Contact Harvey Watson on 01494 negligence’, as Lord Digby suggested? co.uk or ring 07738 908 808. 257847 for further details. Why did the house quite literally fall in on Sir William Waller? And how did Saturday 18 July 2015 Sunday 31 May 2015 that old Presbyterian react to the secret Skirmish Hill, Melrose, Scotland 1526 First Battle of St Albans 1455 honey trap set by a mysterious Royalist A guided walk by Melrose Historical & Dr Peter Burley and Mike Elliott will lady? All will be revealed (well maybe Archaeological Association covering be leading a walk around medieval St not quite as much as the Royalist Shady sites associated with this action in July Albans and following the course of the Lady was hinting at!). Meet at 2.00 1526 when Walter Scott of Buccleuch crucial First Battle of St Albans which p.m. at Cropredy Church, Cropredy, with 800 riders challenged the Earl marked the start of the Wars of the Near Banbury. Confirm attendance and of Angus over the custody of the 12- Roses. Meet at the ‘Boot Inn’, 4 Market check for programme changes with year-old King James V. The walk takes Place, AL3 5DG, at 1.00 p.m. for lunch. Anthony Rich, 0121 249 9292 or email in Darnick Tower where the boy king The walk will start outside the pub [email protected] watched the action from the battlements, promptly at 2.00 p.m. If you are coming also the ‘Turn Again Stone’ marking the to St Albans by train contact Dr Peter Thursday 9 July 2015 spot where the retreating followers of Burley on 01727 831413 and rendezvous St Albans, Magna Carta and the Buccleuch killed the pursuing Kerr of in the Station Booking Hall at midday. Barons’ War Cessford. A summer evening walk exploring Meet in front of Melrose Parish Church at Sunday 14 June 2015 medieval St Albans and its role in the 2.00 p.m. For further details contact Ian Naseby Weekend to mark the 370th creation of Magna Carta and the Barons’ Skinner on [email protected] or anniversary of the battle War. The walk is being organised by ring 01835 822823. the Museum of St Albans and is being Saturday 20 June 2015 led by the Battlefields Trust’s National Saturday 18 July 2015 Guided walk at Northampton Castle Coordinator, Dr Peter Burley. The walk The East Anglian Branch of the and Battle of Northampton 1264 will be about 2 miles in length and take Battlefields Trust presents: Join with the Northampton Battlefield about 90 minutes. It will start at 7.00 ‘Events that Made England: Society, Friends of Northampton Castle p.m. (and finish) at the Museum of St Anniversaries of Revolting Barons and and The Battlefields Trust to discover Albans in Hatfield Road, AL1 3RR (NOT French Conquests’. the site of Northampton Castle and learn the Roman Museum in Verulamium). It is about the 1264 Battle of Northampton during the Second Barons’ War. Meet at Hazelrigg House, Marefair, Northampton NN1 1SR (close to St Peters Church) at 2.00 p.m. Contact Mike Ingram, email [email protected] or ring 07738 908 808 for further details.

Saturday 4 July 2015 Battle of Northampton 1460 Commemoration To commemorate the 1460 Battle of Northampton during the Wars of the

Magna Carta Isle 26 Magna Carta Isle

Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery. commemorating the 750th anniversary In the autumn of 1915, on the nights of A study day looking at the 800th of the death of Simon de Montfort at the 8–9 September and 13–14 October the anniversary of Magna Carta, the Battle Battle of Evesham and the creation of Germans managed to achieve two of of Evesham, the Battle of Agincourt and the first English Parliament. the most spectacular and destructive the Battle of Waterloo. For further details Saturday 1 August 2015: zeppelin raids ever to be carried out on contact Annmarie Hayek on annmarie@ ‘Commemoration & Democracy London. To mark the 100th anniversary talktalk.net or ring 01603 664021. Day’ when the Speaker and other David Warren, who has studied the air parliamentary officials will lay wreaths in raids of the First World War in depth, will Friday 31 July–Monday 3 Abbey Park. be leading a walk and telling the story of the two raids. Meet at the Bedford Hotel, August 2015 Tuesday 4 August (evening), 2015: Row, at 6.00 p.m. The Battle of Agincourt Conference, Keynote lecture by Professor David walk will take approx 2.5 hours and is a ‘War on Land and Sea: Agincourt in Carpenter (a Patron of the Simon de distance of 1.5 miles. Context’ Montfort Society). Contact Harvey Watson on London. 2015 marks the 600th anniversary of the Saturday and Sunday 8–9 August [email protected] or Battle of Agincourt. A major international 2015: Medieval Festival weekend 01494 257847 for further details. conference will be held at the University on Crown & Corporation Meadows. of Southampton between Friday 31 July To include a re-enactment of the and Monday 3 August 2015, entitled Saturday 19 September 2015 battle of Evesham 1265, craft fair ‘War on Land and Sea: Agincourt in ‘Legionaries and Knights: and demonstrations, ‘living history’, Context’. There will be discount rates for Perspectives on the Roman and music and much food and drink. A members of The Battlefields Trust. Norman Military Machines’ wargaming event organised by Daniel The conference will cover many different An afternoon seminar held by the East Faulconbridge (editor of ‘Wargames aspects of medieval warfare, including Anglia region at The Assembly House, Illustrated’) will also be held over this the culture of war, the ‘hardwear’ Norwich, featuring novelists Anthony weekend. (armour, weaponry, fortifications, ships), Riches, James Aitchinson and others to Monday 10 August 2015: Buffet supper armies and navies. There will also be be confirmed. Cost: £15. Further details at the Evesham Hotel followed by a special public events. will be available nearer the time. All talk by Katherine Ashe, the American The conference coincides with the enquiries to [email protected] or author of the four-volume ‘novelized anniversary of the plot to kill Henry V 01603 664021. It is essential to check history of Simon’, provisionally entitled on 1 August (‘the Southampton Plot’). with Annmarie before attending. ‘Why Simon Truly Was the Founder of The expeditionary army gathered in Parliament’. (Supported by the Mortimer Southampton and its environs, and History Society.) Saturday 2 October–Sunday 3 sailed from the port in mid-August. The October 2015 city of Southampton still has town walls Wednesday 12 August 2015: Historical Joint Midlands & Marches Regions surviving from this period. There will walkabout around the town and 15th-century tour also be a visit to the Royal Armouries’ battlefield. We are planning a self-drive tour in the collection of artillery at Fort Nelson. Friday 14 August 2015: Supper at Herefordshire/Shropshire Marches, Further information and calls for Abbey Manor and talk (provisionally focusing on the events leading Henry papers will be sent out in due course about Simon and the Abbey) by Dr IV to Shrewsbury and the early stages via a website. This will also contain David Cox (also a Patron of the Simon of the Wars of the Roses. We hope to an Agincourt Who’s Who, developed de Montfort Society). Courtesy of Mr and coordinate lifts and transport. Join us for from the Medieval Soldier project Mrs John Phipps. all of it, or just the bits as you choose. (www.medievalsoldier.org), and other For further details email Clive Bostle at Programme to be confirmed but likely interesting Agincourt-related material. [email protected] to be based on Saturday morning, In the meantime do email agincourt@ Mortimers Cross (1461) (mid-morning soton.ac.uk to ensure that your interest Tuesday 8 September 2015 start); Saturday afternoon, Pilleth/Bryn has been logged and to be informed Zeppelins over London Glas (1402) and possibly Wigmore of other exciting events planned for Castle or Ludford Bridge (1459). the anniversary in 2015 by the Royal Overnight in Ludlow. Sunday morning, Armouries and other organisations. For Ludford Bridge (unless covered on further information contact Anne Curry at Saturday) and Shrewsbury (1403). [email protected] Sunday afternoon, Blore Heath (1459). If interested please contact Anthony Rich, Saturday 1 August–Friday 14 0121 249 9292 email anthonyrich@ August 2015 virginmedia.com 750th anniversary of the Battle of Evesham 1265 The Simon de Montfort Society are

27 living history magazine

If you’re in to re-enactment, this is the magazine for you ...

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