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Volume 5 • Number 1 • January 2016 Volume 5 • Number 1 January 2016 Volume 5 • Number 1 • January 2016 Volume 5 • Number 1 January 2016 www.foreignpolicyandpeace.org All Azimuth Published by Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research, İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation The Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research was created under the auspices of the İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation. The main purpose of the Center is to help develop agendas and promote policies that contribute to the peaceful resolution of international and inter-communal conflicts taking place particularly in the regions surrounding Turkey. It also aims to analyze and interpret contemporary policies from a critical, comparative but, at the same time, constructive and peace-oriented perspective. The Center, in order to achieve its purpose, prepares research projects and programs, works to provide a suitable dialogical environment for social scientists, publishes research outcomes, holds conferences, round-tables, and workshops on national and international levels, offers fellowships, appoints candidates for the İhsan Doğramacı Peace Award, and publishes All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace. The Center, in its activities, observes the highest academic standards, norms, and freedoms. In doing so it attaches significance to the theoretical and methodological aspects of foreign policy analysis and works to construct bridges between policy and theory. Together with All Azimuth, the Center also aims to provide a platform for homegrown conceptualizations of international relations and foreign policy research. Chief Editors Editorial Board Ali L. Karaosmanoğlu, Center for Foreign Dr. Burak Akçapar, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Policy & Peace Research Şahin Alpay, Bahçeşehir University Ersel Aydınlı, Bilkent University Meliha Altunışık, Middle East Technical University Mohammed Ayoob, Michigan State University Managing Editor Hüseyin Bağcı, Middle East Technical University Gonca Biltekin, Center for Foreign Nimet Beriker, Sabancı University Policy & Peace Research Michael W. Doyle, Columbia University Editors Daniel Druckman, George Mason University Esra Çuhadar Gürkaynak, Bilkent University Cooper Drury, University of Missouri-Columbia Pınar İpek, Bilkent University Willem Frederik van Eekelen, Former Minister of Müge Kınacıoğlu, Hacettepe University Defense of the Netherlands & Former Secretary General of the WEU Özgür Özdamar, Bilkent University Atila Eralp, Middle East Technical University Onur Gökçe, Bilkent University Language Editor Serdar Ş. Güner, Bilkent University Rana Nelson Metin Heper, Bilkent University Patrick James, University of Southern California Publisher E. Fuat Keyman, Sabancı University Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research Müge Kınacıoğlu, Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation Ludger Kühnhardt, Bonn University Ankara, Turkey Heath W. Lowry, Princeton University ISSN 2146-7757 Ersin Onulduran, Ankara University All Rights Reserved Ziya Öniş, Koç University Nihat Ali Özcan, Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey Printing House Haluk Özdemir, Kırıkkale University Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık T.V. Paul, McGill University Çatal Sokak 11/A Maltepe / ANKARA İlter Turan, İstanbul Bilgi University Tel: (90-312) 229 92 65 Ali Resul Usul, Center for Strategic Research Peter Volten, Center for European Security Studies Printing Date Nuri Yurdusev, Middle East Technical University 02.01.2016 S. Enders Wimbush, StrateVarious LLC, Washington, Virginia This journal is indexed and abstracted by: Published two issues per year. Articles are subject to CIAO review by anonymous referees. Submissions should be EBSCO made in English by e-mail and should conform to the Emerging Sources Citation Index instructions on the inside back cover and the journal’s European Sources Online website. Gale Index Copernicus International International Bibliography of the Social Sciences JournalSeek Left Index Middle Eastern and Central Asian Studies ProQuest Ulrich’s Worldwide Political Science Abstracts All Azimuth TABLE OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Vol.Vol. 1 5 No.No. 1 January January 2016 2012 InLaunching This Issue All Azimuth 3 5 In This Issue 8 ARTICLES ARTICLES Peace Education: Training for an Evolved Consciousness of Non-violence 5 Alev Yemenici Beyond the Global Financial Crisis: Structural Continuities as Impediments to a Sustainable Recovery 10 Ziya Öniş and Mustafa Kutlay Peace Education as a Post-conflict Peacebuilding Tool 27 ForcingVanessa Democracy: Tinker Is Military Intervention for Regime Change Permissible? 28 Müge Kınacıoğlu The Moroccan Monarchy and the Islam-oriented PJD: 43 PragmaticArea and International Cohabitation Studies and the in Need Turkey: for IslamicThe Case Political of the UnitedSecularism States 50 İlter Turan Abdellatif Hissouf Intelligence Cooperation in the European Union: An Impossible Dream? 57 ŞenizCOMMENTARIES Bilgi International Security – One Paradigm Change After the Other 64 Willem Frederik van Eekelen COMMENTARY The Transatlantic Relationship in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities 74 CharlesConflict King Resolution Mallory Revisited: IV Peaceful Resolution, Mediation and Responsibility to Protect 69 Seán O Regan REVIEW ARTICLE REVIEW ARTICLE Energy Security, Politics, Markets, Peace 90 AliNon-Western Oğuz Diriöz International Relations Theory and Ibn Khaldun 79 Engin Sune Abstracts in Turkish 89 All Azimuth V5, N1, January 2016 In This Issue In this issue of All Azimuth, we present a selection of interesting articles on a variety of important theoretical and empirical questions analyzed from different perspectives. The issue begins with a research article by Alev Yemenici, in which she argues that current international threats comprising multi-faceted conflicts and violence require new educational policies that are based on peace education. For this purpose, Yemenici elaborates on an educational model that cultivates a peace-oriented mindset by promoting skills of effective communication, creative problem-solving, conflict transformation, cooperation, and empathy. She highlights that aiming to eliminate the root causes of violence; this model operates at the cellular level through which a biological mutation that moves the cells away from the primitive urge for survival into an evolved state of consciousness of peace is foreseen by acquisition of knowledge about non-violent negotiation and reconciliation strategies. She concludes that national curricula should be redesigned on the basis of this model which in turn can serve as a neurobiological foundation that may lead to generations inclined to peaceful alternatives rather than violence. In the second research article, Vanessa Tinker, critically analyzes the literature and reports on peace education programmes in post-conflict countries. The article contends that peace education programmes continue to be inspired by the worlds’ religions that directly or indirectly affect their assumptions, theories and practices. Tinker first examines peace education’s history and how it is conceptualized. In this connection, she highlights that the concept of peace education has come to represent a wide range of peace-based educational activities and that efforts to combine such diverse programmes under the label of peace education has been criticized mainly by peace educators working in the context of protracted conflicts. Nonetheless, the article points out that a variety of peace programmes has been introduced in countries emerging from ethnically/religiously linked conflicts. Examining four cases with relative success, Tinker concludes that there is a need for a deep philosophical analysis of what peace education comprises in terms of its implicit philosophical and possibly religious assumptions, in order to assess whether it can be adopted in other nations and contexts. The third article, written by Abdellatif Hissouf, analyzes the political relationship between the Moroccan monarchy and the moderate Islam-oriented Justice and Development Party (PJD) which has led Morocco’s coalition government since 2011. The article argues that the success or failure of PJD as an Islamic party which has come to power through elections and without violent uprisings remains significant for the region. In this context, the article further contends that a harmonious policy based on some form of Islamic secularism that takes into account Morocco’s political realities may overcome divergences and lead to the development of Moroccan society. Analyzing the Moroccan political system along with the monarchy’s control of the religious sphere, the article concludes that although PJD has established a common ground with the monarchy, it has not been able to address the issues of corruption and clientelism in the political elite. Thus, Hissouf suggests the PJD should promote a type of Islamic political secularism that would preserve the monarch as the Commander of the Faithful but at the same time lead the Moroccan society to change and modernism. The fourth article by Şeniz Bilgi addresses the question of intelligence cooperation in the European Union (EU) with the assumption that the need for cooperation between 3 All Azimuth V5, N1, January 2016 intelligence and security services has increased in the context of new security environment. The article discusses the extent to which current intelligence-sharing among the European countries has improved the EU’s effectiveness in dealing with the new security threats. It specifically assesses the Al Qaeda attack on the Charlie Hebdo newspaper in Paris in terms of the shortcomings
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