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Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae): Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances Elaine A

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Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae): Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances Elaine A University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 7-2013 Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae): Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances Elaine A. Backus USDA-ARS, [email protected] Murugesan Rangasamy University of Florida Mitchell Stamm University of Nebraska-Lincoln Heather J. McAuslane University of Florida, [email protected] Ron Cherry University of Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons, and the Research Methods in Life Sciences Commons Backus, Elaine A.; Rangasamy, Murugesan; Stamm, Mitchell; McAuslane, Heather J.; and Cherry, Ron, "Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae): Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances" (2013). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 617. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/617 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BEHAVIOR Waveform Library for Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Blissidae): Characterization of Electrical Penetration Graph Waveforms at Multiple Input Impedances ELAINE A. BACKUS,1,2 MURUGESAN RANGASAMY,3,4 MITCHELL STAMM,5 3 6 HEATHER J. MCAUSLANE, AND RON CHERRY Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 106(4): 524Ð539 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN13015 ABSTRACT Electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitoring has been used extensively to elucidate mechanisms of resistance in plants to insect herbivores with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Charac- terization of waveforms produced by insects during stylet probing is essential to the application of this technology. In the studies described herein, a four-channel Backus and Bennett ACÐDC monitor was used to characterize EPG waveforms produced by adults of two economically important chinch bug species: southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber, feeding on St. Augustinegrass, and western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber, feeding on buffalograss. This is only the third time a heteropteran species has been recorded by using EPG; it is also the Þrst recording of adult heteropterans, and the Þrst of Blissidae. Probing of chinch bugs was recorded with either AC or DC applied voltage, no applied voltage, or voltage switched between AC and DC mid-recording, at input impedances ranging from 106 to 1010 ⍀, plus 1013 ⍀, to develop a waveform library. Waveforms exhibited by western and southern chinch bugs were similar, and both showed long periods of putative pathway and ingestion phases (typical of salivary sheath feeders) interspersed with shorter phases, termed transitional J wave and interruption. The J wave is suspected to be an X wave, that is, in EPG parlance, a stereotypical transition waveform that marks contact with a preferred ingestion tissue. The ßexibility of using multiple input impedances with the ACÐDC monitor was valuable for determining the electrical origin (resistance vs. electromotive force components) of the chinch bug waveforms. It was concluded that an input impedance of 107 ⍀, with either DC or AC applied voltage, is optimal to detect all resistance- and electromotive force-component waveforms produced during chinch bug probing. Knowledge of electrical origins suggested hypothesized biological meanings of the waveforms, before time-intensive future correlation experiments by using histology, microscopy, and other techniques. KEY WORDS Insecta, Blissus, EPG, feeding, stylet penetration Chinch bugs within the genus Blissus have long been pest of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum recognized as important economic pests of cultivated (Walter) Kuntze, a well-adapted and widely planted grasses within the United States. Two species, in par- turfgrass species in the southern United States (Kerr ticular, have gained notoriety as pests of turf and 1966, Reinert and Kerr 1973). The southern chinch pasture grasses. The southern chinch bug, Blissus in- bugÕs North American geographic distribution extends sularis Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae), is the major from South Carolina to Florida, through the Gulf Coast states into Texas and Oklahoma, and also into The use of trade, Þrm, or corporation names in this publication is California and Hawaii (Vittum et al. 1999). Its host for information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not range encompasses important turfgrasses such as Ber- constitute an ofÞcial endorsement or approval by the United States muda grass, Cynodon spp., and centipedegrass, Er- Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of emochloa ophiuroides (Slater 1976), but St. August- any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. inegrass is highly preferred (Reinert et al. 2011). A 1 Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agri- closely related species, the western chinch bug, Blissus cultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences occiduus Barber, is primarily an economic pest of buf- Center, 9611 South Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648. falograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Englemann, a 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. ¨ 3 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Flor- low maintenance and relatively pest-free new turf- ida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620. grass for the midwestern United States (Baxendale et 4 Present address: Dow AgroSciences, LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46268. al. 1999). The western chinch bug has a broad host 5 Department of Entomology, University of NebraskaÐLincoln, Lin- range that includes turfgrasses; agronomic crops such coln, NE 68583. 6 Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, as wheat, barley, rye, and sorghum; and native grasses Belle Glade, FL 33430. (Eickhoff et al. 2004). It is found predominantly in the 0013-8746/13/0524Ð0539$04.00/0 ᭧ 2013 Entomological Society of America July 2013 BACKUS ET AL.: WAVEFORM LIBRARY FOR CHINCH BUGS 525 western United States and Canada (Baxendale et al. forms can be characterized based on frequency, am- 1999). plitude, and appearance, and their electrical origin can Direct feeding damage by these insects consists of be attributed to changes in resistance (i.e., R compo- discoloration of the affected tissue (Baxendale et al. nent of the waveform) or production of biopotentials 1999), with increasing areas of yellow or brown turf, (i.e., electromotive forces, or emf component), or a and eventual death of large patches or even entire mixture of both. The biological meanings of many R lawns or pastures (Reinert and Kerr 1973). Host plant versus emf electrical origins are now clearly under- resistance to these grass-feeding chinch bugs has been stood (Walker 2000). For example, emf components in investigated as a way to manage these pests in a more waveforms are caused by plant cell membrane break- environmentally friendly manner with reduced insec- ages by stylets (termed intracellular punctures), or ticide application. Categories of resistance to their streaming potentials formed by ßuid movements respective chinch bug pests have been elucidated in through capillary tubes like the food canal. R compo- several cultivars of St. Augustinegrass and buffalograss nents are derived from electrical conductivity of sa- (Reinert et al. 1986; Crocker et al. 1989; HengÐMoss et liva, electrical resistance to current ßow from move- al. 2002, 2003; Rangasamy et al. 2006; Eickhoff et al. ment of valves (e.g., precibarial valve and cibarial 2008), but the underlying mechanisms of resistance diaphragm) in the hemipteran head, or depth of the are still unknown. The key to discovering these mech- stylets relatively to the interior of the plant, which is anisms will be a better understanding of chinch bug hypothesized to conduct higher voltages of applied feeding. signal (Walker 2000, Backus and Bennett 2009). The three Blissus species whose feeding effects on Certain hemipteran taxa, mostly aphids, whiteßies, plants have been examined histologically are catego- and other sternorrhynchans, have been monitored rized as salivary sheath feeders, as sheaths of gelling primarily by using direct current (DC) monitors, saliva were found in plants fed on by chinch bugs. The where DC is applied to the feeding substrate (Tjallin- sheath hardened around the chinch bug stylets as they gii 1978) at a Þxed ampliÞer sensitivity (or input re- advanced within the plant to the target tissue. Painter sistance/impedance, Ri) of 109 ⍀; output from these (1928), probably studying the common chinch bug, monitors emphasizes emf components of waveforms. Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say), noted that a Other hemipterans, in particular larger insects and chinch bug feeding on corn and sorghum leaves laid those thought to be sensitive to DC, such as heterop- down a salivary sheath as its stylets passed intracellu- terans and auchenorrhynchans (sharpshooter leaf- larly on the way to the target phloem tissue. He at- hoppers), have been recorded mainly with alternating tributed observed plant damage to the removal of current (AC) monitors (Backus 1994, Backus
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