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Lecture 11 Ship Types

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Lecture 11 Ship Types Lecture 11 Ship Types SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Ship Types Section 2 Tankers Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships Section 4 Breakbulk Ships Section 5 RoRo Ships Section 6 Container Ships Section 7 Specialised Ships SHIP TYPES BY CARGO TYPES Bulk General Trades Cargo Trades Bulk Tanker Breakbulk Container RoRo Carrier Oil Major Tween Wheeled Deep-sea Tanker Bulk Decker Cargo Chemical Minor Multi- Car Short-sea Tanker Bulks Purpose Carrier Food Reefer Tankers LNG Palletised SHIP TYPES WORLD FLEET World Fleet 2000 and 2008 (million dwt) >6,600 ships 2000 2008 Source: UNCTAD, 2002, 2004, 2009 SHIP TYPES BULK CARGO Cargo Large homogeneous consignments Same cargo Consignment fills a complete ship or hold Simple stowage requirements Shipment details Small number of shippers Cargo loaded near location of origin Cargo discharged near destination Port-to-port contracts SHIP TYPES GENERAL CARGO - CHARACTERISTICS Insufficient to fill a ship or hold Large numbers of shippers Small diverse consignments Difficult stowage requirements Often onward hinterland move(s) Multi-port itineraries Primarily container, breakbulk and roro SHIP TYPES BREAKBULK Low handling rates Highly labour intensive High cost operations Very low productivity High freight rates Long delivery times Poor cargo quality control Constraint on trade SHIP TYPES BREAKBULK – STANDARD UNITS Pallets Paper Tonne Bags Coils Pallets SHIP TYPES SHIP DESIGN & VOYAGE TYPE Different types of voyage (journey) Deep-sea v Short-sea Mainline v Feeder Coastal v Short sea Coastal v River It is not the ship type but the journey Voyage and ship size Deep-sea tend to be large Mainline tend to be large Short-sea tend to be small Feeder tend to be small River tend to be small Voyage and water conditions Oceans Straits Coastal Rivers Voyage length Different crew needs Different fuel quantity SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Ship Types Section 2 Tankers Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships Section 4 Breakbulk Ships Section 5 RoRo Ships Section 6 Container Ships Section 7 Specialised Ships TANKERS LIQUID CARGO Shipped in bulk Ship load consignment = 1 cargo per ship Hold load (parcel) consignment = multiple cargoes per ship Loading and unloading by pumping May need to heat liquid if it is viscous (sticky) ????? TANKERS OIL TANKERS TANKERS SINGLE HULL & DOUBLE HULL Single Hull Double Hull TANKERS RISK OF EXPLOSIONS – INERT GAS Sun on liquid oil = vapour (gas) Ignition + vapour + oxygen = explosions Inert gas = replace oxygen with a safe gas (engine exhaust) TANKERS LOADING & UNLOADING TANKERS TANKER SHIP SIZES Handysize (10,000 to 30,000 dwt) Hellespont Alhambra Handymax (30,000 to 50,000 dwt) 441,893 dwt Panamax (50,000 to 80,000 dwt) Draft 24.5m Aframax (80,000 to 120,000 dwt) LOA 380m Suezmax (120,000 to 200,000 dwt) Beam 68m VLCC (200,000 to 320,000 dwt) Design speed 16.5 Knots ULCC (320,000 to 550,000 dwt) TANKERS TANKER SHIP SIZES - ULCC TANKERS SPECIALISED CHEMICAL CARRIERS Parcel chemical tanker Typically up to 40,000 tonnes deadweight Many small cargo tanks (up to 54 separate tanks) Tanks have dedicated pipeline Tanks often made of stainless steel Product / chemical tanker Similar size to parcel tankers Fewer cargo tanks Acid Tanker Mostly coated in steel rather than stainless steel Fruit Juice Tanker Less sophisticated pump and line arrangements Carry less difficult chemicals Specialised chemical carriers Small to medium sized ships Often dedicated to one trade Wine Tanker Usually carrying a single cargo Acid Molten sulphur Methanol Fruit juice Palm oil Vegetable Oil Tanker Wine TANKERS LNG CARRIERS Liquefied natural gas (LNG) natural gas that is converted temporarily to a liquid form for ease of storage or transportation TANKERS LNG MEMBRANE – LNG MOSS TANKS Membrane Tanks Moss Tanks TANKERS FRUIT JUICE TANKER Carlos Fisher Year Built 2004 Length 205m Breadth 32.2m Draught 9.5m Capacity 37,000 tonnes orange juice Special design Refrigerated storage tanks Pipework for flow of juice SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Ship Types Section 2 Tankers Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships Section 4 Breakbulk Ships Section 5 RoRo Ships Section 6 Container Ships Section 7 Specialised Ships DRY BULK SHIPS (DRY) BULK CARGO Shipped in bulk Ship load consignment = 1 cargo per ship (major and minor bulks) Hold load (parcel) consignment = multiple cargoes per ship Loading and unloading Grab (digging material with crane) Pneumatic (suction) Crane hook (mechanical attachment) Grain Rice Cement Coal Salt DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK - HANDYSIZE Characteristics DWT 10,000 to 35,000 dwt Draft between 7m and 10m LOA between 110m and 170m Beam 19m to 27m Typically up to 5 cargo holds Generally geared Design speed 14 Knots Market Very flexible as size allows them to enter small ports Do not require ports to have cranes Carry variety cargo including: steel products, woodchips. grain, ores, phosphate, cement, logs, grain, etc. DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK - HANDYMAX Characteristics DWT 35,000 to 59,000 Draft 10m to 12m LOA 160m to 190m Beam 24m to 32.26m Typically 5 cargo holds Generally geared Design speed 15 Knots Market Do not require ports to have cranes All five of the major bulks and also some of the larger minor bulks such as cement, logs, sugar, salt, steel, fertilizer and logs DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK - PANAMAX Characteristics DWT 60,000 to 80,000 Draft 11m to 13.4m LOA 225m to 229m Beam 24m to 32.26m Not geared Design speed 14.5 Knots Market Limited to ports with suitable cranes All five of the major bulks and some minor bulks (sulphur, cement, clinker, pellets and fertilizers) DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK - CAPESIZE Characteristics DWT 80,000 to 200,000 Draft 12m to 17m LOA 225m to 289m Beam 37m to 45m Not geared Design speed 14.5 Knots Market Limited to specific ports Transport primarily iron ore and coal Few older vessels dedicated to the carriage of grain. Carry approximately 75% of the maritime iron ore trade and 45% of the coal trade Voyage via Cape Horn or Cape of Good Hope DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK – VLBC (VLOC) Characteristics DWT 200,000 to 380,000 Draft 18m to 23m LOA 300m to 332m Beam 45m to 58m Not geared Design speed 15 Knots Market Limited to a few ports Transport iron ore and coal DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK – CHINAMAX (VALEMAX) Characteristics DWT 380,000 to 400,000 Draft 23m LOA 65m Not geared Design speed 15.4 Knots Market Limited to a few ports Transport iron ore and coal Chinamax (Valemax) Panamax DRY BULK SHIPS OIL-BULK-ORE CARRIER (OBO) DRY BULK SHIPS CONBULK Star Geiranger 11 cargo holds Total of 2,286 TEU Under deck 4 high, 11 across Above deck 4 high 11 across 22 reefer plugs Grain capacity of 65,338m³ Bale capacity of 65,298m³ SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Ship Types Section 2 Tankers Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships Section 4 Breakbulk Ships Section 5 RoRo Ships Section 6 Container Ships Section 7 Specialised Ships BREAKBULK SHIPS BREAKBULK CARGO Loose cargo of different shapes & sizes Low handling rates Highly labour intensive High cost operations Very low vessel productivity High freight rates Long delivery times Poor cargo quality control Constraint on trade BREAKBULK SHIPS MULTI PURPOSE SHIP SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Ship Types Section 2 Tankers Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships Section 4 Breakbulk Ships Section 5 RoRo Ships Section 6 Container Ships Section 7 Specialised Ships RORO SHIPS CARGO - VEHICLES Vehicles New vehicles Used vehicles RORO SHIPS CARGO - TRUCKS & TRAILERS Vehicles Trucks and trailers Accompanied (trailer only) Unaccompanied (truck and trailer) RORO SHIPS CARGO - OVERSIZED Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Wheeled Caterpillar RORO SHIPS CARGO - ROLL TRAILERS Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Minor bulks General and project cargo RORO SHIPS CARGO - NON WHEELED Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Containers Boxes etc Industrial equipment RORO SHIPS CARGO – NON WHEELED CASSETTES Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Containers Boxes etc Industrial equipment Cassettes RORO SHIPS CARGO - ANYTHING…. Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Other (anything that fits) RORO SHIPS PASSENGERS Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Other (anything that fits) Passengers Cars Coaches Motorbikes On foot RORO SHIPS WHEELED CARGO Primarily movement of vehicles or wheeled equipment May include one or a combination of Commercial vehicles – trucks, vans Passenger – passengers, motor bikes, cars, busses May combine wheeled and non-wheeled cargo Roll trailers (MAFIs) Cassettes Fork lift trucks to load cargo Containers Large numbers of shippers Ship sailing Between 2 ports Multiport port calls RORO SHIPS WHEELED – RORO ACCOMPANIED RORO SHIPS WHEELED – RORO UNACCOMPANIED RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – STERN RAMPS RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – SIDE RAMPS RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – BOW DOOR RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – MOVEABLE FLOORS RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – INTERNAL RAMPS RORO SHIPS RORO FREIGHT VESSELS RoRo = roll-on roll-off Pure freight carrying RoRo vessels Very limited accommodation for truck drivers Would transport Truck & trailer & driver (accompanied) Trailer (unaccompanied) RORO SHIPS ROPAX VESSELS ROPAX = Roll on Roll off freight and passengers Designed to carry Wheeled freight cargo Includes passenger accommodation (typically 250 passengers) RORO SHIPS LORO VESSELS LORO – Lo-Lo
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