Lecture 11

Ship Types TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships SHIP TYPES BY CARGO TYPES

Bulk General Trades Cargo Trades

Bulk Breakbulk Container RoRo Carrier

Oil Major Tween Wheeled Deep-sea Tanker Bulk Decker Cargo

Chemical Minor Multi- Car Short-sea Tanker Bulks Purpose Carrier

Food Reefer Tankers

LNG Palletised SHIP TYPES WORLD FLEET

World Fleet 2000 and 2008 (million dwt)

>6,600 ships

2000 2008

Source: UNCTAD, 2002, 2004, 2009 SHIP TYPES BULK CARGO

Cargo Large homogeneous consignments Same cargo Consignment fills a complete ship or hold Simple stowage requirements Shipment details Small number of shippers Cargo loaded near location of origin Cargo discharged near destination Port-to-port contracts SHIP TYPES GENERAL CARGO - CHARACTERISTICS

Insufficient to fill a ship or hold Large numbers of shippers Small diverse consignments Difficult stowage requirements Often onward hinterland move(s) Multi-port itineraries Primarily container, breakbulk and roro SHIP TYPES BREAKBULK

Low handling rates Highly labour intensive High cost operations Very low productivity High freight rates Long delivery times Poor cargo quality control Constraint on trade SHIP TYPES BREAKBULK – STANDARD UNITS

Pallets

Paper

Tonne Bags Coils Pallets SHIP TYPES SHIP DESIGN & VOYAGE TYPE

Different types of voyage (journey) Deep-sea v Short-sea Mainline v Feeder Coastal v Short sea Coastal v River It is not the ship type but the journey Voyage and ship size Deep-sea tend to be large Mainline tend to be large Short-sea tend to be small Feeder tend to be small River tend to be small Voyage and water conditions Oceans Straits Coastal Rivers Voyage length Different crew needs Different fuel quantity SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships TANKERS LIQUID CARGO

Shipped in bulk Ship load consignment = 1 cargo per ship Hold load (parcel) consignment = multiple cargoes per ship Loading and unloading by pumping May need to heat liquid if it is viscous (sticky)

????? TANKERS OIL TANKERS TANKERS SINGLE & DOUBLE HULL

Single Hull Double Hull TANKERS RISK OF EXPLOSIONS – INERT GAS

Sun on liquid oil = vapour (gas) Ignition + vapour + oxygen = explosions Inert gas = replace oxygen with a safe gas (engine exhaust) TANKERS LOADING & UNLOADING TANKERS TANKER SHIP SIZES

Handysize (10,000 to 30,000 dwt) Hellespont Alhambra (30,000 to 50,000 dwt) 441,893 dwt (50,000 to 80,000 dwt) 24.5m (80,000 to 120,000 dwt) LOA 380m (120,000 to 200,000 dwt) 68m VLCC (200,000 to 320,000 dwt) Design speed 16.5 Knots ULCC (320,000 to 550,000 dwt) TANKERS TANKER SHIP SIZES - ULCC TANKERS SPECIALISED CHEMICAL CARRIERS

Parcel chemical tanker Typically up to 40,000 tonnes deadweight Many small cargo tanks (up to 54 separate tanks) Tanks have dedicated pipeline Tanks often made of stainless steel Product / chemical tanker Similar size to parcel tankers Fewer cargo tanks Acid Tanker Mostly coated in steel rather than stainless steel Fruit Juice Tanker Less sophisticated pump and line arrangements Carry less difficult chemicals Specialised chemical carriers Small to medium sized ships Often dedicated to one trade Wine Tanker Usually carrying a single cargo Acid Molten sulphur Methanol Fruit juice Palm oil Vegetable Wine TANKERS LNG CARRIERS

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) natural gas that is converted temporarily to a liquid form for ease of storage or transportation TANKERS LNG MEMBRANE – LNG MOSS TANKS

Membrane Tanks Moss Tanks TANKERS FRUIT JUICE TANKER

Carlos Fisher Year Built 2004 Length 205m Breadth 32.2m Draught 9.5m Capacity 37,000 tonnes orange juice Special design Refrigerated storage tanks Pipework for flow of juice SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships DRY BULK SHIPS (DRY) BULK CARGO

Shipped in bulk Ship load consignment = 1 cargo per ship (major and minor bulks) Hold load (parcel) consignment = multiple cargoes per ship Loading and unloading Grab (digging material with crane) Pneumatic (suction) Crane hook (mechanical attachment)

Grain Rice Cement Coal Salt DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK -

Characteristics DWT 10,000 to 35,000 dwt Draft between 7m and 10m LOA between 110m and 170m Beam 19m to 27m Typically up to 5 cargo holds Generally geared Design speed 14 Knots Market Very flexible as size allows them to enter small ports Do not require ports to have cranes Carry variety cargo including: steel products, woodchips. grain, ores, phosphate, cement, logs, grain, etc. DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK - HANDYMAX

Characteristics DWT 35,000 to 59,000 Draft 10m to 12m LOA 160m to 190m Beam 24m to 32.26m Typically 5 cargo holds Generally geared Design speed 15 Knots Market Do not require ports to have cranes All five of the major bulks and also some of the larger minor bulks such as cement, logs, sugar, salt, steel, fertilizer and logs DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK - PANAMAX

Characteristics DWT 60,000 to 80,000 Draft 11m to 13.4m LOA 225m to 229m Beam 24m to 32.26m Not geared Design speed 14.5 Knots Market Limited to ports with suitable cranes All five of the major bulks and some minor bulks (sulphur, cement, clinker, pellets and fertilizers) DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK -

Characteristics DWT 80,000 to 200,000 Draft 12m to 17m LOA 225m to 289m Beam 37m to 45m Not geared Design speed 14.5 Knots Market Limited to specific ports Transport primarily iron ore and coal Few older vessels dedicated to the carriage of grain. Carry approximately 75% of the maritime iron ore trade and 45% of the coal trade Voyage via Cape Horn or Cape of Good Hope DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK – VLBC (VLOC)

Characteristics DWT 200,000 to 380,000 Draft 18m to 23m LOA 300m to 332m Beam 45m to 58m Not geared Design speed 15 Knots Market Limited to a few ports Transport iron ore and coal DRY BULK SHIPS DRY BULK – ()

Characteristics DWT 380,000 to 400,000 Draft 23m LOA 65m Not geared Design speed 15.4 Knots Market Limited to a few ports Transport iron ore and coal

Chinamax (Valemax)

Panamax DRY BULK SHIPS OIL-BULK-ORE CARRIER (OBO) DRY BULK SHIPS CONBULK

Star Geiranger 11 cargo holds Total of 2,286 TEU Under deck 4 high, 11 across Above deck 4 high 11 across 22 reefer plugs Grain capacity of 65,338m³ Bale capacity of 65,298m³ SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships BREAKBULK SHIPS BREAKBULK CARGO

Loose cargo of different shapes & sizes Low handling rates Highly labour intensive High cost operations Very low vessel productivity High freight rates Long delivery times Poor cargo quality control Constraint on trade BREAKBULK SHIPS MULTI PURPOSE SHIP SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships RORO SHIPS CARGO - VEHICLES

Vehicles New vehicles Used vehicles RORO SHIPS CARGO - TRUCKS & TRAILERS

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Accompanied (trailer only) Unaccompanied (truck and trailer) RORO SHIPS CARGO - OVERSIZED

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Wheeled Caterpillar RORO SHIPS CARGO - ROLL TRAILERS

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Minor bulks General and project cargo RORO SHIPS CARGO - NON WHEELED

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Containers Boxes etc Industrial equipment RORO SHIPS CARGO – NON WHEELED CASSETTES

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Containers Boxes etc Industrial equipment Cassettes RORO SHIPS CARGO - ANYTHING….

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment (project cargo) Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Other (anything that fits) RORO SHIPS PASSENGERS

Vehicles Trucks and trailers Oversized specialist equipment Roll trailer Non-wheeled cargo Other (anything that fits) Passengers Cars Coaches Motorbikes On foot RORO SHIPS WHEELED CARGO

Primarily movement of vehicles or wheeled equipment May include one or a combination of Commercial vehicles – trucks, vans Passenger – passengers, motor bikes, cars, busses May combine wheeled and non-wheeled cargo Roll trailers (MAFIs) Cassettes Fork lift trucks to load cargo Containers Large numbers of shippers Ship sailing Between 2 ports Multiport port calls RORO SHIPS WHEELED – RORO ACCOMPANIED RORO SHIPS WHEELED – RORO UNACCOMPANIED RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – STERN RAMPS RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – SIDE RAMPS RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – BOW DOOR RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – MOVEABLE FLOORS RORO SHIPS ANATOMY – INTERNAL RAMPS RORO SHIPS RORO FREIGHT VESSELS

RoRo = roll-on roll-off Pure freight carrying RoRo vessels Very limited accommodation for truck drivers Would transport Truck & trailer & driver (accompanied) Trailer (unaccompanied) RORO SHIPS ROPAX VESSELS

ROPAX = Roll on Roll off freight and passengers Designed to carry Wheeled freight cargo Includes passenger accommodation (typically 250 passengers) RORO SHIPS LORO VESSELS

LORO – Lo-Lo and Ro-Ro = load-on load-off and roll-on roll-off RoRo access to main deck LoLo access to weather deck Targets wheeled cargo and general cargo RORO SHIPS CONRO VESSELS

CONRO – Container and Roll-on Roll-off RoRo access to main deck Container storage on weather deck Targets wheeled cargo and container RORO SHIPS STORO VESSELS

STORO – Stow and Ro-Ro RoRo access to main deck Side door access to upper and lower decks for stowage of palletised cargo RORO SHIPS RORO – RAIL VESSELS RORO SHIPS PURE CAR CARRIERS - PCCs

PCC = Pure Car Carrier Target new car trades

Ship size measured as Lanes In Meter (LIM) CEU (Car Equivalent Unit) RORO SHIPS PCC TRICOLOR

50,000 tonne vessel Value $40m Cargo of 2,871 new cars BMW, Volvo and SAAB 14 December 2002 Collided in fog with a in the English Channel No cars salvaged Removed from the wreck and destroyed Value $48m (retail value of $96m) RORO SHIPS PAX VESSELS

PAX = Passenger RoRo Target passenger traffic Cars Coaches Motor bikes Foot passenger Usually in excess of 250 passengers May carry small vans and some trucks Facilities often include Cabins Restaurants Entertainment SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships CONTAINER SHIPS CONTAINER CHARACTERISTICS

Highly capital intensive 1 ship = +$100m High handling rates +2000 tonnes ship working hour High vessel productivity Low per TEU freight cost Fast delivery times Good cargo quality control Catalyst for world trade CONTAINER SHIPS CONTAINER – FULLY CELLULAR

Design of containership dictates where Container length can be stowed Container types can be stowed Cell guides Ease handling operations Support stacked containers. May be reconfigured CONTAINER SHIPS CONTAINER – FULLY CELLULAR

V-shaped to guide container into cell.

Cell guides Tank top to mirror curvature of hull CONTAINER SHIPS CELL GUIDES ABOVE DECK CONTAINER SHIPS EMMA MAERSK CONTAINER SHIPS SEMI-HATCHLESS SHIP

Barmbex Total 1,620 TEU 308 Reefer points 27.2 beam 10 wide 9.0m draught LOA 169m Ice Class Built 2005 CONTAINER SHIPS CONTAINER – BARGES CONTAINER SHIPS SHIPS THAT CARRY CONTAINERS

RoRo RoLo LoLo RoRo Passenger Container CoRo

Conbulker Open Bulk ContainerOPERATIONS Multipurpose Semi container

Geared cellular 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation

Hatchless Container Barge Lash Heavy Lift SHIP TYPES LECTURE STRUCTURE

Section 1 Ship Types

Section 2 Tankers

Section 3 Dry Bulk Ships

Section 4 Breakbulk Ships

Section 5 RoRo Ships

Section 6 Container Ships

Section 7 Specialised Ships SPECIALISED SHIPS LASH VESSELS

Baco-Liner I Total 652 TEU 12 barges (800 tonnes) 28.5 beam 6.65m draught LOA 205m Built 1980 SPECIALISED SHIPS REEFER

Container and breakbulk Temperature controlled shipments Specialised trade Highly seasonal Vertical integration Declining sector Average age of vessels increasing Being replaced by containers SPECIALISED SHIPS CEMENT CARRIER

Cembay Year Built 1998 Length 89m Breadth 14 m Gross 3,017 t Dead Weight 4,216 t Speed 13.1 max / 10.3 avg knots SPECIALISED SHIPS PROJECT & HEAVY LIFT SPECIALISED SHIPS HEAVY LIFT SHIPS

Jumbo Jubilee Year Built 2009 Length 145m Breadth 26m Draught 6.4m DWT 13,017 tons Capacity Deck 3,100 m2 Cranes 2 x 900 tons Speed 17 knots SPECIALISED SHIPS WOOD CHIP CARRIER

Keoyang Majesty Year Built 1997 Length 221m Breadth 32m DWT 43,181 tons Speed 13.5 knots SPECIALISED SHIPS LOG FITTED

Pacific Logger Year Built 2000 Length 176m Breadth 30m DWT 41,877tons Speed 10.0 knots SPECIALISED SHIPS LIVESTOCK CARRIER

Ocean Shearer Year Built 1980 Length 213.30m Breadth 32.2m DWT 23,263 tons Speed 24 knots SPECIALISED SHIPS SELF DISCHARGING VESSELS