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The Glacial, Sea Level, and Sea Ice Histories of Melville and Eglinton Islands, Western Canadian High Arctic: Last Glacial Maximum to Present

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The Glacial, Sea Level, and Sea Ice Histories of Melville and Eglinton Islands, Western Canadian High Arctic: Last Glacial Maximum to Present University of Alberta The glacial, sea level, and sea ice histories of Melville and Eglinton islands, western Canadian High Arctic: Last Glacial Maximum to present by Francis Chantel Nixon A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ©Francis Chantel Nixon Spring 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87893-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87893-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada FOR TOM, AND SASHA & SPARKY ABSTRACT Recent mapping and surveying of surficial geology and geomorphology on Melville and Eglinton islands, Northwest Territories, Canada, demonstrates more extensive Late Pleistocene glacial limits than previously reported. These include a northwestward extension of the Laurentide Ice Sheet by at least 100 km, and possibly as far as the polar continental shelf edge, across purportedly "ice-free" terrain on Eglinton Island, and a radially outflowing, multi-domed local ice cap on Melville Island, which comprised a part of the lowland sector of the Innuitian Ice Sheet. The largely marine-based Laurentide Ice Sheet decoupled from the Innuitian Ice Sheet ~ 13.6 cal yrs BP on southern Eglinton Island and progressed rapidly southeastward through M'Clure Strait to northern Victoria Island, where marine molluscs in deglacial sediments are the same age. Ice cap margins on western Melville Island remained stable and offshore until — 13.0 cal yrs BP, and until ~9.5 cal ka BP on eastern Melville Island. This chronology is based on >75 new radiocarbon-dated molluscs collected from ice-contact raised marine sediments surveyed along retreat pathways. Postglacial emergence is also outlined for this region. The forms of the relative sea level curves are diverse and include: Zone I curves showing continuous emergence to present; and transitional Zone I/II curves displaying emergence followed by submergence in the mid- to late- Holocene (still ongoing). Zone I curves are restricted to eastern Melville Island, while Zone I/II transitional curves occur on western Melville Island, and thus the crest of the glacial forebulge is presently located between these two areas, requiring that the zero isobase bisects the island. Of special interest are two localities (southern Melville Island and northern Eglinton Island) where the relative sea level history is described by flat-topped curves. These areas experienced earlier deglaciation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet while remaining in the peripheral depression of the more stable and adjacent Innuitian Ice Sheet. The flat-topped curves appear to record an unusual balance of glacio-isostatic emergence and eustatic sea level rise for up to 2000 years at these sites. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Canadian Circumpolar Institute (Gircumpolar/Boreal Alberta Research Award), Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (Northern Scientific Training Program Grants and Malcolm Ramsay Memorial Award), and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Northern Research Chair, awarded to J. England) provided financial support for this research. A University of Alberta Ph.D. Scholarship and NSERC Northern Internship Award to the author are also gratefully acknowledged. Fieldwork in this remote part of the Canadian High Arctic would not have been possible without logistical support from the Polar Continental Shelf Project, nor without the good company and competence of field assistants Thomas Lakeman, Anna Pienkowski, Steven Curley, and Roy Coulthard. Thanks toJohn England, Patrick Lajeunesse, and Michelle Hanson for collecting and sharing their data from eastern Melville Island. Many individuals deserve my heartfelt thanks for their guidance and encouragement during my tenure at the University of Alberta. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, John England, for opening the door to the Arctic. I had no idea what lay before me on that very first Twin Otter flight from Resolute to Melville Island. I am profoundly grateful for your faith in me over the years, and for your generosity, patience, and wisdom. I have been especially inspired by the northern outreach and teaching you engage in every year and hope my future includes similar enriching opportunities that you initially encouraged me to take on during my Ph.D. program. Thank you also for your thorough editing, which has made me a much better writer - and yes, I am even grateful for the "sleeping pills" comment, which I plan to frame and hang on a wall, so that I will forever be reminded of the importance of not putting the reader to sleep! Thanks also to the members of my candidacy and defense committees (Drs Duane Froese, Martin Sharp, Octavian Catuneanu, Martyn Unsworth, Ray Le Blanc, and Brenda Hall) for the interesting and helpful discussions that have improved my thesis and encouraged my development as a researcher. To the wonderful research group I had the privilege of working alongside at the University of Alberta (Anna Pienkowski, Roy Coulthard, Thomas Lakeman, Mark Furze, Jonathan Doupe/Cosmo, and Jess Vaughan) I extend a huge thank you for your loyalty, humour and support. We have shared some extraordinarily rich experiences in the remotest corners of the Canadian Arctic, over Belgian beers and cinnamon buns at the Sugar Bowl, at numerous conferences, in the big, white pilsur-mobile, and even in the dreary, old Tory Building. To my fellow lady scientists, Anna Pienkowski, Catherine La Farge and the late Cathy Nigrini: thanks for inspiring me. I look up to you all. Anna: I hope there will be an encore Arcdc performance of the slighdy off-key, Sound of Music, augmented of course, by copious amounts of polish vodka. Much love and gratitude are extended to my family, back in Ontario (mom, dad, Brent and Jaimie) for your encouragement and interest in what I've been doing over these many, long years. I always come away from a visit or phone call home feeling refreshed and grounded. You never questioned my choices, motives or the length of time it has taken me to reach this goal. Thanks also for providing me with a childhood that inspired and fostered my earliest interest in beachcombing: the primary methodology of this thesis! To my children, Sasha, and the next one (soon-to-be named): thank you for motivating me to finally finish this Ph.D. and for putting up with the frequent late nights and stress that have characterized these last few months. I hope that you will have the same freedom as I have to follow your passions in life and see where they take you. My final and biggest love and thanks are reserved for my husband, Thomas Lakeman. From the very beginning of this journey you were there with your wisdom and intellect, gently guiding and encouraging me (sometimes carrying me) over my mountains and molehills to the finish line. Our time together in the Arctic and at the University of Alberta is a treasure that I will forever cherish. I look forward to our upcoming adventures, wherever
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