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The Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913 to 1918 Author(S): Vilhjalmur Stefansson Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol

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The Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913 to 1918 Author(S): Vilhjalmur Stefansson Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol The Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913 to 1918 Author(s): Vilhjalmur Stefansson Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Oct., 1921), pp. 283-305 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1781040 Accessed: 26-06-2016 17:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 131.232.13.6 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 17:05:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION OF 1913 TO 1918 283 east of Mount Everest. There we must hope that they may have found some route less formidable than the others have shown themselves on first acquaintance. The idea that the slopes of the mountain towards the Tibetan plateau might, as elsewhere, be much less steep than towards the south is evidently wrong; they could not be much steeper than they are. The difficulties are indeed formidable ; but the " Fading Hopes " of the Times9 poster on September 10 are not yet those of the Mount Everest Committee, still less of the expedition in the field, whose duty this year was to reconnoitre all the approaches to the mountain, but not to spend time early in the season on any one route until they had satisfied themselves that there was none easier that had been overlooked. Up to the present they have had no great temptation. But even if the north-eastern face should prove as forbidding as the others, the question will not be settled. A still stronger climbing party next year, with better fortune in health, will surely find some ridge or other of the mountain worthy of a grand assault. THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION OF 1913 TO 1918 Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Commander Map following p. 320. WHILE 1908-1912, I was thereengaged gradually in the tookwork shape of my in polarmy mind expedition the plans of which we were able to carry out under the auspices of the Canadian Government during the years 1913-1918. In the summer of 1853 Lieut. Mecham said in his report to his com- manding officer, Captain Kellett, that the exploratory journey which he had just finished to the west coast of Prince Patrick Island had been ex? tended in length ten days by the ability of his party to secure game, and that he conceived it difficult to make such a journey successfully and without serious results to the health of the men engaged, without using fresh meat secured along the route to supplement any rations which were brought from the ship. The same year, in his report to the same superior officer, Captain Leopold McClintock made a similar statement at the end of a journey which Sir Clements Markham, in his ' Life of McClintock' (p. 166), has referred to as the greatest polar journey ever undertaken. McClintock as well as Mecham places at ten days the extension of his journey beyond what would have been possible had no game been secured. In Franklin's overland expedition of 1819 little game was secured, and there are few indications in his journal that there was any possibility This content downloaded from 131.232.13.6 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 17:05:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 284 THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION OF 1913 TO 1918 of securing game. On that journey some of the members died of starva? tion, and those who lived through did so only after the greatest hardships. But in 1848, in travelling over the same country, Sir John Richardson, who was one of the survivors of Franklin's disastrous overland journey of 1819, says that in his opinion a single competent hunter such as John Rae on that journey proved himself to be, could support a party of forty men with his rifle and leave them all free to do each his own work. Richardson, therefore, on that journey came to the conclusion that self-support on the Arctic prairies (egregiously miscalled " Barren Ground ") was practicable, and suitable for the maintenance of polar research. During the Franklin research Dr. John Rae proved this to the hilt by wintering comfortably, and without the loss of a single man, on the Arctic coast at a place having the forbidding name of Repulse Bay, under conditions of game supply which are neither markedly better nor worse than those of almost any part of the north coast of Canada or of the archipelago to the northward. But after Dr. Rae's time the advance which he had made in the method of polar travel was lost sight of to such a degree that when David Hanbury at the beginning of the present century made a journey of about six months from Hudson Bay to Great Bear Lake, depending on food secured by Eskimo hunters whom he had hired, the feat was considered revolutionary. True, Hall (in the period between Rae and Hanbury) had lived as the guest of the Eskimo near King William Island, but he had travelled practically not at all, and had merely lived with the natives on their accustomed hunting grounds. Schwatka and Gilder had travelled a little more in the same region, but had essentially depended on the Eskimo, and on the whole these accomplishments, both of Hall and Schwatka, attracted little attention. Later, Peary used fresh meat more extensively than most explorers, because he had a great belief in its virtue in keeping the men in good health, and also because it was the least expensive food that could be used, for it did not have to be freighted at a high expense from New York, Nansen and Johansen at the end of their remarkable sledge journey after leaving the Fram did live for a winter on game in Franz Josef Land, and that in comfort and perfect health. But since Rae's time it seemed advisable to no one, with the partial exception of Hanbury, to use food resources of the country as the mainstay in a protracted Arctic enterprise involving a good deal of travel. Hanbury depended almost entirely on Eskimo whom he hired, and his journey was hasty, involving sportsmanship rather than scientific pursuit, and through country believed to be better supplied with game than most of the Arctic. But during the years 1908-1912 Dr. R. M. Anderson and I put Rae's methods to the test again. We spent four and a half years in scientific research, living by forage, at times in inhabited and at times in uninhabited portions of the north coast of Alaska, the north coast of Canada, and in This content downloaded from 131.232.13.6 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 17:05:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION OF 1913 TO 1918 285 Victoria Island. The method proved completely successful. Our enter? prise differed from Hanbury's, not only in its scientific character and in being eight or ten times as extensive in time involved, but also in that Dr. Anderson and myself did not depend on the Eskimo to get food for us, but ourselves secured a good deal more than half of the food used by our party. During this time we proved, therefore, what had become evident to me on my first expedition (1906-1907), that white men can easily master every art of the Eskimo that is useful for living safely and comfortably in the Arctic. This was in accord with Rae, who had done his own hunting, and quite opposed to the precepts and practice of Hall, Hanbury, and Peary, who had depended on native hunters. Peary, in fact, says in his last book, e The North Pole/ that you cannot successfully make a polar journey such as his unless you command the confidence of a sufficient number of Eskimo to go with you and do most of the work for you, including the securing of game in places where game can be secured, and including especially the building of snow houses. But what is most pertinent to our expedition of 1913-1918 is that during the years 1908-1912 I came to the conclusion, which was con? trary to the expressed beliefs of Arctic authorities, whether explorers, whalers, or Eskimo, that it would be possible to travel extensively and, so far as time is concerned, indefinitely over the ice of the polar ocean, de- pending for food and fuel exclusively on the animals found there, and that this journey could be made as easily by white men unsupported by Eskimo as by white men with Eskimo servants. I cannot here go into details of the reasoning which led me to this belief. It was based partly on the results of oceanography as laid down by such authorities as Sir John Murray, and partly on my conclusion that the statements of ex? plorers, whalers, and Eskimo that no food could be secured on the polar sea at a great distance from land, were not based on any observations, but were merely the expression of a belief.
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