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Chronology, Paleoecology and Stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene Sediments from the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada

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Chronology, Paleoecology and Stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene Sediments from the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada Chronology, Paleoecology and Stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene Sediments from the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada by April Sue Rogers Dalton A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by April Sue Rogers Dalton 2017 Chronology, Paleoecology and Stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene Sediments from the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada April Sue Rogers Dalton Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Stratigraphic records in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL), Canada, offer rare insight into local paleoenvironments and the Late Pleistocene climate system over North America. Age determinations on sub-till non-glacial materials suggest that the HBL, lying near the centre of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), was ice-free for parts of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; 57,000 to 29,000 yr BP), MIS 5 (130,000 to 71,000 yr BP) and MIS 7 (243,000 to 190,000 yr BP). The MIS 3 age assignment is notable since it suggests the possibility of significant retreat of the LIS and a relatively high global sea level, both of which are a contrast to assumptions that North America was moderately glaciated, and that global sea level was relatively low during that time interval. Paleoecological proxies, including pollen and plant macrofossils, suggest that the HBL contained peatland and boreal vegetation during all previous non-glacial intervals, and pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of sites which are hypothesized to be MIS 3 and MIS 5a (~80,000 yr BP) in age suggest that climate during MIS 3 may have had less annual precipitation than during MIS 5a and present day. Stratigraphic analyses of these glacial and non-glacial sediments provide insight into the dynamicity of Late Pleistocene ice sheets; multiproxy analyses of three stratigraphic successions along the Albany River resulted in the recognition of at least three glacial advances from shifting ice centers within ii the Québec sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Late Pleistocene. This dissertation contributes a chronological dataset for reconstructing the movement, timing and dynamics of Late Pleistocene ice sheets over North America, as well as paleoecological data for understanding the character and distribution of boreal peatlands during previous interstadial and interglacial periods. iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor Sarah Finkelstein for providing me with this research opportunity, offering constant guidance and support, and for being an outstanding mentor. Thank you for setting deadlines and making me stick to them! I would also like to thank the members of my advisory committee, Martin Head, Joe Desloges and Peter Barnett, who provided invaluable guidance and insight for this project. In particular, this project would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and expertise of Peter Barnett, who provided limitless mentorship and guidance from his work in the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Countless other people have helped me along the way. In particular, thank you to Steve Forman for hosting me in his optically stimulated luminescence lab, his keen interest in HBL research and providing invaluable insights and guidance on Quaternary dating and stratigraphy. Thank you also to Minna Väliranta for macrofossil expertise and guidance. Additional thanks to Karin Helmens for mentorship and helpful conversations about interstadial deposits; Tamara Pico and Jerry Mitrovica for helpful sea level discussions; Art Dyke for sharing radiocarbon datasets; Martin Roy for attempting U-Th dates on wood samples; Anna Soleski, Tina Hui and Jason Davison for lab assistance; Siobhan Williams and Maurice Nguyen for fieldwork assistance, and; Carley Crann and the A.E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory for hosting my visit in 2015. Funding for this research was provided by the Ontario Geological Survey, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada) and the Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP). My experience as a graduate student was enriched by additional funding from the University of Toronto Centre for Global Change Science; scholarship funding provided by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship; the University of Toronto School of Graduate Studies (SGS) Conference Grant; the 2016 Connaught Summer Institute in Arctic Science, and conference funding from Past Global Changes (PAGES). Finally, this journey would not have been possible without the love and support of my family and friends. In particular to Daniel– thank you for your patience and understanding! iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. x List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Late Pleistocene terminology and the use of climatostratigraphic records ......................... 1 1.2 Summary of Late Pleistocene paleoclimate in North America ........................................... 3 1.2.1 Penultimate interglaciation (MIS 5; 130,000 to 71,000 yr BP) .............................. 3 1.2.2 Stadial event (MIS 4; 71,000 to 57,000 yr BP) ....................................................... 4 1.2.3 Interstadial event (MIS 3; 57,000 to 29,000 yr BP) ................................................ 4 1.2.4 Widespread glaciation (MIS 2; 29,000 to 14,000 yr BP) ....................................... 5 1.3 Late Pleistocene records in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada ........................................ 6 1.4 Regional setting .................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Research objectives ............................................................................................................. 8 1.5.1 Chronology ............................................................................................................. 8 1.5.2 Paleoecology ........................................................................................................... 9 1.5.3 Stratigraphy ........................................................................................................... 10 1.5.4 Use of land-based data to infer past ice extents .................................................... 11 1.6 Publication status of thesis chapters ................................................................................. 12 1.6.1 Chapter 2: Constraining the Late Pleistocene history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet by dating the Missinaibi Formation, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada ........ 12 1.6.2 Chapter 3: Pollen and macrofossil-inferred palaeoclimate at the Ridge Site, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: evidence for a dry climate and significant recession of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 3 .................. 13 v 1.6.3 Chapter 4: Late Pleistocene chronology, paleoecology and stratigraphy at a suite of sites along the Albany River, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada ............... 13 1.6.4 Chapter 5: Land-based evidence suggests a significantly reduced Laurentide Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 3 .............................................................. 14 1.7 Figures ................................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 2 Constraining the Late Pleistocene history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet by dating the Missinaibi Formation, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada........................................................... 16 2.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Missinaibi Formation, Canada ................................................................................. 18 2.2.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Regional Setting ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Critical evaluation of geochronological techniques ........................................................... 20 2.4.1 Radiocarbon dating .................................................................................................. 21 2.4.2 U-Th dating .............................................................................................................. 22 2.4.3 OSL dating ............................................................................................................... 23 2.4.4 Thermoluminescence dating ...................................................................................
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