materials Review Metal Oxide Compact Electron Transport Layer Modification for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Md. Shahiduzzaman 1,* , Shoko Fukaya 2, Ersan Y. Muslih 3, Liangle Wang 2 , Masahiro Nakano 3, Md. Akhtaruzzaman 4, Makoto Karakawa 1,2,3, Kohshin Takahashi 3, Jean-Michel Nunzi 1,5 and Tetsuya Taima 1,2,3,* 1 Nanomaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; karakawa@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp (M.K.);
[email protected] (J.-M.N.) 2 Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
[email protected] (S.F.);
[email protected] (L.W.) 3 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
[email protected] (E.Y.M.);
[email protected] (M.N.);
[email protected] (K.T.) 4 Solar Energy Research Institute, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
[email protected] 5 Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L-3N6, Canada * Correspondence:
[email protected] (M.S.);
[email protected] (T.T.); Tel.: +81-76-234-4937 (M.S.) Received: 14 April 2020; Accepted: 9 May 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have appeared as a promising design for next-generation thin-film photovoltaics because of their cost-efficient fabrication processes and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, PSCs containing a metal oxide compact layer (CL) suffer from poor long-term stability and performance. The quality of the underlying substrate strongly influences the growth of the perovskite layer.