Cultura Impresa Y Modernidades Divergentes En El Exilio (1936-1959)
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City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2018 Un Buenos Aires ibérico: Cultura impresa y modernidades divergentes en el exilio (1936-1959) Pablo Garcia Martinez The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2759 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Un Buenos Aires ibérico: Cultura impresa y modernidades divergentes en el exilio (1936- 1959) by PABLO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Latin America, Iberian and Latino Cultures in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 © 2018 PABLO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ All Rights Reserved ii Un Buenos Aires ibérico: Cultura impresa y modernidades divergentes en el exilio (1936-1959) By Pablo García Martínez This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Latin American, Iberian and Latino Cultures in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Fernando Degiovanni Chair of Examining Committee Date Fernando Degiovanni Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Nuria Morgado Paul Julian Smith Jordana Mendelson Sebastiaan Faber THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Aos mues pais, Isabel e Inacio, que nunca descansan de estar iv Abstract My dissertation, Un Buenos Aires ibérico: Cultura impresa y modernidades divergentes en el exilio (1936-1959) –Iberian Buenos Aires: Print Culture and Diverging Modernity in Exile (1939- 1959)–, analyzes print culture as a site of interaction between the intellectuals and artists exiled from the Spanish Civil War and the Argentinian Cultural Field. This doctoral research uses previously unpublished materials –with texts written in Spanish, Galician and Catalan, ranging from journalism and private correspondence to literary prose and drama; as well as graphic design, illustration and canvases– to engage with current conversations and debates in both the humanities and the general public about matters such as the construction of identity in the context of diaspora, the circulation of ideas and world views as a consequence of migratory movements, and the creation of international networks built on fraternity and solidarity. Based on this diverse body of sources, I argue that exiled intellectuals organic to peripheral Iberian nationalisms during the pre- war period played an influential role in the articulation of modern Argentinian culture during the 1940s and 1950s. At the same time, they took ideas from the debates on modernity that enriched the national cultures and nationalist thinking being shaped underground during Francoism in the Spanish state. Iberian Buenos Aires forges new paths for studying contemporary Iberian Literature and Culture by advocating for the study of modern Spain as the result of the interaction between the different national cultures coexisting within the country and interacting with communities overseas. This approach is currently present in the U.S. academic context, due to the rise of Iberian Studies. However, there is still the need for articulating this approach with the conceptualization of national collectivities in the diaspora forced into exile by the Spanish Civil War. I am v particularly interested in Galician culture in Buenos Aires, and the main reason for this focus are the possibilities offered to me by research using as a conducting thread the unique trajectory of the Argentinian-Galician intellectual Luís Seoane (1910-1979), who played a crucial role in both cultural fields. Seoane’s journey places him in what may be conceived as an intersection of different accents. Indeed, when the Argentinean-born Seoane returned to his country of origin, he did so as an exile from the Spanish Civil War. He and his republican colleagues occupied a position shared during the following decade by hundreds of citizens in the Argentine capital: as exiles seeking refuge from European fascisms. There, Seoane interacted with several networks of intellectuals, including the local anti-fascist cultural movement, the Jewish community in Buenos Aires, the already established Galician community, and the whole community of exiles from Franco’s Spain. The activities performed by the multi-talented Seoane (artist, writer, journalist, editor, art critic) and the positions he held thanks to the recognition given him by the Argentinean intelligentsia are the starting point of this dissertation. In the first chapter of the dissertation, I explore the negotiations, misunderstandings, and appropriations that intellectuals such as Seoane or the catalan editor Joan Merlí –also studied in this dissertation– experienced because they remained organic to subaltern nationalisms while also taking part in a markedly supra-national movement such as European anti-fascism. In the following two chapters, I analyze how Seoane’s intellectual projects evolved in the modern Argentinean metropolis where cultural hegemonies were very different from those of Republican Spain, when, at the same time, cultural hegemonies were being renegotiated globally after the end of the World War II. vi Agradecimientos Este texto es el resultado de largas horas de reflexión, escritura, incertidumbre y, sobre todo, silencio. Muchas horas de placer encontrado en el pensamiento sobre problemas que me apasionan. Es también un trabajo que nunca hubiera sido posible sin la ayuda de tantas personas que de diferente manera me acompañaron en el camino. En lo que se refiere a mi entrenamiento profesional, este comenzó en el ámbito de la comunicación, donde tuve la suerte de poder aprender de profesores como Margarita Ledo Andión, Xosé Manoel Beiras o Xavier Sánchez Erauskin. Durante la primera fase de mis estudios sobre cultura y literatura, en la Facultade de Filoloxía de Santiago de Compostela, mis reflexiones estuvieron espoleadas por profesores como Manuela Palacios, Dolores Vilavedra, Arturo Casas, Luís Martul o María do Cebreiro Rábade Vilar. En esos años también pude someter mi pensamiento al debate con amigos como Xoán Lois García Carlín, Miguel Mosqueira, Samuel Solleiro, Alba Viñas, David Pérez González, Miguel Calvo, Xan Gómez Viñas, María Gordillo, Ana Salgado, Ramiro Ledo, Daniel Salgado, Pablo Cayuela, María Forja o Daniel Lanero. De allí a Nueva York, donde recibí desde un primer momento el apoyo y la amistad del entonces director de departamento en el Graduate Center de CUNY, José del Valle, a quien también pude disfrutar como profesor. Durante los cursos de doctorado pude aprender de profesores como Nuria Morgado, Noël Carroll, Omar Dahbour, Silvia Dapía, Paul Julian Smith, Stanley Aronowitz o Rose-Carol Washton Long. En estos años de Nueva York han sido muchas las personas que han participado a través de la conversación en la formación del pensamiento que da lugar a esta escritura. Empezando, desde luego, por el incansable José Antonio Losada Montero, eje de mi adaptación a la ciudad, gran amigo, y brillante investigador; pero sin dejar de agradecer vii a Walfrido Dorta una amistad que viene de los años de Compostela y sigue plena de vitalidad. Por las afinidades sobre los temas estudiados y el aprendizaje de las conversaciones compartidas, la deuda con Eduardo Hernández Cano es inmensa. Luego, las felices conversaciones con tantas y tantos colegas de los que espero no dejar a nadie olvidado cuando nombe a Michael Rolland, Noel Blanco Mourelle, Lena Retamoso, Isabel Domínguez Seoane, Roberto Martínez Bachrich, Victor García Ramírez, Roberto Elvira, Laura Sández, Luis Henao, José Chavarry, Kristina Jacobs, Charlotte Gartenberg, Lydia Manatou, David Rodríguez Solás, Miguel Martínez, Rubén Maillo, Emily Campbell, Elvira Basevich, Khaled Al hilli, LeiLani Dowell, Mohammed Ezzeldin, Matthew Block y, sobre todo, Jeff Peer. Durante mis estancias de investigación recibí también el interés y la amabilidad de colegas como Hannu Salmi, Asko Nivala y Juhana Saarelainen, en Turku; y Silvia Dolinko, Talia Bermejo, Alejandro Dujovne, Ricardo Pasolini, Juan Pablo Canala y Daniela Lauría, en Buenos Aires. Por el camino, otros amigos tuvieron que soportar mis entusiasmadas explicaciones sobre temas que podían perfectamente no ser de su interés o, lo que podría ser aún peor, mis ausencias e inhibiciones en esas vacaciones del mundo real que tantas veces reclama la investigación. Debo agradecer aquí la amistad de Carlos Mier, Brais Llopis, Juan Pablo Arcolano, Maarja Möls, David Castro Liñares, Adrián Sánchez Formoso, David Rial, David León; o los compañeros con los que pude disfrutar años antes de la práctica del periodismo en esa isla de trabajo comunitario y creencia en el poder de la información que fue el digital Vieiros, pionero de la prensa electrónica gallega: Ramón Vilar, Isabel García Couso, Roberto Noguerol o Fernando Arrizado. Entiendo que las ausencias hayan sido particularmente duras para una familia que, en continuidad con las prácticas habituales en el tipo de comunidad donde me eduqué –el rural del centro geográfico gallego–, sigue siendo un núcleo emocional y comunitario fundamental para mí. viii En estos años he seguido recibiendo el cariño y apoyo de mis tíos José Joaquín, Marisa, Xaquín; mis primos Andrés, Alberte y Noelia; y, sobre todo, de mis