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New Opponent's Face: Caricatures

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New Opponent's Face: Caricatures Romanian Journal of Historical Studies Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 https://romanianjournalofhistoricalstudies.wordpress.com NEW OPPONENT’S FACE: CARICATURES ABOUT USSR IN CANADIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE (1945-1953) Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych 1 1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of History, Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Online Published: August 31, 2020 Abstract The end of the World War Two had marked a significant change in the foreign relations balance, especially in the role and the number of the major powers which included for that moment USSR and USA which led to the Cold War start. It is questionable and scientifically interesting to reveal how the Canadian attitude to the later- Stalinist Soviet Union had changed from mostly allied to mostly hostile. Using the visual history approach among with the discourse studies, the author studied how this relation change had occurred using the caricatures as the primary sources. The article concludes that the change in the attitude was slow and was speeded by first Cold War conflicts and tensions which all were reflected, especially like the Korean War. The author also connects these transformations with the internal changes like the Gouzenko Affair and the change of leadership. In the same time, it is stated that negative connotation and portraying of the USSR as an aggressor were done without trying to humiliate the Soviet State, viewing the Cold War as a result not only of the East aggressive policies, but also of the West. Key words: political discourse, discourse, Cold War, image, societal discourse. 1. Introduction In this article we are dealing with the visual depiction of the Soviet Union in Canadian caricature during the post-WW2 period. This matter has achieved scientific attention because of several matters. Firstly, it was in the beginning of the Cold War when the attitude to the USSR, its image in the eyes of the habitants of the North America and Europe started to change and to be changed purposely – as by the government and its agencies, so as well by the private actors (non-governmental press, popular thinkers and so on). We, therefore, can track the attitude changes by one of the most significant marker, which also was an image-transforming at the same time. Secondly, the graphic reflection, written purposely, is a complex of mental structures, both of an artist and the society. Using both the visual history and the discursive approach, we can learn what the main trends of this attitude were. That’s why we decided to focus on this aspect of studying of an image of the USSR in Canadian’s eyes – since it can be a part of this problem’s solution and show some aspects uncovered by the previous studies. Why have we focused on this certain period? There are several reasons. Firstly, the second half of the 1940s is the Cold War start – and the turning point in the USSR’s ally status for Canada and the empire. Secondly, Stalin’s death in 1953 and the changes that begun shortly after inside the Soviet Union had an impact not only on Soviet policies, but also on the Soviet image in the world’s eyes. Then, it is an era for the Canadian media, 1 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych too. National TV network was introduced in 19521 – and, in this case, another way of forming visual representation appeared, starting to compete with the old. We should also answer the question – what are the sources out of which we are going to extract caricatures for further analysis? It’s important because caricature is often a part of something – a poster, a newspaper, a magazine or even a diary. We are going to analyse caricatures published by national press in Montreal because they 1) were familiar to a significant number of people, especially living in one of the biggest cities of Canada and inhabited by the English and the French-origin Canadians as well, 2) influenced their attitude to the USSR and 3) can be analysed as a system. Official statistics reviewed by modern media researchers show us that, as for 1950, the number of households and total daily newspaper paid circulation were almost equal2. As for the methods, content-analysis and discourse analysis were mostly used to write the present article. Therefore we have to understand that the political discourse is fractured but whole – it means that it contained different viewpoints, but they can’t all be polar because it would be a sign of the critical, civil-war level fragmentation of the Canadian society which didn’t occur. Next, using the content-analysis, we’re going to focus on qualitative, not quantitative methods while not ignoring the second. The reason for that is that we are searching for markers and symbols, and its significance often measured not only by, for example, the number – how often it had appeared – but also where, how exactly it was painted and what expression it’s author tried to made. We must beg a pardon we won’t be placing all the sources we used in this article itself – since it would have made the text too large to publish. Therefore, we will place here only a few – to illustrate what we mean in the most important concepts. Professional historians, which have studied Canada during the Cold War era and Canadian’s view on USSR, were focusing on the state-to-state relations sphere at first, in the 1950-60s, and had not regarded the discourse issues, saying «it is always difficult to summarize the views»3. However, with the anthropological turn in historical studies this has changed and modern works tend to regard the non-state actors influence on the foreign policies, like Graham Carr4, Richard Cavell5 and other historians considering anthropological history approaches. We are going to continue to write in this vector of studies to cover the matters which had not much attention in the Cold War Canada history, as the visual approach did 2. The context There is (and was) no doubt that changes occurred in the Canadian’s view on USSR were the fundament of such which characterized the Cold War. The end of the World War Two had to become a fundamental change in this very point because of several reasons. Firstly, the alliance, which defeated the Axis, was consistent from at least two major powers – and Yalta and Potsdam had shown it even more. It meant that USSR was going to claim a huge sphere of influence – and the West had to react. Then we have to realize that difference in the political and the economical systems of USSR and, on the other hand, the West (and the Canada in particular!) had it’s impact on the image: for the Canadians, the Soviet variant of autocratic regime was alien. During the war it wasn’t the most important factor in the forming of the image because the conflict humanity had never seen before was driving the attention. But in the after war world it became more important. And, of course, the 1 Television in Canada - The Early Years URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/tv/tv03eng.html accessed on 08.05.2020. 2 Sixty Years Daily Newspaper Circulation Trends URL: http://media- cmi.com/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf accessed on 08.05.2020. 3 David Davies, Canada and the Soviet Experiment: essays on Canadian encounters with Russia and the Soviet Union, 1900-1991. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1992), 89. 4 Graham Carr, ““No political significance of any kind”: Glenn Gould's tour of the Soviet Union and the culture of the Cold War”. Canadian Historical Review, no. 95(1) (2014), 1-29. 5 Richard Cavell Love, hate, and fear in Canada's Cold War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). 2 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych actions USSR done in 1946 and furthermore, including the division of Europe into two camps and the stubborn position in the German question made Canadians to rethink their attitude6. Secondly, USSR was civilizationary different in the Canadian eyes. There we have to mention that Canada was at least binational (if not mind the migrant communities that had kept its identity – since their importance and the policies of multiculturalism were immanent to a later period7) and so had some differences in the French and English Canada opinions. At the same point, we should note the shape of the country’s society, which was reasonably conservative but also Western democratic, embracing liberal values and modernizing them with the rest of the West – mostly the USA8. The bright example in the context of our research can be that caricature, which shows that the origins of the East-West stalemate were much deeper than those day’s present events (Fig. 1)9 Fig. 1 Thirdly, the Canada was the center of the first we-can-call-a-Cold-War incident. What we mean is called the Gouzenko affair (the spy scandal involved a cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko which had worked at the Soviet embassy in Canada and ran away September 5th, 1945 with the information about USSR spies in Canada and USA; that information was granted to the Canadian officials and led to a large-scale investigation). The results – at last, a part of them – soon became known by the public and made a resonance in the country’s information space. 3. The relation As far as we can see, Canadians shortly after the World War 2’s end realized that the relation between the USSR and their country have changed.
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