Romanian Journal of Historical Studies Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 https://romanianjournalofhistoricalstudies.wordpress.com

NEW OPPONENT’S FACE: CARICATURES ABOUT USSR IN CANADIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE (1945-1953)

Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych 1

1 Ph.D. Student, Faculty of History, Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Online Published: August 31, 2020

Abstract The end of the World War Two had marked a significant change in the foreign relations balance, especially in the role and the number of the major powers which included for that moment USSR and USA which led to the start. It is questionable and scientifically interesting to reveal how the Canadian attitude to the later- Stalinist had changed from mostly allied to mostly hostile. Using the visual history approach among with the discourse studies, the author studied how this relation change had occurred using the caricatures as the primary sources. The article concludes that the change in the attitude was slow and was speeded by first Cold War conflicts and tensions which all were reflected, especially like the . The author also connects these transformations with the internal changes like the and the change of leadership. In the same time, it is stated that negative connotation and portraying of the USSR as an aggressor were done without trying to humiliate the Soviet State, viewing the Cold War as a result not only of the East aggressive policies, but also of the West. Key words: political discourse, discourse, Cold War, image, societal discourse.

1. Introduction In this article we are dealing with the visual depiction of the Soviet Union in Canadian caricature during the post-WW2 period. This matter has achieved scientific attention because of several matters. Firstly, it was in the beginning of the Cold War when the attitude to the USSR, its image in the eyes of the habitants of the North America and Europe started to change and to be changed purposely – as by the government and its agencies, so as well by the private actors (non-governmental press, popular thinkers and so on). We, therefore, can track the attitude changes by one of the most significant marker, which also was an image-transforming at the same time. Secondly, the graphic reflection, written purposely, is a complex of mental structures, both of an artist and the society. Using both the visual history and the discursive approach, we can learn what the main trends of this attitude were. That’s why we decided to focus on this aspect of studying of an image of the USSR in Canadian’s eyes – since it can be a part of this problem’s solution and show some aspects uncovered by the previous studies. Why have we focused on this certain period? There are several reasons. Firstly, the second half of the 1940s is the Cold War start – and the turning point in the USSR’s ally status for and the empire. Secondly, Stalin’s death in 1953 and the changes that begun shortly after inside the Soviet Union had an impact not only on Soviet policies, but also on the Soviet image in the world’s eyes. Then, it is an era for the Canadian media,

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too. National TV network was introduced in 19521 – and, in this case, another way of forming visual representation appeared, starting to compete with the old. We should also answer the question – what are the sources out of which we are going to extract caricatures for further analysis? It’s important because caricature is often a part of something – a poster, a newspaper, a magazine or even a diary. We are going to analyse caricatures published by national press in Montreal because they 1) were familiar to a significant number of people, especially living in one of the biggest cities of Canada and inhabited by the English and the French-origin Canadians as well, 2) influenced their attitude to the USSR and 3) can be analysed as a system. Official statistics reviewed by modern media researchers show us that, as for 1950, the number of households and total daily newspaper paid circulation were almost equal2. As for the methods, content-analysis and discourse analysis were mostly used to write the present article. Therefore we have to understand that the political discourse is fractured but whole – it means that it contained different viewpoints, but they can’t all be polar because it would be a sign of the critical, civil-war level fragmentation of the Canadian society which didn’t occur. Next, using the content-analysis, we’re going to focus on qualitative, not quantitative methods while not ignoring the second. The reason for that is that we are searching for markers and symbols, and its significance often measured not only by, for example, the number – how often it had appeared – but also where, how exactly it was painted and what expression it’s author tried to made. We must beg a pardon we won’t be placing all the sources we used in this article itself – since it would have made the text too large to publish. Therefore, we will place here only a few – to illustrate what we mean in the most important concepts. Professional historians, which have studied Canada during the Cold War era and Canadian’s view on USSR, were focusing on the state-to-state relations sphere at first, in the 1950-60s, and had not regarded the discourse issues, saying «it is always difficult to summarize the views»3. . However, with the anthropological turn in historical studies this has changed and modern works tend to regard the non-state actors influence on the foreign policies, like Graham Carr4, Richard Cavell5 and other historians considering anthropological history approaches. We are going to continue to write in this vector of studies to cover the matters which had not much attention in the Cold War Canada history, as the visual approach did

2. The context There is (and was) no doubt that changes occurred in the Canadian’s view on USSR were the fundament of such which characterized the Cold War. The end of the World War Two had to become a fundamental change in this very point because of several reasons. Firstly, the alliance, which defeated the Axis, was consistent from at least two major powers – and Yalta and Potsdam had shown it even more. It meant that USSR was going to claim a huge sphere of influence – and the West had to react. Then we have to realize that difference in the political and the economical systems of USSR and, on the other hand, the West (and the Canada in particular!) had it’s impact on the image: for the Canadians, the Soviet variant of autocratic regime was alien. During the war it wasn’t the most important factor in the forming of the image because the conflict humanity had never seen before was driving the attention. But in the after war world it became more important. And, of course, the

1 Television in Canada - The Early Years URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/tv/tv03eng.html accessed on 08.05.2020. 2 Sixty Years Daily Newspaper Circulation Trends URL: http://media- cmi.com/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf accessed on 08.05.2020. 3 David Davies, Canada and the Soviet Experiment: essays on Canadian encounters with Russia and the Soviet Union, 1900-1991. (: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1992), 89. 4 Graham Carr, ““No political significance of any kind”: Glenn Gould's tour of the Soviet Union and the culture of the Cold War”. Canadian Historical Review, no. 95(1) (2014), 1-29. 5 Richard Cavell Love, hate, and fear in Canada's Cold War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). 2 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych

actions USSR done in 1946 and furthermore, including the division of Europe into two camps and the stubborn position in the German question made Canadians to rethink their attitude6. Secondly, USSR was civilizationary different in the Canadian eyes. There we have to mention that Canada was at least binational (if not mind the migrant communities that had kept its identity – since their importance and the policies of multiculturalism were immanent to a later period7) and so had some differences in the French and English Canada opinions. At the same point, we should note the shape of the country’s society, which was reasonably conservative but also Western democratic, embracing liberal values and modernizing them with the rest of the West – mostly the USA8. The bright example in the context of our research can be that caricature, which shows that the origins of the East-West stalemate were much deeper than those day’s present events (Fig. 1)9 Fig. 1 Thirdly, the Canada was the center of the first we-can-call-a-Cold-War incident. What we mean is called the Gouzenko affair (the spy scandal involved a cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko which had worked at the Soviet embassy in Canada and ran away September 5th, 1945 with the information about USSR spies in Canada and USA; that information was granted to the Canadian officials and led to a large-scale investigation). The results – at last, a part of them – soon became known by the public and made a resonance in the country’s information space.

3. The relation As far as we can see, Canadians shortly after the World War 2’s end realized that the relation between the USSR and their country have changed. The caricature about Four power’s meeting in Paris shows us the Eiffel tower totally covered in the snow – and it was called “Paris in the spring”, showing that the relations between the West and East already became much worse10. Of course, the use of snow, ice and other details specific for the winter was excessive and regular11 – the Cold War was becoming a trending cliché and it was a newly born concept. Moreover, the 1950’s pictures show us that the Cold War was not only “cold” but also a “war” – the author shows that World War Two was no more “the War to end all wars” because of Cold War tensions and the new conflicts were arousing across the globe, as it is shown (Fig.2)12.

Fig. 2

6 Davies, Canada and the Soviet Experiment: essays on Canadian encounters with Russia and the Soviet Union, 1900-1991, 90. 7 Ксения Еременко Поиски национальной идентичности в общественном дискурсе Канады 1950-1960-х гг. (PhD diss., Far Eastern Federal University, 2013), 192. 8 Jeffrey Paul, "American VS. Canadian Ideology: A Historical Analysis" (1994). Sharing more than a border? : the U.S. and Canada in the 1990s.URL: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=perspectives-v12 accessed on 08.05.2020. 9 More to it than What's on the Surface URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.7653 accessed on 08.05.2020. 10 Paris in the Spring URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.1382 accessed on 08.05.2020. 11 Poor Weather for Doves URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.8577&idImage=213019 accessed on 08.05.2020. 12 After Five Years URL:. http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5297 accessed on 08.05.2020. 3 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych

The other trend that was common these years was to show USSR as equal to Russia. It is well-known that Canadians, especially those of the British origin – like the rest of the Anglo-Saxon world – had a habit of not considering other nations the USSR consisted from. It is also very notable within the fact that the “face” of the Soviet state was (Georgian-born), who is very common in the caricatures13, even in non-human image (Fig. 3)14. The other things which were used to show a reader that some creature or object is describing USSR were a cap (shaped like one commonly worn by Stalin) and a tobacco pipe. Of course, parts of the state coat of arms were also used15. The scythe mostly has a sharp end; we consider this a try of the artist to create a sense of danger in the viewer’s mind. This symbol, being ideological and state-connected at the same time, led to a further steps in connecting the with the Soviet Union as a state and as a subject of the international relations. Also, it had an impact on the image of the Canada’s Communist Party, since the hammer, the scythe and the red star Fig. 3 were commonly used in its symbolic. Connected to the involvement of these party prominent functionaries in the spy scandal, it become ever more complex and impressing all parts of the society – since the image of the enemy has to be created, and this was satisfied. Since it was a part of the social organization, immanent to the human beings at all, and that search of the “alien”, “other” led them to view all of those connected to the “alien” symbols and habits as a danger16. The stalemate in Europe which occurred between two forming blocs was, of course, also a popular subject. Since the 1945-1949 was spent to form an alliance by the West, Canadian press considered the Europe as a “wall” stopping the further Soviet expansion (Fig. 4)17. This was even more important for Canada because the perspective of the clash in Europe diverted the danger from them – and here we should consider that USSR had no other boundaries across the North Pole than Canadian in the Western hemisphere. Of course, the invasion was hardly possible due to the harsh conditions of the Canadian Arctic. The operation Muskox, which was committed by the , had shown that it was highly unlikely18. But there were two another factors. First was the possibility of sending Canadians to fight overseas, like it was during two previous major conflicts, if the Cold War potentially turned hot. Second was the obtaining the nuclear weaponry by the USSR in 1949 which made nuclear threat to Canada far Fig. 4 more real than before. We should also mention that the “” concept also had affected the caricature and even was often visualized like the curtain itself19. Of course, nuclear- connected topics were, too, immanent for the caricatures. The development of the weapons of mass destruction has become a sphere of the total public attention in the very end of World War 2 – from the bombing of

13 Let Them Do a Little Worrying for a Change URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5521 accessed on 08.05.2020. 14Listen to the Mocking Bird URL http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.5346&idImage=213793 accessed on 08.05.2020. 15 The World We Live In URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9807 accessed on 08.05.2020. 16 Jerome Frank, Andrei Melville, "The Image of the Enemy and the Process of Change." Breakthrough: Emerging new thinking (1988). URL: https://ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/pdfs/frank.pdf accessed on 08.05.2020. 17 Improve the Water Jump URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.669 accessed on 08.05.2020. 18 The Army Goes North: Operation Muskox URL: https://www.ucalgary.ca/arcticexpedition/map-home/army-goes-north-operation- muskox accessed on 08.05.2020. 19 Another Iron Curtain Drops URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5965 accessed on 08.05.2020. 4 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On the other hand, the fact that USA had managed to make these weapons meant the possibility to every country with sufficient technology to do the same. On the caricature we use to illustrate our thoughts the atomic developments are shown as a base of the Cold War world which suddenly, in the years we consider in this article, became a reality for the Canadians (Fig. 5)20. The other important factor was that nuclear weapons during the period we describe were held only by the USA and USSR, what, along with the increasing Canada- connection, led to embracing the “West- East” dichotomy and the role of Canada as a part of the West21. Of course, there were many simplifications. The world was often described as something immanent to Canadians and simple to be understood – a globe (as it seen in fig. 5), a club etc. But there is one very interesting detail: USSR, personified or not, was described as equal to other states important for the Fig. 5 Canada’s foreign policy (USA, Canada itself, the etc). We don’t meet the signs of the ultimate demonizing of the Soviet state in the Canadian eyes. Of course, the negative connotation and the sense of danger mentioned above were available but there were no disgrace in the USSR image. In the caricature we placed here for an example, Stalin and Uncle Sam (portraying the USA) are sitting in the club as equal, painted without any positive or negative attitude of the artist (Fig. 6)22. We can only see that Stalin is described fat, but we consider it 1) a consequence of the specific caricature style and 2) a result of the popular photographs of the Soviet leader and partly a reality. It can at first look strange, especially when remembering that Canada was very geographically, politically and somewhat societally close to the USA where McCarthyism and the Second were developing during the period we describe. Why was it this way? Fig. 6 We believe the main reason were the conservatism of the Canadian society and somewhat different discoursive basics. The traditions, as for the British origin Canadians especially, included not using terrible and asocial pictures in the journalism. Above all, portraying some horrible caricature could have diverted the readers from the newspaper. The second reason we mentioned was about the view of the citizens on their country and its role in the world. While US discourse includes a circulating image of the United States as a beacon of democracy – and, with the Cold War start, a missionary which has to fight the communism as an evil – the Canadians only begun to embrace the growing role of their country in the world after the World War Two23. The other thing proving our viewpoint we can see in the fact that USSR, along with the USA, was met in the caricatures (and, as we can make a conclusion here, in the political discourse) very often, while Canada itself mostly is not present at all (Fig. 7)24. Fig.7

20 The Frost is on the Pumpkin URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.5967&idImage=215825 accessed on 08.05.2020. 21 The Changing Grip. URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9804 accessed on 08.05.2020. 22 Smoke Gets in Your Eyes URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.9792&idImage=218784 accessed on 08.05.2020. 23 V. Tkachenko Transformation of Canadian society’s ideas about the geopolitical situation in the world (1945–1949) URL: http://journals.uran.ua/index.php/2518-7422/article/download/199412/pdf_22 accessed on 08.05.2020. 24 Spring Planting URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.3861&idImage=207732 accessed on 08.05.2020. 5 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych

As Richard Cavell states, “If the discourse of the Cold War in Canada was anti-communist, it was also anti- American in many ways”25. Therefore, Canadians did not look at Soviet state as at only aggressive Cold War power and only expansionist force – as it can be seen in Fig. 7, they considered the world – and the expansions – as bipolar. Counting this case, we should mention that, while Canadians were scared with the Soviet expansionism, they were always aware the USA’s growing influence (we mean not only the political and military, but also the economical and culture factors). Prolonging the latter thought, we should mention that we can see that the responsibility on the Cold War conflicts occurred these years was placed not only on the USSR in the Canadians eyes. We can see that Peace, allegorically described as a dove or woman, is often ignored not only by Soviet state, but the USA too, and no inequality in terms of guilty are detected (Fig. 8)26. This mostly can be tracked in the first Cold Was clashes (Eastern Europe communist transformations and Iron Curtain “construction”, German and Berlin question in 1945-1949 and the construction of the organizations (NATO, etc). The attitude slightly changed another time with the start of the Korean War in 1950. We will not retell here the commonly known details of that conflict but we have to state a few theses. First of all, Canadians understood that the North was the aggressor and it has an USSR backup. They also knew that, as a part of the West, they will be involved in the conflict sooner or later and some men even Fig. 8 wanted to. Historian John Melady stated that “…on August 7, St. Laurent went on the national CBC radio network and told the nation that an expeditionary brigade of 5,000 men would be recruited for Korea. The day after the prime minister’s speech, recruiting officers were busier than they had been in years…there were boys of 14 who wanted to look older and men of 60 who claimed to be 43”27. As we can see, the country’s citizens were eager to restore peace. The USSR involvement into a “hot war” conflict taken into an account by the Canadians begun to change the Soviet image, as stated. The fact of the Soviet participation wasn’t questioned. For example, the that was often used to portrait the USSR28 was used to mark the “Red Menace” in the Far East, as it can be seen in fig. 929. At the same time, the man in caricature presented serves to look as a fool because he thinks there’s a possibility to somehow solve the conflict while not taking into account a whole concept of “red aggression”. There we can track a signs of the intensifying of the propaganda cases and more excessive use of them. The caricatures, which followed in the 1950-1953, were even more likely to describe the USSR and its sphere of influence as the peace breakers and a threat than it was before30. It was influenced also by the USSR statements in the UN about their “peaceful” attitude and theses like the statements that United Nations forces were an instrument of the aggressive USA policies, while not Fig. 9 backing any of it with the decent arguments31.

25 Richard Cavell Love, hate, and fear in Canada's Cold War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). 26 A Girl Will Wait Just So Long URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.2612 accessed on 08.05.2020. 27 John Melady. Korea: Canada's forgotten war. (Dundurn: Dundurn Press, 2011). – p. 66-67. 28 March Comes in Like a Bear URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.3575 accessed on 08.05.2020. 29 We still have a bear by the. URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9780 accessed on 08.05.2020. 30 The War Drums URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9815 accessed on 08.05.2020. 31 Beacheads: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.289 accessed on 08.05.2020. 6 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych

After all, Korean War was a turning point in the relation to the West-East stalemate and the Soviet Union because peace talks immanent to the first postwar years, as it can be seen at fig. 1032, had proved they did not influence generally nothing. For Canada it was also marked with the retirement in 1948 and death in 1950 of World War Two Prime Minister William Lyon McKenzie King, who often tried to avoid Canada’s active participation in the international conflicts. He was focusing, as his official biography tells us, on the keeping the national unity considering the Quebec difference could divide the country when hard times would come33. A new country’s leader, Louis Saint-Laurent, being the King’s cabinet man, on the other hand was more eager to involve the country further into international relations and issues. Saint-Laurent also used to give public speeches on this matters which no doubt influenced the transformation of the political discourse. Fig. 10 It is interesting, however, that while the trend to view USSR as an aggressive country has increased, no tries to humiliate it are detected – the caricatures portraying Stalin and Truman show them as equal figures with some kind of respect to each34. Another influence of the Korean War was the attention to the further Soviet militarization and rearmament (not only in cases of the nuclear weapons). As it can be seen in the figure 1135, the Asian conflicts (not only Korea but also a China and Vietnam at least36) were considered a testing and training ground for the Soviet military. A number of caricatures portrayed USSR weapons involved to the conflict, along with the statements they were not used or driven by the Soviet specialists – and the critical relation of the artist to these statements37. Also the weaponry was used in pictures along with the “peace” proposals in different forms. We believe it was done to make the reader embrace the idea that USSR is often lying about its plans and deeds38. That trend was also applied to the internal policies. We did not give much attention to the questions concerning the inner state of affairs in the Soviet Union Fig. 11 because caricatures mostly touch the matters connected with the international relations. Also it was difficult for cartoonist (and, in fact, for all men in the West) to achieve the information about the reality of the USSR. But we should point some key concepts. The and non-democratic regime we have already noted in connection with the formation of the Soviet sphere of the influence; but, in the last Stalin’s years, the topic of hunger and deficit also arouse39. We believe it was connected with the lowering of the Eastern Europe food supply done by the USSR in the first postwar years and the strikes in the Eastern Germany after Stalin’s death and decreasing of the payments.

4. Conclusion To sum up, we must state that the caricatures during the period studied reflected the construction of the image of the USSR as an enemy. It used the old stereotypes like the Stalin-form, the bear-form, the word “Russia”

32 Our Maginot Line: URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.296 accessed on 08.05.2020. 33 William Lyon Mackenzie King URL: http://films.nfb.ca/media/pl_pm/bios/10th_pm_William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King.pdf 34 Still as Far Apart as the Poles URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.6068 accessed on 08.05.2020. 35 Cold War Training URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.8478 36 Tea for Two URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5448 accessed on 08.05.2020. 37 Back Seat Driver URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.7657 accessed on 08.05.2020. 38 Last Ruse of Summer URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.324 39 Speaking of H-Bombs URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.7371 7 ISSN 2601 – 3428 / ISSN-L 2601 – 3428 Romanian Journal of Historical Studies, Volume III – Issue 1 / 2020 Tkachenko Vadym Oleksiiovych

to portray the Soviet Union, as well as the communist symbols. The USSR often is shown as an analogue and synonym to the communism itself. The caricaturist embraced the ideas that Canada is a part of the West and therefore is opposed to the Soviet Union. With the time flow, during this period we can track some changes of attitude to the USSR, connected with the Cold War conflicts and especially the Korean War in which Canadian military personnel took part. However, along with showing the Soviets as the aggressors, Canadian caricatures did not humiliate the communism or the Soviet state itself because of the society’s conservatism and balanced attitude to the Cold War reality. USSR is portrayed as equal to the USA, much like the Stalin is shown as equal to the US leaders. This is, to our opinion, due to the anti-Americanism which had circulated in the political discourse along with the anti-Soviet trends. We believe our research results can be used further in Cold War studies, especially those which use a discursive approach, to reveal the basis of this stalemate using new methods.

Bibliography David Davies, Canada and the Soviet Experiment: essays on Canadian encounters with Russia and the Soviet Union, 1900-1991. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 1992). Graham Carr, ““No political significance of any kind”: Glenn Gould's tour of the Soviet Union and the culture of the Cold War”. Canadian Historical Review, no. 95(1) (2014). Jeffrey Paul, "American VS. Canadian Ideology: A Historical Analysis" (1994). Sharing more than a border? : the U.S. and Canada in the 1990s. URL: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=perspectives-v12 accessed on 08.05.2020. Jerome Frank, Andrei Melville, "The Image of the Enemy and the Process of Change." Breakthrough: Emerging new thinking (1988). URL: https://ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/pdfs/frank.pdf accessed on 08.05.2020. John Melady, Korea: Canada's forgotten war. (Dundurn: Dundurn Press, 2011). Richard Cavell, Love, hate, and fear in Canada's Cold War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). Sixty Years Daily Newspaper Circulation Trends URL: http://media- cmi.com/downloads/Sixty_Years_Daily_Newspaper_Circulation_Trends_050611.pdf accessed on 08.05.2020. V. Tkachenko Transformation of Canadian society’s ideas about the geopolitical situation in the world (1945– 1949) URL: http://journals.uran.ua/index.php/2518-7422/article/download/199412/pdf_22 accessed on 08.05.2020. William Lyon Mackenzie King URL: http://films.nfb.ca/media/pl_pm/bios/10th_pm_William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King.pdf Ксения Еременко Поиски национальной идентичности в общественном дискурсе Канады 1950-1960-х гг. (PhD diss., Far Eastern Federal University, 2013), 192.

Other sources: A Girl Will Wait Just So Long URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.2612 accessed on 08.05.2020. After Five Years URL:. http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5297 accessed on 08.05.2020. Another Iron Curtain Drops URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5965 accessed on 08.05.2020. Back Seat Driver URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.7657 accessed on 08.05.2020. Beacheads: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.289 accessed on 08.05.2020. Cold War Training URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.8478

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Improve the Water Jump URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.669 accessed on 08.05.2020. Last Ruse of Summer URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.324 Let Them Do a Little Worrying for a Change URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5521 accessed on 08.05.2020. Listen to the Mocking Bird URL http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.5346&idImage=213793 accessed on 08.05.2020. March Comes in Like a Bear URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.3575 accessed on 08.05.2020. More to it than What's on the Surface URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.7653 accessed on 08.05.2020. Our Maginot Line: URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.296 accessed on 08.05.2020. Paris in the Spring URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.1382 accessed on 08.05.2020. Poor Weather for Doves URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.8577&idImage=213019 accessed on 08.05.2020. Smoke Gets in Your Eyes URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.9792&idImage=218784 accessed on 08.05.2020. Speaking of H-Bombs URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.7371 Spring Planting URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.3861&idImage=207732 accessed on 08.05.2020. Still as Far Apart as the Poles URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.6068 accessed on 08.05.2020. Tea for Two URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.5448 accessed on 08.05.2020. Television in Canada - The Early Years URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/tv/tv03eng.html accessed on 08.05.2020. The Army Goes North: Operation Muskox URL: https://www.ucalgary.ca/arcticexpedition/map-home/army- goes-north-operation-muskox accessed on 08.05.2020. The Changing Grip. URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9804 accessed on 08.05.2020. The Frost is on the Pumpkin URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?Lang=1&accessnumber=M965.199.5967&idImage=215825 accessed on 08.05.2020. The War Drums URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9815 accessed on 08.05.2020. The World We Live In URL: http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9807 accessed on 08.05.2020. We still have a bear by the. URL: http://collections.musee- mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/M965.199.9780 accessed on 08.05.2020

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