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The Media in Society: Religious Radio Stations, Socio-Religious Discourse and National Cohesion in Tanzania

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The Media in Society: Religious Radio Stations, Socio-Religious Discourse and National Cohesion in Tanzania The Media in Society: Religious Radio Stations, Socio-Religious Discourse and National Cohesion in Tanzania By Francis Xavier Ng’atigwa Dissertation submitted to Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies (BIGSAS) and the Department of Media Studies, Bayreuth University in the Partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies Supervisor Prof. Dr. Jürgen E. Müller Bayreuth, 11 November 2013 Dedication In memory of Bernard and Juliana, the finest! i Acknowledgements This doctoral thesis is a result of combined efforts of individuals and institutions. I wish to thank all who kindly helped me to realize it. Foremost I acknowledge the immeasurable guidance, advice and constant academic support from the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies (BIGSAS) mentoring team: Drs. Franz Kogelmann, Asonzeh Ukah and Bernadin Mfumbusa which made the realization of this study possible. In a very special way I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Franz Kogelmann who introduced St. Augustine University of Tanzania to Bayreuth University. Through his efforts I was able to join BIGSAS. Equally my sincere appreciation goes to Bishop Dr. Bernardin Mfumbusa who encouraged me to study media and has been invaluable on both academic and personal levels, for which I am very grateful. I would like to seize the opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and recognition to Prof. Dr. Jürgen E. Müller for accepting to be the final supervisor of this study. My deep appreciation goes to him and his kind way of handling my issue. The scholarship that has allowed me to study at BIGSAS was secured through the “Staff Development Funds” of St. Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT). Special thanks to Dr. Charles Kitima (the former Vice-Chancellor) and Dr. Pius Mgeni (the current Vice- Chancellor) for their visions and dedications. To the whole administration of St. Augustine University Tanzania, I owe a lot of thanks for supporting me in different ways towards the success of this study. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the BIGSAS. This thesis would not have been possible without their academic, administrative and financial support. Through the BIGSAS’s support I could be able to conduct my field work in Africa, attain the needed skills through work groups, seminars, workshops and conferences. Similarly I extend my heartfelt ii appreciation to the Bayreuth University Graduate School for their timely and necessary financial support which enabled me to accomplish this thesis. I am most grateful to the people who assisted me at the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA), Radio Maria Tanzania and Radio Imaan; the respondents and the interviewees. Without their readiness to provide me with the necessary information and data this thesis would not have been possible. I offer a special thanks to Prof. Sr. Renita Tadych, O.S.F, Keith and Bridget Tattersall, who proofread this thesis. Their readiness, patience and helpful suggestions enabled the improvement of the thesis. Last, but by no means least, I thank my family and my friends in Morogoro, Mwanza, Bayreuth, Rüdesheim am Rhein and Lampertheim for their support and encouragement throughout my studies. iii List of abbreviations A.D Anno Domini AMNUT All Muslim National Union of Tanganyika BAKWATA Baraza Kuu la Waislamu Tanzania BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BIGSAS Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi CCT Christian Council of Tanzania CE Common Era CHADEMA Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo CIOT Council of Islamic Organisations in Tanzania CD Compact Disc CORDAC Radio Corporation Radiodiffusion de l’Afrique Centrale COSTECH Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology CPT Catholic Professionals of Tanzania DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DVD Digital Versatile/Video Disc EAMWS East African Muslim Welfare Association ELWA Eternal Love Wining Africa FADECO Family Alliance for Development and Cooperation FGM Female Genital Mutilation FM Frequency Modulated HIMS Health Integrated Multicultural Service IFBT Islamic Foundation based in Tanzania IOPA Institute of Orkonerei Pastoralist Advancement IPP Industry Production Promotion JF Jamii Forums MCT Media Council of Tanzania MoU Memorandum of Understanding NECTA National Examinations Council of Tanzania NGO Non-Government Organisation OIC Organisation for Islamic Conference PCT Pentecostal Churches of Tanzania RI Radio Imaan RMT Radio Maria Tanzania RTLM Radio-Télévision Libre des Mille Collines RVOG Radio Voice of the Gospel SAUT Saint Augustine University of Tanzania SDA Seventh Day Adventists SECAM Secretariat of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar SORAFOM Société de Radiodiffusion de la France d’ Outre-Mer SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences TAMSYA Tanzania Muslim Students and Youth Association TAMWA Tanzania Media Women Association TBC Tanganyika/Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation TCC Tanzania Communications Commission TEC Tanzania Episcopal Conference TCF Tanzania Christian Forum TCRA Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority UKW Ultrakurzwelle(German: FM radio ) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation URT United Republic of Tanzania WACC World Association for Christian Communications iv Table of Contents Dedication ................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. x List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xi Summary .................................................................................................................................. xii Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Goals of this study .................................................................................................................. 2 Selecting field sites ................................................................................................................. 3 Field trips ................................................................................................................................ 6 Study population .................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 7 Data generation strategies ....................................................................................................... 8 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 8 Key informant interviews ................................................................................................... 8 Focus group discussion ....................................................................................................... 9 Qualitative content analysis ................................................................................................ 9 Discourse analysis ............................................................................................................... 9 Listening to Radio ............................................................................................................. 10 Informal discussions ......................................................................................................... 10 Weblogs and Newspapers ................................................................................................. 10 Academic settings ............................................................................................................. 11 Data management ................................................................................................................. 11 Data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 12 Rationale for the study .......................................................................................................... 12 v Strengths and limitations ...................................................................................................... 13 Organization of the research ................................................................................................. 15 Chapter One .............................................................................................................................. 16 Socio-Historical Context .......................................................................................................... 16 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16 1.2. Islam and Christianity in Tanzania
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