. partners benefitfromtherelationship)ofmulticellular important asparasitesandsymbionts(whereboth the numbersandbiomassofbacteria. They arealso The principalimportanceofProtozoaistocontrol them areessentialforlife. most ofthemarecompletelyharmlessandsome bacteria arebestknownasagentsofdiseasebut including onandinsideourbodies.Viruses and they havethepowertodivide. They existeverywhere, Bacteria arecapableofmultiplyingbythemselves,as in ordertobeablemakemorevirusparticles. to invadea‘host’ cellandtakeoveritsmachinery Viruses cannotmultiplyon theirown,sotheyhave species inScotland. Protozoa: A roughestimateofmorethan37,000 Bacteria: An estimated3,300speciesinScotland. Viruses: An estimated3,300speciesinScotland. around halfofallknownspeciesinScotland: too smalltobeseenbythenakedeyebutmakeup most abundantformoflifeonthisplanet. They are In termsofweight,single-celledorganismsarethe 1. StatusandDistribution A slimemould Lycogala sp. ondecayingwood.(PeterNorman) SINGLE-CELLED SPECIES is excessivedisturbanceandcontaminationofsoils. be avoidedwherepossible.Principalamongstthese that areknowntobedamagingthem,andshould single-celled organisms,therearecertainactivities to managehabitatsenhancetheirpopulationsof of humanactivities.Whilstitisnotcurrentlyfeasible ignorance oftheircriticalroleandthepotentialimpact The principalthreattosingle-celledorganismsis 2. Threats to globalclimaticcontrol. energy flow, biogasproductionandhencecontribute in determiningmicrobialbiodiversity, nutrientand of seawater. Viral actionhasfarreachingimplications found inexcessof100millionvirusesperteaspoonful component oftheoceanswithconcentrationsoften Viruses numericallydominatethemicrobial detoxify pesticidesandotherpollutants. balances. Micro-organismskeepsoilsfertile,and transformations, hydrologicalcyclingandenergy many processes,includingdecomposition,nitrogen how isnotyetclear. Itislikelythattheyarecriticalto important roleinsoilecosystems,thoughprecisely keeps theEarthhabitable. They playaparticularly life keepsmanyecosystemsfunctioningand organisms, butitbecomingclearthatthismicroscopic There isstillmuchtodiscoveraboutsingle-celled Galloway. about theirdistributionandimportanceinDumfries& wood orseaweed,butalmostnothingisknown found inavarietyofhabitats,particularlyonrotting reproductive structuresarefungus-like. They canbe is definitelyanimal-like,butthesporeproducing the creepingmovementachievedbyslimemoulds are oftenincludedinfungalstudies.Physiologically, have beentraditionallystudiedbymycologistsand protozoa single-celledorganisms.However, they Slime mouldssharesomeofthecharacteristics Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership 263 SPECIES STATEMENTS SINGLE-CELLED SPECIES 264 SPECIES STATEMENTS FUNGI & Dumfriesshire Kirkcudbrightshire Wigtownshire fungi) species inDumfries&Galloway (excludinglichenised Minimum estimatesofnumber oflargerfungus below theactualnumberofspeciespresent. Galloway, sothe figuresbelowarelikelytobewell Few surveyshavebeencompletedinDumfries& and asmany12,000ifthemicrofungiareincluded. are certainlymorethan3,500largerspeciesinBritain, that decayanddisappearwithinafewdays. There easy tomisssincemostspeciesproducefruitbodies highly variablefromyeartoyear. They arealsovery species occurinaparticularlocalityasfruitingis It isnotpossibletosaywithanycertaintyhowmany externally onaclub-likecellcalledbasidium. called anascus. The producetheirsporesinsidealongcell on thewaythattheyproducetheirspores. The larger fungiaredividedintotwomaingroupsbased of thesewillsuccessfullyformnewcolonies. The habitats theyproducemillionsofspores.Very few Fungi canreproducevegetatively, buttoexploitnew have thisshape. arise fromsuchanetwork,butmanyfungidonot mushrooms aremerelythefruitingstructuresthat tips toformavastnetworkormycelium. The familiar and branchattheir hyphae thatextend filaments called microscopic in theformof Most fungigrow own kingdom. to warranttheir different toboth are sufficiently However, they to animals. closely related they aremore suggests that evidence plants, molecular fungi resemble Although some 1. StatusandDistribution Shaggy ScalycapPholiotasquarrosain 450 800 650 FUNGI &LICHENS October 2007.(PeterNorman) Castledykes Park,Dumfries. formtheirspores agricultural practices. atmospheric andwaterpollution, andintensive and itspossessionoflarge areaslittleaffected by comparatively richheritage ofancientwoodlands, from itsvariedgeology, topographyandclimate, European biodiversityhotspot forlichens,resulting Being hometosome1,600species,Scotlandisa the oldestlivingorganismsinScotland. 0.1mm ayearandcanlivetogreatage,probably vegetatively. Somecrustlichensgrowasslowly ‘fruit bodies’,thoughsomecanalsoreproduce by tinysporesthatareborneonspecialminiature They reproduce for itsalga. environment protective a stable, and provides of thelichen the mainbody forms whilst the photosynthesis, food through manufactures in closeassociationwitheachother. The alga Lichens consistofafungusandanalgathatlive major industry, butsofarlimitedtoafewspecies. industries. Indoorcultivationofediblemushroomsisa for useinthefood,textileandothermanufacturing transplants. Manyenzymesareproducedfromfungi used forpreventingrejectionofhumanorgan compounds, suchasantibioticsandthecyclosporins been harnessedtomanufactureimportanttherapeutic dependent onfungalyeasts.Fungalfermentationhas been carriedoutforthousandsofyearsandbothare biotechnology arefungi.Brewingandbakinghave Some ofthemostimportantorganismsusedin that aredependentonfungiforfoodandshelter. are alsoover1,000speciesofinvertebrateintheUK would notsurvivewithouttheirfungalpartner. There have afungusassociatedwiththeirrootsandmany uptake ofwaterandnutrients.Over90%plants other plants(mycorrhizalfungi),assistinginthe Others formassociationswiththerootsoftreesand leaf litterandhaveanimportantroleinrecycling. saprotrophs, livingondeadorganicmattersuchas Fungi playavitalroleinnature.Manyare Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership Map LichenRhizocarpongeographicum. Whithorn, August 2007.(Peter Norman) FUNGI & LICHENS

on the trunks of elms in rural, wayside and parkland situations. Loss of unimproved grassland and deadwood has had a similar impact on many fungi.

3. Opportunities

• Manage fungi and habitats appropriately, including minimum disturbance to soils, minimising nutrient enrichment Curry-scented Milkcap Lactarius camphoratus, one of many and pollution, and species that exude a milky liquid from the gills. Hills Wood, FUNGI & LICHENS September 2006. (Peter Norman) retaining a full range of dead wood Devil's Matchstick lichen Particularly important habitats for fungi include sand habitats. Habitat Cladonia sp. Ironhirst Moss, dunes, unimproved grasslands, and upland heaths; February 2007. (Peter Norman) management is with the addition of coastal cliffs, inland rock outcrops the only secure, long-term way of ensuring the and even man-made walls for lichens. However, conservation of most species. woods and other habitats with trees are the best of all. Birches, willows, and old are especially • Encourage mycologists and lichenologists good for fungi and Ash, Hazel, Wych Elm and to visit and record in Dumfries & Galloway. Sycamore for lichens, though some species, including Approximately half of Dumfries & Galloway’s rare and threatened ones, occur in association with rare species of fungus were recorded by visiting other trees. mycologists on only two days in September 1993 – an indication that there are likely to be more rare species waiting to be discovered by anyone 2. Threats with the necessary identification skills. • Follow the Scottish Wild Mushroom Code when • Despite their vital role in ecosystems, fungi collecting fungi. are rarely included in recording schemes, conservation 4. Further Information projects and environmental 4.1 Publications assessments. • Fletcher, A. (ed) (2001) Lichen Habitat • Air pollution has Management. British Lichen Society, London. been a major factor in the loss of fungi • Spooner, B. & Roberts, P. (2005) Fungi. and lichens in the HarperCollins, London. (A general introduction to Candle-snuff Fungus Xylaria fungi but also includes a chapter on conservation) UK, though areas hypoxylon. Drumlanrig, September such as Dumfries & 2006. (Peter Norman) Galloway have been 4.2 Websites SPECIES STATEMENTS less severely affected. Continued improvements • Association of British Fungus Groups in air quality have resulted in recovery of lichen www.abfg.org populations. • British Mycological Society (fungi) • Loss of habitat has affected many species. For www.britmycolsoc.org.uk example, loss of mature elms through Dutch elm disease has drastically reduced Orange-fruited • British Lichen Society www.thebls.org.uk Elm Lichen Caloplaca luteoalba and Bacidia • UK Fungi http://fungus.org.uk/ incompta, which were both formerly characteristic

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 265 266 SPECIES STATEMENTS NON-FLOWERING PLANTS air andwater pollution, andmanyactas indicatorsof and dominating someofthem. They aresensitive to quickly colonisingallnatural andman-madehabitats dispersal byvastnumbers oftinywind-bornespores, Bryophytes andfernsareperfectly adaptedforrapid Lake DistrictandDumfries &Galloway. other areas,especiallynorthWales, thePennines, important specieshavesmalloutlyingpopulationsin biodiversity featureoftheUK.Somethese (and lichens)areperhapsthesinglemostimportant international termsnorthwestScotland’s bryophytes in theHimalayasandBritishColumbia.Indeed, bryophytes, someofwhichareotherwisefoundonly particular, isinternationally famousforits‘Atlantic’ However, Britain,andnorth westScotlandin Britain andmostcanbefoundacrosstheworld. for manyspecies,thoughveryfewarelimitedto ferns, andBritain’s coolwetconditionsareideal Climate isthemajorinfluenceonbryophytesand ferns, 7clubmosses,3quillwortsand8horsetails. UK fernsandalliedplantsarelessnumerous,with47 possibly asmuch5%oftheworldbryophyteflora. here, constitutingaround60%oftheEuropean,and with almost90%oftheUKbryophyteflorafound is betterrepresentedinScotlandthanEngland, the UK. This isoneofthefewspeciesgroupsthat and hornworts(collectivelyknownasbryophytes)in There arearound2,100speciesofmosses,liverworts proportion oftheUK’s biodiversity. and algae. Together theyconstituteasignificant quillworts, horsetails,mosses,liverworts,hornworts Non-flowering plantsconsistofferns,clubmosses, 1. StatusandDistribution Great Horsetail.PortKale, August 2006.(PeterNorman) NON-FLOWERING PLANTS Green Seaweeds Brown Seaweeds Red Seaweeds Mosses Bryophyta Hornworts Anthocerophyta Liverworts Marchantiophyta Horsetails Clubmosses &Quillworts Ferns Filicopsida species inselectedgroupsDumfries&Galloway Minimum estimatesofnumbernon-floweringplant 30 arefoundintheUK. fresh orbrackishwaterthatisclearandunpolluted. unique groupofcomplexalgaethattypicallygrowin with fungustocreatelichens,whilststonewortsarea or damprockfaces.Otheralgaeformassociations to rockorothersurfaces. A fewgrowonland,soil (planktonic), movingthroughsediments,orattached in almostallaquatichabitats,suspendedwater photosynthesis andnumbersofspecies. They occur are thepredominantalgalgroupintermsofboth none ofwhichislargerthan2mmindiameter, in theUK,around9,000ofthemScotland.Diatoms, plants with more than 20,000 speciesthought to occur Algae arethemostnumerousofnon-flowering reservoirs duringthesummer. cause problems,suchastoxicbloomsinlochsand for manyfoodstuffs. However, somespeciescan support fisheries,andbyprovidingingredients of mostthemarineandfreshwaternutrientsthat roles throughmodificationtheatmosphere,production the photosynthesisonearth,andtheyfulfillessential length. Together algaecarryoutjustunderhalfofall the sea,sometimesreachinghundredsofmetresin plants, buttheseaweedsarebotanicalmastersof related tofungiandprimitiveanimalsthanflowering the nakedeyeandsomespeciesaremoreclosely freshwater habitats. The majority areinvisibleto Algae arethedominantplantsofmarineand and newdiscoveriesarestillbeingmade. ignored andneglectedpartofScotland’s biodiversity, water absorptioncapacity. Yet theyareoftenan ground; andreducingflashfloodingthroughtheir woodlands andforests;stabilisingdamagedorburnt invertebrates andfungi;nutrientrecyclinginwetlands, environmental roles,includingprovidingahabitatfor a cleanenvironment. They alsofulfillavarietyofother Sphenopsida Rhodophyceae

Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership 8 Lycopsida 3

100 9 44 450 170 56 40 NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

Particularly important habitats in Dumfries & Galloway 3. Opportunities for non-flowering plants include intertidal rocky shores, coastal sand dunes, coastal cliffs and slopes, • Raise awareness of the importance and native woods, lochs, rivers, fens, raised bogs, blanket sustainable uses of non-flowering plants bogs, inland rock outcrops, upland springs and flushes, and montane heaths. • Train ecologists and amateur naturalists in the identification and recording of non-flowering 2. Threats plants. • Encourage non- experts to visit Lack of knowledge about the distribution of non- and record in Dumfries & Galloway. flowering plants in Dumfries & Galloway, and the • Take the requirements of non-flowering plants into shortage of ecologists able to identify many of these account in habitat management works. species, is one of the greatest constraints on local conservation projects. However, this should not be • Reduce, and ultimately stop the use of used as an excuse for damage. Threats include: horticultural peat. • Changes in climate as a result of global warming may affect upland bryophyte flora. 4. Further Information NON-FLOWERING PLANTS • Air pollution is less of a threat than it once was, 4.1 Publications but still has the potential to locally affect non- flowering plant populations. • Long, D. and Ward, S. (2005) Strategy for the conservation of lower plants and fungi in • Eutrophication resulting from the widespread Scotland. Plantlife International, Salisbury. use of fertilisers can be extremely damaging, especially in watercourses where common • Rothero, G.P. (2005) Mosses and Liverworts. species of algae can wipe out more important Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby. non-flowering plants. • Developments, including windfarms, hydro- 4.2 Websites electric schemes and roads, may be detrimental • British Bryological Society (mosses & liverworts) to habitats rich in non-flowering plants. www.britishbryologicalsociety.org.uk • Muirburn of wet ground can wipe out important • British Pteridological Society (ferns) bryophyte populations. www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/bps/ • The spread of non-native invasive species, • British Phycological Society (algae) especially Rhododendron in native woods poses www.brphycsoc.org a threat to bryophytes in these habitats. However, Dumfries & Galloway’s woods are generally not as badly infested as those further north. Overgrazing and undergrazing of woods may also affect ferns and bryophytes. • Drainage of bogs and other wetlands, as well as previous afforestation of many of these sites has reduced populations. Commercial peat extraction for horticulture is a non-sustainable use of a SPECIES STATEMENTS resource largely created from bog-mosses. • Indiscriminate collecting of mosses for floral displays and hanging baskets is known to occur, but its effects are not clear. A liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Dunskey Glen, July 2003. (Maggi Kaye)

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 267 268 SPECIES STATEMENTS FLOWERING PLANTS and Mediterranean climates. species oftemperate, southerntemperate, Atlantic of Arctic, borealormontaneclimates, andsouthern plants inScotlandbetween northernspeciesofmainly these places.Consequently thereisanoverlapof Stream thatrenderstheclimate moretemperatethan is influencedbytheNorth AtlanticDriftortheGulf Moscow, Hudson Bay, andthe Aleutian Islands, although onthesamelatitudeassouthernNorway, of southernEngland.HoweverthewestScotland, less diversegeologyofScotlandcomparedtothat various partsoftheUK,butalsoareflection partly areflectionofclimaticdifferences betweenthe the UK. This is one goesin further north species the the numberof decrease in is ageneral plants there flowering Unlike non- continent andthisrestrictstheUKflora. Climatic variationsarealsosmallerthanthoseonthe to rivalthoseofthe Alps norlargeexpansesofforest. continental Europewith,forexample,nomountains because ofthesmallerrangehabitatsthanon to thecolonisationoffurtherspecies.Itisalsopartly English ChannelandtheNorthSeacreatedabarrier the islands,butriseinsea-levelstoform Age. Beforethis,manyspecieswereabletocolonise British IslesfromcontinentalEuropeafterthelastIce partly onaccountofthephysicalseparation the UK.IncontextofEurope,thisnumberislow, There arearound4,100speciesoffloweringplantsin Stonecrop thatarelessthan1cmhigh. small floweringplantssuchaspearlwortsandMossy range fromthetallesttrees,throughshrubstovery grasses, sedges,rushesandorchids. Together, they plants; thosewithone (Monocotyledons)include with two(Dicotyledons)formmostoftheflowering whether theyhaveoneortwoseed-leaves. Those Angiosperms arefurtherdivideddependingon others, whichhavetheseedsinafruit(Angiosperms). that haveseedsinacone(Gymnosperms);andthe UK. They consistoftwomajor groups–conifers visible andeasilyrecognisablebiodiversityofthe Flowering plantsformthemajorpartofvery 1. StatusandDistribution FLOWERING PLANTS Sheep's-bit, KillantringanBay, July 1998.(PeterNorman) Casuals Neophytes Archaeophytes Native Modern records(since1970) All records of Dumfries&Galloway Number of species recordedinthe three vice-counties shown inthetablebelow. distribution betweenthethreeconstituentcountiesas UK, Dumfries&Gallowayhasunderhalf,withthe Of theplantspeciesoccurringinwild established populations. casuals arespeciesintermittentlyrecordedandwithno AD; neophytesarespeciesintroducedbymansince1500; Archaeophytes arespeciesintroducedbymanupto1500 changes inthe flora. Threatsinclude: population size, whichmakesitdifficult toassess to continuously. Howeverthereislittledata on of floweringplantssince1962 whichisbeingadded There isaconsiderabledatabase onthedistribution 2. Threats substrate andwaterdepth. governed bywaterflow, alkalinity, nutrientlevels, recorded. They havespecifichabitatrequirements, been overlookedbybotanistsandareunder Flowering plantsofaquatichabitatshavetraditionally unimproved grasslandandfensmarshes. and blanketbogs,somelowlanduplandlochs, of theuplands,coastline,nativewoods,raised These includemuch has notbeenhigh. by man’s activities nutrient enrichment plants arethosewhere Galloway forflowering habitats inDumfries& The mostimportant activities. increase withhuman latter groupislikelyto The proportionofthe deliberately byman. either accidentallyor the remaining30%beingintroducedtoregion, Native speciesmakeuparound70%ofourwildflora, Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership

Yellow FlagIris,BrighouseBay. June 2004.(PeterNorman) 62 181 63 825 1134 1288 Dfs. 72 297 66 925 1363 1488 Kbt. 58 181 65 777 1084 1209 Wig. FLOWERING PLANTS

• Climate change, or global non-local sources (often introducing species not warming, which will affect found in the region). not only the species present in the region, but 3. Opportunities also the composition of the flora of all habitats. Upland • Raise awareness of the importance and and montane species are sustainable uses of flowering plants. most at risk. • Increase the recording of flowering plants in • Rising sea levels could the region by training people in identification affect the shoreline plant Harebell, Ravenshall. and recording methods, utilising the Dumfries & communities and a loss July 2007. (Peter Norman) Galloway Environmental Records Centre. of habitat coupled with an • Amend the management of road verges to inability of the plants to transfer to new areas recognise their important contribution to plant quickly enough. diversity and the attractiveness of the area • Eutrophication particularly of water-courses and • Encourage participation in the government-funded water bodies as a result of widespread use of FLOWERING PLANTS agri-environment schemes. nitrate and phosphate based fertilisers draining in to the waters. The most vigorous species may • Encourage schools to become involved with out-grow and suppress the slower growing and projects to enhance the rarer species that often rely on nutrient-poor soils school grounds and to for survival. become more aware of their environment through visits • Developments such as wind-farms, hydro-electric to nature reserves. schemes and roads may be detrimental to habitats by alteration of drainage patterns, partial • Encourage developers, land destruction of habitats, and fragmentation of managers and planners to habitats. recognise the importance of biodiversity and develop • Muirburn can reduce the heather component of a unified approach to the heathlands to be replaced by coarse purple moor- natural environment. grass with a lower species diversity Bog Asphodel, Cree Valley. July 2007 • Spread of invasive, non-native species such 4. Further Information (Peter Norman) as Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum, Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica, Variagated 4.1 Publications Yellow Archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon, New Zealand Pigmyweed Crassula helmsii, and other • Martin, M. E. R. (1985) Wild Plants of aquatic species. This can result from dumping of Dumfriesshire. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire unwanted garden plants in the countryside, where and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian a few species may become invasive. Society III, 60, pp21-42. • Overgrazing or under-grazing of marginal • Silverside, A. J. (1990) The Flowering Plants and habitats such as native woods, bogs, heaths and Ferns of Wigtownshire: A very provisional check- unimproved grasslands. list. Unpublished. • Drainage of upland habitats and wetlands and • Stewart, O. M. (1990) Flowering Plants and SPECIES STATEMENTS replacement with a monoculture crop, for forestry Ferns of Kirkcudbrightshire. Transactions of the and agricultural purposes, thereby reducing Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and diversity. Antiquarian Society III, 65, pp1-68. • ‘Gardening’ of the countryside by repeated 4.2 Websites mowing/cutting of road verges which reduces biodiversity and the planting of roadsides with • Botanical Society of the British Isles inappropriate species such as cultivated daffodils, www.bsbi.org.uk introduced willows, seed mixtures derived from • Plantlife www.plantlife.org.uk

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 269 270 SPECIES STATEMENTS INVERTEBRATES & Galloway’s geographical positionwithalong south- favour warmand relativelysunnyconditions, Dumfries Given thatmanyterrestrial invertebratespecies Millipedes Spiders Araneae Ground Butterflies &LargerMothsMacrolepidoptera Lacewings Mayflies Ephemeroptera Grasshoppers &Crickets Dragonflies Marine shellfish Land &freshwatersnailsslugs in selectedgroupsDumfries&Galloway Minimum estimatesofnumberinvertebratespecies for someofthebetterstudiedgroups. although reasonablyaccurateestimatesareavailable Dumfries &Gallowaywillalwaysremainunknown, The numberofinvertebratespeciesoccurringin Orders onlandandfreshwater. with over200Orders,asopposedtolessthan40 diversity ofinvertebratelifeformshereismuchgreater fewer speciesinthemarineenvironment,but have beenrecordedinScotland. There are60-70% mammals. Morethan14,000speciesofinsectalone total forplants,fish,amphibians,reptiles,birdsand known inBritain,greatlyoutnumberingthecombined terrestrial andfreshwaterspeciesofinvertebratesare Excluding microscopicspecies,atleast30,000 1. StatusandDistribution Velvet SwimmingCrab-almostallcrustaceansaremarineor Diplopoda Syrphidae Neuroptera Odonata Mollusca Carabidae

Orthoptera

INVERTEBRATES aquatic species.(PaulNaylor) Mollusca 26 280 132 139 570 13 16 9 21 70 121 • • • • • • • • • particular importanceare: in Dumfries&Galloway. Of habitat andeverylocation Invertebrates occurinevery parts ofScotland. many speciesthanother makes itmoresuitablefor facing coastandmildwinters reserves and many ofBritain’s historicallyimportant invertebrates are notbeingmet,evenon nature invertebrates. Itisnowclearthattheneeds ofmany vertebrates onasitewillautomatically caterfor erroneous beliefthatmanagement forplantsor In thepasttherehasbeen awidespreadbut 2. Threats including hoverflies. Wet woodlandforcraneflies,mothsandflies, Over 1,000speciesarefoundno-whereelse. and ,includinghoverfliesfungusgnats. Decaying woodforlonghornbeetles,rovebeetles beetles. moths and butterflies & & crickets, grasshoppers slopes for Coastal snails. beetles and sandhoppers, strandlines for Coastal species. riverbanks, thishabitatsupportsover10,000 River shingleforbeetlesandflies. Together with beetles, bumblebeesandhoverflies Flower richgrasslandandscrubforweevils,leaf water beetles,groundbeetlesandcraneflies Wetlands fordragonflies,mayflies,aquaticbugs, solitary wasps for miningbeesand Bare groundanddunes invertebrates. and manyothermarine and rockformolluscs Intertidal sand,mud Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership common intheregiononraisedbogs. Green Hairstreakbutterfliesaremost Catherinefield Moss,May2007. July 2005.(PeterNorman) sp.Kirkcudbright, (Peter Norman) Scathopaga Yellow Dung INVERTEBRATES

invertebrate sites have declined due to a prolonged • Encourage entomologists to visit and record in sequence of inappropriate habitat management Dumfries & Galloway. decisions. 4. Further Information Not all invertebrates have 4.1 Publications the same needs and a simple • Kirby, P (1992) Habitat Management for uniform approach Invertebrates: A Practical Handbook. RSPB, to habitat Sandy. management • Buglife (2005) Managing Priority Habitats for may not maintain Invertebrates. Buglife. biodiversity, • Futter et al. (2006) Butterflies of SW Scotland. but there are a Argyll Publishing, Glendaruel. number of basic Speckled Bush Cricket. Ravenshall,

August 2007 (Pete Robinson) INVERTEBRATES principles of invertebrate conservation: 4.2 Websites • Many invertebrates have very specialised habitat • Amateur Entomologists Society requirements. Apparently minor features and www.amentsoc.org microclimates may be of vital importance to them. • Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society • Most invertebrates have annual life cycles. www.bwars.com Suitable conditions must be present in each and • British Arachnological Society (spiders & allies) every year. It may only take one ‘wrong’ year www.britishspiders.org.uk to cause local extinction. Poor timing of habitat management may have profound effects. • British Conchological Society (molluscs) www.conchsoc.org • Many species have poor powers of dispersal and • British Dragonfly Society cannot easily colonise www.dragonflysoc.org.uk new sites. • British Entomological and Natural History Society • Life cycles can be www.benhs.org.uk complex with different • British Myriapod and Isopod Group (millipedes, stages requiring centipedes & woodlice) www.bmig.org.uk different habitats. • Butterfly Conservation SW Scotland Branch • Vegetation structure www.southwestscotland-butterflies.org.uk is important, as is the juxtaposition of habitats, • Dipterists Forum (flies) Nursery-web Spider Pisaura www.dipteristsforum.org.uk including edges and mirabilis. Dalbeattie Forest, transitions in vegetation. May 2006. (Peter Norman) • UK Moths www.ukmoths.org.uk

3. Opportunities 4.3 Advisory Organisations • Scottish Natural Heritage (01387) 247010 • Take the requirements of invertebrates into www.snh.org.uk SPECIES STATEMENTS account in habitat management works. • Buglife Scotland (01786) 447504 • Manage sites to create a mosaic of habitats and a www.buglife.org.uk varied vegetation structure. • Butterfly Conservation Scotland (0870) 7706151 • Raise awareness of the importance and www.butterflyconservation.org sustainable uses of invertebrates. • Train ecologists and amateur naturalists in the identification and recording of invertebrates.

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 271 272 SPECIES STATEMENTS FISHES before therelatively deepcolderwaters oftheNorth northerly ofthe shallowwarmwatersof the IrishSea, This isprobablybecauseits watersarethemost number oftunnysandsharks, andevenseahorses. Swordfish Xiphiasgladius many otherpartsofScotland. These haveincluded number oftropicalor marinespeciesthan 130 specieshavebeenrecorded,includingagreater platessa dwelling) speciessuchasPlaice spawning andnurserygroundsfordemersal(bottom- range ofmarinespeciesandareparticularlyimportant The sandandmudflatsoftheSolwaysupportawide supporting fishcommunities. the mostextremeofnutrientlevels,arecapable waterbody frompondstolargelochs,withallbut waters havedifferent requirements,butallsizesof habitats attherighttimeofyear. Fishofstanding reproduction; andadequateaccesstotherightmicro and overhangingvegetation;suitablesubstratesfor range ofwaterdepthsandvelocities;in-streamcover rich wateratsuitabletemperatureandpHlevels;a terms, riverfishesrequireacontinuousflow;oxygen- unpolluted waterisarequirementforall.Ingeneral habitats fordifferent stagesoftheirlifehistory, though vary greatlyandmostspeciesrequiredifferent brought inforanglingpurposes.Habitatrequirements this includesmanyintroductions,mostofthem diverse rangeoffreshwaterfishinScotland,although Dumfries andGallowaysupportspossiblythemost been recordedinUKcoastalwaters. species. At leastanother330speciesoffishhave compared withmostofEurope,around30 The UKhasarelativelylimitedfreshwaterfishfauna 1. StatusandDistribution Corkwing Wrasse,anabundantfishofshallowwatersonrocky andCommonSole , SunfishMolamola Soleavulgaris Pleuronectes coasts. (PaulNaylor) . Morethan FISHES , a Roach Rutilusrutilus include Pike introduced totheNithand Annan. Coarsespecies game fishincludetheGrayling to SalmonSalmosalar including more than £1m on coarse fishing. In addition almost £6.75mtoDumfries&Gallowayin2003, expenditure onanglingwasestimatedtobeworth more importanttothelocaleconomy. Direct fishing ofbothcoastalandfreshwatersis,however, support alargecommercialfishery. Recreational The coastalwatersofDumfries&Gallowaydonot not recordedinlargenumbers. that swiminmid-water)anddeepwaterspeciesare the westbut,notsurprisingly, pelagicspecies(fish conger andmanywrasses,arealsorepresentedin Channel. Rockyspecies,suchasCongerEel • • • • • • 2. Threats Crayfish, pose athreattosomefishpopulations. non-fish speciessuchas North AmericanSignal Introduced species integrity ofnativefishstocks. Escapes fromfishfarms may reducethegenetic prevent migration. Obstacles impact incertainlocations. Acidification overall stocks,affecting localdistributions. Global widespread andlonger-termimplications. freshwaters, butdiffuse pollutionmayhavemore arise fromaccidentalspillages,bothatseaandin Pollution Lamprey fromWater ofFleet.(GallowayFisheriesTrust). overfishing ofcertainspeciesreduces Esox lucius,PerchPercafluviatilis isaseriousthreattoallfish. Thiscan onwatercoursescanrestrictor offreshwatershashadaserious Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership . and Trout Salmotrutta, , bothnon-nativefishand Thymallus thymallus Conger and FISHES

• Most UK freshwaters are free of serious 4. Further Information diseases, but Gyrodactylosis and other diseases has been found elsewhere in and has the 4.1 Publications potential to spread to Scotland, wiping out stocks Scottish Natural Heritage (2007) River Bladnoch completely. SAC Atlantic Salmon Catchment Management Plan. Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby.

4.2 Websites • Association of Salmon Fishery Boards http://asfb.hub.uk.com/ • Atlantic Salmon Trust www.atlanticsalmontrust.org • Scottish Freshwater Fisheries Management FISHES www.sffm.org.uk/ • Shark Trust www.sharktrust.org • Wild Trout Trust www.wildtrout.org Atlantic Salmon from the River Dee. (Galloway Fisheries Trust) 4.3 Advisory Organisations 3. Opportunities • District Salmon Fishery Boards (see ASFB above website for current contact details) • Improve habitat management of river catchments and coastal areas. This should include habitats • Galloway Fisheries Trust (01671) 403011 that are some distance from water, but may have www.gallowayfisheriestrust.org an impact. • Fisheries Research Services (01224) 876544 • Improve fisheries management to ensure that www.frs-scotland.gov.uk decisions are taken that benefit a wide range of • Scottish Natural Heritage (01387) 247010 species and the wider environment, rather than www.snh.org.uk just the target fish species. • Encourage fisheries managers and anglers to take all necessary precautions to prevent the introduction or transfer of diseased fish. SPECIES STATEMENTS

Thornback Ray, common in both deep and shallow coastal waters. (Paul Naylor)

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 273 274 SPECIES STATEMENTS REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 2. Threats integral partoftheregion’s marine fauna. no longerconsideredtobejustararevisitor, butan Dermochelys coriacea records ofLeatherback Turtle marine turtles.Indeed, and recordsofallthe Grass SnakeNatrixnatrix, unconfirmed recordsof In additionthereareafew Southern Uplands. extending wellintothe more widespread,sometimes Toad andCommonFrogare Palmate Newt,Common but CommonLizard, Adder, along theSolwaycoast, occur mostfrequently temporaria and CommonFrog Toad Epidaleacalamita helvetica Newt Lissotritonvulgaris berus, GreatCrestedNewtTriturus cristatus,Smooth vivipara amphibian: CommonorViviparous Lizard to supportallScottishnativespeciesofreptileand Dumfries &GallowayistheonlypartofScotland British waters. native), andrecordsof5speciesseaturtlein which 1or2speciesinEnglandmayprovetobe there arerecordsofafewintroducedspecies(of reptiles doso.Inaddition in Scotland,only3ofthe all 6amphibiansoccur amphibians, andthough native reptilesand6 has only6non-marine climatic reasons,Britain found inEurope.Mainlyfor species ofamphibianare marine reptileand45 Some 85speciesofnon- 1. StatusandDistribution This sometimes resultsindeliberatekilling. extent, amphibians, isnotgenerallyfavourable. The publicperceptionofreptiles, andtoalesser , SlowWorm Anguisfragilis , Common Toad Bufobufo,Natterjack . All thesespecies REPTILES &HIBIANS Rana are nowsofrequentthatitis , , PalmateNewtLissotriton June 2007.(PaulMcLaughlin) Common Frog.Lochmaben, Common Lizardonfence post atDrumlanrig, April , Adder Vipera 2007. (PeteRobinson). Zootoca • • 4.3 Advisory Organisations • • • • • 4.2 Websites • • • • 3. Opportunities • 4.1 Publications 4. FurtherInformation of somepopulations. Habitat fragmentationhasresultedintheisolation www.snh.org.uk Scottish Natural Heritage(01387)247010 www.narrs.org.uk National Amphibian &ReptileRecordingScheme www.herpconstrust.org.uk Herpetological Conservation Trust Froglife British HerpetologicalSociety www.arg-uk.org.uk Amphibian &ReptileGroupsoftheUK Halesworth. Crested NewtConservationHandbook Langton, T., Beckett.C.,&Foster, J.(2001) Conservation Committee,Peterborough. Herpetofauna Workers’ Manual Gent, T. &Gibson,S.(eds.)(1998) Peterborough. Toad ConservationHandbook reptiles, andtheirroleinecosystems. Raise thepublicprofileofamphibiansand populations ofsomeamphibians. management, thesesignificantlyboostlocal and forests. Together withassociatedhabitat Create pondsandwetlandsingardens,farms Beebee, T. &Denton,J.(1996) www.froglife.org Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership Young Adder. (PaulineSpilling) . EnglishNature, www.thebhs.org . JointNature The Natterjack The . Froglife, Great BIRDS REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS BIRDS

1. Status and Distribution 2. Threats

Approximately • Habitat change, particularly as a result of 700 species of agricultural change and afforestation. bird are known from Europe, • Loss of and 514 of food and these have been disturbance recorded in resulted Scotland. This is from Cockle a relatively small dredging in total compared Whooper Swan. (Gordon McCall) the Solway, prior to

to parts of Africa BIRDS regulation and South America, but British birds are the most Barn Owl, Paul McLaughlin highly studied species group in the world. In Dumfries being & Galloway around 350 species of birds have been introduced. recorded. Of these, some 160 are known to have bred • Deliberate persecution, especially of birds of at some time during the last 100 years. prey, reduced some species to extinction in the 19th century, and despite being illegal still limits The most important habitats in the region for birds are some populations. the coasts and estuaries, and the many freshwater • Climate change, though likely to result in new wetlands. Collectively these support internationally species for Dumfries & Galloway, threatens important numbers of overwintering and migrating others, particularly those that breed in the uplands wildfowl and wading birds. The Solway is regarded or depend on food from the sea. as one of the most important estuaries for 3. Opportunities birds in Europe and is particularly • Create new habitats such as wetlands and native associated woodlands. Most bird species respond to habitat with Svalbard creation much quicker than other species groups. Barnacle Geese • Diversify existing habitats. Relatively small Branta leucopsis, changes to the management of extensive habitats with virtually such as farmland and forests can often produce the entire world significant benefits for birds, such as Black population Grouse. wintering on the Black Grouse • Encourage participation in the government-funded Solway. The (Northeastwildlife.co.uk) region’s uplands agri-environment schemes. are also important for breeding Hen Harriers Circus • Encourage public participation in web-based cyaneus and Peregrines Falco peregrinus. A number surveys such as RSPB’s Garden BirdWatch, BTO of wetland and upland sites have been designated as surveys or BBC surveys. Special Protection Areas for their bird interest. SPECIES STATEMENTS Other important populations include Barn Owls Tyto alba and Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix, whilst Red Kites Milvus milvus have been successfully reintroduced. In addition, the region is near the northern British limit for some species, such as Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus and Willow Tits Poecile montanus, and near the southern limit for others, such as Black Guillemots Cephus grylle and Black-throated Divers Gavia stellata.

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 275 MAMMALS

4. Further Information

4.1 Publications • Dickson, R. C. (1994) The Birds in Wigtownshire. GC Publishers, Wigtown. • Dodds, G.W., Appleby, M.J. & Campbell, L. (1996) A Management Guide to Birds of Upland Farmland. RSPB, Sandy. • Forrester, R. & Andrews, I. (eds)(2008) The Birds of Scotland. Scottish Ornithologists’ Club, Edinburgh.

BIRDS • Symes, N. & Currie, F. (2005) Woodland Management for Birds. RSPB & Forestry Commission England, Sandy. • Winspear, R & Davies, G. (2005) A Management Guide for Birds on Lowland Farms. RSPB, Sandy. • Various editors. (from 1985) Annual Dumfries & Galloway Regional Bird Reports.

4.2 Websites • British Trust for Ornithology www.bto.org • Scottish Ornithologists Club www.the-soc.zenwebhosting.com

4.3 Advisory Organisations • Scottish Natural Heritage (01387) 247010 www.snh.org.uk • RSPB Scotland, Dumfries & Galloway (01556) 670464 www.rspb.org.uk • Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Caerlaverock (01387) 770200 www.wwt.org.uk SPECIES STATEMENTS

Peregrine Falcon. (Laurie Campbell)

276 Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership However, a numbersuchasbats,Badgers, Red habitats, and most remainassociatedwith trees. Most terrestrialnativemammals evolvedinwoodland Mice. and istheonlyareawithrecent reportsofHarvest Dumfries &Gallowayhasan especiallyrichbatfauna, but arenowextinct.ComparedtotherestofScotland, species areknowntohaveexistedinhistoricaltimes, accidentally introducedbyman. A numberofother Of these,atleast12havebeendeliberatelyor Cetaceans (whales&dolphins) Seals Ungulates (deeretc) Carnivores Rodents Lagomorphs (rabbits&hares) Bats Insectivores from Dumfries&Gallowayinrecenttimes,asfollows: Fifty-two speciesofmammalhavebeenrecorded mammals areperhapsthebest-studiedonEarth. of themajormammalgroupsarepresentandBritish species hadmanagedtoreachBritain.Howeverall after theendoflastIce Age, beforeanumberof the landbridgebetweenBritainandEuropesoon This impoverishmentislargelyduetothecuttingof whales anddolphinsfromonlyahandfulofsightings. known fromScotland,thoughsomeofthebats,seals, only toaround100species. At least79oftheseare considerably impoverishedincomparison,amounting recorded inEurope. The mammalfaunaofBritainis More than300speciesofwildmammalhavebeen 1. StatusandDistribution The currentstatusofWater Voles inDumfries&Gallowayis unclear. (Environment Agency) MAMMALS c10 2 6 9 9 3 8 5 farmland andevenurbanareas. highly-modified habitatsincludingconiferplantations, Deer andRedSquirrelshavesuccessfullyadaptedto • • • • • 2. Threats health andultimatelytopopulation crashes. damage tosemi-naturalhabitats, reducedanimal abnormally highpopulations thatcauseserious herbivores suchasdeerand goatscanleadto An have dramaticallyrecovered. years andsomepopulations,suchasOtters, this hasbecomemuchlessofathreatinrecent reduced populationsofsomespecies,although farmland, gardensandinbuildingshasseriously The useof habitats. abundant invertebratefoodassociatedwiththese insectivores andbatsthataredependentonthe native woods,hasparticularlyaffected some Loss ofhabitat and Water Voles. Deer, GreySquirrelsandRed native species.Forexample,SikaDeerandRed A numberof of speciesinDumfries&Galloway. abundance andpopulationtrendsforthemajority There isa absence ofnaturalpredators forlarger lack ofknowledge toxic chemicalsinwetlands, non-native mammalsthreaten , especiallywetlandsand Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership Grey Seal(GordonMcCall) ofdistribution, , andMink 277 SPECIES STATEMENTS MAMMALS BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS

• A high incidence of road deaths, particularly 4. Further Information affecting Hedgehogs, Badgers and Otters. The A75 is one of the worst roads in Scotland for 4.1 Publications mammal road kills. However, there is no evidence • Corbet, G. B. & Harris, S. (1991) The Handbook that this is having a serious overall impact on of British Mammals (3rd Edition). Blackwell, local populations. London. • A poor public perception of some species, • Entwistle, A. C., Harris, S., Hutson, A. M., Racey, especially bats. P. A., Walsh, A., Gibson, S. D., Hepburn, I. & Johnston, J. (2001) Habitat Management for Bats. A guide for land managers, land owners and their advisors. JNCC, Peterborough. • Forestry Commission, Bat Conservation Trust,

MAMMALS Countryside Council for Wales and English Nature (2005) Woodland Management for Bats. Forestry Commission, Wetherby. • Strachan, R. (1998) Water Vole Conservation Handbook. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Oxford.

4.2 Websites • Badger Trust www.badger.org.uk Leisler's Bats in box at Buchan Wood, Glentrool. (Pete Robinson) • British Deer Society www.bds.org.uk 3. Opportunities • Mammal Society www.abdn.ac.uk/mammal • Mammals Trust UK www.mtuk.org • Increase the recording of mammals in the region by training people in identification and recording • SeaWatch Foundation methods, utilising local bat, squirrel and mammal www.seawatchfoundation.org.uk groups and Dumfries & Galloway Environmental • Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society Resources Centre. www.wdcs.org • Eradication of non-native invasive mammals is unlikely to be possible. Monitor their distribution 4.3 Advisory Organisations and carry out localised control programmes, • Scottish Natural Heritage (01387) 247010 using humane methods that are likely to be most www.snh.org.uk effective to sustain native mammal populations. • Scottish Badgers www.scottishbadgers.org.uk • Take account of mammal requirements in habitat management. • Bat Conservation Trust Scotland (01786) 826 792 www.bats.org.uk • Carry out humane control of deer and goats to maintain populations that in balance with habitats. • Deer Commission Scotland (01463) 725000 www.dcs.gov.uk • Where possible, install mammal underpasses SPECIES STATEMENTS on roads with a high incidence of mammal kills. • Red Squirrels in South Scotland Greatest opportunities arise when new sections of www.red-squirrels.org.uk road are constructed. • Continue the educational work of organisations such as the Dumfries & Galloway Bat Group to raise awareness of species that can be encouraged by the public.

278 Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership required. indicators, sufficient quantityandquality ofdatais and distribution.Forbiodiversity engagement challenge istohaveadequate dataonabundance For biodiversitystateindicators tobeofusethe process. within theDumfries&GallowayCommunityPlanning wider indicatorseries.Forexampleonsustainability programmes wheretheywillformasubsetof to themeasurementofprogressonotherregional scales. LBAP indicatorsshouldbeabletocontribute a varietyofdifferent trendsatdifferent geographical information, oncecollectedcanbeusedtoindicate those beingusedatnationallevel,sothatthesame It isimportanttoensurethatlocalindicatorsrelate • • and biodiversityengagementindicators. indicator aredescribed,biodiversitystateindicators own BiodiversityStrategy. Inthelatter, twokindsof Development Strategy(ChoosingourFuture),andits strategy, buthasalsopublisheditsownSustainable The ScottishGovernmentissigneduptothis to biodiversityaction,fishstocksandriverquality. indices relatingtobirdpopulationsandoneeach handful relatedirectlytobiodiversity. There arefour of socialandeconomicactivity. Ofthese,onlya Development Strategycoveringabroadcanvas There are68indicatorssetoutintheUKSustainable biodiversity trends. a suiteofindicatorswillprovideguidanceonthemain overall effectiveness ofLBAP activitiesmonitoringof record everything. Therefore, inordertojudgethe Centre. However, itisnotfeasibletomonitorand the Dumfries&GallowayEnvironmentalResources biodiversity monitoringandmuchofthisiscollatedby Many oftheLBAP partners alsocarryouttheirown called Biodiversity Action ReportingSystem(BARS). will becarriedoutusinganonlinenationalsystem Monitoring ofprogressagainstthisactionplan decisions ofindividualsandorganisations. also aimtoexaminehowthisaffects actionsand professional) andanorganisationallevel. They biodiversity onanindividual(personaland of understandingof,andengagementwith, Biodiversity engagementindicatorsaremeasures ecosystem health. biological indicatorsasameasureofwider and qualityofhabitats,abundancekey abundance ordiversityofspeciesgroups,extent Biodiversity stateindicatorsaremeasuresof BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS 13. 12. 11. Biodiversity Engagementindicators 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Biodiversity Stateindicators as follows: Biodiversity indicatorsforDumfriesandGallowayare of awardsasmonitoredbyEcoSchools. Number ofregisteredEco-Schools andlevels Environmental Resources Centre. recording asmonitoredbyDumfries & Galloway Number ofpeopleinvolvedinbiodiversity Commission. monitored annuallybyWWT/RSPB/SNH/Forestry Number ofvisitorstonaturereserves volunteer CetaceanGroup/SeaWatch Foundation. Cetacean sightings Association/Freshwater ResearchServices. annually bySolwayShellfishManagement Cockle stockassessment sites asmonitoredannuallybySEPA. Freshwater invertebratediversity Galloway Fisheries Trust. annually beDistrictSalmonFisheriesBoards/ Salmonid counts monitored every6yearsbySNH. favourable conditiononprotectedsites Proportion ofnotifiedhabitatareain monitored every6yearsbySNH. in favourableconditiononprotectedsites Proportion ofnotifiedspeciespopulations change data. squares asmonitoredBSBI Atlas andlocal Vascular plantdiversityinselected10km of coloniesbyJNCC/RSPB. years, augmentedbyannualsurveysofasample by fullseabirdsurveysacrossScotlandevery15 Abundance ofbreedingseabirds Wetland BirdSurvey/WWT/RSPB/JNCC. annually throughmonthlywintercountsbythe waterbirds (e.g.BarnacleGoose)asmonitored Abundance ofselectednon-breeding Dumfries &GallowayRaptorStudyGroup/RSPB. Hen HarrierRedKite)asmonitoredannuallyby Abundance ofselectedbreedingbirds Dumfries and GallowayBiodiversity Partnership inmainriversasmonitored asmonitoredannuallyby asmonitored asmonitored atselected as (e.g. as as 279 MONITORING PROGRESS BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS APPENDICES

Appendix 1

Local Priority Habitats - Criteria for selection

All UK Priority Habitats, or their nearest equivalents, that occur in Dumfries & Galloway have been selected as Local Priority Habitats.

Appendix 2

List of Local Priority Habitats

Subtidal Rock Mesotrophic Lochs Upland Heaths Subtidal Sands and Gravels Oligotrophic Lochs Native Wet Woods Intertidal Sand and Mud Flats Reedbeds Native Ash Woods Seagrass Beds Fens Native Woods Intertidal Rocky Shores Marshes Native Birch Woods Honeycomb Worm Reefs Upland Springs and Flushes Forest Ponds Coastal Shingle Beaches Raised Bogs Wood Pastures and Parklands Coastal Sand Dunes Purple Moor-Grass and Rush Pastures Arable Fields Coastal Saltmarshes (Merse) Blanket Bogs Traditional Field Boundaries Coastal Cliffs and Slopes Calcareous Grasslands Farm Ponds River Headwaters Neutral Grasslands Traditional Orchards Lowland Rivers and Backwaters Acid Grasslands Industrial and Post-industrial Exposed River Shingle Inland Rock Outcrops Sites Eutrophic Lochs Montane Moss-heaths Urban Watercourses and Wetlands Appendix 3

Local Priority Species - Criteria for selection

1. National Importance UK Priority Species and species on the Scottish Biodiversity List that occur in Dumfries & Galloway on a permanent/semi-permanent/regular basis (i.e. not as rare vagrants).

2. Local Importance in a National Context Any species not included above for which Dumfries & Galloway supports 30% or more of the UK population or A UK nationally rare or UK nationally scarce species for which Dumfries & Galloway supports 75% or more of the Scottish population.

3. Local Rarity Species that have less than 100 individuals or Occur in only 1 or 2 10km squares in Dumfries & Galloway.

4. Local Decline Species that have declined in numbers or range as a result of human activity by 10% or more during any period in the last 100 years, or species threatened with decline on this scale.

5. Local Distinctiveness Species that are characteristic of Dumfries & Galloway.

Note: Evidence to support the above criteria should be observed and documented wherever possible. However estimated, inferred or suspected evidence may be acceptable if documented evidence is not available, if agreed by local experts. Population can be measured either in terms of absolute numbers or distribution (i.e. number of sites or OS grid squares occupied) 280 280 Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership Appendix 4

List of Local Priority Species

Note: Future amendments to the Scottish Biodiversity List and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan may result in modifications to the list of Local Priority Species for Dumfries & Galloway. Please check the website for an up to date list.

Fungi

A slime mould Craterium muscorum A slime mould Diderma ochraceum Willow Gloves Hypocreopsis lichenoides A fungus Fayodia bisphaerigera (gracilipes) (SBL) Dung Bird's-nest Cyathus stercoreus (SBL) A fungus Inocybe calospora A fungus Galerina stylifera Golden Bootleg Phaeolepiota aurea A fungus Rimbachia bryophila (SBL) A fungus Aleurodiscus wakefieldiae (SBL) Zoned Tooth Fungus Hydnellum concrescens A fungus Rhodocybe gemina (SBL) (UKBAP/SBL) Scarlet Elf Cup Sarcoscypha coccinea (SBL) Oak Polypore quercinus (Buglossoporus pulvinus) (SBL) Beeswax Bracket Ganoderma pfeifferi

Lichens

Sap-groove Lichen Bacidia incompta (UKBAP/ A lichen Biatoridium monasteriense (UKBAP/SBL) SBL) Churchyard Lecanactis grumulosa Orange-fruited Elm Lichen Caloplaca luteoalba (SBL) (UKBAP/SBL) A lichen Caloplaca britannica (SBL) A lichen Cladonia peziziformis (UKBAP/SBL) A lichen Collema fasciculare (SBL) A lichen Degelia ligulata (SBL) A lichen Fuscopannaria sampaiana (SBL) A lichen Hypotrachyna sinuosa (SBL) A lichen Hypotrachyna taylorensis (SBL) A lichen Lecanographa amylacea (Lecanactis amylacea) (SBL) A lichen Lecanora albella (SBL) A lichen Lempholemma intricatum (SBL) A lichen Leptogium britannicum (SBL) A lichen Leptogium burgessii (SBL) A lichen Leptogium cyanescens (SBL) Tree Lungwort Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (SBL) A lichen Lobaria amplissima (SBL) A lichen Lobaria scrobiculata (SBL) A lichen Lobaria virens (SBL) A lichen Menegazzia terebrata (SBL) A lichen Micarea stipitata (SBL) A lichen Pannaria conoplea (SBL) A lichen Pannaria rubiginosa (SBL) A lichen Parmeliella parvula (SBL) A lichen Parmeliella testacea (SBL) A lichen Parmeliella triptophylla (SBL) A lichen Peltigera collina (SBL) A lichen Porina hibernica (SBL) Norwegian Specklebelly Pseudocyphellaria A lichen Ramalina fraxinea (SBL) norvegica (UKBAP/SBL) Speckled Script Lichen Schismatomma A lichen Schismatomma cretaceum (SBL) graphidioides (UKBAP/SBS) A lichen Stenocybe septata (SBL) A lichen Sticta fuliginosa (SBL) A lichen Sticta canariensis (SBL) A lichen Sticta sylvatica (SBL) A lichen Sticta limbata (SBL) A lichen Synalissa symphorea (SBL) A lichen Usnea ceratina (SBL) A lichen Usnea florida (SBL) A lichen Gyalidea roseola (SBL)

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 281 Seaweeds

A red seaweed Drachiella heterocarpa A red seaweed Spyridia filamentosa

Mosses

Cernuous Bryum Bryum uliginosum (UKBAP) Don's Thread-moss Bryum donianum (SBL) Many-seasoned Thread-moss Bryum intermedium Silky Swan-neck Moss Campylopus setifolius (SBL) (SBL) 's Bristle-moss Orthotrichum sprucei (SBL) Rugged Collar-moss Splachnum vasculosum Bent-moss Campylostelium saxicola (SBL) Yellowish Fork-moss Dichodontium flavescens (SBL) Whip Fork-moss Dicranum flagellare (SBL) Hasselquist's Hyssop Entosthodon fascicularis (SBL) Varnished Hook-moss (Slender-green Feather Flood-moss Myrinia pulvinata (SBL) Moss) Hamatocaulis vernicosus (SBL) Long-leaved Fork-moss Paraleucobryum Oval-leaved Pottia Pterygoneurum ovatum (SBL) longifolium (SBL) Megapolitan Feather-moss Rhynchostegium Water Grimmia Schistidium agassizii (SBL) megapolitanum (SBL) Compact Grimmia Schistidium confertum (SBL) Tufted Feather-moss Scleropodium cespitans (SBL) Glass-wort Feather-moss Scleropodium tourettii Baltic Bog-moss Sphagnum balticum (SBL) (SBL)

Vascular Plants & Ferns

Shady Horsetail Equisetum pratense Wilson's Filmy-fern Hymenophyllum wilsonii Royal Fern Osmunda regalis Marsh Fern Thelypteris palustris (SBL) Holly-fern Polystichum lonchitis (SBL) Hay-scented Buckler Fern Dryopteris aemula Oblong Woodsia Woodsia ilvensis (UKBAP/SBL) Pillwort Pilularia globulifera (UKBAP/SBL) Juniper Juniperus communis (UKBAP/SBL) Hairy Buttercup sardous (SBL) Greater Celandine Chelidonium majus (SBL) Globeflower Trollius europaeus Least Water-lily Nuphar pumila Prickly Poppy Papaver argemone (SBL) Purple Ramping-fumitory Fumaria purpurea White Ramping-fumitory Fumaria capreolata (SBL) (UKBAP/SBL) Wild Cabbage Brassica oleracea (SBL) White Mustard Sinapis alba (SBL) Charlock Sinapis arvensis (SBL) Swine-cress Coronopus squamatus (SBL) Field Pepperwort Lepidium campestre (SBL) Early Dog-violet Viola reichenbachiana (SBL) Wild Pansy Viola tricolour (SBL) Imperforate St John's-wort Hypericum maculatum subsp. maculatum Mistletoe Viscum album (SBL) Sticky Catchfly Lychnis viscaria Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. Alpine Mouse-ear Cerastium alpinum monensis Shepherd's Cress Teesdalia nudicaulis (SBL) Annual Knawel Scleranthus annuus (SBL) Good-King-Henry Chenopodium bonus-henricus Prickly Saltwort Salsola kali (SBL) (SBL) Long-stalked Orache Atriplex longipes Early Orache Atriplex praecox Perennial Flax Linum perenne (SBL) Sea Stork's-bill Erodium maritimum (SBL) Long-stalked Crane's-bill Geranium columbinum Spiny Restharrow Ononis spinosa (SBL) (SBL) Small Restharrow Ononis reclinata (UKBAP/SBL) Purple Oxytropis Oxytropis halleri (UKBAP/SBL) 282 282 DumfriesDumfries andand GallowayGalloway BiodiversityBiodiversity PartnershipPartnership Wood Bitter-vetch Vicia orobus (SBL) Bithynian Vetch Vicia bithynica (SBL) Yellow-vetch Vicia lutea (SBL) Sea Pea Lathyrus japonicus (SBL) Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea Lathyrus sylvestris Strawberry Clover Trifolium fragiferum (SBL) (SBL) Slender Trefoil Trifolium micranthum (SBL) Harsh Downy-rose Rosa tomentosa (SBL) Dewberry Rubus caesius (SBL) Hoary Cinquefoil Potentilla argentea (SBL) Mossy Saxifrage Saxifraga hypnoides (SBL) Blunt-fruited Water-starwort Callitriche obtusangula (SBL) Sea-holly Eryngium maritimum (SBL) Wild Celery Apium graveolens (SBL) Whorled Carraway Carum verticillatum Tubular Water-dropwort Oenanthe fistulosa(SBL) Rock Samphire Crithmum maritimum (SBL) Spignel Meum athamanticum Sun Spurge Euphorbia helioscopia (SBL) Cornfield Knotgrass Polygonum rurivagum (SBL) Black-bindweed Fallopia convolvulus (SBL) Black-poplar Populus nigra (SBL) Downy Willow Salix lapponum (SBL) Whortle-leaved Willow Salix myrsinites Bog Rosemary Andromeda polifolia Intermediate Wintergreen Pyrola media (SBL) Rock Sea Lavender Limonium recurvum ssp. Scarlet Pimpernell Anagallis arvensis (SBL) humile (SBL) Lesser Centaury Centaurium pulchellum (SBL) Common Gromwell Lithospermum officinale (SBL) Oysterplant Mertensia maritima Henbane Hyoscyamus niger (SBL) An eyebright Euphrasia rostkoviana ssp. montana An eyebright Euphrasia anglica (SBL) An eyebright Euphrasia frigida Yellow Bartsia Parentucellia viscosa (SBL) Ivy Broomrape Orobanche hederae (SBL) Greater Broomrape Orobanche rapum-genistae (SBL) Large-flowered Hemp-nettle Galeopsis speciosa Field Woundwort Stachys arvensis (SBL) (SBL) Hoary Plantain Plantago media (SBL) Clustered Bellflower Campanula glomerata (SBL) Rampion BellflowerCampanula rapunculus (SBL) Ivy-leaved Bellflower Wahlenbergia hederacea (SBL) Field Madder Sherardia arvensis (SBL) Dwarf Elder Sambucus ebulus (SBL) Golden-samphire Inula crithmoides (SBL) Common Cudweed Filago vulgaris (SBL) Heath Cudweed Gnaphalium sylvaticum (SBL) Milk Thistle Silybum marianum (SBL) Cornflower Cenaurea cyanus (UKBAP/SBL) Saw-wort Serratula tinctoria (SBL) Chicory Cichorium intybus (SBL) Smooth Cat's-ear Hypochaeris glabra (SBL) Hawkweed Oxtongue Picris hieracioides (SBL) Northern Hawk's-beard Crepis mollis (SBL) Esthwaite Waterweed Hydrilla verticillata (SBL) Shinning Pondweed Potamogeton lucens Slender Naiad Najas flexilis (UKBAP/SBL) Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta (UKBAP/SBL) Field Garlic Allium oleraceum (SBL) Bog Orchid Hammarbya paludosa Common White Orchid Pseudorchis albida Lesser Butterfly-orchid Platanthera bifolia (SBL) Greater Butterfly-orchid Platanthera chlorantha Round-fruited Rush Juncus compressus (SBL) Alpine Rush Juncus alpinoarticulatus Elongated Sedge Carex elongata (SBL) Sheathed Sedge Carex vaginata Dotted Sedge Carex punctata (SBL) Hair Sedge Carex capillaris Black Alpine Sedge Carex atrata Tufted-Sedge Carex elata (SBL) Confused Fescue Festuca lemanii Holy-grass Hierochloe odorata Soft Brome Bromus hordeaceus subsp. thominei Rye Brome Bromus secalinus (SBL) Alpine Foxtail Alopecurus borealis

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 283 Invertebrates

Wine-glass Hydroid Obelia bidentata A pond snail Lymnaea burnetti Medicinal Leech Hirundo medicinalis Lilljeborg's Whorl Snail Vertigo lilljeborgi Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior (UKBAP/SBL) Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera Native (Flat) Oyster Ostrea edulis (UKBAP/SBL) (UKBAP/SBL) Swan mussel Anodonta cygnea (SBL) A bivalve mollusc Pisidium henslowanum (SBL) A woodlouse Armadillidium album Tadpole Shrimp Triops cancriformis (UKBAP/SBL) A money spider Mecopisthes peusi A money spider Gongylidiellum murcidum A money spider Erigone welchi A money spider Maro lepidus A money spider Centromerus levitarsis (SBL) A money spider Neriene radiata A mesh-web spider Argenna patula A running foliage spider Agraecina striata A foliage spider Clubiona norvegica A jumping spider Talavera petrensis A jumping spider Sitticus floricola Azure Hawker Aeshna caerulea Hairy Dragonfly Brachytron pratense Variable Damselfly Coenagrion pulchellum Speckled Bush Cricket Leptophyes punctatissima Bog Bush Cricket Metrioptera brachyptera (SBL) (SBL) A ground Blethisa multipunctata A ground beetle Dyschirius angustatus (SBL) A ground beetle Dyschirius nitidus A ground beetle Perileptus areolatus (SBL) A ground beetle Aepus robini A ground beetle Thlalassophilus longicornis A ground beetle Bembidion nigricorne A ground beetle Bembidion testaceum (UKBAP/ SBL) A ground beetle Pterostichus anthracinus A ground beetle Lebia chlorocephala A crawling water beetle Haliplus apicalis (SBL) A whirligig beetle Gyrinus distinctus (SBL) Smaller Noterus Noterus crassicornis (SBL) A diving beetle Copelatus haemorrhoidalis (SBL) A diving beetle Bidessus minutissimus (UKBAP/ A diving beetle Hygrotus versicolor (SBL) SBL) A diving beetle Hydroporus elongatulus (SBL) Hydroporus longulus (SBL) A diving beetle Hydroporus rufifrons (UKBAP/SBL) A diving beetle Porhydrus lineatus A diving beetle conspersus A diving beetle Agabus uliginosus (SBL) A diving beetle Ilybius fenestratus A diving beetle Ilybius subaeneus A diving Rhantus suturalis (SBL) A water beetle Hydraena pulchella (SBL) A small water beetle Hydraena pygmaea (SBL) A small water beetle Hydraena testacea A small water beetle Ochthebius auriculatus (SBL) A water beetle Helophorus alternans (SBL) A water beetle Helophorus fulgidicollis A water beetle Helophorus tuberculatus (SBL) A water beetle Hydrochus angustatus (SBL) A water beetle Hydrochus brevis (SBL) A water beetle Anacaena limbata (SBL) A water beetle Laccobius atratus (SBL) A water beetle Helochares punctatus (SBL) A water beetle Enochrus testaceus (SBL) A water beetle Cercyon convexiusculus (SBL) A water beetle Cercyon depressus (SBL) A water beetle Cercyon melanocephalus (SBL) A water beetle Cercyon quisquilius (SBL) A water beetle Megasternum obscurum (SBL) A water beetle Sphaeridium scarabaeoides (SBL) A rove beetle Carpelimus schneideri A rove beetle Omalium rugulipenne A click beetle Negastrius sabulicola (UKBAP/SBL) A marsh beetle Elodes pseudominuta (SBL) A water beetle Cyphon kongsbergensis (SBL) A water beetle Cyphon ochraceus (SBL) A water beetle Cyphon punctipennis (SBL) A water beetle Cyphon pubescens (SBL) A water beetle Scirtes hemisphaericus (SBL) A long-toed water beetle Dryops nitidulus (SBL) A long-toed water beetle Dryops similaris (SBL) A water beetle Heterocerus fossor (SBL) A water beetle Augyles (Heterocerus) maritimus A water beetle Plateumaris rustica (SBL) (SBL) A flower beetle Oedemera virescens (UKBAP/SBL) A darkling beetle Eledona agricola Musk Beetle Aromia moschata Water-Lily Reed Beetle Donacia crassipes (SBL)

284 284 Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership A reed beetle Donacia impressa (SBL) A reed beetle Donacia marginata (SBL) A reed beetle Donacia obscura (SBL) A reed beetle Donacia thalassina (SBL) Six-spotted Pot Beetle Cryptocephalus A leaf beetle Macroplea appendiculata sexpunctatus (UKBAP/SBL) A weevil Notaris bimaculatus (SBL) A weevil Poophagus sisymbrii (SBL) Water Plantain Weevil Bagous alismatis A weevil Thryogenes nereis (SBL) A weevil Melanapion minimum (UKBAP/SBL) A weevil Procas granulicollis (SBL) A weevil Trachodes hispidus Sphagnum Bug Hebrus ruficeps (SBL) River Skater Aquarius najas (SBL) A pond skater Gerris gibbifer (SBL) An aquatic bug Plea minutissima (SBL) A micro moth Scrobipalpa clintoni Red-tipped Clearwing Synanthedon Forester Adscita statices (SBL) formicaeformis Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth Hemaris tityus Barred Tooth-stripe Trichopteryx polycommata (UKBAP/SBL) (SBL) Bilberry Pug Chloroclystis debiliata Argent and Sable Moth Rheumaptera hastata (UKBAP/SBL) Square-spotted Clay Xestia rhomboidea (SBL) Broad-bordered White Underwing Anarta melanopa Sword-grass Xylena exsoleta (UKBAP/SBL) Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages tages (SBL) Northern Brown Argus Articia artaxerxes (UKBAP/ Pearl-bordered Fritillary Boloria euphrosyne SBL) (UKBAP/SBL) Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary Boloria selene A caddisfly Phacopteryx brevipennis A craneflyTipula hortorum A craneflyLipsothrix errans (UKBAP/SBL) A craneflyPrionocera pubescens (SBL) A craneflyNephrotoma scurra (SBL) A craneflyNigrotipula nigra (SBL) A craneflyLimonia magnicauda (SBL) A fungus gnat Urytalpa macrocera A horsefly Haematopota bigoti Black Deerfly Chrysops sepulchralis Northern Silver Stilleto-flySpiriverpa (Thereva) A dolichopodid fly Dolichopus latipennis lunulata (SBL) A flat-footed flyCallomyia elegans A Anasimyia lunulata A hoverfly Cheilosia latifrons (SBL) A hoverflyParhelophilus consimilis A hoverfly Pipizella maculipennis A hoverfly europaeus A hoverfly Platycheirus immarginatus A fly Acanthocnema glaucescens A mayflyKageronia (Heptagenia) fuscogrisea A ruby-tailed wasp Chrysura hirsuta (UKBAP/SBL) Hairy Wood Ant Formica lugubris (UKBAP/SBL) Negro Ant Formica fusca (SBL) A spider-hunting wasp Evagetes crassicornis (SBL) Red-banded Sand Wasp Ammophila sabulosa (SBL) A digger wasp Crabro peltarius (SBL) Common Spiny Digger Wasp Oxybelus uniglumis (SBL) Northern Colletes Bee Colletes floralis (UKBAP/ A mining bee Colletes fodiens (SBL) SBL) Short Horned Yellow-Face Bee Hylaeus brevicornis A mining bee Lasioglossum fulvicorne (SBL) (SBL) A mining bee Lasioglossum villosulum (SBL) A cuckoo bee Sphecodes gibbus (SBL) A cuckoo bee Stelis punctulatissima (SBL) Wool-Carder Bee Anthidium manicatum (SBL) Wall Mason Bee Osmia parietina (UKBAP/SBL) A cuckoo bee Epeolus variegatus (SBL) A cuckoo bee Nomada roberjeotiana (SBL) A cuckoo bee Nomada leucophthalma (SBL) A cuckoo bee Nomada obtusifrons (SBL) Shrill Carder Bee Bombus sylvarum (UKBAP)

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 285 Fishes

Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus (SBL) River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (SBL) Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri (SBL) Basking Shark Cetorhinus maximus (UKBAP/SBL) Tope Galeorhinus galeus Spurdog Squalus acanthias Common Skate Dipturus batis (SBL) European Eel Anguilla anguilla (SBL) Twaite Shad Alosa fallax (SBL) Allis Shad Alosa alosa (UKBAP/SBL) Smelt (Sparling) Osmerus eperlanus (SBL) Vendace Coregonus albula (UKBAP/SBL) Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar (SBL) Lesser Sand-eel Ammodytes tobianus (SBL) Plaice Pleuronectes platessa (SBL)

Birds

Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica (SBL) Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus (SBL) White-fronted Goose (Greenland race) Anser Barnacle Goose (Svalbard race) Branta leucopsis albifrons (SBL) (SBL) Scaup Aythya marila (SBL) Common Scoter Melanitta nigra (UKBAP/SBL) Osprey Pandion haliaetus (SBL) Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos (SBL) Red Kite Milvus milvus (SBL) Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus (SBL) Merlin Falco columbarius (SBL) Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus (SBL) Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus (SBL) Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (SBL) Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix (UKBAP/SBL) Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (UKBAP/SBL) Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (SBL) Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria (SBL) Dotterel Charadrius morinellus (SBL) Dunlin Calidris alpina (SBL) Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica (SBL) Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa (SBL) Curlew Numenius arquata (SBL) Woodcock Scolopax rusticola (SBL) Herring Gull Larus argentatus (SBL) Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus (SBL) Little Tern Sterna albifrons (SBL) Common Tern Sterna hirundo (SBL) Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea (SBL) Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis (SBL) Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus (UKBAP/SBL) Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (SBL) Barn Owl Tyto alba (SBL) Kingfisher Alcedo atthis (SBL) Swift Apus apus (SBL) Skylark Alauda arvensis (UKBAP/SBL) Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus (SBL) Song Thrush Turdus philomelos (UKBAP/SBL) Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus (SBL) Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix (SBL) Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata (UKBAP/ Willow Tit Poecile montanus (SBL) SBL) Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (SBL) Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris House Sparrow Passer domesticus Tree Sparrow Passer montanus (UKBAP/SBL) Twite Carduelis flavirostris Linnet Carduelis cannabina (UKBAP/SBL) Siskin Carduelis spinus (SBL) Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (UKBAP/SBL) Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus (UKBAP/SBL) Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra (UKBAP/SBL)

286 286 Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership Reptiles

Adder Vipera berus Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys coriacea (UKBAP/ SBL)

Amphibians

Great Crested Newt Triturus cristatus (UKBAP/ Natterjack Toad Epidalea calamita (UKBAP/SBL/ SBL/EPS) EPS)

Mammals

Water Vole Arvicola terrestris (UKBAP/SBL) Brown Hare Lepus europaeus (UKBAP/SBL) Mountain Hare Lepus timidus (SBL) Otter Lutra lutra (UKBAP/SBL/EPS) Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus (SBL/ Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus (UKBAP/ EPS) SBL/EPS) Brown Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus (SBL/EPS) Daubenton's Bat Myotis daubentonii (SBL/EPS) Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus (SBL/EPS) Natterer's Bat Myotis nattereri (SBL/EPS) Noctule Bat Nyctalus noctula (SBL/EPS) Leisler's Bat Nyctalus leisleri (EPS) Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris (UKBAP/SBL) Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops truncatus (UKBAP/ SBL) Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis (SBL) Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena (UKBAP/ SBL) Killer Whale Orcinus orca (SBL) Minke Whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata (SBL)

Additional species: The following species/species groups were identified as being important to the Scottish public in the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. They are generally widespread, common in Dumfries & Galloway, though no more so than most other parts of Scotland. They are not considered to be locally threatened.

Oak Quercus spp (SBL) Heather Calluna vulgaris (SBL) Harebell Campanula rotundifolia (SBL) Thistle (SBL) Robin Erithacus rubecula (SBL) Badger Meles meles (SBL) Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus (SBL) Red Deer Cervus elaphus (SBL)

Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership 287 Abbreviations

BTO British Trust for Ornithology EPS European Protected Species EU European Union FWAG Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group JNCC Joint Nature Conservancy Council LBAP Local Biodiversity Action Plan LNR Local Nature Reserve LWS Local Wildlife Site MCA Marine Consultation Area NNR National Nature Reserve RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds SAC Special Area of Conservation SBL Scottish Biodiversity List SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency SNH Scottish Natural Heritage SPA Special Protection Area Sp. Species (singular) Spp. Species (plural) SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest SUDS Sustainable Urban Drainage Scheme UKBAP United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan WWT Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust

288 288 Dumfries and Galloway Biodiversity Partnership