DOCSLIB.ORG

PART F, REVISED, VOLUME 2, CHAPTER 11: SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS of the SCLERACTINIA FAMILY MICRABACIIDAE Rosemarie C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PART F, REVISED, VOLUME 2, CHAPTER 11: SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS of the SCLERACTINIA FAMILY MICRABACIIDAE Rosemarie C Micrabaciidae 1 PART F, REVISED, VOLUME 2, CHAPTER 11: SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SCLERACTINIA FAMILY MICRABACIIDAE ROSEMARIE C. BARON-SZABO1,2 and STEPHEN D. CAIRNS1 [1Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA, [email protected] and [email protected]; 2Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, [email protected]] INTRODUCTION tion and was even called pseudo-bifurcate by JANISZEWSKA, JAROSZEWICZ, and STOLARSKI The Micrabaciidae is one of the smallest (2013). The unique microstructural skeletal and least diverse scleractinian families, composition was first described by JANISZEW- consisting of the five genera: Micrabacia SKA and others (2011) and later elaborated MILNE EDWArdS & HAIME (20 fossil species), by JANISZEWSKA and others (2015). The MOSELEY (four extant species), Leptopenus molecular monophyly, based exclusively on YABE & EGUCHI (four extant Letepsammia the mitochondrial gene CO1, was discussed species), Rhombopsammia OWENS (two extant by KITAHARA and others (2010), and based species), and MICHELIN Stephanophyllia on four genes, both mitochondrial and (three extant and ten fossil species). Thus, nuclear, by STOLARSKI and others (2011). nearly 40 valid species pertain to this family According to KITAHARA and others (2010) (CAIRNS, 1989, p. 13–24; BARON-SZABO, and STOLARSKI and others (2011), the Micra- 2002, p. 130–131; 2008, p. 147–153), most baciidae, along with the Gardineriidae, form of which (30) are known exclusively as fossils. a deeply diverging basal clade, equivalent to Only the two genera, MOSELEY, Leptopenus the robust and complex clades that encom- 1881 and OWENS, 1986 are Rhombopsammia pass all other Scleractinia. as yet known exclusively from the Holocene. This chapter gives an overview of the The monophyly of the family is supported taxonomy, stratigraphy, and geography of by macromorphological, microstructural, the genera currently included in the family and molecular evidence. The macromorpho- Micrabaciidae. The diagnosis of the family is logical evidence includes a unique pattern followed by the description of its nominate of septal and costal insertion, alternating genus, and then descriptions of the other septa and costae, and the frequent presence genera in alphabetical order. Table 1 (p. 7) of a marginal shelf. These characters are best provides a synopsis of micrabaciid genera, illustrated and discussed by CAIRNS (1989), including key characteristics and stratigraphic who also supplied a key to four (those with ranges. living species) of the five genera. The unique pattern of septal insertion, once thought to Family MICRABACIIDAE be a repeated bifurcation of the third cycle Vaughan, 1905, p. 386 septa (CAIRNS, 1989), was shown by JANISZE- [Micrabaciidae VAUGHAN, 1905, p. 386] [=Stephanophylliidae YABE & EGUCHI, 1934, p. 281] WSKA, JAROSZEWICZ, and STOLARSKI (2013) to be accomplished by unequal-length invagi- Simple, free, cupolate, ahermatypic, azoo- nations of the wall between septa at the xanthellate, non-epithecate sensu lato; wall peripheral edge of the calice, and thus could solid in earliest juvenile stages, becoming not originate from bifurcation. Nonetheless, porous in later ontogenetical stages; porosity the result in adult corals resembles bifurca- of wall achieved by development of concentric © 2017, The University of Kansas, Paleontological Institute, ISSN (online) 2153-4012 Baron-Szabo, R. C., & S. D. Cairns. 2017. Part F, Revised, Volume 2, Chapter 11: Systematic descriptions of the Scleractinia family Micrabaciidae. Treatise Online 98:1–8, 5 fig., 1 table. 2 Treatise Online, number 98 1 mm a b Micrabacia 1 mm c d FIG. 1. Micrabaciidae (p. 2–3). rows of pillars that are part of invaginated septa; septa perforate or compact, margins wall (sensu JANISZEWSKA, JAROSZEWICZ, & highly or slightly dentate; dissepiments STOLARSKI, 2013), which occurs between absent; synapticulae present or absent; wall septa of preceding cycles; septa represent probably marginotheca; columella composed vertical continuations of wall invaginations; of processes of thickening deposits, loose, septa of all cycles fused with nearest ones of spongy, or compact, often elongate; pali former cycle, resulting in pseudo-bifurcation absent; microstructure in thickening deposits pattern; septa of fourth cycle and higher do composed of thin (around 100–300 nm) and not appear simultaneously but are inserted short (1–2 µm) fibers arranged in chip-like in pairs whereby the septum adjacent to bundles; polyp completely invests corallum. older septa arises first; septa composed of Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)–Holocene. thickening deposits unique to this group; Micrabacia MILNE EDWArdS & HAIME, 1849, p. 71 not in crystallographic continuation with [*Fungia coronula GOLDFUSS, 1826–1827, p. 50; SD Rapid Accretion Deposits (RAD) or tradi- MILNE EDWArdS & HAIME, 1849, p. 71] [=Cycla- tional calcification centers; costae beaded or bacia BÖLSCHE, 1866, p. 474 (type, C. stellifera; SD VAUGHAN, 1905, p. 409); =Discopsammia smooth, alternate in position with septa by D’OrbIGNY, 1850, p. 180 (type, Stephanophyllia successive bifurcation, and match number of bowerbankii MILNE EDWArdS & HAIME, 1848, p. Micrabaciidae 3 a c 4.5 mm d 3.5 mm 4.5 mm Micrabacia e b 3.5 mm FIG. 2. Micrabaciidae (p. 2–3). 94; M)]. Solitary, cupolate to discoidal with flat missing, presumably housed at IPB), base (d) and to slightly concave base; marginal shelf narrow; lateral view (e) of corallum. (Milne Edwards & corallum free, small, usually less than 15 mm Haime, 1850, pl. 10,4a,c). in diameter; septa lamellar and perforate; septal Leptopenus MOSELEY, 1881, p. 204 [*L. discus margins nearly vertical peripherally, finely granu- MOSELEY, 1881, p. 205; SD WELLS, 1936, p. 115, lated laterally; synapticulae present; columella syntypes, NHMUK 1880.11.25.158–159]. Solitary, trabecular, papillose, or composed of lamellar discoidal with flat base; corallum extremely fragile segments; thecal pillars often not aligned in contin- and highly porous; costae composed of thin dentate uous concentric rings but in an alternating fashion. ridges that extend far beyond calice to form a [The holotype is assumed to be lost; type material delicate marginal shelf; septa rudimentary, porous, is presumably housed at the IPB (Bonn), but composed primarily of a series of tall spines; synap- repeated attempts by BARON-SZABO to trace the ticulae absent; columella large, spongy or variable specimens have failed. Genus is well described and in shape, composed of loose mass of spines. [Genus discussed in WELLS, 1933, p. 153–171; CAIRNS, is well described and discussed by CAIRNS, 1989, p. 1989, p. 13; BARON-SZABO, 2008, p. 147–153; 13–15.] Holocene: worldwide, including Antarctic, and JANISZEWSKA, JAROSZEWICZ, & STOLARSKI, 2013, 221–5000 m depth.——FIG. 3,1a–b. *L. discus, p. 244–256.] Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)–Eocene: syntype, NHMUK 1880.11.25.159, Holocene, western Europe, Aptian–Paleocene; South Asia, southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Challenger Station Albian; Central Asia, Cenomanian; West Asia, 323, 3473 m depth; a, skeleton surface, cross-section Turonian; eastern Europe, Upper Cretaceous; Central view; b, close-up view of a (new, images courtesy of America, Santonian; northern Europe, Campanian; Ken Johnson). North America, Campanian–Maastrichtian; North Letepsammia YABE & EGUCHI, 1932, p. 58 [*Stepha- Africa, Paleocene–Eocene.——FIG. 1a–d. *M. coro- nophyllia formosissima MOSELEY, 1876, p 561; nula (GOLDFUSS, 1826–1827), Cenomanian (Essen OD; syntype, NHMUK 1880.11.25.156]. Solitary, Greensand), Germany (North-Rhine Westphalia); cupolate with flat, highly porous base; corallum a–b, topotype, GPIH–4842, upper surface (a) and porous but sturdy; costae consist of thin, delicate base (b) of corallum; c–d, topotype, GPIH–4843, ridges; intercostal spaces broader than costae and upper surface (c) and base (d) of corallum (new, penetrated by large pores; thin marginal shelf images by Baron-Szabo).——FIG. 2a–e. *M. coro- present; septa lamellar and highly porous, with nula (GOLDFUSS, 1826–1827), Cenomanian (Essen complex dentition; small synapticulae present, Greensand), Germany (North-Rhine Westphalia); uniting lower, outer edges of all septa; columella a–c, topotype, MB K.2990–1, upper surface (a) and spongy, well developed. [Type and original material base (b) of corallum; c, topotype, MB K.2990–3, are well described by CAIRNS, 1989, p. 15–18, pl. upper surface of corallum (new, from Münster 6,j, 7,g–i, and 8,a–d]. Pliocene–Holocene: East Asia, collection, possibly original type collection, images Pliocene–Pleistocene; Indian and Pacific Oceans, by Baron-Szabo); d–e, sketch of holotype (specimen 97–710 m depth, Holocene.——FIG. 3,2a–b. L. 4 Treatise Online, number 98 1a 6.5 mm 2a 5 mm Letepsammia 2.5 mm 7 mm 1b 3a Leptopenus Rhombopsammia 5 mm 2b 3b 6.5 mm Letepsammia FIG. 3. Micrabaciidae (p. 3–5). Micrabaciidae 5 4.5 mm 1 10 mm 2 Letepsammia Rhombopsammia FIG. 4. Micrabaciidae (p. 3–6). formosissima (MOSELEY, 1876), syntype, NHMUK but sturdy; costae have two rows of aligned gran- 1880.11.25.156, Holocene, Indo-Pacific Ocean, ules, granules equal to or thicker than intercostal 170 m depth, Challenger Station 209; upper spaces; marginal shelf narrow, developed regularly surface (a) and lateral view (b) of corallum (new, or irregularly, absent in some places; septa lamellar images courtesy of Ken Johnson).——FIG. 4,1. L. and perforate only near base; synapticulae present; formosissima (MOSELEY, 1876), syntype,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MARINE FAUNA and FLORA of BERMUDA a Systematic Guide to the Identification of Marine Organisms
    MARINE FAUNA AND FLORA OF BERMUDA A Systematic Guide to the Identification of Marine Organisms Edited by WOLFGANG STERRER Bermuda Biological Station St. George's, Bermuda in cooperation with Christiane Schoepfer-Sterrer and 63 text contributors A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore ANTHOZOA 159 sucker) on the exumbrella. Color vari­ many Actiniaria and Ceriantharia can able, mostly greenish gray-blue, the move if exposed to unfavorable condi­ greenish color due to zooxanthellae tions. Actiniaria can creep along on their embedded in the mesoglea. Polyp pedal discs at 8-10 cm/hr, pull themselves slender; strobilation of the monodisc by their tentacles, move by peristalsis type. Medusae are found, upside­ through loose sediment, float in currents, down and usually in large congrega­ and even swim by coordinated tentacular tions, on the muddy bottoms of in­ motion. shore bays and ponds. Both subclasses are represented in Ber­ W. STERRER muda. Because the orders are so diverse morphologically, they are often discussed separately. In some classifications the an­ Class Anthozoa (Corals, anemones) thozoan orders are grouped into 3 (not the 2 considered here) subclasses, splitting off CHARACTERISTICS: Exclusively polypoid, sol­ the Ceriantharia and Antipatharia into a itary or colonial eNIDARIA. Oral end ex­ separate subclass, the Ceriantipatharia. panded into oral disc which bears the mouth and Corallimorpharia are sometimes consid­ one or more rings of hollow tentacles. ered a suborder of Scleractinia. Approxi­ Stomodeum well developed, often with 1 or 2 mately 6,500 species of Anthozoa are siphonoglyphs. Gastrovascular cavity compart­ known. Of 93 species reported from Ber­ mentalized by radially arranged mesenteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Review for Protected Deep-Sea Coral Species in the New Zealand Region
    INFORMATION REVIEW FOR PROTECTED DEEP-SEA CORAL SPECIES IN THE NEW ZEALAND REGION NIWA Client Report: WLG2006-85 November 2006 NIWA Project: DOC06307 INFORMATION REVIEW FOR PROTECTED DEEP-SEA CORAL SPECIES IN THE NEW ZEALAND REGION Authors Mireille Consalvey Kevin MacKay Di Tracey Prepared for Department of Conservation NIWA Client Report: WLG2006-85 November 2006 NIWA Project: DOC06307 National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point, Wellington Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand Phone +64-4-386 0300, Fax +64-4-386 0574 www.niwa.co.nz © All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the client. Such permission is to be given only in accordance with the terms of the client's contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Contents Executive Summary iv 1. Introduction 1 2. Corals 1 3. Habitat 3 4. Corals as a habitat 3 5. Major taxonomic groups of deep-sea corals in New Zealand 5 6. Distribution of deep-sea corals in the New Zealand region 9 7. Systematics of deep-sea corals in New Zealand 18 8. Reproduction and recruitment of deep-sea corals 20 9. Growth rates and deep-sea coral ageing 22 10. Fishing effects on deep-sea corals 24 11. Other threats to deep-sea corals 29 12. Ongoing research into deep-sea corals in New Zealand 29 13. Future science and challenges to deep-sea coral research in New Zealand 30 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Fish and Invertebrates Listed in the CITES Appendices
    JOINTS NATURE \=^ CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Checklist of fish and mvertebrates Usted in the CITES appendices JNCC REPORT (SSN0963-«OStl JOINT NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Report distribution Report Number: No. 238 Contract Number/JNCC project number: F7 1-12-332 Date received: 9 June 1995 Report tide: Checklist of fish and invertebrates listed in the CITES appendices Contract tide: Revised Checklists of CITES species database Contractor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL Comments: A further fish and invertebrate edition in the Checklist series begun by NCC in 1979, revised and brought up to date with current CITES listings Restrictions: Distribution: JNCC report collection 2 copies Nature Conservancy Council for England, HQ, Library 1 copy Scottish Natural Heritage, HQ, Library 1 copy Countryside Council for Wales, HQ, Library 1 copy A T Smail, Copyright Libraries Agent, 100 Euston Road, London, NWl 2HQ 5 copies British Library, Legal Deposit Office, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ 1 copy Chadwick-Healey Ltd, Cambridge Place, Cambridge, CB2 INR 1 copy BIOSIS UK, Garforth House, 54 Michlegate, York, YOl ILF 1 copy CITES Management and Scientific Authorities of EC Member States total 30 copies CITES Authorities, UK Dependencies total 13 copies CITES Secretariat 5 copies CITES Animals Committee chairman 1 copy European Commission DG Xl/D/2 1 copy World Conservation Monitoring Centre 20 copies TRAFFIC International 5 copies Animal Quarantine Station, Heathrow 1 copy Department of the Environment (GWD) 5 copies Foreign & Commonwealth Office (ESED) 1 copy HM Customs & Excise 3 copies M Bradley Taylor (ACPO) 1 copy ^\(\\ Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold-Water Corals Online Appendix: Recent Azooxanthellate Scleractinia
    Cold-water Corals Online Appendix Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges Notes Type species of the genus indicated with an asterisk, valid species names in bold-type Eleven facultatively zooxanthellate species Taxa prefaced with a single square bracket are not valid species and thus are not counted Last revised September 2008 (Stephen D. Cairns) Suborder ASTROCOENIINA FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE Gray, 1842 Madracis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 *asperula Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 (facultative, H. Zibrowius, pers. comm..; 0-311 m) pharensis cf. pharensis (Heller, 1868) (facultative; 6-333 m) =?M. cf. pharensis sensu Cairns, 1991: 6 (Galápagos, 30-343 m) =?M. cf. pharensis sensu Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997: 67 (Banda Sea, 85-421 m) asanoi Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 (110-183 m) =M. palaoensis Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 kauaiensis Vaughan, 1907 (44-541 m) ?=singularis Rehberg, 1892 ?=interjecta Marenzeller, 1907 var. macrocalyx Vaughan, 1907 (160-260 m) hellana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 (46 m) myriaster (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) (37-1220 m) =Stylophora mirabilis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 =Axohelia schrammii Pourtalès, 1874 brueggemanni (Ridley, 1881) (51-130 m) =M. scotiae Gardiner, 1913 profunda Zibrowius, 1980 (112-327 m) [sp. A =sensu Wells, 1954: 414 (Marshall I.) =cf. asperula, sensu Cairns, 1991: 5 (Galápagos, 46-64 m) =sensu Cairns & Keller, 1993:228 (SWIO, 62-160 m) =sensu Cairns, 1994: 36 (Japan, 46-110 m) =sensu Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997: 67 (Philippines, 124-208 m) Suborder FUNGIINA Superfamily FUNGIOIDEA Dana, 1846 FAMILY FUNGIACYATHIDAE Chevalier, 1987 Fungiacyathus (F.) Sars, 1872 *fragilis Sars, 1872 (200-2200 m) (not F. fragilis Keller, 1976 (junior homonym)) =Bathyactis hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907 paliferus (Alcock, 1902) (69-823 m) =Bathyactis kikaiensis Yabe & Eguchi, 1942 (fossil) =F.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep‐Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Depth and Geographical Distribution
    Deep‐Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Depth and Geographical Distribution by Peter J. Etnoyer1 and Stephen D. Cairns2 1. NOAA Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 2. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC This annex to the U.S. Gulf of Mexico chapter in “The State of Deep‐Sea Coral Ecosystems of the United States” provides a list of deep‐sea coral taxa in the Phylum Cnidaria, Classes Anthozoa and Hydrozoa, known to occur in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 1). Deep‐sea corals are defined as azooxanthellate, heterotrophic coral species occurring in waters 50 m deep or more. Details are provided on the vertical and geographic extent of each species (Table 1). This list is adapted from species lists presented in ʺBiodiversity of the Gulf of Mexicoʺ (Felder & Camp 2009), which inventoried species found throughout the entire Gulf of Mexico including areas outside U.S. waters. Taxonomic names are generally those currently accepted in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), and are arranged by order, and alphabetically within order by suborder (if applicable), family, genus, and species. Data sources (references) listed are those principally used to establish geographic and depth distribution. Only those species found within the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Exclusive Economic Zone are presented here. Information from recent studies that have expanded the known range of species into the U.S. Gulf of Mexico have been included. The total number of species of deep‐sea corals documented for the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Earliest Diverging Extant Scleractinian Corals Recovered by Mitochondrial Genomes Isabela G
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The earliest diverging extant scleractinian corals recovered by mitochondrial genomes Isabela G. L. Seiblitz1,2*, Kátia C. C. Capel2, Jarosław Stolarski3, Zheng Bin Randolph Quek4, Danwei Huang4,5 & Marcelo V. Kitahara1,2 Evolutionary reconstructions of scleractinian corals have a discrepant proportion of zooxanthellate reef-building species in relation to their azooxanthellate deep-sea counterparts. In particular, the earliest diverging “Basal” lineage remains poorly studied compared to “Robust” and “Complex” corals. The lack of data from corals other than reef-building species impairs a broader understanding of scleractinian evolution. Here, based on complete mitogenomes, the early onset of azooxanthellate corals is explored focusing on one of the most morphologically distinct families, Micrabaciidae. Sequenced on both Illumina and Sanger platforms, mitogenomes of four micrabaciids range from 19,048 to 19,542 bp and have gene content and order similar to the majority of scleractinians. Phylogenies containing all mitochondrial genes confrm the monophyly of Micrabaciidae as a sister group to the rest of Scleractinia. This topology not only corroborates the hypothesis of a solitary and azooxanthellate ancestor for the order, but also agrees with the unique skeletal microstructure previously found in the family. Moreover, the early-diverging position of micrabaciids followed by gardineriids reinforces the previously observed macromorphological similarities between micrabaciids and Corallimorpharia as
    [Show full text]
  • A Unique Skeletal Microstructure of the Deepsea Micrabaciid Scleractinian
    JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 272:191–203 (2011) A Unique Skeletal Microstructure of the Deep-Sea Micrabaciid Scleractinian Corals Katarzyna Janiszewska,1 Jarosław Stolarski,1* Karim Benzerara,2 Anders Meibom,3 Maciej Mazur,4 Marcelo V. Kitahara,5 and Stephen D. Cairns6 1Institute of Paleobiology, Twarda, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland 2Institut de Mine´ralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condense´s, UMR 7590, CNRS and IPGP Universite´s Paris 6 and 7. 140, rue de Lourmel, Paris 75015, France 3Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Mine´ralogie et Cosmochimie du Muse´um (LMCM), UMR 7202, Case Postale 52, 61, rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France 4Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland 5ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reefs Studies and Coral Genomics Group, James Cook University (JCU), Townsville, Queensland, Australia 6Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, Washington, D.C. 20560 ABSTRACT Micrabaciids are solitary, exclusively azoox- Roniewicz, 2001), although Chevalier and Beauvais anthellate deep-sea corals belonging to one of the deepest- (1987: 695) suggested their association with Den- living (up to 5,000 m) scleractinian representatives. All drophylliina, based on the ‘‘Pourtale`s’’ pattern of modern micrabaciid taxa (genera: Letepsammia, Rhombop- septal arrangement and occurrence of the synaptic- sammia, Stephanophyllia, Leptopenus) have a porous and ular wall. Modern micrabaciids are attributed to often very fragile skeleton consisting of two main micro- structural components known also from other scleracti- four genera Stephanophyllia (Michelin, 1841), nians: rapid accretion deposits and thickening deposits. Leptopenus (Moseley, 1881), Letepsammia (Yabe However, at the microstructural level, the skeletal organi- and Eguchi, 1932), and Rhombopsammia (Owens, zation of the micrabaciids is distinctly different from that 1986), and the only fossil genus is Micrabacia of other scleractinians.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Sea Coral Collection Protocols4.Pmd
    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©2006 Office of Habitat Conservation, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. This publication is available at http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS120470 and may be cited as: Etnoyer, P., Cairns, S. D., Sanchez, J. A., Reed, J. K., Lopez, J. V., Schroeder, W. W., Brooke, S. D., Watling, L., Baco‐Taylor, A., Williams, G. C., Lindner, A., France, S. C., & Bruckner, A. W. (2006). Deep‐ sea coral collection protocols: a synthesis of field experience from deep‐sea coral researchers, designed to build our national capacity to document deep‐sea coral diversity. In P. J. Etnoyer, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐OPR‐28. (pp. 1‐49). DEEP-SEA CORAL COLLECTION PROTOCOLS A synthesis of field experience from deep-sea coral researchers, designed to build our national capacity to document deep-sea coral diversity Etnoyer, P., S. D. Cairns, J. A. Sanchez, J. K. Reed, J.V. Lopez, W.W. Schroeder, S. D. Brooke, L. Watling, A. Baco-Taylor, G. C. Williams, A. Lindner, S. C. France, and A.W. Bruckner U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-28 August 2006 Citation for the document: Etnoyer, P., S. D. Cairns, J. A. Sanchez, J. K. Reed, J.V. Lopez, W.W. Schroeder, S. D. Brooke, L. Watling, A. Baco-Taylor, G. C. Williams, A. Lindner, S. C. France, and A.W. Bruckner. 2006. Deep-Sea Coral Collection Protocols.
    [Show full text]
  • CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
    FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Review of the Stony Coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) Papers Published by Zootaxa in Its First 20 Years
    Zootaxa 4979 (1): 212–214 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.19 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EB14E6FA-91DC-43FE-BE00-05462DBBB0CC A brief review of the stony coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) papers published by Zootaxa in its first 20 years STEPHEN D. CAIRNS1 & ROSEMARIE C. BARON-SZABO1,2 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-9271 2 Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Corresponding author: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-5334 Abstract In the 20 year history of Zootaxa, thirty-two papers have been published having Scleractinia as its primary focus. Twenty- four of the 32 scleractinian papers deal with Recent taxa, most of which belonging to shallow-water, reef corals. The 8 publications dealing with fossil Scleractinia include 3 monographic works, three papers discussing nomenclatural issues of individual taxa, and 2 papers deal with various aspects of select genera. Since its launch in 2001, thirty-two papers having Scleractinia as its primary focus have been published in Zootaxa. This constitutes about 0.10% of the papers published by Zootaxa. Scleractinian papers were not published in the first three years of Zootaxa history or in 2014 or 2019. Otherwise, papers have been published in all other years, 2013 being the peak year, with four papers. For our analysis, scleractinian papers have been divided into those pertaining to Recent (living) species and those that are exclusively fossil.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Knowledge of Deep-Sea Corals in the New Zealand Region Di Tracey1 and Freya Hjorvarsdottir2 (Eds, Comps) © 2019
    The state of knowledge of deep-sea corals in the New Zealand region Di Tracey1 and Freya Hjorvarsdottir2 (eds, comps) © 2019. All rights reserved. The copyright for this report, and for the data, maps, figures and other information (hereafter collectively referred to as “data”) contained in it, is held by NIWA is held by NIWA unless otherwise stated. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. While NIWA uses all reasonable endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the data, NIWA does not guarantee or make any representation or warranty (express or implied) regarding the accuracy or completeness of the data, the use to which the data may be put or the results to be obtained from the use of the data. Accordingly, NIWA expressly disclaims all legal liability whatsoever arising from, or connected to, the use of, reference to, reliance on or possession of the data or the existence of errors therein. NIWA recommends that users exercise their own skill and care with respect to their use of the data and that they obtain independent professional advice relevant to their particular circumstances. NIWA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES NUMBER 84 ISSN 1173-0382 Citation for full report: Tracey, D.M. & Hjorvarsdottir, F. (eds, comps) (2019). The State of Knowledge of Deep-Sea Corals in the New Zealand Region. NIWA Science and Technology Series Number 84. 140 p. Recommended citation for individual chapters (e.g., for Chapter 9.: Freeman, D., & Cryer, M. (2019). Current Management Measures and Threats, Chapter 9 In: Tracey, D.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the Alaska Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution (V
    Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the Alaska Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution (v. 2020) Robert P. Stone1 and Stephen D. Cairns2 1. NOAA Auke Bay Laboratories, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Juneau, AK 2. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC This annex to the Alaska regional chapter in “The State of Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems of the United States” lists deep-sea coral species in the Phylum Cnidaria, Classes Anthozoa and Hydrozoa, known to occur in the U.S. Alaska region (Figure 1). Deep-sea corals are defined as azooxanthellate, heterotrophic coral species occurring in waters 50 meters deep or more. Details are provided on the vertical and geographic extent of each species (Table 1). This list is an update of the peer-reviewed 2017 list (Stone and Cairns 2017) and includes taxa recognized through 2020. Records are drawn from the published literature (including species descriptions) and from specimen collections that have been definitively identified by experts through examination of microscopic characters. Video records collected by the senior author have also been used if considered highly reliable; that is, in situ identifications were made based on an expertly identified voucher specimen collected nearby. Taxonomic names are generally those currently accepted in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), and are arranged by order, and alphabetically within order by suborder (if applicable), family, genus, and species. Data sources (references) listed are those principally used to establish geographic and depth distribution, and are numbered accordingly. In summary, we have confirmed the presence of 142 unique coral taxa in Alaskan waters, including three species of alcyonaceans described since our 2017 list.
    [Show full text]