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A Revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and Adjacent Waters, Part 1

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A Revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and Adjacent Waters, Part 1 * A Revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and Adjacent Waters, Part 1: Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae STEPHEN D. CAIRNS I SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 486 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 486 A Revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and Adjacent Waters, Part 1: Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae Stephen D. Cairns SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1989 ABSTRACT Cairns, Stephen D. A Revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and Adjacent Waters, Part 1: Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 486,136 pages, 3 figures, 42 plates, 1989.—Fifty-three species of ahermatypic Scleractinia—about half of the Philippine aher- matypic fauna—belonging to four families and one subfamily are described and illustrated. Five additional species found in adjacent waters just north of the Philippines are also included in the faunistic revision. In order to better evaluate the genus Leptopenus, L. antarcticus, from Antarctica, is also included in this revision as a new species, making a total of 59 species revised. Concurrent with the species revision, higher-level taxa were reanalyzed and revised, resulting in the description of four new genera: Endocyathopora, Thrypticotrochus, Truncatoguynia, and Truncatoflabellum and 17 new species; the formation of 13 new species combinations; and the establishment of two new subgeneric ranks: Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) and Flabellum (Ulocyathus). To help stabilize the nomenclature of taxonomically confusing species, neotypes were designated for two species: Flabellum (= Truncatoflabellum) cumingii and Flabellum (= Truncatoflabellum) candeanum; and lectotypes were chosen for four other species: Bathyactis (= Fungiacyathus) sibogae, Flabellum pavoninum, Flabellum distinctum, and Flabellum patens. Approximately 4400 specimens were examined from 178 stations throughout the Philippines, as well as most of the previously reported specimens from this area. A historical resume is given of previous literature on ahermatypic Scleractinia in the Philippine Islands. Character tables or keys are provided for the genera of Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae, and character tables are provided for the Philippine species of Fungiacyathus, Stephanophyllia, Flabellum (Flabellum), and Truncatoflabellum. The Philippine Islands and Indonesia, especially the Sulu Sea, are considered to be at or near the center of ahermatypic species diversity and thus represent the most diverse ahermatypic fauna in the world. East and west of the Philippines the number of species held in common falls rapidly, but relatively high percentages of shared species are found to the north: 30%-32% for the South China Sea off Hong Kong, and 36%-38% for off Japan. The highest number of shared species, however, is with Indonesia (25-27 species, 47%-51%), with which the Philippines probably forms a zoogeographic unit Of the 53 species reported from the Philippines, 27 are new records for this island group. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cairns, Stephen. A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and adjacent waters / Stephen D. Cairns. p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 486- ) Contents: pc 1. Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae. 1. Scleractinia—Philippines—Classification. I.Titlc. II. Title: Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and adjacent waters. III. Series. IV. Series: Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 486, etc. QLl.S54no. 486, etc. [QL377.C7] 591 s-dc20 Contents Page Epigraph vi Introduction 1 Abbreviations 1 Acknowledgments 2 Historical Resume 2 Material 3 Methods 4 Order SCLERACTINIA Bourne, 1900 5 Suborder FUNGIINA Verrill, 1865 5 Superfamily FUNGIICAE Dana, 1846 5 Family FUNGIACYATHIDAE Chevalier, 1987 5 Fungiacyathus Sars, 1872 5 Key 1: The Six Species of Fungiacyathus Known from the Philippine Islands 6 Subgenus Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) Sars, 1872, new rank ... 6 1. Fungiacyathus (F.) stephanus (Alcock, 1893) 7 2. Fungiacyathus (F.) paliferus (Alcock, 1902) 9 Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) Moseley, 1881, new rank 10 3. Fungiacyathus (B.) sibogae (Alcock, 1902) 10 4. Fungiacyathus (B.) granulosus, new species 11 5. Fungiacyathus (B.) variegatus, new species 11 6. Fungiacyathus (B.) turbinolioides, new species 12 Family MICRABACIIDAE Vaughan, 1905 13 Key 2: The Genera of Micrabaciidae 13 Leptopenus Moseley, 1881 14 7. Leptopenus species A 14 Leptopenus antarcticus, new species 15 Letepsammia Yabe and Eguchi, 1932 15 8. Letepsammia formosissima (Moseley, 1876) 15 Rhombopsammia Owens, 1986 18 9. Rhombopsammia squiresi Owens, 1986 18 10. Rhombopsammia niphada Owens, 1986 19 Stephanophyllia Michelin, 1841 21 11. Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock, 1902 21 12. Stephanophyllia neglecta Boschma, 1923 23 Suborder CARYOPHYLLIINA Vaughan and Wells, 1943 24 Superfamily CARYOPHYLLUCAE Dana, 1846 24 Family CARYOPHYLLJIDAE Dana, 1846 24 Subfamily TURBINOUINAE Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 24 Key 3: The Genera of Turbinoliinae 25 Notocyathus Tbnison-Woods, 1880 26 13. Notocyathus venustus (Alcock, 1902), new combination .... 27 14. Notocyathus conicus (Alcock, 1902) 28 Peponocyathus Gravier, 1915 28 15. Peponocyathus australiensis (Duncan, 1870), new combin- ation 30 ui IV SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 16. Peponocyathus folliculus (Pourtalfcs, 1868) 32 Tropidocyathus Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 33 17. Tropidocyathus lessoni (Michelin, 1842) 33 18. Tropidocyathus pilots (Alcock, 1902), new combination ... 34 Idiotrochus Wells, 1935 35 19. Idiotrochus kikutii (Yabe and Eguchi, 1941), new combin- ation 36 Thrypticotrochus, new genus 37 20. Thrypticotrochus multilobatus, new species 37 Sphenotrochus Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 37 Subgenus Sphenotrochus (Sphenotrochus) Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 38 21. Sphenotrochus (S.) hancocki Durham and Barnard, 1952 ... 38 Endocyathopora, new genus 39 22. Endocyathopora laticostata, new species 39 Superfamily FLABELLICAE Bourne, 1905 40 Family GUYNIIDAE Hickson, 1910 40 Guynia Duncan, 1872 40 23. Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872 42 Truncatoguynia, new genus 42 24. Truncato guynia irregularis, new species 43 Family FLABELLIDAE Bourne, 1905 43 Flabellum Lesson, 1831 44 Subgenus Flabellum (Flabellum) Lesson, 1831 46 25. Flabellum (F.) pavoninum Lesson, 1831 46 26. Flabellum (F.) magnificum Marenzeller, 1904 50 27. Flabellum (F.) patens Moseley, 1881 51 28. Flabellum (F.) lamellulosum Alcock, 1902 52 29. Flabellum (F.) politum, new species 53 30. Flabellum (F.) dens Alcock, 1902 54 Subgenus Flabellum (Ulocyathus) Sars, 1851 54 31. Flabellum (U.) deludens Marenzeller, 1904 55 32. Flabellum (U.) japonicum Moseley, 1881 56 33. Flabellum (U.) marenzelleri, new species 57 34. Flabellum (U.) messum Alcock, 1902, new rank 58 35. Flabellum (U.) sexcostatum, new species 59 36. ?Flabellum (U.) conuis Moseley, 1881 59 Truncatoflabellum, new genus 60 37. Truncatoflabellum aculeatum (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848), new combination 61 38. Truncatoflabellum crassum (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848), new combination 64 39. Truncatoflabellum spheniscus (Dana, 1846), new combin- ation 65 40. Truncatoflabellum stokesi (Milne Edwards and Haime,
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