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Resistencia India Organizada : El Caso De Perú RESISTENCIA INDIA ORGANIZADA EL CASO DE PERÚ RESISTENCIA INDIA ORGANIZADA EL CASO DE PERÚ LUISA ABAD GONZÁLEZ RESISTENCIA INDIA ORGANIZADA: EL CASO DE PERÚ LUISA ABAD GONZÁLEZ 1a. Edición Ediciones Abya- Yala Av. 12 de octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Telef: 2506-267/ 2506-251 Fax: (593 2) 2506-267 E-mail: [email protected] htpp//:www.abayayala.org Diagramación: Ediciones Abya - Yala Quito-Ecuador ISBN: 9978-22-588-9 Impresión: Producciones digitales Abya-Yala Impreso en Quito Ecuador, 2006 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera dedicar este libro a todas las organizaciones que inte- gran AIDESEP (la Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Pe- ruana), pues a través de ellos pude conocer la verdadera realidad de los pueblos Indígenas de la Amazonía peruana y ellos son los que me han brindado una gran parte de los conocimientos que hoy atesoro. Especialmente quiero hacer mención a todas las Comunidades que integran la Federación Ijunbau Chapi Shiwag en el Distrito de Manseriche, Provincia de Alto Amazonas, pues con ellos fue con quien más tiempo conviví y quienes me tuvieron que aguantar mi inmadu- rez, inexperiencia y falta de desenvolvimiento en el medio selvático. En particular quiero mencionar a los habitantes de la Comunidad de San- ta Rosa, Sinchi Roca, Yanayaku y, muy significativamente a los de Nue- vo Israel. También quiero mencionar a las Comunidades del Alto Mara- ñón por donde pasé, ya fuera aprendiendo, ya acompañando a algún dirigente o recogiendo informes. Estas son: Comunidad Nazareth, Na- puruka, Huampami y Kusú-Pagat por un lado y, por otro, Santa María de Nieva, Japaime y las Comunidades que componen el territorio de Chamikar. Este libro pretende no sólo recoger una parte de la historia del pueblo Aguaruna pasada y presente, sino quiere ser un sencillo home- naje a todos aquellos hombres y mujeres que han ido poniendo su gra- nito de arena en favor de la construcción y consolidación del movi- miento indígena. Protagonistas de ello no son exclusivamente los diri- gentes, aquellos a quienes más conocemos por su trayectoria en el ám- 6 LUISA ABAD CONZÁLEZ bito nacional o internacional, sino todos los comuneros y comuneras anónimos que apoyan diariamente la labor de sus representantes y su- fren directamente las violaciones de los derechos de que son objeto es- tos pueblos. Debo hacer mención a tres personas que influenciaron enorme- mente mi trayectoria. El primero el Dr. Guillermo Ozonas Sard que convivió durante años con los Aguaruna del Alto Marañón en calidad de médico y compañero; el segundo, el abogado español Pedro García Hierro, hombre ejemplar y luchador donde los haya, y que lleva toda su vida comprometido con los pueblos Indígenas. El tercero, mi maestro en antropología el Dr. Carlos Mª Caravantes García, que confió desde el primer momento en mí y me dio libertad para hacer una antropolo- gía distinta. A todos ellos gracias. Por otra parte, agradezco a la familia del Dr. Teodoro Aguirre García, especialmente a su hija Patricia, su acogida y hospitalidad cuan- do llegué por primera vez a Lima, pues gracias a ellos mi choque cultu- ral fue mínimo y mi convivencia con ellos me permitió comprender mejor cuáles eran los estereotipos y las ideas que de los pueblos Indíge- nas tenían una gran mayoría de los habitantes de la ciudad. Agradezco al C.A.A.A.P. (Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica) la oportunidad de haber trabajado con ellos en un proyecto de la envergadura de la pre-implementación de la Defensoría Especial para Comunidades Nativas adjunta a la Defensoría del Pueblo. Esta experiencia magnífica me sirvió para seguir apoyando iniciativas en la defensa de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y para conocer otras perspectivas ideológicas que complementan y enriquecen cual- quier análisis. Por último, agradezco a mis padres su constante cariño, apoyo, paciencia y financiamiento de mis sucesivas estancias en el Perú. Y es- pero que me perdonen algún día el desasosiego, incertidumbre e in- tranquilidad que les causé durante mis diferentes estancias en la selva. ÍNDICE Introducción ............................................................................................. 9 1. Cronología de la investigación........................................................... 17 2. Antecedentes ....................................................................................... 21 3. El territorio amazónico ...................................................................... 35 3.1. El territorio para el pueblo Aguaruna y otros pueblos amazónicos................................................................ 30 4. Los Aguaruna ...................................................................................... 49 4.1. El pueblo Aguaruna visto a través de cronistas e historiadores............................................................................ 50 5. El etnocidio en la zona Aguaruna...................................................... 67 5.1. Intereses militares y políticos ................................................. 69 5.1.1. Conquista no pacífica y colonización.......................... 69 5.1.2. La neocolonización ....................................................... 78 5.1.3. Los conflictos fronterizos y el terrorismo.................... 88 5.2. Intereses religiosos: la conquista pacífica .............................. 97 5.2.1. Las misiones. ................................................................. 98 5.2.2. Las sectas religiosas ....................................................... 112 5.2.3. Jesuitas versus evangélicos: la lucha por el dominio de la educación bilingüe.......................................... 116 5.3. Intereses económicos .............................................................. 122 8 LUISA ABAD CONZÁLEZ 5.3.1. Los comerciantes y la esclavitud .................................. 122 5.3.2. Las compañías petroleras y extractoras ....................... 130 5.3.3. El narcotráfico............................................................... 139 5.4. Intereses culturales.................................................................. 142 5.4.1. Los antropólogos........................................................... 142 5.4.2. La propiedad intelectual............................................... 148 6. Las Organizaciones Indígenas: una respuesta al etnocidio .............. 163 6.1. Orígenes y características ....................................................... 163 6.2. Organizaciones de la Amazonía peruana .............................. 174 6.3. Otros modelos en América Latina......................................... 176 7. La cooperación al desarrollo: ¿último mecanismo de control sobre pueblos indios? ......................................................................... 183 7.1. Definiciones y conceptos........................................................ 183 7.1. La cooperación gubernamental.............................................. 188 7.2. La cooperación no gubernamental........................................ 193 7.3. Cooperación y pueblos indios................................................ 202 8. Conclusiones generales....................................................................... 225 8.1. Últimas reflexiones ................................................................. 225 8.2. Conclusiones ........................................................................... 232 9. Bibliografía.......................................................................................... 237 9.1. Direcciones de interés en Internet ......................................... 255 INTRODUCCIÓN He de confesar que he pertenecido a ese ‘escuadrón’ de antropó- logos entusiastas que se han entregado a su trabajo sobre la base de un perfil bastante sesgado y estereotipado de lo que era el mundo indíge- na. Compartiendo la opinión de Judith Friedlander en su libro Ser in- dio en Hueyapán1, me permito también interrogarme: “¿Quién se beneficia con nuestra investigación y quién podría resultar perjudicado por ella? Pese a que la mayoría de nosotros nos dedicamos a la antropología a partir de nuestro sincero interés por conocer a pue- blos distintos de nosotros mismos, muchos hemos llegado a darnos cuenta de que nuestro inocente entusiasmo necesita ser revisado. Ade- más hemos descubierto, horrorizados, que contamos, entre nuestras fi- las, con individuos que abiertamente participan en las actividades an- ti-subversivas patrocinadas por nuestros gobiernos.” (Friedlander, 1977:244). Mi primer contacto con el ‘mundo indígena’ fue en la oficina de AIDESEP en Lima en el mes de mayo de 1988. Conocí casual y extraor- dinariamente a Grimaldo Pintayo Campos, un joven indígena Ashá- ninka que había quedado ciego a consecuencia de los golpes y mache- tazos propinados por su patrón Oshiro Ochoa en un fundo de la región amazónica de Atalaya en Perú. Algunos meses más tarde tuve la oportunidad de conocer bien a Damián Tibijám, líder del Pueblo Aguaruna que había sido hecho pre- so por defender su territorio comunal de la invasión que, tutelada por el ejército, se estaba llevando a cabo por parte de colonos mestizos. Un año más tarde aproximadamente, Damián sería asesinado de un tiro de 10 LUISA ABAD CONZÁLEZ escopeta porque, supuestamente, estorbaba a los intereses políticos de una Organización indígena rival. Entretanto, yo había sido nombrada ‘asesora’ de una Organiza- ción Indígena de base –Ijunbau Chapi Shiwag–, y llegué a ella después de haber pasado un período de “prueba” y aprendizaje con Organiza- ciones Indígenas
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