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Regime of Neo-Liberalism and the French Fifth Republic: the Role and the Legitimacy of the President at the Globalization Period

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Regime of Neo-Liberalism and the French Fifth Republic: the Role and the Legitimacy of the President at the Globalization Period ௐ 4 ഇ! ࢱ 31-46! 2019 ѐ/΋؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 15 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 31-46 Winter 2019 自由主義體制與法國第五共和文明化 歷程中的總統角色與衝突 ᆒЩप ጯ઼ᅫၱ̂ౙְચጯրઘି଱̂ܝܛ ၡ ࢋ ٙд۞ۤົਔޘטĉώ͛ଂѩมڼтңநྋௐ̣В׶۞νΠВ າҋϤ͹ཌྷٺˢ͘Ą͍ѣซ۰Ă၆טඛĂ˵ಶߏາҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞઼ᅫវ ።඀̚۞Ķҋԧęԧཏķ̼ځдજ˧ĂՀซ˘Վણ໰඾ன΃̰͛۞טវ ጳѨטᄮТπᏊֽೠ೪ĄЯѩĂώ͛ࢵА޽΍Ăүࠎϔ͹઼छ̝̚Ă ߏ࣎পּĂ҃ߏ࣎পҾୂຏгͅߍ˞ன΃͵ࠧ྆Ă઼̙֭ڱᇴ౵к۞ ుޢѐ΃̝ 1980 ٺ࣎ˠᄃۤཏ̝มૺ˧۞९ּć׎ѨĂѩ˘ૺ˧၆ ᄲĂι፬੓˞ૻአۤཏ۞νࠁĂᄃࢦෛֽ࣎ט႙൴ण۞າҋϤ͹ཌྷវ Ą҃ᓁ௚۞֎Ғ׽൒дڼˠ̝Πࠁม۞ღૺĂ֭ౄј˞ˬѨ۞νΠВ ޘטٺνΠ۞኏ࡎ̝ᅫĂܑன˞઼छ௚˘۞ຍ෪Ăҭ׎ጃ˧Հкߏૄ ڍБ஧̼˭۞გந͹ཌྷĂ่̙࣎ˠᜲጃ۞ड़ٺ׍ѣϒ༊ّĂ၁݋Ϥ҃ ᓁ௚۞Їഇд 2000 ѐॡ࣒Լࠎ̣ѐĂ֭ᄃᛉٺࠎࢫҲĂ҃ͷᔘϤ̂ ᓁ௚۞ޢᏴᓝॡ඀੨ЪĄЯѩĂᔵ൒νΠ۞኏ࡎ̪дĂҭΪߏឰᐌົ ٽ࣒ϒ̙҃ट۞ޘטன෪˵Яࠎ۞ڼΪѣ˘࣎Їഇ҃ϏాЇĂ҃Вౌ ΍னĄ ăϒڼ።඀ăᓁ௚ăνΠВ̼ځᙯᔣෟĈௐ̣В׶ăາҋϤ͹ཌྷă͛ ༊ّ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 32 壹、前言 ࡁտ۞ࢦᕇ၆෪Ąώ͛ؼטдέ៉âۡߏጳ߆វטௐ̣В׶វ઼ڱ ጳ̚۞ඕၹّ˧ณijט઼ڱតዏĈڱၗă̮ࢵгҜᄃጳېۋᜈА݈ͽIJጼ ።඀ķĞcivilizing processğ̼ځࠎᗟ۞ࡁտĞᆒЩपĂ2019ğĂᚶᜈͽĶ͛ ĞElias, 2014ğ۞நኢࠎ͕̚Ăྏဦ၆ௐ̣В׶۞ࡁտѣٙ੒ᚥĄдА݈۞ ጳְІ҃טតዏĂ̙֭ਕͽ׎পҾк۞۞ڱጳ઼ڱࡁտ྆Ăඊ۰ࢵА޽΍ ።඀̝࣎̚វ̼ᄃҋϤ͹ཌྷĂдன΃߆̼ځ༊ιߏ࣎পּĄιߏܑ࣎ன͛ â࣎পҾ፬ধгܑனˠࣇдĶҋԧůԧཏķ̝ޢ଀͹ጱᝋ̝פಞા̚ڼ ᄮТ۞πᏊ྆Ă੠ՐҋϤᄃ৩Ԕ۞࣎९ć׎ѨĂд੠ՐĶԧཏķ۞጖ჸ̈́ ৩ԔॡĂᄃĶ઼छ፟ᙯķĞstateğ၆ᑕ۞Ķ઼୉ķĞnationğĂ׍ѣᙯᔣ۞г ϒ༊ّćГ۞ޘҜĂ׎ٙ׍វ̼۞࣎ˠĂтӖ͹ٕᓁ௚ඈ̮ࢵĂ˵ᒔ଀˞੼ ˞৩Ԕ۞ϞྋĂ˵ଷ੓ޙދొ̰˞৩Ԕ่̙͔੓ڼ۰ĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ன΃߆ ̮˞ၗĂՀૻ̼ېۋĄѩมજᒜ۞ଐ๕Ă̈́ᐌֽ̝҃۞ጼטฉᙝ઼छ۞ͅ ጳְІ˵࠹טഴ͌˞઼छ̰ొ۞ᇷ˧Ă̼҃ځ͛ٺĂϤޢࢵ۞ϒ༊ّć౵ ጳ۞ְІĂ҃д 1958ט҃˧ᇷٺӈ̙Г΍னϤ઼ڱĂޢ၆ഴ͌Ą1848 ѐ̝ ĂЯ̼ځ͛۞ڼٙ఍̝гቡ߆઼ڱ˞Ă׎၁˵ͅߍڱؠ۞ௐ̣В׶ጳטѐ Ⴌ̈́ӀֲܠĄ1962 ѐۋႬ̈́Ӏֲ۞፾ϲጼܠࠎι൴જ۞ࣧЯĂߏࠎ˞ྋՙ ĄۋϏГགྷ።ᄃι઼۞ጼ˵઼ڱĂޢ፾ϲ̝ ٙ఍۞Ҙለг઼ڱߏБ஧ّ۞Ă൒҃д̙̼֭ځ͛۞ڼ༊൒Ăгቡ߆ ĂᓑЪ઼۞൴णă઼ᅫˠᝋྻજޢડቁߏтѩĄ׎̚Ă่̙ҋ˟ጼඕՁ̝ னĂಶώ͛ࡁտ۞ௐܑ۞̼ځĂ҃ࠎ͛ڍଯજඈඈĂౌѣഴ͌ᇷ˧۞ड़۞ ޓҘለതϔޢĂӈߏጼۋႬ̈́ӀֲጼܠᄲĂࠎ׎࣍ᛉࡦഀ۞ֽڱВ׶ጳ̣ ።඀۞நኢĂࢵА޽΍˞ᇷ˧д߆̼ځᓏę͛ܐϞྋĂ҃തϔг፾ϲ۞઼ ಞા಼̂̚ഴ͌۞ன෪ĞElias, 1982ğć׎ѨĂώ͛Г੨Ъ඾઼ᅫ߆གྷវڼ ።඀྆۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷĂ၁ᅫ˯̙Т۞ॡഇᔘѣ̙Т۞ځĂซ˘Վ޽΍д͛ט Ă઼ᅫۤົ˵ՎˢΟ׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷॡഇĂЯޢϲௐˬВ׶̝ޙஉĈ1870 ѐ̰ צତٽĂ˵ಶ̙टצϒ༊ّ۞ຏٺЇ۞ᆊࣃĂ྾ֹ଀ˠࣇ၆ٸࠎૻአҋϤ ಷҋϤ័۞ޢ൒޺ᜈྻүćጼ̪عૻ๕۞Җ߆ᝋĂ߇҃ᔵ൒̰ᅦᘶऴĂ߆ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 33̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ ૻ̂۞Җ߆ᝋĂ߇҃ௐαВ׶ӈצ͹ཌྷૻአ۞ߏ჊Ӏ઼छĂЯѩᅮࢋ֭ତ ѐੜಞĂ҃ͷௐ̣В׶̝ᓁ௚۞ϒ༊ 1958 ٺᄃௐˬВ׶मள̙̂Ăҭֹ̪ າҋϤٺĂϤޢĂᔘ౅࿅ۡᏴᄃ׌዇Ᏼᓝซ˘Վૻ̼Ą൒҃ 1980 ѐ΃ّ̚ ன෪Ă۞ڼ଀νΠ኏ࡎ۞ଐဩ፬̼Ă่̙΍ன˞˘ాҚВֹ҃ט͹ཌྷ۞វ ѐ۞ᒺൺᓁ௚ 2000 ٺνΠ̝มĂΪߏϤٺᕚᒜ̪ޢд 2002 ѐ̝ڼ߆઼ڱ Ă2000 ѐޢன෪Ą౵۞ڼЇഇ̈́តՀ઼ົᏴᓝॡ඀۞࣒ጳĂ̙҃Г΍னВ Ă่̙Ҍ̫ϏГ΍னాЇ۞ᓁ௚Ă׎߆ᛨд઼ົ̚۞यѨᔘត̼ޢ࣒ጳ̝ ᆐধĂ఺ੵ˞΃ܑ˞ᓁ௚֎ҒдҖ߆ᝋ˯Ă൑˧ࢬ၆Б஧̼ॡ΃۞Ԋࢬ̝ ᖚҜ۞ࣧЯĂ҃ᄃ࣎ٺγĂ˵΃ܑ˞׎ٙӔன۞઼छ෪ᇈຍཌྷĂՀкߏϤ ˠ۞ᙯܼ̙̂Ą ൴णĂώࡁڼតዏĂপҾߏௐ̣В׶ഇม۞߆۞טጳ߆វ઼ڱ౅࿅၆ טտଣ৶ϒ༊ّ۞̰உĂ̈́׎ѣड़۞ਔඛĈ˘͞ࢬĂι၆ᑕ඾઼ᅫ߆གྷវ Ğinternational regime of political economyğ̝ҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞̙ТԛёĂֹ҃଀ ˠࣇд̙Т۞ॡഇ྆Ă˵ಶ၆Җ߆ᝋ̮̈́ࢵĂѣ඾̙Т۞ࢋՐćΩ˘͞ࢬĂ ൴णĂ΍۞̼ځᓁវᆸࢬ˯͛ٺĂᔘϤטరࡍ˞఺ֱ̙Тॡഇ۞઼ᅫ߆གྷវ ၗķĂ֭ېۋಞાుՎгᗓฟ˞Ķጼڼ߆઼ڱன˞ᇷ˧ഴ͌۞ᔌ๕ĄЯѩĂ ଀ᄃ̮ࢵѣᙯ̝ϒ༊ّ۞ԛёĂ˵ಶߏĶҹ֧೻ႳķĞcharismağ۞࣎ˠᜲֹ ഇมĂ׽൒ᓁ௚ڼপؠ࣎ˠ҃хд۞ଐၗĄೱήྖᄲĂνΠВٺጃĂ௲ᗓ Б஧̼ॡ΃྆۞γϹĂٺᄃᓁந̝มົЯࠎᝋయ˯۞ࢦᝑ҃΍னღૺĂᔘϤ གྷ૱ᄃ׎ι̰߆ְચᙱͽડ̶ĂՀૻ̼˞ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ม۞኏ࡎĄ൒҃Ăૄ ᓁ௚Հۡତгүࠎ઼छ۞෪ᇈĂֹ҃଀γϹ઼ְ̈́֨ચࠎ׎Ķܲ঻ቑಛķٺ ኏ࡎ̝ᅫĂᓁ۞ڼдνΠВטĞdomaine reservéğĄѩӈֹ଀ௐ̣В׶۞វ ௚ົᒔ଀Հк۞͚޺Ą̙࿅Ăϒ༊ّШ඾ᓁ௚۞͞ШќᑦĂ˵ֹ଀ᓁ௚Հ ߆ጪĂ่̙Ҍ̫ϏГ΍ன઼ڱ۞ޢజࢋՐ଀ٚፉ߆ඉ۞јୀĄ2000 ѐٽट ᔘດֽດ̂ĄޘЇ۞ᓁ௚Ă઼ϔᛉົ۞यѨ̪дνΠ̝มອᒜ඾Ăͷ׎಼ా ĞGreenfeld, 1985ğĂ̏൒۞ޘט఺΃ܑ˞࣎ˠᜲጃ۞׌჌ԛёĂ࣎ˠ۞ᄃ ඾Ăܢপؠ࣎ˠ۞ٺᆸࢬĂ֭ഴ͌˞၆۞ޘט൴णĂ҃Հૻአ۞̼ځ͛ٺϤ ၗഴ͌Ă҃გந͹ཌྷᆧΐې۞ۋጼٺ఍઼ڱĂޢጼඕՁ̝˟ٺ఺่̙໚ҋ ពٙ࡭Ąځ׍̼۞ன෪ৈΐ̝̍ڼБ஧ֹ̼҃଀߆ٺ።඀Ă˵Ϥ̼ځ͛۞ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 34 ѩĂྕ൒኏ࡎົШ඾ᓁ௚۞͞ШќᑦĂҭݒ˵Яࠎ઼छдБ஧̼ॡٺѣᝥ ͚޺˵дνΠ̝ม፬ধᕚᒜĄڼ΃̝ਕ˧ѣࢨĂֹ଀ᓁ௚ᙱͽాЇĂ߆ 貳、法國憲法的特質及 1958 年的制憲—總統的地位 ።඀۞ෛ֎Ă̼ځώ͛ᔵߏͽௐ̣В׶үࠎࡁտ۞၆෪Ăҭߏᖣ඾͛ ።۞ޢ൴ण۞ྋᛖĂ̙֭ਕࢨᒺд 1958 ѐ̝̝טᓁ௚֎Ғ̈́ጳ߆វٺ၆ ,ĶԛၗķĞfigurationğĞElias۞ڼ߆઼ڱ൴ण̚Ăೠ೪טഇ۞វܜΫĂ҃ࢋଂ ॡ۞ڱጳ઼ڱ˞ܜѩĂ఺˘̈༼૟̶ј׌࣎͹ᗟĈௐ˘Ăٛٺ2010ğĄѣᝥ পኳćௐ˟Ăᖣ඾׎ม۞পኳĂซ˘Վ۞טវڼਔඛĂଂ̚ೠ೪ྍ઼߆۩ ᓁ௚۞гҜĄځጳ۞ࡦഀĄᖎಏгᄲĂ˵ಶߏᄲט޽΍ 1958 ѐௐ̣В׶ ።඀۞ෛ֎̼ځপኳę͛۞ڱጳ઼ڱ㢠።Ϋ่̙ଊ˳Ă҃۞ڱጳ઼ڱᄃ׎ιҘ͞ҁൕ۞ϔ͹઼छͧྵ੓ֽĂ ॡഇ۞જᒜĂ่̙ܜགྷ።˞࠹༊ڼ߆઼ڱĂޢͷᖳಱę1789 ѐ۞̂ࢭ׻̝ ѐ̝มĂВ 1958 זώ̙ᕝଯౘ΍າĂҋ 1791 ѐۍጳ۞טՀ࢜ᐛᓄăع߆ Ą҃ͷĂ઼छ̰ొ่̙ѣ፬ধ۞ᇷ˧߱͘Ăγొᔘᄃฉᙝ઼ڱ΍ᚤ 15 ొጳ д̂ࢭ׻̚ט኏ࡎĂੵ˞ᄃˬ৺ᛉົវ۞ޘछ޺ᜈг൴Ϡጼְę఺ֱ੼ૻ ࢭ׻ٙ΃ܑ۞ߏன΃ҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞߆઼̂ڱٺ૪ྋѣᙯ̝γĂՀۡତгֽҋ ĂТॡ˵͔੓טវޙދĂ҃ҋϤ͹ཌྷ̙ಏಏଯᖙ˞݈ன΃۞هᄃநטវڼ छ઼ܕĄд఺྆Ăඊ۰ࢋপҾૻአ۞ߏĂѩมዐטछ۞ඕ༖ᄃ઼ͅܕዐ˞ Т༖ඈ۞ְڱѨͅ˛۞ܐĂ׎၁̙Ϊߏд 18 ͵ࡔϐă19 ͵ࡔטඕ༖ᄃͅ۞ ።඀̚۞࣎វ̼ѣ̼ځҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ඕၹّ˧ณĄ఺˧ณᄃ͛ͅٺІĂ˵д ତ࠹ᙯĂЯࠎι˘͞ࢬχౄ˞࣎វ۞ன΃͵ࠧĂӈҋϤϔ͹ăྤώ͹ཌྷۡ ࣎វٺ̼͛ĂҭдΩ˘͞ࢬ˵Ϥົۤ̈́ޠڱૻአ࣎វ۞ٺĂͽ࡭טξಞ፟ ̼͛Ăٙ૲ֽ̝؝ಏă૚ွăழᗓᄃ̙щĂ҃ૻአ˞ۤཏ጖ჸ۞ᅮࢋĄ۞ ᖎಏгᄲĂ၆ಶߏĶҋԧůԧཏķ۞ᄮТπᏊĞElias, 2008ğĂٕ˵ಶߏĶҋ ࢭ׻઼ڱߏĂ˵ಶٺξಞůۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᗕࢦྻજĞPolanyi, 1989ğĄّޠ ᆊࣃӈᐌ඾ो৔૬Шለౙᕖ೸Ą҃ͷĂڼĂҋϤπඈᄃ౾ຑඈ۞ன΃߆ޢ̝ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 35̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ ѐ۞ჯ˵ৼົᛉ̈́ለ 1815 זצιࣇ֭՟ѣЯࠎो৔૬۞ጼୀ҃ঐεĂΪߏ ࡗٙᑅԺĄҭߏĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ͫࡺ޺ᜈႝؼĂ֭ͷдĶҋԧůԧཏķם߷ ξಞůۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᗕࢦྻજ̚ĂТॡ͔൴˞ܲчّޠᄮТπᏊᄃĶҋ۞ ͹ཌྷ۞ͅᇡĄ ࡗΞᄲߏ 19 ͵ࡔ݈ഇ۞ܲч͹ཌྷ۞ੱᒉĄ൒҃Ăᐌ඾೼םߏĂለ߷ٺ ΗĂుޢጆ̀۞ԣి൴ण̈́ᇇ઼۞௚˘ĂͅҋϤ͹ཌྷੱᒉ۞͕̚д 19 ͵ࡔ ˵јϲ̝ᅫĂ઼ޓඕՁăᇇຍԠۋጼڱ႙гᖼШາᎸ۞ᇇ઼Ą༊ 1870 ѐ೼ ઼ڱो৔૬ˬ͵߆ᝋݲέĂௐˬВ׶઼ྫྷ඾јϲĂ҃۞઼ޓ˟ௐ઼ڱ˞ౄј ϲ˞ௐ˘࣎ޙ݋ϒёඕՁĄ1871 ѐĂ፬ซνࠁˠ̀јϲ͐ጌ̳ۤĂޘטӖ͹ ൑யล৺۞߆ᝋĄ̙࿅Ă͐ጌ̳ۤࠎഇ̙˳Ăӈዎܲ࠱ࠁ۞࢕͞ҕབྷᗉᑅĄ ࠱ࠁᄃВ׶ࠁ̝ม۞኏ࡎĄ1879 ѐ 1ܲٺ߆Ԋ޺ᜈг۬ඕ઼ڱѐ΃۞ 1870 ߆ጪ۞͹߹Ă઼ڱĂ౪ҹ੺߸̳ᒑᙜΝᓁ௚˘ᖚĂϒёᇾᄫ˞ܲ࠱ࠁੜ΍͡ ăዮ׽ҋϤטϤВ׶ࠁ͹߆˭۞ௐˬВ׶Ă่̙ుՎгஎ̼В׶઼۞វ҃ ęҋ 1870 ѐטវ۞ုܜጳ߆Ϋ˯౵઼ڱ͹ཌྷ۞ᆊࣃĂᔘјࠎၟҌϫ݈ࠎͤ ѐЯ˟ጼ҃ඕՁĂВࢍ 70 ѐĄ࠹၆۞Ăώ͛ࢋ੅ኢ۞ௐ̣В׶ 1940 ז੓ ݋ҋ 1958 ѐ੓Ҍϫ݈۞ 2019 ѐĂ݋่ѣ 61 ѐĄ̙࿅ĂௐˬВ׶۞ᓁ௚ᝋ ಏᓠĂࢬ၆඾̶ෘ҃ૻ๕۞ᛉົĂ׎ٙ޽ࠁјϲ۞̰ᅦĂགྷ૱ѣࣆᅦ۞˧ ѐมĂВࢍ௡ј˞ 109 ̰࣎ᅦĂπӮՏ˘̰࣎ᅦ 1940 זП፟Ąҋ 1870 ѐ ѐมĂለ߷઼छ̝ม่̙дঔ 1940 ז׻̙̈́ 8 ࣎͡ćѩγĂҋ 1870 ѐု ͹ཌྷ̈́തϔ኏ࡎ̙ᕝ̿੼Ăдለ߷˵ᘕ൴˞׌Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼĄ઼ޓγ۞ ᄃ̰ट۞ᖳಱĂ̙ᑕෛࠎன΃ጳ߆Ϋ˯۞পּĂڱଊ˳۞ጳ઼ڱ൒҃Ă ពгܑனன΃ّ̝኏ࡎĂ˵ಶߏҋϤ͹ཌྷ̈́ͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ̝ځߏ࣎ਕপҾ҃ ڱ˞ĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ᆊࣃፖ۩ซˢޢ࣎९ĄࢵАĂҋ 1789 ѐ̂ࢭ׻̝۞ۋ੽ ৺ᛉົĂତ඾ుՎгΝੵ˞࠱ᝋˬ۞טវޙދ˞ĂАߏϞྋטវڼ߆۞઼ ĄטᜋҘ۞В׶઼វڱ˞ĂቁϲޢҒ૾Ă֭д 1870 ѐ۞ௐˬВ׶̝۞טޓᄃ ࿅Ă˵ಶдҋϤ͹ཌྷు႙൴णĂјࠎ߆វ۞͹߹࿅඀̚ĂͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞̙ чࠁ˵˘Гг΍ಞĈܲ࠱ࠁ๕˧д 1870 ѐ่̝݈̙၁˧િૻĂ׎มᔘഅܲ Ăܲ࠱ࠁ׽൒ੜ΍ޢĄ҃д 1870 ѐ઼̝ޓϲޙय़ͳഈᄃो৔૬छ୉گጾϲ ߆ጪ่̙ડ̶˞νΠ۞̙Тϲ઼ڱ߆ጪ۞͹߹ĂҭҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ᆊࣃд˞ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 36 ĂѣטಞĂνΠ̝มᔘѣ̶ෘ҃к̮۞̙Т߆ᛨę఺ᄃࡻ࡚ඈ઼۞߆ᛨវ ˵ಞાĂ҃၆ᑕ۞ڼ඾࠹༊̂۞मளĄ఺ߏ࣎ĶҋԧķҒ૾পҾૻধ۞߆ ѩĂௐˬВ׶۞ᛉົ˵ಶߏ࣎Հк̮ăՀ̶ٺಶѣՀк̮۞ĶԧཏķĄѣᝥ ፟ᙯĂ֭Яѩౄј̰ᅦᙱͽ௡јăᓁ௚ᖚᝋ࠹၆਑ऴ۞఍ဩć׎ڱෘ۞ϲ ˞ࡗĂߏࠎםгഀĈ19 ͵ࡔ݈Η۞ለ߷ڼѨĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ˵Լត˞ለ߷۞߆ д̚ለгડĂ݋ͽጆጆ̀ࠎ͕̚ĂޢҋϤ͹ཌྷć19 ͵ࡔ̚۞܂дЧ઼ශטᑅ ڼϔགྷᑻĂд߆઼פҘለҋϤ͹ཌྷ઼छ۞߄ጼĂιдགྷᑻ˯ଳٺ΍ன˞၆ јϲćд 1914 ѐĂ઼ޓĂᇇຍԠޢጼڱĄ1870 ѐ೼઼ޓ۞ט૞ځ݋ߏฟ˯ ࡗ઼ć1939 ѐ݋ͽค઼͕၆ԩҘለ۞ם௡јТ༖઼၆ԩҘለ۞઼ޓᇇຍԠ ڼгቡ߆ٺҜ઼ڱТ༖઼Ą఺ֱౌߏҋϤ͹ཌྷᄃͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ̝ม۞၆ԩĂ ĂӮͽԸࢫ̚ۋĂ൒҃ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧ಏᓠĂдˬѨᄃͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ጼ͕̚۞ ќಞĄ ጳטăᓁ௚۞гҜ̈́ 1958 ѐ۞˟ ᓁ௚ᑛ੼ሄͽՀ̂ᝋ˧ࢦعᎸĄ൒҃Ăᓜॡ߆ޞĂѺᆿޢጼඕՁ̝˟ Ą1946 ѐ 1 ͡ 20 ͟Ăᑛ੼ሄజ࢝צϔிٙତ઼ڱĂ֭՟ѣజڱາે߆۞ຐ ᜋҘௐαВڱ˞ϲޙ֭ޢጳਨ९Ϲ;̳ԸĂ఼࿅טᙜᖚĄТѐĂᛉົ೩΍ ĂЯѩ˵ࢬ၆Тᇹ۞યܕ࠹טĂ֭ᄃௐˬВ׶۞វט׶Ăι̪൒၁߉ᛉົ ѐ۞ 12 ѐมĂ 1958 זᗟĈᓁ௚ᝋ˧ಏᓠă̰ᅦൺ׻҃Հ࢜ᐛᓄĂҋ 1946 ѐ ೇޢಶ΍ன˞ 24 ̰࣎ᅦĂπӮે߆ΗѐĂͧௐˬВ׶ՀൺĄ఺ֹ่̙଀ጼ ෸ڱࣶࢍ൪۞ଯજ࠹၆ӧᙱĂ˵˘ᇹᙱͽࢬ၆γд۞П፟ęд 1945 ѐĂ Ⴌ̈́ܠ͚֤፾ϲă෸ݑВ׶઼јϲćТѐĂޘᛳОڱĄ1954 ѐĂۋᘕ൴ጼ ڱٺјΑ࿄ͤ˞ݔใĂҭϤܐ౵عതϔ߆઼ڱӀֲ˵൴Ϡ˞ݔតĂ༊г۞ ி̳זצໂ̂۞̙႕Ă֭ົ઼ۤڱ˞ണᅖĂЯ͔҃੓ٺ࿅ڱ࢕ֹٙϡ۞͘ Ⴌ̈́Ӏֲݔใ̚۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷЊ̄ซܠᛉᄃޙع߆઼ڱኳႷĄ1958 ѐĂ༊۞ Ⴌ̈́Ⴌ൴જ 513ܠٺതϔొฤ૟ᅳ઼ڱҖኘҿĂௐαВ׶ᐌӈ΍னП፟Ĉ ᇷજĂֹ࢝ॡЇعݑొ˵΍னͅ߆઼ڱ͟ ߆តĂࢋՐᑛ੼ሄ˯έć5 ͡ 25 ᓁ௚۞ René Coty Ї׻ᑛ੼ሄ௡ᅦĂ҃ᑛ੼ሄ݋ࢋՐ࣒ጳĂᆧΐᓁ௚̈́Җ߆ ͡ ؠາጳĄ9טᝋ˧Ąྍѐ 6 ͡Ă઼ϔᛉົͽღާ׻΄଱ᝋᑛ੼ሄ۞ܝొ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 37̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ Ăགྷ࿅̳ϔԸை઼̈́ົ೼ᏴĂᑛ੼ሄ͚̈́޺ௐ̣В׶۞߆ᛨд઼ϔᛉ͟ 28 ͡ ଀кᇴĂ҃າጳϺͽ̳Ը۞͞ёĂᒔ଀ 82.6% ۞Тຍை఼࿅Ą10פ̚ົ ᜋҘௐ̣В׶ϒёјϲĂᑛ੼ሄಶЇᓁ௚ĄڱĂ͟ 5 ಶ՟ѣۡତᄃ˵઼ڱĂޢႬ̈́Ӏֲ፾ϲ̝ܠТຍ઼ڱ׎၁Ăд 1962 ѐ ٺၗķĂ၆ېۋညߏᗓฟ˞Ķጼ઼ڱ׎ι઼छ̝ม൴ϠጼְĄЯѩĂ࠻੓ֽ ᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞ૻአҬͼ˵̙ည 1958 ѐјϲௐ̣В׶̝ᅫ֤ᆃ׍ѣϒ༊ّĂ̙ ༊ॡ۞ॡ۩྆ĂҾᄲ༊ॡϒזĈࢵАĂаځ֍̝ޢऻُΪߏڱ࿅఺ᇹ۞࠻ ᔘ˘ۡྏဦд࡚ᛂ˟ૻ̝γĂ൴ण΍ௐˬ୧྽ྮĂ઼ڱҘҽጼ۞੼पĂڌߏ Ҙҽڌ߇҃΍ன˞ᑛ੼ሄ͹ཌྷ۞γϹ߆ඉęт۩എ߆ඉᄃҲᒜĄ׎ѨĂд Հߏ׎̚۞ᙯᔣĄ઼ڱጼ۞ଐဩ˭ĂҘለ઼छ೩΍˞ለ߷ВТវ۞͹ૺĂ҃ ၗķĂېۋ࠻Ҭᗓฟ˞Ķጼ઼ڱѩĂ׽൒ᐌ඾തϔг۞፾ϲĂֹ҃଀ٺѣᝥ γϹгҜ̪൒̂ѣΞࠎĂ҃ᓁ௚۞֎Ғ઼̈́֨۞઼ڱҭдҽጼ۞ღૺ྆Ă Ăᑛ੼ሄГޢႬ̈́Ӏֲ፾ϲ̝ܠᔘߏ׍ѣᙯᔣ۞гҜĄࠎѩĂ༊ 1962 ѐ˵ ˛ซҖ࣒ጳĂ૟ࣧώϤᏴᓝˠဥᏴᓝயϠ۞ᓁ௚ĂԼϤ̳ϔۡᏴĂЇഇޘ ѐĄТॡĂࠎ˞ซ˘Վૻ̼ᓁ௚۞ϒ༊ّĂᔘఢؠ˞ᓁ௚Ᏼᓝࠎ׌዇Ᏼᓝ Ĉдௐ˘዇۞Ըை̚Ăᒔ଀Ηᇴͽ˯Ᏼை۞࣏ᏴˠӈΞ༊Ᏼࠎᓁ௚Ăࡶט ˟ௐ˘዇՟ѣ࣏Ᏼˠᒔ଀Ηᇴͽ˯ᏴைĂ݋Ϥ଀ை݈׌Щ۞࣏Ᏼˠซˢௐ ᓁ௚۞ϒ༊ّ׍ѣૻ̼ٺ዇ԸைĂ଀ைᇴྵ੼۰༊ᏴĄ1962 ѐ۞࣒ጳĂ၆ Ąڍड़۞ ΍னĂͽ̈́ 1962 ѐ۞࣒ጳ̰टĂΞͽଂώ͛۞̶۞ڱௐ̣В׶ጳٺ၆ ።඀̚۞ĶҋԧůԧཏķᄮТπᏊֽྋᛖĈҋ 1870 ѐͽֽ̼ځߛၹĂ͛ژ Ї۞Ο׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷĄೱήྖᄲĂĶҋԧķٸᅫ߆གྷ৩ԔĂߏ࣎ૻአҋϤ઼۞ ć࠹၆טξಞķ۞ّ፟ޠૻአĂ҃઎ࢦ۞˵ߏĶҋ۞ޘ੼זצ͞˘ᄮТ۞ ᑅԺĄ൒҃ĂΟ׏ҋϤזצĂĶԧཏķᄮТ̈́Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᆊࣃ࠹၆г۞ ͹ཌྷд̰ౄј˞ᛉົ۞ૻ๕Ăдγ݋ࢬ၆ᇇ઼઼ϔགྷᑻ۞߄ጼĂ҃׎ྋՙ តዏę׎̚Ă۞טඉர่̙ߏᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞ዮ׽ĂᔘᅮࢋՀஎᆸ̝߆གྷវ۞ ࢦෛĂѩזצ˯ޘטĶԧཏķ۞጖ჸ̈́Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞߆ඉĂӈдᆊࣃ̈́ гҜĂ̈́ͽĶ័ಷ۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷķ۞ޢӈౄಶ˞౶Я೻͹ཌྷд˟ጼඕՁ̝ Ğembedded liberalismğĞRuggie, 1982ğࠎૄᖂٙχౄ۞઼ᅫ߆གྷ৩ԔĄѣ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 38 Җٺ၁னĂ׎ϫ۞่̙дזѩĂᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞ᕖૺ˵ಶдௐ̣В׶̚଀ٺᝥ ઼˞ι጖ჸٺೇᎸĂᔘд۞ޢ߆ᝋ۞ૻ̼Ăͽྤࢬ၆ૻ๕۞ᛉົ̈́ଯજጼ ୉ę఺˵ಶྋᛖ˞ 1962 ѐ࣒ጳ۞ຍཌྷĄѩγĂ౅࿅၆Ķԧཏķᆊࣃ۞ࢦ ࣎វ̼ٺ΍னĂ˵΃ܑ˞າጳ۞΍έ඗̙ߏ၆۞ޢෛֽྋᛖௐ̣В׶дጼ ።඀྆۞ᗕ̼ځજĂ̙ಏಏЯࠎĶҋԧůԧཏķ۞ᄮТπᏊ˘ۡߏ͛ͅ۞ ڼ߆ጪ྆Ă˵඗͌΍னຳ୭̝ᙷ۞߆઼ڱ۞ޢࢦྻજĂ၁ᅫ˯ௐ̣В׶̝ ᇷ˧ć࠹ͅ۞Ăѩᙷᇷ˧дૻአΟ׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ௐˬ̈́ௐαВ׶྆Ăݒߏ ׍វܑனĞElias, 1982ğĄ۞̼ځ၇֍̙ᔿĄᇷ˧۞ഴ͌Ăҋ൒ߏ͛ 參、左右共治下的總統地位 ᓁ௚΃ܑ۞่̙ߏҖ߆ᝋ۞ࢵཝĂ˵ߏ઼छჟৠ̈́ᆊࣃ۞෪ᇈ Ăᓁ௚۞гҜ྆טĞKantorowicz, 2018ğę д័ಷҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞઼ᅫ߆གྷវ ٙͽ΍ன۞ࣧЯĄᖎಏ̝ڱд఺׌࣎ᆸѨ˯ᒔ଀˞ϒ༊ّĂߏௐ̣В׶ጳ гᄲĂௐ̣В׶ྏဦૻአ۞Ăߏ჌ͽ઼छࠎะវ۞ᆊࣃę˵ಶߏᑛ੼ሄٙ ĂдטķĞPour la FranceğĄ൒҃Ăүࠎ˘࣎ҋϤϔ͹۞វ઼ڱ˞ᄲ۞Ķࠎ ᝋڱϲזצะវ۞ᆊࣃ̝γĂ˵ࢋૻአк̮۞ᆊࣃĄ҃ͷĂҖ߆ᝋᔘᅮࢋ ᏊᄃႾ༛Ą͍ѣซ۰Ăௐ̣В׶ૻ̼˞ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧Ăҭι̪ܲ঻ᛉົט۞ ̪˯ჟৠĂ̰҃ᅦᓁந۞Ї׻ᔵ൒̙ᅮࢋᛉົкᇴᛨ۞ТຍĂҭၚּ۞ט ଀˞Җ߆ᝋ۞ᓁ௚̈́׎߆ᛨĂ֭Ϗפ˞಴ࢦᛉົĄᖚߏ̝߇âό΍னົ ଀кᇴॡĂ˵ಶυืࢬ၆ᓁ௚ᄃ̰ᅦᓁந̙Т߆ᛨפᝋ۞ᛉົڱд׍ѣϲ ķĄڼ఍ဩĂ఺˵ಶߏٙᏜ۞ĶВ۞ ጳΫ˯۞ຍཌྷטன෪̈́׎д۞ڼăВ˘ Ăιࣇ̶Ҿߏд 1986ڼௐ̣В׶΍ன࿅ˬѨνΠВ઼ڱၟҌϫ݈ࠎͤĂ Ă఺ߏдۤົᛨ۞૜প६ௐڼѐ 3 ͡ 20 ͟Ҍ 1988 ѐ 5 ͡ 10 ͟۞ௐ˘ѨВ ĂۤົڼĂ௡ᅦ۞ߏΠࠁ۞यݣҹĄགྷ࿅׌ѐ۞ВޢѨፉЇᓁ௚̣ѐ̝˘ ЇഇĄགྷ࿅̣ب˟଀кᇴĂ҃఺˵ಶߏ૜প६۞ௐפޘᛉົ̂Ᏼ̚Гٺᛨ Ă௡ᅦ۞ߏ͐ٛՆڼĂ1993 ѐ 3 ͡ 29 ͟΍ன˞ௐ˟Ѩ۞Вޢѐે߆̝ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 39̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ 1995 ٺĞÉdouard BalladurğĄГ࿅׌ѐΠࠁ۞ે߆Ăܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖۞यݣҹ ᛨ۞߆ᝋĄௐົۤ̈́ڼѐ 11 ̂͡Ᏼ̚༊Ᏼࠎᓁ௚Ă֭ඕՁ˞ௐ˟ѨνΠВ ߏдयݣҹፉЇᓁ௚۞ௐ˟ѐĂ1997 ѐ 6 ͡ 3 ۤ͟ົᛨ۞ڼѨ۞νΠВˬ 2002 ٺĂ߆ᝋޢ߆̝ેعಕ೻πĞLionel Jospinğ௡ᅦĂགྷ࿅̣ѐ۞νࠁ߆ ॡมĂᄦјܑ 1۞ڼѐ 5 ͡ 6 ͟ࢦаܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖͘˯Ąਬ૟˯ࢗνΠВ т˭Ĉ ॡมڼ1ĈνΠВ ܑ !ॡม! ᓁ௚!ᓁநڼВ 1986/3/20- François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac 1988/5/10 Їഇ 14 ѐĞ1981/5/21-1995/5/17ğ 1993/3/29- François Mitterrand Édouard Balladur 1995/11/07 Їഇ 14 ѐĞ1981/5/21-1995/5/17ğ 1997/6/3- Jacques Chirac Lionel Jospin 2002/5/6 Їഇ 12 ѐĞ1995/5/17-2007/5/1ğ ॡมߏ࠹ా۞ڼѨνΠВˬז።Ϋۤົ۞ਔඛ྆ĂࢵАΞͽ࠻זར ௐ˘ѨВޢѐЇഇมẶѐ̝˛۞ب˘Ăଂ૜প६ፉЇᓁ௚ฟؕĂдௐ۞ ᓁ௚ЇഇĄҭب˟Гोа߆ᝋĂ֭ฟؕ૜প६۞ௐޢĂۤົᛨд׌ѐ̝ڼ Ă֭д׌ѐ̝ڼᛉົкᇴĂ௡јௐ˟Ѩ۞νΠВזĂΠࠁГोޢд̣ѐ̝ གྷ።˞ௐˬѨ˫ޢ଀˞߆ᝋĂ҃༊ॡፉЇᓁ௚۞यݣҹĂ݋д׌ѐ̝פޢ Ă҃ߏాᜈ۞׌Їᓁ௚ăڼĄೱήྖᄲĂ఺̙ΪߏˬѨ۞νΠВڼνΠВ ѐ۞ЇഇมĂ޺ᜈّгνΠᛗᕚ۞ன෪Ą͍ѣซ۰Ăдௐ̣В׶۞ 61 ѐ 21 д఺ 21 ѐม൴ϠĂ่̙۩݈Ă҃ͷၟͤϫ݈ࠎͤĂϏГ่˵ڼมĂνΠВ Ăयݣҹ˘ۡԷႊ˞࠹༊ᙯᔣ۞֎ҒĈ྆ڼ൴Ϡć׎ѨĂд఺ˬѨ۞νΠВ Ă΁݋ߏ̚ڼᓁநćௐˬѨ۞νΠВ۞عĂ΁ߏΠࠁ߆྆ڼௐ˘ѨνΠВ ĂܜഇมĂ΁่̙ߏ͐ጌξ۞ξڼᓁ௚Ă҃дௐ˟Ѩ۞νΠВ۞عΠࠁ߆ ѐ༊Ᏼᓁ௚ࠎͤĄТ 1995 זۡ˘ͷߏд 1977 ѐಶฟؕፉЇ఺࣎ҜཉĂ֭ дयݣҹٸॡĂ΁ᔘߏΠࠁܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖۞͹यĄ׎၁Ă࣐ࡶ่ߏ૟൏ᕇ ጳ߆Ϋ˯۞পঅຍஉĂᔘᅮࢋ౅࿅߆ᛨĂ઼ڱӔன׎дٽ࣎ˠ֗˯Ă̙֭ट ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 40 ֎ҒĂᄃጳ۞̚ڼநྋयݣҹдˬѨνΠВֽޘಶߏܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖۞֎˵ ߆Ϋ˯۞ຍཌྷĈܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖˵ಶߏٙᏜ۞ᑛ੼ሄࠁĂ҃यݣҹд׎ଂ߆ Ăᖼ҃ޢВயᛨ۞͚޺۰Ă֭ͷߏᑛ੼ሄд 1958 ѐ˯έ઼̝ڱѝഇĂᔘߏ ԸШܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖Ą ߏĂࢦᕇ˵ಶ̙ΪߏयݣҹĂࠤҌߏᑛ੼ሄ࣎ˠ˞Ă҃ߏд˟ጼඕٺ ૻ̼ᓁ௚ᖚᝋ۞Ꮈ኷Ąд݈͛྆Ăඊ۰̏གྷ౅࿅Ķҋٺ߆ࠧ၆઼ڱĂޢՁ̝ ξಞůۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᗕࢦྻજĂྋᛖّޠԧůԧཏķ۞ᄮТπᏊĂ̈́Ķҋ ௐ̣В׶ٙГன۞Ăߏ၆ĶԧཏķᄮТ۞ࢦෛĂ̈́၆Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞Ꮈ˞ ͽ័ಷҋϤ͹ཌྷࠎ८͕۞઼ޢ኷Ą҃ѩ˘ᆊࣃ˯۞ॡ΃ჟৠĂᔘͅߍдጼ ᆊ̈́טߏĂ่̙д࣎វᆸࢬ˯ົѣᑛ੼ሄ۞˯έĂ˵дវٺĄטᅫ߆གྷវ ᓑ༖ĄፂѩĂ˵Ξͽநྋयݣҹ۞ڼࣃ˯΍னௐ̣В׶̈́ᑛ੼ሄ͹ཌྷ۞߆ Вயᛨ۞͚޺ĂԆБܑன˞Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᆊࣃĂ҃၆઼ڱٺ΍னę΁၆ ٺତгᄃĶԧཏķ۞጖ჸඕЪĂ֭Ϡј၆ۡޝĶۤົ᜕ܲķ۞Ꮈ኷˵Ξͽ ڤϠ୾۞ѝഇĂ༊ॡ۞ۤົڼᑛ੼ሄ͹ཌྷ۞ᄮТĄ༊൒Ă఺ߏдयݣҹ߆ ᙯܼĄ۞ܕĶ઼୉Ğԧཏğķ̈́Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ̝ม۞ᆊࣃĂѣ࠹༊Ꮠٺಛߏ၆ ฟؕĂ઼ᅫۤົ̏གྷฟؕ΍னͽາҋϤ͹ཌྷࠎ८͕Ăޢ൒ ҃Ăҋ 1980 ѐ΃̚ ĄѩӈБטᅫ߆གྷវ઼۞ޙಶߏϤٙᏜ۞ॻݵႬ͹ཌྷٕ࿩ॲ͹ཌྷĂٙၹ˵ ˵ಶд఺࣎ॡ΃۞ᖼݭ࿅඀̚΍ன˞ę఺˵ڼ஧̼ॡ΃۞ֽᓜĂ҃νΠВ ѩ˘ॡഇĄٺಶྋᛖ˞ࠎ̦ᆃˬѨ۞νΠВ׶ะ̚ ड़ᑕ̈́ᓁ௚۞гҜّޘטăௐ̣В׶۞˟ ٙౄј۞ጳ߆ڼд 2002 ѐඕՁ˞Ă҃ࠎ˞ഴ͌νΠВڼѨ۞νΠВˬ ఼࿅Ąдयݣҹޢд 2000 ѐ૟ᓁ௚ЇഇԼࠎ̣ѐĂ֭གྷ̳Ը઼̝ڱღૺĂ Ї۞˯ޢன෪Ă̝۞ڼௐ˟ѨЇഇ྆Ğ2002-2007ğĂӈϏГ൴ϠνΠВ۞ 蕯ࡊᆅĞNicolas SarkozyğăለᜋᇇĞFrançois HollandeğĂ̈́੺ҹᐷĞEmmanuel ຍ۞ߏڦன෪Ą൒҃Ăࣃ଀۞ڼMacronğඈˬҜᓁ௚Ă˵՟ѣ൴ϠνΠВ Г՟΍னాЇ۞ᓁ௚ĂΒ߁˞यݣҹώˠĂౌ઼ڱĂޢଂ 2000 ѐ۞࣒ጳ̝ ЇٕߏϏਕాפۋୢٸӘކҲĂ͉҃ޘߏдЇഇӈ૟ඕՁ̝ᅫĂЯࠎ͚޺ νΠ̝ٺ޺ᜈгᕚᒜ̪ڼ߆۞઼ڱĂޢЇĄ׎ѨĂдयݣҹඕՁЇഇ̝ా ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 41̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ มĈ2002 ѐ۞ᓁ௚̂ᏴॡĂॡЇᓁந۞ۤົᛨ࣏Ᏼˠಕ೻πдௐ˘዇̂Ᏼ
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