ௐ 4 ഇ! ࢱ 31-46! 2019 ѐ/΋؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 15 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 31-46 Winter 2019

自由主義體制與法國第五共和文明化 歷程中的總統角色與衝突

ᆒЩप ጯ઼ᅫၱ̂ౙְચጯրઘି଱̂ܝܛ

ၡ ࢋ

ٙд۞ۤົਔޘטĉώ͛ଂѩมڼтңநྋௐ̣В׶۞νΠВ າҋϤ͹ཌྷٺˢ͘Ą͍ѣซ۰Ă၆טඛĂ˵ಶߏາҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞઼ᅫវ ።඀̚۞Ķҋԧęԧཏķ̼ځдજ˧ĂՀซ˘Վણ໰඾ன΃̰͛۞טវ ጳѨטᄮТπᏊֽೠ೪ĄЯѩĂώ͛ࢵА޽΍Ăүࠎϔ͹઼छ̝̚Ă ߏ࣎পּĂ҃ߏ࣎পҾୂຏгͅߍ˞ன΃͵ࠧ྆Ă઼̙֭ڱᇴ౵к۞ ుޢѐ΃̝ 1980 ٺ࣎ˠᄃۤཏ̝มૺ˧۞९ּć׎ѨĂѩ˘ૺ˧၆ ᄲĂι፬੓˞ૻአۤཏ۞νࠁĂᄃࢦෛֽ࣎ט႙൴ण۞າҋϤ͹ཌྷវ Ą҃ᓁ௚۞֎Ғ׽൒дڼˠ̝Πࠁม۞ღૺĂ֭ౄј˞ˬѨ۞νΠВ ޘטٺνΠ۞኏ࡎ̝ᅫĂܑன˞઼छ௚˘۞ຍ෪Ăҭ׎ጃ˧Հкߏૄ ڍБ஧̼˭۞გந͹ཌྷĂ่̙࣎ˠᜲጃ۞ड़ٺ׍ѣϒ༊ّĂ၁݋Ϥ҃ ᓁ௚۞Їഇд 2000 ѐॡ࣒Լࠎ̣ѐĂ֭ᄃᛉٺࠎࢫҲĂ҃ͷᔘϤ̂ ᓁ௚۞ޢᏴᓝॡ඀੨ЪĄЯѩĂᔵ൒νΠ۞኏ࡎ̪дĂҭΪߏឰᐌົ ٽ࣒ϒ̙҃ट۞ޘטன෪˵Яࠎ۞ڼΪѣ˘࣎Їഇ҃ϏాЇĂ҃Вౌ ΍னĄ

ăϒڼ።඀ăᓁ௚ăνΠВ̼ځᙯᔣෟĈௐ̣В׶ăາҋϤ͹ཌྷă͛ ༊ّ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 32

壹、前言

ࡁտ۞ࢦᕇ၆෪Ąώ͛ؼטдέ៉âۡߏጳ߆វטௐ̣В׶វ઼ڱ ጳ̚۞ඕၹّ˧ณijט઼ڱតዏĈڱၗă̮ࢵгҜᄃጳېۋᜈА݈ͽIJጼ ።඀ķĞcivilizing processğ̼ځࠎᗟ۞ࡁտĞᆒЩपĂ2019ğĂᚶᜈͽĶ͛ ĞElias, 2014ğ۞நኢࠎ͕̚Ăྏဦ၆ௐ̣В׶۞ࡁտѣٙ੒ᚥĄдА݈۞ ጳְІ҃טតዏĂ̙֭ਕͽ׎পҾк۞۞ڱጳ઼ڱࡁտ྆Ăඊ۰ࢵА޽΍ ።඀̝࣎̚វ̼ᄃҋϤ͹ཌྷĂдன΃߆̼ځ༊ιߏ࣎পּĄιߏܑ࣎ன͛ â࣎পҾ፬ধгܑனˠࣇдĶҋԧůԧཏķ̝ޢ଀͹ጱᝋ̝פಞા̚ڼ ᄮТ۞πᏊ྆Ă੠ՐҋϤᄃ৩Ԕ۞࣎९ć׎ѨĂд੠ՐĶԧཏķ۞጖ჸ̈́ ৩ԔॡĂᄃĶ઼छ፟ᙯķĞstateğ၆ᑕ۞Ķ઼୉ķĞnationğĂ׍ѣᙯᔣ۞г ϒ༊ّćГ۞ޘҜĂ׎ٙ׍វ̼۞࣎ˠĂтӖ͹ٕᓁ௚ඈ̮ࢵĂ˵ᒔ଀˞੼ ˞৩Ԕ۞ϞྋĂ˵ଷ੓ޙދొ̰˞৩Ԕ่̙͔੓ڼ۰ĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ன΃߆ ̮˞ၗĂՀૻ̼ېۋĄѩมજᒜ۞ଐ๕Ă̈́ᐌֽ̝҃۞ጼטฉᙝ઼छ۞ͅ ጳְІ˵࠹טഴ͌˞઼छ̰ొ۞ᇷ˧Ă̼҃ځ͛ٺĂϤޢࢵ۞ϒ༊ّć౵ ጳ۞ְІĂ҃д 1958ט҃˧ᇷٺӈ̙Г΍னϤ઼ڱĂޢ၆ഴ͌Ą1848 ѐ̝ ĂЯ̼ځ͛۞ڼٙ఍̝гቡ߆઼ڱ˞Ă׎၁˵ͅߍڱؠ۞ௐ̣В׶ጳטѐ Ⴌ̈́ӀֲܠĄ1962 ѐۋႬ̈́Ӏֲ۞፾ϲጼܠࠎι൴જ۞ࣧЯĂߏࠎ˞ྋՙ ĄۋϏГགྷ።ᄃι઼۞ጼ˵઼ڱĂޢ፾ϲ̝ ٙ఍۞Ҙለг઼ڱߏБ஧ّ۞Ă൒҃д̙̼֭ځ͛۞ڼ༊൒Ăгቡ߆ ĂᓑЪ઼۞൴णă઼ᅫˠᝋྻજޢડቁߏтѩĄ׎̚Ă่̙ҋ˟ጼඕՁ̝ னĂಶώ͛ࡁտ۞ௐܑ۞̼ځĂ҃ࠎ͛ڍଯજඈඈĂౌѣഴ͌ᇷ˧۞ड़۞ ޓҘለതϔޢĂӈߏጼۋႬ̈́ӀֲጼܠᄲĂࠎ׎࣍ᛉࡦഀ۞ֽڱВ׶ጳ̣ ።඀۞நኢĂࢵА޽΍˞ᇷ˧д߆̼ځᓏę͛ܐϞྋĂ҃തϔг፾ϲ۞઼ ಞા಼̂̚ഴ͌۞ன෪ĞElias, 1982ğć׎ѨĂώ͛Г੨Ъ඾઼ᅫ߆གྷវڼ ።඀྆۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷĂ၁ᅫ˯̙Т۞ॡഇᔘѣ̙Т۞ځĂซ˘Վ޽΍д͛ט Ă઼ᅫۤົ˵ՎˢΟ׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷॡഇĂЯޢϲௐˬВ׶̝ޙஉĈ1870 ѐ̰ צତٽĂ˵ಶ̙टצϒ༊ّ۞ຏٺЇ۞ᆊࣃĂ྾ֹ଀ˠࣇ၆ٸࠎૻአҋϤ ಷҋϤ័۞ޢ൒޺ᜈྻүćጼ̪عૻ๕۞Җ߆ᝋĂ߇҃ᔵ൒̰ᅦᘶऴĂ߆ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 33̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

ૻ̂۞Җ߆ᝋĂ߇҃ௐαВ׶ӈצ͹ཌྷૻአ۞ߏ჊Ӏ઼छĂЯѩᅮࢋ֭ତ ѐੜಞĂ҃ͷௐ̣В׶̝ᓁ௚۞ϒ༊ 1958 ٺᄃௐˬВ׶मள̙̂Ăҭֹ̪ າҋϤٺĂϤޢĂᔘ౅࿅ۡᏴᄃ׌዇Ᏼᓝซ˘Վૻ̼Ą൒҃ 1980 ѐ΃ّ̚ ன෪Ă۞ڼ଀νΠ኏ࡎ۞ଐဩ፬̼Ă่̙΍ன˞˘ాҚВֹ҃ט͹ཌྷ۞វ ѐ۞ᒺൺᓁ௚ 2000 ٺνΠ̝มĂΪߏϤٺᕚᒜ̪ޢд 2002 ѐ̝ڼ߆઼ڱ Ă2000 ѐޢன෪Ą౵۞ڼЇഇ̈́តՀ઼ົᏴᓝॡ඀۞࣒ጳĂ̙҃Г΍னВ Ă่̙Ҍ̫ϏГ΍னాЇ۞ᓁ௚Ă׎߆ᛨд઼ົ̚۞यѨᔘត̼ޢ࣒ጳ̝ ᆐধĂ఺ੵ˞΃ܑ˞ᓁ௚֎ҒдҖ߆ᝋ˯Ă൑˧ࢬ၆Б஧̼ॡ΃۞Ԋࢬ̝ ᖚҜ۞ࣧЯĂ҃ᄃ࣎ٺγĂ˵΃ܑ˞׎ٙӔன۞઼छ෪ᇈຍཌྷĂՀкߏϤ ˠ۞ᙯܼ̙̂Ą ൴णĂώࡁڼតዏĂপҾߏௐ̣В׶ഇม۞߆۞טጳ߆វ઼ڱ౅࿅၆ טտଣ৶ϒ༊ّ۞̰உĂ̈́׎ѣड़۞ਔඛĈ˘͞ࢬĂι၆ᑕ඾઼ᅫ߆གྷវ Ğinternational regime of political economyğ̝ҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞̙ТԛёĂֹ҃଀ ˠࣇд̙Т۞ॡഇ྆Ă˵ಶ၆Җ߆ᝋ̮̈́ࢵĂѣ඾̙Т۞ࢋՐćΩ˘͞ࢬĂ ൴णĂ΍۞̼ځᓁវᆸࢬ˯͛ٺĂᔘϤטరࡍ˞఺ֱ̙Тॡഇ۞઼ᅫ߆གྷវ ၗķĂ֭ېۋಞાుՎгᗓฟ˞Ķጼڼ߆઼ڱன˞ᇷ˧ഴ͌۞ᔌ๕ĄЯѩĂ ଀ᄃ̮ࢵѣᙯ̝ϒ༊ّ۞ԛёĂ˵ಶߏĶҹ֧೻ႳķĞcharismağ۞࣎ˠᜲֹ ഇมĂ׽൒ᓁ௚ڼপؠ࣎ˠ҃хд۞ଐၗĄೱήྖᄲĂνΠВٺጃĂ௲ᗓ Б஧̼ॡ΃྆۞γϹĂٺᄃᓁந̝มົЯࠎᝋయ˯۞ࢦᝑ҃΍னღૺĂᔘϤ གྷ૱ᄃ׎ι̰߆ְચᙱͽડ̶ĂՀૻ̼˞ᓁ௚ᄃᓁந̝ม۞኏ࡎĄ൒҃Ăૄ ᓁ௚Հۡତгүࠎ઼छ۞෪ᇈĂֹ҃଀γϹ઼ְ̈́֨ચࠎ׎Ķܲ঻ቑಛķٺ ኏ࡎ̝ᅫĂᓁ۞ڼдνΠВטĞdomaine reservéğĄѩӈֹ଀ௐ̣В׶۞វ ௚ົᒔ଀Հк۞͚޺Ą̙࿅Ăϒ༊ّШ඾ᓁ௚۞͞ШќᑦĂ˵ֹ଀ᓁ௚Հ ߆ጪĂ่̙Ҍ̫ϏГ΍ன઼ڱ۞ޢజࢋՐ଀ٚፉ߆ඉ۞јୀĄ2000 ѐٽट ᔘດֽດ̂ĄޘЇ۞ᓁ௚Ă઼ϔᛉົ۞यѨ̪дνΠ̝มອᒜ඾Ăͷ׎಼ా ĞGreenfeld, 1985ğĂ̏൒۞ޘט఺΃ܑ˞࣎ˠᜲጃ۞׌჌ԛёĂ࣎ˠ۞ᄃ ඾Ăܢপؠ࣎ˠ۞ٺᆸࢬĂ֭ഴ͌˞၆۞ޘט൴णĂ҃Հૻአ۞̼ځ͛ٺϤ ၗഴ͌Ă҃გந͹ཌྷᆧΐې۞ۋጼٺ఍઼ڱĂޢጼඕՁ̝˟ٺ఺่̙໚ҋ ពٙ࡭Ąځ׍̼۞ன෪ৈΐ̝̍ڼБ஧ֹ̼҃଀߆ٺ።඀Ă˵Ϥ̼ځ͛۞ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 34

ѩĂྕ൒኏ࡎົШ඾ᓁ௚۞͞ШќᑦĂҭݒ˵Яࠎ઼छдБ஧̼ॡٺѣᝥ ͚޺˵дνΠ̝ม፬ধᕚᒜĄڼ΃̝ਕ˧ѣࢨĂֹ଀ᓁ௚ᙱͽాЇĂ߆

貳、法國憲法的特質及 1958 年的制憲—總統的地位

።඀۞ෛ֎Ă̼ځώ͛ᔵߏͽௐ̣В׶үࠎࡁտ۞၆෪Ăҭߏᖣ඾͛ ።۞ޢ൴ण۞ྋᛖĂ̙֭ਕࢨᒺд 1958 ѐ̝̝טᓁ௚֎Ғ̈́ጳ߆វٺ၆ ,ĶԛၗķĞfigurationğĞElias۞ڼ߆઼ڱ൴ण̚Ăೠ೪טഇ۞វܜΫĂ҃ࢋଂ ॡ۞ڱጳ઼ڱ˞ܜѩĂ఺˘̈༼૟̶ј׌࣎͹ᗟĈௐ˘Ăٛٺ2010ğĄѣᝥ পኳćௐ˟Ăᖣ඾׎ม۞পኳĂซ˘Վ۞טវڼਔඛĂଂ̚ೠ೪ྍ઼߆۩ ᓁ௚۞гҜĄځጳ۞ࡦഀĄᖎಏгᄲĂ˵ಶߏᄲט޽΍ 1958 ѐௐ̣В׶

።඀۞ෛ֎̼ځপኳę͛۞ڱጳ઼ڱă˘

።Ϋ่̙ଊ˳Ă҃۞ڱጳ઼ڱᄃ׎ιҘ͞ҁൕ۞ϔ͹઼छͧྵ੓ֽĂ ॡഇ۞જᒜĂ่̙ܜགྷ።˞࠹༊ڼ߆઼ڱĂޢͷᖳಱę1789 ѐ۞̂ࢭ׻̝ ѐ̝มĂВ 1958 זώ̙ᕝଯౘ΍າĂҋ 1791 ѐۍጳ۞טՀ࢜ᐛᓄăع߆ Ą҃ͷĂ઼छ̰ొ่̙ѣ፬ধ۞ᇷ˧߱͘Ăγొᔘᄃฉᙝ઼ڱ΍ᚤ 15 ొጳ д̂ࢭ׻̚ט኏ࡎĂੵ˞ᄃˬ৺ᛉົវ۞ޘछ޺ᜈг൴Ϡጼְę఺ֱ੼ૻ ࢭ׻ٙ΃ܑ۞ߏன΃ҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞߆઼̂ڱٺ૪ྋѣᙯ̝γĂՀۡତгֽҋ ĂТॡ˵͔੓טវޙދĂ҃ҋϤ͹ཌྷ̙ಏಏଯᖙ˞݈ன΃۞هᄃநטវڼ छ઼ܕĄд఺྆Ăඊ۰ࢋপҾૻአ۞ߏĂѩมዐטछ۞ඕ༖ᄃ઼ͅܕዐ˞ Т༖ඈ۞ְڱѨͅ˛۞ܐĂ׎၁̙Ϊߏд 18 ͵ࡔϐă19 ͵ࡔטඕ༖ᄃͅ۞ ።඀̚۞࣎វ̼ѣ̼ځҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ඕၹّ˧ณĄ఺˧ณᄃ͛ͅٺІĂ˵д ତ࠹ᙯĂЯࠎι˘͞ࢬχౄ˞࣎វ۞ன΃͵ࠧĂӈҋϤϔ͹ăྤώ͹ཌྷۡ ࣎វٺ̼͛ĂҭдΩ˘͞ࢬ˵Ϥົۤ̈́ޠڱૻአ࣎វ۞ٺĂͽ࡭טξಞ፟ ̼͛Ăٙ૲ֽ̝؝ಏă૚ွăழᗓᄃ̙щĂ҃ૻአ˞ۤཏ጖ჸ۞ᅮࢋĄ۞ ᖎಏгᄲĂ၆ಶߏĶҋԧůԧཏķ۞ᄮТπᏊĞElias, 2008ğĂٕ˵ಶߏĶҋ ࢭ׻઼ڱߏĂ˵ಶٺξಞůۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᗕࢦྻજĞPolanyi, 1989ğĄّޠ ᆊࣃӈᐌ඾ो৔૬Шለౙᕖ೸Ą҃ͷĂڼĂҋϤπඈᄃ౾ຑඈ۞ன΃߆ޢ̝ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 35̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

ѐ۞ჯ˵ৼົᛉ̈́ለ 1815 זצιࣇ֭՟ѣЯࠎो৔૬۞ጼୀ҃ঐεĂΪߏ ࡗٙᑅԺĄҭߏĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ͫࡺ޺ᜈႝؼĂ֭ͷдĶҋԧůԧཏķם߷ ξಞůۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᗕࢦྻજ̚ĂТॡ͔൴˞ܲчّޠᄮТπᏊᄃĶҋ۞ ͹ཌྷ۞ͅᇡĄ ࡗΞᄲߏ 19 ͵ࡔ݈ഇ۞ܲч͹ཌྷ۞ੱᒉĄ൒҃Ăᐌ඾೼םߏĂለ߷ٺ ΗĂుޢጆ̀۞ԣి൴ण̈́ᇇ઼۞௚˘ĂͅҋϤ͹ཌྷੱᒉ۞͕̚д 19 ͵ࡔ ˵јϲ̝ᅫĂ઼ޓඕՁăᇇຍԠۋጼڱ႙гᖼШາᎸ۞ᇇ઼Ą༊ 1870 ѐ೼ ઼ڱो৔૬ˬ͵߆ᝋݲέĂௐˬВ׶઼ྫྷ඾јϲĂ҃۞઼ޓ˟ௐ઼ڱ˞ౄј ϲ˞ௐ˘࣎ޙ݋ϒёඕՁĄ1871 ѐĂ፬ซνࠁˠ̀јϲ͐ጌ̳ۤĂޘטӖ͹ ൑யล৺۞߆ᝋĄ̙࿅Ă͐ጌ̳ۤࠎഇ̙˳Ăӈዎܲ࠱ࠁ۞࢕͞ҕབྷᗉᑅĄ ࠱ࠁᄃВ׶ࠁ̝ม۞኏ࡎĄ1879 ѐ 1ܲٺ߆Ԋ޺ᜈг۬ඕ઼ڱѐ΃۞ 1870 ߆ጪ۞͹߹Ă઼ڱĂ౪ҹ੺߸̳ᒑᙜΝᓁ௚˘ᖚĂϒёᇾᄫ˞ܲ࠱ࠁੜ΍͡ ăዮ׽ҋϤטϤВ׶ࠁ͹߆˭۞ௐˬВ׶Ă่̙ుՎгஎ̼В׶઼۞វ҃ ęҋ 1870 ѐטវ۞ုܜጳ߆Ϋ˯౵઼ڱ͹ཌྷ۞ᆊࣃĂᔘјࠎၟҌϫ݈ࠎͤ ѐЯ˟ጼ҃ඕՁĂВࢍ 70 ѐĄ࠹၆۞Ăώ͛ࢋ੅ኢ۞ௐ̣В׶ 1940 ז੓ ݋ҋ 1958 ѐ੓Ҍϫ݈۞ 2019 ѐĂ݋่ѣ 61 ѐĄ̙࿅ĂௐˬВ׶۞ᓁ௚ᝋ ಏᓠĂࢬ၆඾̶ෘ҃ૻ๕۞ᛉົĂ׎ٙ޽ࠁјϲ۞̰ᅦĂགྷ૱ѣࣆᅦ۞˧ ѐมĂВࢍ௡ј˞ 109 ̰࣎ᅦĂπӮՏ˘̰࣎ᅦ 1940 זП፟Ąҋ 1870 ѐ ѐมĂለ߷઼छ̝ม่̙дঔ 1940 ז׻̙̈́ 8 ࣎͡ćѩγĂҋ 1870 ѐု ͹ཌྷ̈́തϔ኏ࡎ̙ᕝ̿੼Ăдለ߷˵ᘕ൴˞׌Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼĄ઼ޓγ۞ ᄃ̰ट۞ᖳಱĂ̙ᑕෛࠎன΃ጳ߆Ϋ˯۞পּĂڱଊ˳۞ጳ઼ڱ൒҃Ă ពгܑனன΃ّ̝኏ࡎĂ˵ಶߏҋϤ͹ཌྷ̈́ͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ̝ځߏ࣎ਕপҾ҃ ڱ˞ĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ᆊࣃፖ۩ซˢޢ࣎९ĄࢵАĂҋ 1789 ѐ̂ࢭ׻̝۞ۋ੽ ৺ᛉົĂତ඾ుՎгΝੵ˞࠱ᝋˬ۞טវޙދ˞ĂАߏϞྋטវڼ߆۞઼ ĄטᜋҘ۞В׶઼វڱ˞ĂቁϲޢҒ૾Ă֭д 1870 ѐ۞ௐˬВ׶̝۞טޓᄃ ࿅Ă˵ಶдҋϤ͹ཌྷు႙൴णĂјࠎ߆វ۞͹߹࿅඀̚ĂͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞̙ чࠁ˵˘Гг΍ಞĈܲ࠱ࠁ๕˧д 1870 ѐ่̝݈̙၁˧િૻĂ׎มᔘഅܲ Ăܲ࠱ࠁ׽൒ੜ΍ޢĄ҃д 1870 ѐ઼̝ޓϲޙय़ͳഈᄃो৔૬छ୉گጾϲ ߆ጪ่̙ડ̶˞νΠ۞̙Тϲ઼ڱ߆ጪ۞͹߹ĂҭҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ᆊࣃд˞ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 36

ĂѣטಞĂνΠ̝มᔘѣ̶ෘ҃к̮۞̙Т߆ᛨę఺ᄃࡻ࡚ඈ઼۞߆ᛨវ ˵ಞાĂ҃၆ᑕ۞ڼ඾࠹༊̂۞मளĄ఺ߏ࣎ĶҋԧķҒ૾পҾૻধ۞߆ ѩĂௐˬВ׶۞ᛉົ˵ಶߏ࣎Հк̮ăՀ̶ٺಶѣՀк̮۞ĶԧཏķĄѣᝥ ፟ᙯĂ֭Яѩౄј̰ᅦᙱͽ௡јăᓁ௚ᖚᝋ࠹၆਑ऴ۞఍ဩć׎ڱෘ۞ϲ ˞ࡗĂߏࠎםгഀĈ19 ͵ࡔ݈Η۞ለ߷ڼѨĂҋϤ͹ཌྷ˵Լត˞ለ߷۞߆ д̚ለгડĂ݋ͽጆጆ̀ࠎ͕̚ĂޢҋϤ͹ཌྷć19 ͵ࡔ̚۞܂дЧ઼ශטᑅ ڼϔགྷᑻĂд߆઼פҘለҋϤ͹ཌྷ઼छ۞߄ጼĂιдགྷᑻ˯ଳٺ΍ன˞၆ јϲćд 1914 ѐĂ઼ޓĂᇇຍԠޢጼڱĄ1870 ѐ೼઼ޓ۞ט૞ځ݋ߏฟ˯ ࡗ઼ć1939 ѐ݋ͽค઼͕၆ԩҘለ۞ם௡јТ༖઼၆ԩҘለ۞઼ޓᇇຍԠ ڼгቡ߆ٺҜ઼ڱТ༖઼Ą఺ֱౌߏҋϤ͹ཌྷᄃͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ̝ม۞၆ԩĂ ĂӮͽԸࢫ̚ۋĂ൒҃ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧ಏᓠĂдˬѨᄃͅҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ጼ͕̚۞ ќಞĄ

ጳטăᓁ௚۞гҜ̈́ 1958 ѐ۞˟

ᓁ௚ᑛ੼ሄͽՀ̂ᝋ˧ࢦعᎸĄ൒҃Ăᓜॡ߆ޞĂѺᆿޢጼඕՁ̝˟ Ą1946 ѐ 1 ͡ 20 ͟Ăᑛ੼ሄజ࢝צϔிٙତ઼ڱĂ֭՟ѣజڱາે߆۞ຐ ᜋҘௐαВڱ˞ϲޙ֭ޢጳਨ९Ϲ;̳ԸĂ఼࿅טᙜᖚĄТѐĂᛉົ೩΍ ĂЯѩ˵ࢬ၆Тᇹ۞યܕ࠹טĂ֭ᄃௐˬВ׶۞វט׶Ăι̪൒၁߉ᛉົ ѐ۞ 12 ѐมĂ 1958 זᗟĈᓁ௚ᝋ˧ಏᓠă̰ᅦൺ׻҃Հ࢜ᐛᓄĂҋ 1946 ѐ ೇޢಶ΍ன˞ 24 ̰࣎ᅦĂπӮે߆ΗѐĂͧௐˬВ׶ՀൺĄ఺ֹ่̙଀ጼ ෸ڱࣶࢍ൪۞ଯજ࠹၆ӧᙱĂ˵˘ᇹᙱͽࢬ၆γд۞П፟ęд 1945 ѐĂ Ⴌ̈́ܠ͚֤፾ϲă෸ݑВ׶઼јϲćТѐĂޘᛳОڱĄ1954 ѐĂۋᘕ൴ጼ ڱٺјΑ࿄ͤ˞ݔใĂҭϤܐ౵عതϔ߆઼ڱӀֲ˵൴Ϡ˞ݔតĂ༊г۞ ி̳זצໂ̂۞̙႕Ă֭ົ઼ۤڱ˞ണᅖĂЯ͔҃੓ٺ࿅ڱ࢕ֹٙϡ۞͘ Ⴌ̈́Ӏֲݔใ̚۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷЊ̄ซܠᛉᄃޙع߆઼ڱኳႷĄ1958 ѐĂ༊۞ Ⴌ̈́Ⴌ൴જ 513ܠٺതϔొฤ૟ᅳ઼ڱҖኘҿĂௐαВ׶ᐌӈ΍னП፟Ĉ ᇷજĂֹ࢝ॡЇعݑొ˵΍னͅ߆઼ڱ͟ ߆តĂࢋՐᑛ੼ሄ˯έć5 ͡ 25 ᓁ௚۞ René Coty Ї׻ᑛ੼ሄ௡ᅦĂ҃ᑛ੼ሄ݋ࢋՐ࣒ጳĂᆧΐᓁ௚̈́Җ߆ ͡ ؠາጳĄ9טᝋ˧Ąྍѐ 6 ͡Ă઼ϔᛉົͽღާ׻΄଱ᝋᑛ੼ሄ۞ܝొ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 37̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

Ăགྷ࿅̳ϔԸை઼̈́ົ೼ᏴĂᑛ੼ሄ͚̈́޺ௐ̣В׶۞߆ᛨд઼ϔᛉ͟ 28 ͡ ଀кᇴĂ҃າጳϺͽ̳Ը۞͞ёĂᒔ଀ 82.6% ۞Тຍை఼࿅Ą10פ̚ົ ᜋҘௐ̣В׶ϒёјϲĂᑛ੼ሄಶЇᓁ௚ĄڱĂ͟ 5 ಶ՟ѣۡତᄃ˵઼ڱĂޢႬ̈́Ӏֲ፾ϲ̝ܠТຍ઼ڱ׎၁Ăд 1962 ѐ ٺၗķĂ၆ېۋညߏᗓฟ˞Ķጼ઼ڱ׎ι઼छ̝ม൴ϠጼְĄЯѩĂ࠻੓ֽ ᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞ૻአҬͼ˵̙ည 1958 ѐјϲௐ̣В׶̝ᅫ֤ᆃ׍ѣϒ༊ّĂ̙ ༊ॡ۞ॡ۩྆ĂҾᄲ༊ॡϒזĈࢵАĂаځ֍̝ޢऻُΪߏڱ࿅఺ᇹ۞࠻ ᔘ˘ۡྏဦд࡚ᛂ˟ૻ̝γĂ൴ण΍ௐˬ୧྽ྮĂ઼ڱҘҽጼ۞੼पĂڌߏ Ҙҽڌ߇҃΍ன˞ᑛ੼ሄ͹ཌྷ۞γϹ߆ඉęт۩എ߆ඉᄃҲᒜĄ׎ѨĂд Հߏ׎̚۞ᙯᔣĄ઼ڱጼ۞ଐဩ˭ĂҘለ઼छ೩΍˞ለ߷ВТវ۞͹ૺĂ҃ ၗķĂېۋ࠻Ҭᗓฟ˞Ķጼ઼ڱѩĂ׽൒ᐌ඾തϔг۞፾ϲĂֹ҃଀ٺѣᝥ γϹгҜ̪൒̂ѣΞࠎĂ҃ᓁ௚۞֎Ғ઼̈́֨۞઼ڱҭдҽጼ۞ღૺ྆Ă Ăᑛ੼ሄГޢႬ̈́Ӏֲ፾ϲ̝ܠᔘߏ׍ѣᙯᔣ۞гҜĄࠎѩĂ༊ 1962 ѐ˵ ˛ซҖ࣒ጳĂ૟ࣧώϤᏴᓝˠဥᏴᓝயϠ۞ᓁ௚ĂԼϤ̳ϔۡᏴĂЇഇޘ ѐĄТॡĂࠎ˞ซ˘Վૻ̼ᓁ௚۞ϒ༊ّĂᔘఢؠ˞ᓁ௚Ᏼᓝࠎ׌዇Ᏼᓝ Ĉдௐ˘዇۞Ըை̚Ăᒔ଀Ηᇴͽ˯Ᏼை۞࣏ᏴˠӈΞ༊Ᏼࠎᓁ௚Ăࡶט ˟ௐ˘዇՟ѣ࣏Ᏼˠᒔ଀Ηᇴͽ˯ᏴைĂ݋Ϥ଀ை݈׌Щ۞࣏Ᏼˠซˢௐ ᓁ௚۞ϒ༊ّ׍ѣૻ̼ٺ዇ԸைĂ଀ைᇴྵ੼۰༊ᏴĄ1962 ѐ۞࣒ጳĂ၆ Ąڍड़۞ ΍னĂͽ̈́ 1962 ѐ۞࣒ጳ̰टĂΞͽଂώ͛۞̶۞ڱௐ̣В׶ጳٺ၆ ።඀̚۞ĶҋԧůԧཏķᄮТπᏊֽྋᛖĈҋ 1870 ѐͽֽ̼ځߛၹĂ͛ژ Ї۞Ο׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷĄೱήྖᄲĂĶҋԧķٸᅫ߆གྷ৩ԔĂߏ࣎ૻአҋϤ઼۞ ć࠹၆טξಞķ۞ّ፟ޠૻአĂ҃઎ࢦ۞˵ߏĶҋ۞ޘ੼זצ͞˘ᄮТ۞ ᑅԺĄ൒҃ĂΟ׏ҋϤזצĂĶԧཏķᄮТ̈́Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᆊࣃ࠹၆г۞ ͹ཌྷд̰ౄј˞ᛉົ۞ૻ๕Ăдγ݋ࢬ၆ᇇ઼઼ϔགྷᑻ۞߄ጼĂ҃׎ྋՙ តዏę׎̚Ă۞טඉர่̙ߏᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞ዮ׽ĂᔘᅮࢋՀஎᆸ̝߆གྷវ۞ ࢦෛĂѩזצ˯ޘטĶԧཏķ۞጖ჸ̈́Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞߆ඉĂӈдᆊࣃ̈́ гҜĂ̈́ͽĶ័ಷ۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷķ۞ޢӈౄಶ˞౶Я೻͹ཌྷд˟ጼඕՁ̝ Ğembedded liberalismğĞRuggie, 1982ğࠎૄᖂٙχౄ۞઼ᅫ߆གྷ৩ԔĄѣ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 38

Җٺ၁னĂ׎ϫ۞่̙дזѩĂᓁ௚ᝋ˧۞ᕖૺ˵ಶдௐ̣В׶̚଀ٺᝥ ઼˞ι጖ჸٺೇᎸĂᔘд۞ޢ߆ᝋ۞ૻ̼Ăͽྤࢬ၆ૻ๕۞ᛉົ̈́ଯજጼ ୉ę఺˵ಶྋᛖ˞ 1962 ѐ࣒ጳ۞ຍཌྷĄѩγĂ౅࿅၆Ķԧཏķᆊࣃ۞ࢦ ࣎វ̼ٺ΍னĂ˵΃ܑ˞າጳ۞΍έ඗̙ߏ၆۞ޢෛֽྋᛖௐ̣В׶дጼ ።඀྆۞ᗕ̼ځજĂ̙ಏಏЯࠎĶҋԧůԧཏķ۞ᄮТπᏊ˘ۡߏ͛ͅ۞ ڼ߆ጪ྆Ă˵඗͌΍னຳ୭̝ᙷ۞߆઼ڱ۞ޢࢦྻજĂ၁ᅫ˯ௐ̣В׶̝ ᇷ˧ć࠹ͅ۞Ăѩᙷᇷ˧дૻአΟ׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ௐˬ̈́ௐαВ׶྆Ăݒߏ ׍វܑனĞElias, 1982ğĄ۞̼ځ၇֍̙ᔿĄᇷ˧۞ഴ͌Ăҋ൒ߏ͛

參、左右共治下的總統地位

ᓁ௚΃ܑ۞่̙ߏҖ߆ᝋ۞ࢵཝĂ˵ߏ઼छჟৠ̈́ᆊࣃ۞෪ᇈ Ăᓁ௚۞гҜ྆טĞKantorowicz, 2018ğę д័ಷҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞઼ᅫ߆གྷវ ٙͽ΍ன۞ࣧЯĄᖎಏ̝ڱд఺׌࣎ᆸѨ˯ᒔ଀˞ϒ༊ّĂߏௐ̣В׶ጳ гᄲĂௐ̣В׶ྏဦૻአ۞Ăߏ჌ͽ઼छࠎะវ۞ᆊࣃę˵ಶߏᑛ੼ሄٙ ĂдטķĞPour la FranceğĄ൒҃Ăүࠎ˘࣎ҋϤϔ͹۞វ઼ڱ˞ᄲ۞Ķࠎ ᝋڱϲזצะវ۞ᆊࣃ̝γĂ˵ࢋૻአк̮۞ᆊࣃĄ҃ͷĂҖ߆ᝋᔘᅮࢋ ᏊᄃႾ༛Ą͍ѣซ۰Ăௐ̣В׶ૻ̼˞ᓁ௚۞ᝋ˧Ăҭι̪ܲ঻ᛉົט۞ ̪˯ჟৠĂ̰҃ᅦᓁந۞Ї׻ᔵ൒̙ᅮࢋᛉົкᇴᛨ۞ТຍĂҭၚּ۞ט ଀˞Җ߆ᝋ۞ᓁ௚̈́׎߆ᛨĂ֭Ϗפ˞಴ࢦᛉົĄᖚߏ̝߇âό΍னົ ଀кᇴॡĂ˵ಶυืࢬ၆ᓁ௚ᄃ̰ᅦᓁந̙Т߆ᛨפᝋ۞ᛉົڱд׍ѣϲ ķĄڼ఍ဩĂ఺˵ಶߏٙᏜ۞ĶВ۞

ጳΫ˯۞ຍཌྷטன෪̈́׎д۞ڼăВ˘

Ăιࣇ̶Ҿߏд 1986ڼௐ̣В׶΍ன࿅ˬѨνΠВ઼ڱၟҌϫ݈ࠎͤĂ Ă఺ߏдۤົᛨ۞૜প६ௐڼѐ 3 ͡ 20 ͟Ҍ 1988 ѐ 5 ͡ 10 ͟۞ௐ˘ѨВ ĂۤົڼĂ௡ᅦ۞ߏΠࠁ۞यݣҹĄགྷ࿅׌ѐ۞ВޢѨፉЇᓁ௚̣ѐ̝˘ ЇഇĄགྷ࿅̣ب˟଀кᇴĂ҃఺˵ಶߏ૜প६۞ௐפޘᛉົ̂Ᏼ̚Гٺᛨ Ă௡ᅦ۞ߏ͐ٛՆڼĂ1993 ѐ 3 ͡ 29 ͟΍ன˞ௐ˟Ѩ۞Вޢѐે߆̝ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 39̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

1995 ٺĞÉdouard BalladurğĄГ࿅׌ѐΠࠁ۞ે߆Ăܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖۞यݣҹ ᛨ۞߆ᝋĄௐົۤ̈́ڼѐ 11 ̂͡Ᏼ̚༊Ᏼࠎᓁ௚Ă֭ඕՁ˞ௐ˟ѨνΠВ ߏдयݣҹፉЇᓁ௚۞ௐ˟ѐĂ1997 ѐ 6 ͡ 3 ۤ͟ົᛨ۞ڼѨ۞νΠВˬ 2002 ٺĂ߆ᝋޢ߆̝ેعಕ೻πĞLionel Jospinğ௡ᅦĂགྷ࿅̣ѐ۞νࠁ߆ ॡมĂᄦјܑ 1۞ڼѐ 5 ͡ 6 ͟ࢦаܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖͘˯Ąਬ૟˯ࢗνΠВ т˭Ĉ

ॡมڼ1ĈνΠВ ܑ

!ॡม! ᓁ௚!ᓁநڼВ

1986/3/20- François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac 1988/5/10 Їഇ 14 ѐĞ1981/5/21-1995/5/17ğ 1993/3/29- François Mitterrand Édouard Balladur 1995/11/07 Їഇ 14 ѐĞ1981/5/21-1995/5/17ğ 1997/6/3- Jacques Chirac Lionel Jospin 2002/5/6 Їഇ 12 ѐĞ1995/5/17-2007/5/1ğ

ॡมߏ࠹ా۞ڼѨνΠВˬז።Ϋۤົ۞ਔඛ྆ĂࢵАΞͽ࠻זར ௐ˘ѨВޢѐЇഇมẶѐ̝˛۞ب˘Ăଂ૜প६ፉЇᓁ௚ฟؕĂдௐ۞ ᓁ௚ЇഇĄҭب˟Гोа߆ᝋĂ֭ฟؕ૜প६۞ௐޢĂۤົᛨд׌ѐ̝ڼ Ă֭д׌ѐ̝ڼᛉົкᇴĂ௡јௐ˟Ѩ۞νΠВזĂΠࠁГोޢд̣ѐ̝ གྷ።˞ௐˬѨ˫ޢ଀˞߆ᝋĂ҃༊ॡፉЇᓁ௚۞यݣҹĂ݋д׌ѐ̝פޢ Ă҃ߏాᜈ۞׌Їᓁ௚ăڼĄೱήྖᄲĂ఺̙ΪߏˬѨ۞νΠВڼνΠВ ѐ۞ЇഇมĂ޺ᜈّгνΠᛗᕚ۞ன෪Ą͍ѣซ۰Ăдௐ̣В׶۞ 61 ѐ 21 д఺ 21 ѐม൴ϠĂ่̙۩݈Ă҃ͷၟͤϫ݈ࠎͤĂϏГ่˵ڼมĂνΠВ Ăयݣҹ˘ۡԷႊ˞࠹༊ᙯᔣ۞֎ҒĈ྆ڼ൴Ϡć׎ѨĂд఺ˬѨ۞νΠВ Ă΁݋ߏ̚ڼᓁநćௐˬѨ۞νΠВ۞عĂ΁ߏΠࠁ߆྆ڼௐ˘ѨνΠВ ĂܜഇมĂ΁่̙ߏ͐ጌξ۞ξڼᓁ௚Ă҃дௐ˟Ѩ۞νΠВ۞عΠࠁ߆ ѐ༊Ᏼᓁ௚ࠎͤĄТ 1995 זۡ˘ͷߏд 1977 ѐಶฟؕፉЇ఺࣎ҜཉĂ֭ дयݣҹٸॡĂ΁ᔘߏΠࠁܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖۞͹यĄ׎၁Ă࣐ࡶ่ߏ૟൏ᕇ ጳ߆Ϋ˯۞পঅຍஉĂᔘᅮࢋ౅࿅߆ᛨĂ઼ڱӔன׎дٽ࣎ˠ֗˯Ă̙֭ट ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 40

֎ҒĂᄃጳ۞̚ڼநྋयݣҹдˬѨνΠВֽޘಶߏܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖۞֎˵ ߆Ϋ˯۞ຍཌྷĈܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖˵ಶߏٙᏜ۞ᑛ੼ሄࠁĂ҃यݣҹд׎ଂ߆ Ăᖼ҃ޢВயᛨ۞͚޺۰Ă֭ͷߏᑛ੼ሄд 1958 ѐ˯έ઼̝ڱѝഇĂᔘߏ ԸШܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖Ą ߏĂࢦᕇ˵ಶ̙ΪߏयݣҹĂࠤҌߏᑛ੼ሄ࣎ˠ˞Ă҃ߏд˟ጼඕٺ ૻ̼ᓁ௚ᖚᝋ۞Ꮈ኷Ąд݈͛྆Ăඊ۰̏གྷ౅࿅Ķҋٺ߆ࠧ၆઼ڱĂޢՁ̝ ξಞůۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᗕࢦྻજĂྋᛖّޠԧůԧཏķ۞ᄮТπᏊĂ̈́Ķҋ ௐ̣В׶ٙГன۞Ăߏ၆ĶԧཏķᄮТ۞ࢦෛĂ̈́၆Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞Ꮈ˞ ͽ័ಷҋϤ͹ཌྷࠎ८͕۞઼ޢ኷Ą҃ѩ˘ᆊࣃ˯۞ॡ΃ჟৠĂᔘͅߍдጼ ᆊ̈́טߏĂ่̙д࣎វᆸࢬ˯ົѣᑛ੼ሄ۞˯έĂ˵дវٺĄטᅫ߆གྷវ ᓑ༖ĄፂѩĂ˵Ξͽநྋयݣҹ۞ڼࣃ˯΍னௐ̣В׶̈́ᑛ੼ሄ͹ཌྷ۞߆ Вயᛨ۞͚޺ĂԆБܑன˞Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᆊࣃĂ҃၆઼ڱٺ΍னę΁၆ ٺତгᄃĶԧཏķ۞጖ჸඕЪĂ֭Ϡј၆ۡޝĶۤົ᜕ܲķ۞Ꮈ኷˵Ξͽ ڤϠ୾۞ѝഇĂ༊ॡ۞ۤົڼᑛ੼ሄ͹ཌྷ۞ᄮТĄ༊൒Ă఺ߏдयݣҹ߆ ᙯܼĄ۞ܕĶ઼୉Ğԧཏğķ̈́Ķۤົ᜕ܲķ̝ม۞ᆊࣃĂѣ࠹༊Ꮠٺಛߏ၆ ฟؕĂ઼ᅫۤົ̏གྷฟؕ΍னͽາҋϤ͹ཌྷࠎ८͕Ăޢ൒ ҃Ăҋ 1980 ѐ΃̚ ĄѩӈБטᅫ߆གྷវ઼۞ޙಶߏϤٙᏜ۞ॻݵႬ͹ཌྷٕ࿩ॲ͹ཌྷĂٙၹ˵ ˵ಶд఺࣎ॡ΃۞ᖼݭ࿅඀̚΍ன˞ę఺˵ڼ஧̼ॡ΃۞ֽᓜĂ҃νΠВ ѩ˘ॡഇĄٺಶྋᛖ˞ࠎ̦ᆃˬѨ۞νΠВ׶ะ̚

ड़ᑕ̈́ᓁ௚۞гҜّޘטăௐ̣В׶۞˟

ٙౄј۞ጳ߆ڼд 2002 ѐඕՁ˞Ă҃ࠎ˞ഴ͌νΠВڼѨ۞νΠВˬ ఼࿅Ąдयݣҹޢд 2000 ѐ૟ᓁ௚ЇഇԼࠎ̣ѐĂ֭གྷ̳Ը઼̝ڱღૺĂ Ї۞˯ޢன෪Ă̝۞ڼௐ˟ѨЇഇ྆Ğ2002-2007ğĂӈϏГ൴ϠνΠВ۞ 蕯ࡊᆅĞNicolas SarkozyğăለᜋᇇĞFrançois HollandeğĂ̈́੺ҹᐷĞEmmanuel ຍ۞ߏڦன෪Ą൒҃Ăࣃ଀۞ڼMacronğඈˬҜᓁ௚Ă˵՟ѣ൴ϠνΠВ Г՟΍னాЇ۞ᓁ௚ĂΒ߁˞यݣҹώˠĂౌ઼ڱĂޢଂ 2000 ѐ۞࣒ጳ̝ ЇٕߏϏਕాפۋୢٸӘކҲĂ͉҃ޘߏдЇഇӈ૟ඕՁ̝ᅫĂЯࠎ͚޺ νΠ̝ٺ޺ᜈгᕚᒜ̪ڼ߆۞઼ڱĂޢЇĄ׎ѨĂдयݣҹඕՁЇഇ̝ా ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 41̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

มĈ2002 ѐ۞ᓁ௚̂ᏴॡĂॡЇᓁந۞ۤົᛨ࣏Ᏼˠಕ೻πдௐ˘዇̂Ᏼ ௐˬЩĂໂΠࠁˠϔੱቢ۞ઙ঱ĞJean-Marie Le PenğซˢזĂౣ൒Ϊ଀̚ ͚޺۰͚޺यݣҹć2007 ѐ༊Ᏼᓁ௚۞蕯ࡊᆅ៰ײௐ˟዇Ă҃ಕ೻π݋˞ Πࠁ۞ځߏˠϔྻજᓑ༖۞͹यĂྍᓑ༖ྵयݣҹ۞ܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖ѣՀᔿ ԲෞĂᔵ൒д 2012 ѐણΐ˞ᓁ௚۞̂૱ܧזצҒ૾Ą̙࿅Ă蕯ࡊᆅ۞ે߆ ᏴĂݒдௐ˟዇Ըைॡୀග˞΃ܑۤົᛨણᏴ۞ለᜋᇇĄೱήྖᄲĂᏴ̂ ለᜋᇇॡ۞ĶШזᖠࡊᆅ۞ĶՀΠķ1Ăזϔ۞ϲಞߏयݣҹ۞Ķ̚มઐΠķĂ νᖼķĄ2017 ѐĂለᜋᇇ۞νࠁ߆ඉෞᆊ̙੼Ă͚޺த͉ҲĂֹ҃଀΁Ϗણ ΐ༊ѐ۞ᓁ௚̂ᏴĂ༊ѐ۞ᏴᓝϤ̚มઐΠ۞੺ҹᐷ༊Ᏼᓁ௚Ą

ᓁ௚̈́νΠ߆ᛨयѨ۞ޢ2Ĉ2000 ѐ̝ ܑ

!ॡม!ᓁ௚!߆ᛨνůΠ߆ᛨ۞઼ົयѨ 2002-2007 Jacque Chirac RPR 140-358 2007-12 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 186-313 2012-17 François Holland PS 280-194 2017- Emmanuel Marcon REM 29-350

ѐ֭՟ѣᒺൺᓁ௚Ї 2000 ڍߏĂԧࣇΞͽ̂ᓙг೩΍˘࣎યᗟĈтٺ д 2002 ѐڼன෪ߏӎ૟ົᚶᜈĉௐˬѨ۞νΠВ۞ڼഇ۞࣒ϒ९ĂνΠВ ඕՁĂ༊ѐۤົᛨ۞Ᏼଐָ̙Ăдᓁ௚̂Ᏼ۞Ըை྆ĂॡЇޢᓁ௚̂Ᏼ۞ ௐ˟዇۞ԸைĂࠤҌߏϤໂΠࠁ۞ˠϔੱቢઙזᓁந۞ಕ೻π่̙՟ѣซ ঱΍ቢĄͽᛉົ۞यѨֽᄲĂ༊ѐે߆۞ˠϔҖજᓑ༖ᒔ଀ 576 ࣎ᓁयѨ ϲ඗၆кᇴ۞ે߆ဥฤĄ࠹၆۞Ăд 1997 ѐͽޙ࣎यѨĂ߇҃ਕ 358 ۞̚ ᛨĂݒд 2002 ѐ۞ᛉົ̚ົۤ۞ڼϲνΠВޙ଀ે߆ᝋĂ֭פ࣎यѨ 255 ࣎यѨć2007 ѐ۞ᏴᓝĂᔵ൒ˠϔҖ 140 זј۞यҜĂΪ଀̣ܕഴ͌˞૟ જᓑ༖۞ᖠࡊᆅ༊Ᏼ˞ᓁ௚Ă൒҃ྍᓑ༖дᛉົ۞यѨݒߏഴ͌˞ 45 यĂ

఺࣎ĶՀΠķ۞ˠϔҖજᓑ༖ĞUnion pour un mouvement populiare, UMPğĂߏд 2002 1 ᜋҘϔ͹ᓑ༖۞̂ొ̶௡Ъ҃јڱҋϤϔ͹ᛨ઼̈́ڱ˯ѐϤयݣҹ۞ܲ኎В׶ᓑ༖Ăΐ ͹ࢋ۞ͅ၆ᛨᄃᛉົ۞ௐ˟̂ᛨĄ2015 ѐ઼ڱĂјࠎޢѐ˭౎̝ 2012 ٺĄдᖠҹᆅ۞ ĂՀЩࠎВ׶ᛨĄ͟ 30 ͡ 5 ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 42

ᇅĂᆧΐ˞ 46 ࣎यѨĂଂࣧͅغ࣎यѨć࠹၆۞Ăۤົᛨଂ֐ 313 זΪो Ăܜঐ۞ـ˘ֽ˘ώ۞ 140 यតј˞ 186 यĄೱήྖᄲĂνΠ̝ม۞यѨߏ ੼पĂ༊ѐ่̙ለᜋᇇдᓁ௚˞זᛨ۞ঈ๕Ăд 2012 ѐ۞Ᏼᓝ̚྿ົۤ҃ ٙϏѣ۞ 280 यĄҭߏд 2017 ѐ݈˞זᏴ̚ᒔ౼Ăۤົᛨдᛉົ྆ᔘो̂ Ϋ൑ּ݈˞זᏴᓝ̚Ă̙ಏಏለᜋᇇ՟ѣણΐᚮᏴĂۤົᛨ۞यҜ˵ࢫ۞ ᛉົ۞यѨޢΪѣ̣ѐ݈۞˘јĄᖣ඾д 2000 ѐ̝ܕ౵ҲᕇĂ29 यĂ૟۞ ᓁٺ൴Ϡ۞ĂΪߏϤޘѣΞਕГޝߏڼត̼࠻ֽĂνΠВ۞ޘ׎ม಼̂̈́ ΍னĂٽट̙˯ޘט௚Їഇ۞ԼតĂ֭੨Ъ˞ᛉົԼᏴ۞ॡ඀Ăֹ҃଀ιд Ξਕߏ൴Ϡдᓁ௚ྋ೸઼ົĂ֭ͷޝ΍னĂ֤ޘГڶې۞ڼνΠВڍт҃ Ą˭ڶ͚޺ᓁ௚ϲಞ۞ࠁրΪѣ͌ᇴ۞ଐ ΍ன۞ΞਕĂڼᓁ௚Їഇ۞ԼតĂ಼҃̂ഴ͌˞νΠВٺϤڍᆃĂт֤ νΠ̝זࢗ۞ன෪ĂΞͽ࠻˯זຍཌྷࠎңĉࢵАĂа۞ڼᆃࡁտνΠВ֤ ĂՀߏ࠹ޘдௐ̣В׶ॡഇ̙ᕝг˯ႊĂ҃ͷ׎มयѨᆧഴ۞಼ܜม۞ঐ ߹જّ̝γĂ˵΃ܑүࠎᓁ௚ޘϲಞ۞੼ڼϔி߆઼ڱ˞༊មˠĄ఺ពϯ ඾Ă̖ົֹ଀д 2000 ѐ࣒ܢ୉෪ᇈĂ̏൒ు႙гੜΝ˞၆পؠ࣎ˠ۞઼۞ ᓁ௚Ă՟ѣ˘ҜాЇјΑĄ఺ᄃௐ̣В׶ഇมĂপҾߏᐌ඾ 80 ѐ۞ޢጳ̝ ĂుՎۋಞા྆۞ᚮڼԛၗ۞൴णۡତ࠹ᙯĂӈ߆ڼგந͹ཌྷ۞߆ޢ΃̝ ߏĂٺந۞मளĞDulong, 1990ğĄڼгଂᆊࣃม۞኏ࡎĂᖼ҃јࠎ̍׍ّ̝ ̈́ۏˠڼ߆ٺϲಞ۞ᕆ඾ّҲĂ၆ٺνΠ̝ม۞ϲಞᔵ൒хдĂҭᏴϔ၆ Ϗਕ྿ј׎߆ඉڍ׍ّĄ˵ಶߏᄲĂт̍۞ޘĂ˵ܑன΍੼ڱ׎߆ඉ۞࠻ гಶົజᏴϔٙ஌՛ĂЯѩ˵ಶ΍னνΠ޺ᜈອᕚăॎᒜ۞ٽटޝϫᇾĂ ځڼĂ˵ߏͽ੼଀ைத۞߆ܐன෪ęனЇ۞ᓁ௚੺ҹᐷд 2017 ѐ˯Ї̝ ॡมĂӈ̏ЍᒖႽੜĂ֭ͷࢬ၆඾เ۞זߐ΍ಞĄ൒҃Ăд׎ે߆׌ѐ̙ ˠڼࡦ͕ྻજ۞߄ጼć׎ѨĂ޺ᜈгдνΠ̝มອᕚăॎᒜĂ˵΃ܑ˞߆ ٙ೩΍ֽ۞߆ඉѣड़ّ̙੼Ă҃఺˵ߏ઼छдБ஧̼ॡ΃྆Ăٙࢬ၆۞ۏ ΍னᄃ 1980 ѐ΃̚ཧͽֽ۞Б஧̼൴ण̝۞ڼĂВזӧဩĄ݈͛̚ӈ̏೩ มĂхд඾ॡԔ˯۞၆ᑕĄ ॡഇෛ֎ߏӎдௐ̣ܜ۞פ።඀۞நኢĂώ͛ٙଳ̼ځ࿅Ăᖣ඾̙͛ ຍஉĉ҃۞ڼጳ߆൴णΫ೩΍˞ྋᛖĂ֭ଂ̚Ӕன߆઼ڱВ׶̝γĂ̪ࠎ ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 43̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

ຍཌྷٙдĄ۞ڼĂࡁտνΠВޢன෪ऻُ̙Г΍ன̝ڼ఺˵ಶߏдνΠВ ።඀྆޺ᜈ۞ன෪Ąд఺࿅̼ځಶѩ˘યᗟĂώ͛ࢵА޽΍Ă࣎វ̼ߏ͛ ξಞůۤົّޠ඀̝̚Ă˵ಶ΍ன˞ĶҋԧůԧཏķᄮТ۞πᏊĂ̈́Ķҋ ᜕ķ۞ᗕࢦྻજĄ൒҃ĂܳјԧཏᄮТ̝ٙͽѣड़۞௑ཱིĂ׎၁ᐌ඾̙ܲ ൒ѣड़Ă่̙̪טТ۞ॡ۩ਔඛĂ˵ѣ̙Т۞ѣड़ّĈ1870 ѐ̝݈ĂӖ͹ Ą఺჌઼ޓ˟ϲ˞ௐޙጾᑛĂ҃זצ˵ࢦа͐ጌĂो৔૬छ୉ވय़ͳگឰ ૟Ķ઼୉ķ۞ຍ෪Ăღ૜гᄃপؠछ୉ٕ࣎ˠాඕ۞ன෪Ăֹ଀ௐˬВ׶ ඾дᑛ੼ሄ֗˯Ăҭߏ׎ܢ˵ഇĂܐᔘхд඾ܲ࠱ࠁĂࠤҌдௐ̣В׶̚ Ăᔘᄃޢ࠱ᝋෳ୉Ғ૾Ă̏൒ు႙гੜΝĂ઼୉ຍ෪ࠤҌд 2000 ѐ̝۞̚ ઼˞࣎ˠ̝มు႙௲༼Ăֹ҃଀Տ˘Їᓁ௚ౌϏГాЇć׎ѨĂѩ˘ܑன ΞᄃĶҋ˯ޘט୉ຍ෪۞ĶԧཏķĂ၁݋ᄃĶۤົ᜕ܲķ۞෪ᇈඕЪĂ֭ͷд Їࠎ͹۞ٸߏͽҋϤטξಞķ۞ԛё၆ᑕĈд˟ጼ̝݈Ă઼ᅫ߆གྷវّޠ ၗĂ΃ܑҖ߆ᝋېĶΟ׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷķĄЯѩĂ̙ಏಏᛉົܑன΍к̶̮ෘ۞ ഇߏૻአܐޢĂ࠹၆਑ऴă൑˧ć˟ጼ̝˭غЇ۞ᆊࣃٸछ˵дҋϤ઼۞ ࢦෛĂЯ่̙҃Җ߆ᝋזצĶ័ಷҋϤ͹ཌྷķ۞ॡ΃ĂĶۤົ᜕ܲķ۞ᆊࣃ ߏБ஧̼۞ޢᕖ̂Ăௐ̣В׶˵˘Ггࡎពᓁ௚۞෪ᇈຍஉć1980 ѐ΃̚ າҋϤ͹ཌྷĂგந͹ཌྷ۞ࢲॾֹ଀ᓁ௚۞෪ᇈຍཌྷ̂ࠎࢫҲĂӔன۞ߏ̍ ॡഇ۞ෛ౎Ăώ͛Ӕன˞ᓁ௚۞гҜ̈́׎ܜ׍ّ۞ᆊࣃĄೱήྖᄲĂ౅࿅ ೩ֻ˞˘࣎ϒ༊ّ௑ڼ΍൴ĂνΠВޘϒ༊ّ௑ཱི۞̰உĂ҃ଂ఺ᇹ۞֎ ன෪Ą۞גు႙ᖼݭ̝።Ϋॡཱི ጳ߆ΫĂੵ˞ߏҖ߆ᝋ۞ࢵཝĂ˵ߏ઼୉۞઼ڱ׍វгֽᄲĂᓁ௚д ෪ᇈĄ༊൒Ă఺׌࣎֗ЊٙӔன΍ֽ۞ѣड़ّĂ̙֭υ൒׍ѣ޺ᜈ۞ѣड़ ڼĂι଀၆ᑕ඾઼̰γ۞ۤົԛၗĄ൒҃Ăಶͽௐ̣В׶ֽᄲĂνΠВّ ѣϒ༊̼۞ड़ົٽТॡ׍ѣ఺׌࣎֗ЊĂ҃Հटٺॡഇ྆Ăᓁ௚གྷ૱Ϥ۞ Ăົߏޢ̝ڼĂௐ˘Ѩ̈́ௐˬѨ۞В྆ڼę఺ߏࠎ̦ᆃдˬѨ۞νΠВڍ Ă݋׎၁ߏፋវ۞ڼ଀ે߆۞ϒ༊ّĂ҃ௐ˟Ѩ۞Вפᓁ௚̈́׎߆ᛨᓑ༖ Ăۤົᛨ߆ᝋᐌ඾૜পޢඕՁڼᛨ߆ᝋ̝ϒ༊ّ̏൒̙֖Ăֹ̖଀Вົۤ ६۞˭౎҃ඕՁĄ ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 44

肆、結論

гкĂۡତ۞ࣧЯ˵ಶ૱ܧௐ̣В׶۞ࡁտ઼ڱٺд༊˭έ៉ጯࠧ၆ ᙷҬĄώ͛۞˯טมĂѣវ̝טܜᄃௐ̣В׶۞ᗕࢵטϫ݈۞ጳ߆វٺд ڼநྋௐ̣В׶̈́νΠВֽޘ֎۞̼ځдኜкࡁտ̝γĂΩᜥᔐशгଂ͛ ൴णĂѣ׎পؠ၆ᑕ۞ॡ۩ࡦഀĂ̙֭ट۞טຍཌྷâ͞ࢬ׽൒ᄮࠎវ۞ ጯڼćҭΩ˘͞ࢬĂݒ˵ᄮࠎ౅࿅߆ڍ׍ѣநኢຍஉ۞ࡁտјפଂ̚ᒔٽ Ăϒ༊ّ۞௑ཱིĂਕૉࠎѩม۞ࡁտ೩΍˘ֱਕૉซ˘Վࡁտه८͕ໄ۞ ѩĂώ͛ӈдĶҋԧůԧཏķ۞၆ϲ̝มĂॲፂ̙Тॡഇٺ৵Ąѣᝥ̮۞ ξಞķ۞ԛёęΒ߁Ο׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷă័ಷ۞ҋϤ͹ཌྷĂ̈́າΟّޠĶҋ̝ Ķԧཏķ۞ᅮՐĂᄃ၆Ķۤົ᜕ܲķٺ׏ҋϤ͹ཌྷę҃Ӕன၆ᑕॡഇĂ၆ ࢵгҜĂ̈́ᐌ̝̮҃۞྆ڱጳ઼ڱѣड़۞௑ཱིĄтѩ˘ֽĂ̙ಏಏਕநྋ ඾ّĄೱήྖᄲĈ˘όᓁܢᖚᝋ̂̈Ăᔘਕ˞ྋϔி၆̮ࢵ̝࣎ˠ۞۞ֽ ඾д࣎ˠ֗˯Ă׎࣎ˠ۞྽ᇇّኳດ੼ć࠹၆۞Ă݋ܢ௚̝෪ᇈຍஉດߏ Б஧̼̝າҋϤ͹ཌྷ׍ѣૻধ۞გநّॾĂЯ҃ᓁٺߏ׎̍׍ّດૻĄϤ ពĄҭځ௚̝࣎ˠ྽ᇇّࢫҲĂ҃̍׍ّᆧΐĂ߇҃νΠ̝ม۞ᕚᒜৈΐ ٽट̙ڶې۞ڼᓁ௚Їഇ۞ᒺൺĂ֭ᄃ઼ົᏴᓝ੨ЪĂֹ҃଀νΠВٺϤ Г΍ன˞Ą ።඀̚۞ᓁ௚֎Ғᄃ኏ࡎ 45̼ځௐ̣В׶઼͛ڱᄃטҋϤ͹ཌྷវ

參考文獻

ٺጳ̚۞ඕၹّ˧ณijќט઼ڱតዏĈڱၗă̮ࢵгҜᄃጳېۋᆒЩपĂ2019ĂIJጼ ۍጳྻજįࢱ 77-100ĄέΔĈέ៉઼ᅫࡁտጯົ/Ꮀᛀ΍ט߉ϒዡĞበğĮЧ઼

Ąۤ Dulong, Delphine. 1997. “Le président de la République: configuration et position prééminente,” in Alain Garrigou, and Bernard Lacroix, eds. Norbert Elias: La politique et l’histoire. pp. 266-89. Paris: La découverte. Elias, Norbert. 1982. “Civilization and Violence: on the State Monopoly of Physical Violence and its Infringements”. Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary, No. 54, pp. 134-54. Ąۤۍ΍ڒElias, NorbertĞჶˬѯăౙᎸරᛌğĂ2008ĄĮ࣎វ۞ۤົįĄ઼̚ݑִĈᛌ Elias, Norbert. 2010. “Figuration,” in Johannes Kopp, and Bernhard Schäfers, eds. Grundbegriffe der Soziologie, pp. 75-78. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. ൴Ϡ׶͕ந൴ົۤ۞ځซ඀Ĉ͛۞ځElias, NorbertĂ2014ĂͳׂఆăਿԠࡻᛌĄĮ͛ ĄۤۍϠ۞ࡁտįĄ઼̚˯ঔĈ˯ঔᛌ͛΍ Greenfeld, Liah. 1985. “Reflections on Two Charismas.” British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 117-32. रቑڌKantorowicz, Ernst H.ĞषዩцᛌğĂ2018ĄĮ઼ͳ۞׌࣎֗វįĄ઼̚˯ঔĈර Ąۤۍጯ΍̂ ᄃགྷᑻ۞੓໚įĄέΔĈᅈ߹΍ڼPolanyi, KarlĞเፘϔᛌğĂ1989ĄĮ࿝តĈ༊΃߆ Ąۤۍ Ruggie, John Gerard. 1982. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Changes: Embedded liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order”. International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2. pp. 379-415. ăௐ 4 ഇĞ2019/΋؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 46

Regime of Neo-liberalism and the French Fifth Republic: The Role and the Legitimacy of the President at the Globalization Period

Ming-Feng Liu Associate Professor, Department of International and Mainland Affairs National Quemoy University Quemoy, TAIWAN

Abstract

How to understand the appearance of co-habitation of the 5th Republic of France by referring to its social context, which is an international regime based on the neoliberalism? The case of French constitution is not an exception, because of its far above average constitution-making, but a very sensitive example with the dynamic of “I-We balance,” which stands at the very center of civilizing process. In other words, the civilizing process leads to the individualization on the one hand, and the search for communitarian solidarity on the other. This dynamic stays not only within the nation -state, but also without as the core for the international regime, among which the neoliberalism prevails after the 1980s. The neoliberalism strengthens the tension between the “I-We balance” because of which the cohabitation happens three times from the mi-80s to the early 21st century. Moreover, it makes the state vulnerable in the face of the globalization, and the President obliged to play a symbolic role for the nation. Nevertheless, his legitimacy comes from the role, not from himself as the managementism of the globalization jeopardizes the effectiveness of charisma for the legitimation. As a result, the fluctuation of the public opinion continues, and none of the President of the Republic has been re-elected after 2000, when the Constitution was revised the term of the presidency from 7 years to 5 years. This constitutional revision makes the cohabitation difficult to happen again.

Keywords: neoliberalism, civilizing process, cohabitation, legitimacy