babwe ws babwe ws Official Organ Department of Information and Publicity, 14Austin Road, Workington, Harare Volume 26, No. 6 1995, Registered at the GPO as a Newspaper of ZANU PF --T7 $11.0(incl. sales tax) Thei Ndajjr HE PAR I~iiiEXC killing a crime? twist to assassination WEST USING IMF TO DE-INDUSTRIALISE AFRICA

Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Contents' E ditorial: ...... 2 L etters: ...... L 3 National News; ZANU PF urged to draw up election guidelines ...... 4 Day of Unity proposed ...... 6 Party leaders causing internal conflicts ...... 8 The incorrigible Ndabaningi Sithole ...... 10 Wildlife conservation boosts communities ...... 12 Zimbabwean women on the march - after Beijing ...... 13 Community manages fishing resources ...... 14 Marriage laws may bring constitutional changes ...... 15 Fighting drought and feeding millions ...... 16 M utoko vendors appeal to council ...... 17 Cover Story: Ushe - hero par excellence ...... 18 Regional News: African integration as a solution to African economic crisis ...... 22 SADC: building the community *hrough music ...... t ...... 23 Struggling for women's political participation ...... 26 Feature: The IMF blackmails Zimbabwe ...... 28 International News: New twist to Gandhi assassination ...... 31 New Brifish vaccine: an answer to AIDS ...... 33 Women and children: key to disaster prevention ...... 35 Issue of resources dominates Beijing Conference ...... 35 Talking Point: Is judicial killing a crime? ...... 37 The UN: Lessons of 50 years ...... 38 Colonial legacy triggering chaos in Nigeria ...... 42 Sport: New vision for South African sports ...... ; ...... 43 Regional chiefs endorse UEFA vision ...... i ...... 44 IOC to establish environmental policy ...... 45 SADC wants games facilities utilised by members ...... _ 46 Andy Cole - lethal goal-scoring talent .'...... 46 Obituary: Stanford Mharadzi passes away ...... 48 C ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Zimbabwe News is the official organ of the ZimbabweAfrican National Union (ZANU PF) and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information Iand Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14Austin Road, Workington, Harare. World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF) Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira, Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C. Ndhlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cde.A. Sikhosana, de. M. MunyatL / / )AMR Em .,.. EDITORIAL Democracy at work THE strength of any political party is in constant and regular consultation with the people. ZANU-PF has been doing precisely that this month (December). On the 13th of December we had the fourth regular session of the Central Committee. But, on the 15th and 16th December, the Party organised a mini-Congress to consult all districts and provinces on the current Party programme. A wide range of issues was discussed, and common positions estabished. Before the general elections of last April, and the municipal elections of last October, the Party again consulted widely in the selection of candidates. Primary elections were held to determine and ensure that the candidates had grass-roots support. That was as it should be. No candidate(s) should be imposed on any constituency by anybody. But, that process has raised many problems. It has allowed persons with money to buy their way into certain offfices, without a commitment to principles and policies of the Party. it is necessary to review the current practices on elections with a view to maintaining the unity of the Party, and strengthening real democracy and free choice. One of the requirements in making democracy work is a responsible press that reports statements and issues correctly and objectively. A section of the Zimbabwe press is yellow and malicious in its reporting on the Government and the ruling Party. It readily prints lies and views of any opposition candidates, and distorts whatever comes from ZANU-PF. No effort is ever made to hear or print our views. Some of the editors, reporters, and columnists, were sworn enemies of ZANU-PF during the liberation struggle. It is the same people still fighting against us and the people. It is difficult to build a democratic society with such specialist liars pursuing their hidden agenda in the name of a free press. IMF impoverishing Third World countries IN this issue we carry a number of articles commenting on how the implementation of IMF prescriptions is causing unforeseen economic hardships in the affected countries. The spread of IMF influence in the management of national economies is directly connected with post-Cold War developments in the international economic order. The collapse of central economic management in Eastern Europe ensured the unchecked spread of capitalist influence in every part of the globe, especially in Third World' countries. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank became the mediums through which the capitalist West began to propagate the ideology of "reforms" for the strengthening of capitalist ways of economic management in Eastern Europe and the Third World. Beginning from around 1985, Eastern Europe and Third World countries were, stage by stage, forced to abandon central planning, privatise nationalised industries, cut down on government departments, remove subsidies on commodities constituting staple necessities for the general population, lower tariffs to permit the entry of foreign manufactured goods into the local market and generally become subservient to the economic and political dictatorship of the IMF and*World Bank. Both the IMF and World Bank are controlled, directed and ordered by industrially advanced capitalist countries. It is therefore in the direct interests of these industrialised countries to dictate an international economic order which stifles the economic advancement of less industrialised countries. This is a new form of colonialism called neo-colonialism. The neo-colonialism of the Third World is de facto from the reality that the former colonisers took careful measures to prevent the industrialisation of their former colonies from the first day of attaining political independence. Nationals of a newly independent country did not, obviously, have the money needed for building their own industries. Former colonisers knew of this reality and were quick to take advantage of it. Investors from former colonial powers demanded high interest rates for tHeir loans. The debts of former colonies spiralled so high that payments on interest alone surpassed the amount of originally borrowed principal capital. This paralysing indebtedness called for the search for more loans from the.same leaders. This process is continuing with no solution in sight. The pervasive indebtedness of Third World countries led to wide-spread payment defaults. The lenders then resorted to collective debt recovery claims through the auspices of the IMF/World Bank over which they had total control. This is bow the IMF came to be the instrument and medium for the imposition of economic hardships on Third World countries. The matter should be taken up at OAU meetings. Lobbying of other countries and organisations in this direction should be an aspect of our foreign policy in the immediate future until a full-scale debate at the United Nations on this subject is held. There is great chance that Zimbabwe will be suppofted by the majority pf UN members.Q I , i ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

Dear Editor Allow me to congratulate Dr. Rwambiwa's letter, "President urges the Teaching of National languages", (Zimbabwe News Vol. 26 No. 5) in which he excellently responded to Mabharani's selfdestructiVe and unpatriotic letter against African languages. What impressed me most was President Mugabe's question quoted by Dr. Rwambiwa: "What evil is there in teaching these languages?", meaning African languages. I think this is the most important question every person proud of being Zimbabwean should continue to think of and weigh against the meaning of calling ourselves independent and-expecting to be genlinely respected by other races. I have been following Dr. Rwambiwa and other people's articles on the importance of upgrading Shona and Ndebele as passports to higher education after failing to pass the English Language. When a person passes 5 'O" levels and fails the English Language, the employers and those in Higher Education are only ready to protect the English Language at the expense of that person's potential' in the subject he/she has passed. Yet all of the subjects will have been passed by writing them in English. So why is a person not allowed to continue with the subject he or she has demonstrated good knowledge of? In the job market, which patriotic Zimbabwean employer can fail to communicate with a person who has 5 "0" levbis written in English even if that person had failed it. The statistics shown in Rwambiwa's article (The People's Voice 22-28 January 1995) reveal that most black students fail to pass English at "0" level. The blacks suffer through lack of opportunities to advance themselves. There is absolutely no evil in teaching Shona and Ndebele, but we, Zimbabweans are only destroying ourselves in losing self-identity by rejecting our own languages. Failing to honour or develop our own languages at work and in education is a self admission that we are not worthy of equating ourselves with the races whose languages we consider superior. Like many people, I have been eagerly asked by many foreign whites to teach them Shona. I think one reason why most of our white Zimbabweans have never bothered learning Shona or Ndebele is because we have shown them that the languages are not worth learning, hence we continue to be marginalised as a race. As Dr. Rwambiwa observes, it is the, responsibility of the teaching profession to redress this most serious national problem. African language teachers are not being given the same recognition as other language teachers yet we are the guardians of our national heritage and pride. I want to conclude by echoing Rwambiwa, Mafuba and Mutswairo's calls for more positive and effective policies for Shona and Ndebele at both work and in highereducation. No one is saying away with Engish but there is need to protect and preserve the majority of our people from continuing to be victimised socially, economically and educationally when they have a language like any other race. Patriotic Teacher CHIREDZI Congratulations Cde. Editor Dear Editor I wish to congratulate the Editor and staff at Zimbabwe News for the quality information contained in the pages of this magazine I particularly enjoy your excellent articles on the political profiles of our national heroes and heroines, provincial and district comrades who selflessly sacrificed their lives for the liberation ol our country. Comrade Editor, I kindly request you to publish in your excellent magazine the political profile of the late Cde Right Stanford Mharadzi whose Chimurenga name was Professor Mapfumo. We know that not all fallen freedom fighters are accorded the honour of being considered national heroes deserving burial at the Harare National Heroes Acre. However, we want to read about their exploits in your popular magazine for which he once worked assiduously for a period of two years. Publishing his story would greatly console some of us who are his relatives aid friends. Yours faithfully Freddy Mharadzi HURUNGWE WEST The Editor and staff at Zimbabwe News learnt with great horror of the untimely death of Cde Right Stanford Mharadzi. We send heart-felt condolences to his grieving family, relatives and friends. Cde. Professor worked with us from the last half of 1987 to the first half of 1989. As one of our Senior Reporters, he worked tirelessly in defending the party from its detractors. We greatly miss his 'company but also thank Cde. Freddy Mharadzi for reminding us of this sad ,loss to the nation. We are publishing his obituary elsewhere in this issue. Editor ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Letters to the Editor should be brief and to the point. The Editor reserves the right to edit all letters. Write to: The Editor The Zimbabwe News 144 Union Avenue Harare

ZANU PF urged to draw up election guidelines The President and First Secretary of ZANU PF, Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe has ci]led on the Party to come up with a set of rules governing the conduct of candidates during 'primary, general and local government elections. Officially opening the 24th Session of the ZANU PF Central Committee in Harare on Wednesday, Dember 13, 1995, Cde. Mugabe noted that such rules of conduct in elections should be par of the Party's Code of Discipline. The followinK is the full text of his speech: omrades Vice Presidents and'Second Secretaries of ZANU PF Comrade Members of the Central Com" mittee, I welcome you to the 24th Session of the Central Committee. I am welcoming y~u in circumstances in which we are mourning the departure of one of our outstanding gallant revolu. tionary fighters, Cde. Herbert Ushewokunze, who passed way on Sunday morning and who has since been declared a national hero. by the Party. I therefore would want to request you to observe a moment of silence in tribute to. him. Meeting at the end of the year does Impose on our august body an obligation of a double nature and double dimersion in its perspective. We have, at this tirqe of the year, a duty to look back in a review of the year just ended, as well as look ahead in a process of dischargi ng the mandate we received from the National People's Congress, and ensuring the Party's solidarity, 'both orgardcally and politically, as it relates to it members and supporters. It was our expectation that by this time of the year 1995, our Party would be showing itself as organically well and efficiently organised, all its organs prope-. ly and solidly constituted, its member-' ship, organ by organ, well recorded, and all our ten provinces priding themselves on the efficient and sound organic machinery they have. Alas, this is far from being the case. No doubt good work has been done towards reaching our Party organisatonl ajd restructuring targets. No doubt qurj organising machinery has also been toiling hard to get the restructuring programme concluded before the end of this year. I am afraid they, like all of us here, must admit that, while some progress has so far been made, including the introduction of a new computerised registration system, we have dismally failed to meet our deadlines. Inspite of this inconclusivenes of our restructuring exercise, the Party has. you will agree, had a good and eventful year. It has demonstrated its political dominance in the country's local government elections, by its resounding victory, losing only three seats, not to any of the so-called opposition parties but to rebels from its own ranks, persons who decided to stand as independents, but refusing, even as we suspended them, to wear any other mantle but that of ZANU PF. To this day, they have refused to be anything else but ZANU PF. This should not surprise us at all, because if they had chosen to join any of the existing disreputable parties or to form their own, they would immediately have courted disaster for themselves. But we cannot allow them to continue to ride on our backs, and so they should be very effectively jettisoned. No one, who cannot toe the ZANU PF line, must ever be allowed to benefit from or by its support or facilities, for example, by using the name of the Party or of its leadership or by wearing its T-shirts or using its slogans or any other symbols. The Party should always take steps to ensure that this does not happen. It is, therefore, important to prevent this occurring in the ,future. We all agree that our review of the primary election exercise reveals that it has resulted in creating internal conflicts and hostilities of the nature we cannot affcr-d to have or entertain as a pattern. Whilst healthy rivalry between our members should always be encouraged, care must always be taken so ensure that such rivalry does not devel6p 'into hostility. This has, in fact, happened in Mutare, Harare, Masvingo and Bulawayo, to mention only those provinces where primary elections have created some ilaring cases of hostlity. Viewed as a Whole, the primary elections have, to a great extent, been quite a great success. It is, nevertheless, the few cases marked by hostile rivalry that have given the Party its acute headaches, happily not yet chronic. it is thus the duty of this Central Committee to properly analyse the problem 1 posed by primary elections and evolve effective ways of preventing their degenerating into personal and 'group' emnities, as they have tended to do in the cases referred to above. Perhaps, before we think of how our punitive measures against would-be or ex-, isting rebel independents could be intensified, we should address the issue of raising the political consciousness and appreciation of our people. This calls for' a vigorous programme of the Commissariat to educate our supporters on the. requirements of a democratic process. Those who participate as election candidates and even as supporters of these candidates must, as they prepare themselves for victory, also prepare their minds; and indeed their hearts, for both victory and defeat. As I have stated before, magnanimity must characterise' both the winner and loser. It is magnanimous for the winner to show modesty -= and recQgnise the opponent loser as still a friend, partner and comrade-in-arms in the overall ZANU PF struggle. The, loser in the contest must similarly adopt a correct attitude of mind and accept defeat in good spirit. Defeat in one election is far from being the end of one's political career. Surely, many other chances will always offer themselves in the future. In any event, only one person can win the primary contest unless the rare phenomenon of a tie were to occur. And so our defeated candidates must learn that accepting defeat is an act of magnanimity and not humiliation. I wish to suggest, in elaboration of my recommendation of political education, Continued fromprevious page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

LZANU PF urged to draw ,tha lt ml If i 'Cl ad it Of Co Co il ti Co to u ic th up election guidelines ontinued next page s tat'of the Pa in their own provinces, and those which thrive on d As the Central Committee, we have also disunity within the body p at all our election contenders be re- used this advisory forum to brief the society, expressed their rev ied, in the future, to undergo a well provinces on any important or topical it is these same eleml P eived prpgramme of instruction on issue within the- Party or Government. masquerading under various wvto conduct themselves. Our election Members of Politburo and quite a num- or even religious cloaks, wh ocedures should further-include affir- ber of Ministers have addressed this fo- the background of our thrus ation ofpledges that are intended to rum, often in an informative manner. al peace and stability, ar velop degree. of self-cliscipline. We This approach -will; ' am' sure, continue championing chaos and dis ust evolve election rules of the Party. to be adopted in"the interest of aug- fact, leading violent and these rules are generally known, and menting and -maintaining our'consulta- demonstrations. When, in t ndidates pledge adherence to them in tive process within the Party at the human rights ZIMRIGHTS be ivance, then any violation of them be- highest possible level. As we meet with LOOTERS, blatantly violatir mes severely punishable. At the mo- this forum on Thursday, we certainly will LAWS, is the ZIMGOVERNM ent, we do not have anything more be interested in the provincial reports on ed to view such criminal beh an the adopted Central Committee po- the progress so far made in the folded hands? Let these gan ion stipulating merely what should Provinces, individually, on the organisa- sations take note that ot be done by a defeated candidate. tion and restructuring of the Party. We descended upon with the full me has now come to convert that shall also want to hear, where this may law and be Kuthlessly dealt ntral Committee position into a set be the case, the nature of the conflict make crime their hobby. Let rules governing the conduct of can- situations existing in the affected so-called, therefore know t' dates during primary and, perhaps, provinces, as well as the steps being a formidable structure of Z ineral and local govemment elections. taken to resolve the conflicts. The waiting for its ZIMLOOTER, is also possible to include such rules provinces will, no doubt, want to inform The area of law and order n conduct in elections as part of our us about the drought situation affecting inviolate to all the people. Th ode of Discipline. them and how successful the Grain Loan sons of criminal propensitie* imrhdes, tomorrow we shall be meet- Scheme has been as a method of provid- sitions, who deliberately bre g with many other members as the ing relief and preventing the suffering of will always be apprehe ational Consultative Assembly and,. people. We shall also wanto hear how brought to punishment. Wh ereafter, for another two days, our Na- our Youth and Women's League's is inadequate in both extent onal People's Conference will be meet- programmes, especially in regard to in its penalties, then that g for the first time. Our agenda for the their production programmes, have must be corrected. At the sal onference will include a general report been faring. Since the National Consul- have also to examine our I be delivered by the President in the tative Assembly will precede the Nation- ment mechanism and satist ual way. The report will be a synthet- al People's Conference, dealing with that we have a strong polio summary of the reports drawn from provincial reports at the former will the necessary ptools to do e various departments of the Party. It 'leave more room for debate and discus- ,face of increasing crime, esp A.- ,.. -4 lu n_];"., z. U .. . sion at the -latter. .3 .L .^ , .... ivisions and olitic of our ulsion to it. ents, often benevolent ich, against t for natione not only order, but in disorderly he name of comes ZIMng our ZIMENT expectiaviour with gster organikey will be I force of the with if they ZIMRIGHTS, lat we have IMPRISONS S! nust remain erefore, pers and dispoach the law, nded and ere the law or scope or inadequacy me time, we aw enforceourselves e force with e job. In the ecially thefts low as much time for discussion of salient issues and pervasive socioeconomic problems as possible. We must, therefore, look forward to much more debate and discussion by the delegates than has'been possible at our National People's Congress because of lack of time. Indeed, our idea in introducing this new forum, the National People's Conference, has been to promote, between Congresses, greater chances of interaction and meaningful debate between the. Central Committee and the Party membership, as well as among the Party members themselves, who are drawn from all the provinces and the or-' gans of the Party. The National Consultative Assembly has, to date, been principally a forum at which the Party provinces have, through their Chairmen, briefed the Central Committee and their counterparts on the ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO[6 comrades, as we end the yer 1995, and look ahead to next year, we should derive from the events of the passing year a great sense of satisfaction that we have kept the Party not juit going but growing. That sense. ofi-satisfaction should inspire us for the future, in the full belief that the people of Zimbabwe. stand solidly behind ZANU PF and its leadership. However, we should also admit and recognise that our noble task of maintaining Party solidarity and holding the political lead has been marred by undesirable divisive occurrences within the Party. We have to strive to stem a drift towards more divisions, as such drift could lead to ireparable disunity, and, with it, deep rifts in the Party. When in December 1987 we signed our Unity Accord and united ZANU and ZAPU, some sections of our population, an rUeUIes, UUVernImIIL FIIIUL c llford to sit back and watch the situation deteriorating, while pleading impotence because of lack of vehicles or other equipment. A peaceful and stable environment is a sine qua non of development. Indeed, no foreign investor will want to risk his funds in an insecure environment. At the same time, those who have already invested in the country, whether they are foreign or domestic, become bitterly disappointed at losing their property through burglaries and robberies. Innocent individuals row live in constant fear of becoming victims of robberies, tricksters and conmen. The situatior throughout the country has no doubt become untenable and needs to be positively nd immediately addressed with effctive remedies. Next year, we slall hold our national presidential elections, ind this Central Committee has to start its preparations

Day of unity proposed By Our Correspondent The Youth League of ZANU PF has proposed that December 22 be declared as UNITY DAY in commemoration of the historic unity between the two liberation movements that fought for the freedom independence of this country, ZAPU and ZANU. Their proposals .has been well received by the Central Committee of the ruling Party. It will soon be put to the Government. The leader of the Youth League, Comrade Josiah Tungamirai says they are not asking for another public holiday on December'22, but an annual recognition of this day by public displays, exhibitions, or public rallies, aimed at consolidating the spirit of unity in the minds of the young generation. in their persuasive document they recount the achievements of national unity in Zimbabwe. ZANU F to drz election g Continued from previous page for that exercise. The National People's Conference will need to be properly guided by us as to its own functions in regard to that election exercise. But much more important is the task of gearing our Party organs for' the function of mobilising the people, especially voters, to come out in large numbers and cast their vote. That we shall win the election is, of course, not in -doubt. We continue to enjoy the full confidence of the people, whatever else our opponents might want -to say in pleasing themselves. It is,.however, not enough for us just to win. We have to do so resoundingly in terms of the level of votes cast for the ZANV PF candidate as opposed to the votes cast for the opposition candidate(s). A resounding v9te is better reflected by a~higher, than by a lower, turnout of voters. A high turnout can only come with good organisation involving a well-planned vigorous election campaign. Well, let's thank the Almighty for the good rains the country-has so far They say, "The significant role played by ZANU (PF) and PF ZAPU in the liberation of Zimbabwe can never be undervalued or underestimatil. Neither can their contribution to modem day Zimbabwe in all forms and spheres of existence be merely a matter of record. Theirs is a contribution of nation building - a foundation of a free nationhood. This has been made possible through their various separate efforts culminating in the attainment of political Independence in April 1980. Nation building began with independence and concerted efforts to uplift the well-being of the ordinary Zimbabwean in an environment of freedom and equality for-all were launched. Much has been achieved since then as witnessed by the great strides made in all areas of development. However, total F urged LW up uidelines received! Good rains yield good crops and livestock, which in turn Will create great happiness on the part of our voters, especially the rural ones. If in4eed, that will be the environmental Jac kgound to our presidential elections, then we should have no fear that a pervading general dispiritedness will deter our voters. In my view, it is the urban voter who will require greater persuasion to go to the bqoths to cast his vote because of the existing. degree of apathy in the cities and towns where economic hardships are being felt more than in rural areas. Generally, peasants have greater resilience, greater commitment to the Party and Government, and .a greater spirit of endurance than the 'urban folk. Perhaps this phenomenon is also true of other political environments that ours. Comrades, we all look forward to a happier festive season than wedid last year. May you and your families have a merry Christmas and a prosperous new year! Please take advantage of the good rains! I thank you! political oneness was always a require. ment to guarantee complete politic, stability for the country in order to pT*1 together in the fight or economic control and independence. With the histo,. ic Unity Agreement of 22 Deceu4 1987 between PF ZAPU and ZANU thiis total fusion of political will wps-at. tained. Though a fusion based on politi cal thought and direction, it was to be,4 and continues to be, the basis for true nationhood. It is this achieved wnq, moulded and forged with joyous intent that symbolizes the new Zimbabw it represents the political pinnacle of nW ness while at the same time provig the social, cultural and psychological unity now the hallmark of ZANU (PFn and Zimbabwe. "It is a process and an event that should forever be dear to every Zimbabwean. Representing the ultimate in nation. building as it does, it is incumbent upon every son and daughter of Zimbabwe to cherish this oneness, to work hard,to maintain it, and, obviously to pass it on to his or her offspring for generations and civilisations yet to come. "It is largely because of the above that the ZANU (PF) Youth League proposes the commemoration of 22 Decemberas Unity Day in Zimbabwe to be marked and observed in a variety of ways for all posterity to see and remember. 2. What has Unity brought to Zimbabwe? "The advantages arid benefits brought to Zimbabwe because of the achieved unity are-"oo numerous and complex to list down However, some of the key success es the events of 22-December 1987 have brought about are The following:2.1 Ability to settle own adrs "'The Unity Accorcd, demanstrat as it does zimbabwe's aliy to find permanent solutions to its affair W a shining example o( ous leadershp to the world In gerad and to Africa in particlar espec-, ly aq'it gpes against the common" Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 26 NO. 6 1

Day of unity proposed Continued from previous page * experience of having external interference in domestic, regional or even continental issues. It laid to rest the myth that Africans cannot solve, their own differences. Zim* / babwe's homegrowrrapproach to problem solving became the springboard to its international peace keeping and mediation roles. 2.2 Political stability j. "The political stability so necessary in any country for any development to occur is now one of the hallmarks of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is now known the world over as a bastion of political stability and tranquility. This element has been, and continues to be one of the critical factors responsible for the attraction of foreign investment. Much of the foteign investment now coming ilto the country is largely, a response to the peace and tranquility brought about by the Unity Agreement of 22 December 1987. .'2.3 Regional political leadership "The wise and intelligent leadership of ZANU (PF) fortified by the Unity Agreement has projected Zimbabwe's stature in the region as an examplary symbol of nationhood. Its leadership role in all matters at regional level in various spheres be they political, economic and even cultural is now beyond question. On the political plain, Zimbabwe's mediatory role in the Mozambician peace process; the Lesotho crises; and its peace-keeping functions in Mozambique. Somalia and Angola are now well-known. On the economic platform - Zimbabwe's role in SADC, is also equally outstanding. Such a role can only have come about largely because of the unifying force brought about by the 22 December 1987 Unity Accord. 2.4 International Stature "The international stature of Zimbabwe continues to grow. The brilliant statesmanship exhibited by the political leadership in reaching the Unity. Accord has earned Zimbabwe the envisbJe reputation of regional and even continental leader. Zimbabwe has many friends in the international Community. The transition from a war-tom liberation environment to an examplary nation, free of turmoil, oppression and hungerr is no mean achievement. The high regard Zimbabwe enjoys in international circles, though at- tributable to various factors, is largely due to its complex political history and perfomance. The milestones represented by such achievements as the Unity Agreement can never be underestimate. 3. The proposal "For everyone, but more specifically for the youth of Zimbabwe, a Unity Day must be established for 22 December of every year. "The aim is to keep the concept and practice of unity alive in the mind of every Zimbabwean - young and old, man or woman. It is especially important to provide a fora and focus for the positive results comming from nationhood. 4. Conclusion "All the above points to the need for the young to be tasked with the responsibility of forever lifting high the lame of unity and independence. The founding dates of the former ZANU (PF) and PF ZAPU must not be forgotten, but however, they must now be regarde as a step towards the attainment of complete unity as represented by 22 December 1987. This is the day that must forever be etched in the minds of the young," the statement ends. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Yes things are not right Your business is burning down to ashes, the competition is stiff and a small slip could cost you your life's sweat. there seems to be no light ahead... °..BUT WAIT! HERE WE ARE TO PROVIDE HELP IN WITH FIRST CLASS ADVERTISING CALL US ON 79014819 Yes it is - Zimbsbwe New

Party leaders causin internal conflicts When general Party members feel that their judgment is being under-rated by senior officials, they express dissatisfaction through apathy and reports of favouritism, nepotism and regionalism lead to factionalism out of which emerge independents. It is only one year from the last ZANU PF Congress and yet the Party has been plunged into a series of internal conflicts since the. At the centre of internal conflicts are the exaggerated roles of party leaders and their apparent disregard for internal Party democracy. It appears the whole issue arose from the application of regulations on vetting of candidates and official promotion for selected individuals. Application of the regulations has, in at least four areas, spawned feelings of official unfairness in the minds of the registered voters in the respective areas. Information from other areas give the unanymous impression that voters are not happy with the system that allow's Party heavyweights to infuence the results of primary elections. Areas The following areas have attracted public attention more than any other area in the conduct of primary elections: Harare South, Gutu South, Bulawayo (mayoral elections), Mutare (mayoral elections). The general feeling among Party members is that grassroot supporters are not being given enough chance to express their wishes on matters of national interests. They point to the fact that their section, branch and district leaders only hold positions without bothering to arrange for members' meetings to discuss q hot issues of the day. As a result, large i numbers of Party' members do not respond to calls for attendance at election meetings. It is now a generality that fewer and fewer Party members bother to be up-to-date with their membership subscriptions and even fewer are motivated to attend meetings regularly. Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 r-i Party leaders causing internal conflicts Conmnued from previous page Democratic Rights it is common sense that the individual is the building block in the Party edifice. It is therefore axiomatic that political values be accorded to the potential contributions of individuals to all aspects of Party activities, especially in the field of deulocratic rights. Wkoh the Party constitution gives every member the right to vote and be voted for, it li with the recognition that every Party member is endowed with the udginent to select his or her own r s tives in the demomcratic sys- member who defies Party orders is liable to face disciplinary measures, it follows that all Party members who voted for expelled "independents" are also liable to face disciplinary measures. If this constitutional requirement is carried out, then thousands of Party members who voted for independents should face disciplinary measures. It is political suicide for the Party to take disciplinary measures against any of its members who are krown to render support to suspended "independents". This means that the Party hierarchy is being 'Te general feeling among Party members is that grassroot supporters are not being given enough chance to express their wishes on matters of natal interest". tern. it matters not that some other person, lgwever exhaulted, thinks that a partiular personality is best suited to represent a given constituency, the indivisual party member prides himself of reminded that its own assumption of who is best suited to represent a particular constituency is not necessarily in line with the thinking of the majority of Party members. uain the Knowle ua.t Ia-=L The chain of command Judgeent rests on his or er own The principle of democratic centralism gives the Party hierarchy the final say The practical effects of according in the administrative settlement of disdemocratic rights to the individual are putes. Hovever, this principle is conreflected in the self-motivation of the in- trovercial in that some members of the dividual to partcipate in Party activities.I Party hierarchy are found as partisans When the individual feels that his or her / in almost all disputes occuring at lower judgement is being underrated by the I organs of the Party. When top leaders powers that be, then that individual ex- are interested parties to these disputes, presses dissatisfaction through apathy members of the constituency concerned Rumours of official favouritism, \find themselves justified in defying rulnepotism and regionalism arise from un- ings by some members of the Party derneath these circumstances. At the !hierarchy: end of the day, factions are formed and suspensions are made amidst attempts The smooth running of the chain of comat resistance. -11 A -.-- L.4 -+,+ The offshoot of the foregoing realities is the emergence of former Party members under the banner of "independents,'. At present one former member of ZANU PF was elected to the House of Assembly as an independent and there are about 10 councillors in Harare, Bulawayo and *Mutare who successfully stood as candidates on independent tickets after being officially told not to oppose the candidate chosen by the Party. Technically, Party members who vote' for a candidate who has been disqualified by the Party are in fact in defiance of Party orders. Given that any Party zsalu uepvrlua us. un o |ulu,o+ .ht decision process is within the Party. The more each Party member adheres to democratic methods of work, the smoother the functioning of the chain of command. As it is, the chain of com- ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 26 NO. 6 For News, Sport and Entertainment, get your copy of the Zimbabwe News at your nearest newsstand I mand has some links of questionable strength along its length. Some Party branches and districts are non-operative and a few have been torn between, factional loyalties with each faction getting the blessing of one or the other member of the Politburo or central committee.. Cells/village. committees are non- existent. Regionalism. The most disturbing reason for Various forms of liscord within the Party is the growth of regional. loyalties -to the detriment of national patriotism. The Party. leadership is largely to blame for this. The Party leadership has not been courageous enough tq punish Party members found preaching 'the gospel of regional loyalties. This has enabled some Party leaders to express regional sentiments in a number of fora including Parliamekt, public and private meetings. Perhaps it is not too late for the Party to examine the advisability of appointing Provincial Governors to administer their own home provinces. This also includes the appointment of Provincial and District Administrators. The national spirit should further be forged by encouraging candidates for the House of Assembly not to fight for election only in their own home constituenies. The regionalism disease has been spreading even to Cabinet Ministers who address meetings only held in their home provinces. Few Cabinet Ministers can point to more than one occasion when they have been seen politicising Party members outside their own home provinces. In conclusion, most Party members are disturbed by the interference of Party heavyweights in localised feuds within the Party. The practice of allowing provincial loyalties to be expressed without fear of disciplinary control is ill- advised.

BY a Corresonden Cde. President Robert Gabriel Mugabe ev. Ndabaningi Sithole is believed by many to be lying low after being released on bail in What the prosecution alleges was a masterminded plot to assassinate President Mugabe. In fact, the unrepentant Ndonga leader is using the time to vilify President Mugabe and other government officials. On November 9, he wrote three letters: attacking two government ministers and the Commissioner of Police, Cde. Augustine Chihuri. The two ministers were: Cdes Nathan Shamuyarira and Sydney Sekeramayi. In the letter to Cde. Nathan Shamuyarira, Rev. Sithole accuses him of having maintained that he (Sithole) was implicated in a plot "to assassinate Robert Mugabe". Sithole goes on to write: "Either you were with me when brewing the alleged plot or you are just lying, or you have been told by another FROLIZI liar! I believe at one stage or another, I will have to press you in an open court to explain whether you got your information by sight or hearing." He goes further to characterise Cde. Shamuyarira as having "a peculiar mind which treats Zimbabwe as a classroom -and the people as pupils and yourself their school master who expects them to believe anything he says". The letter to Cde. Sekeramayi says, in part, he objects to "remarks you made in Marondera on 6th November, -tnat I was, plotting to assassinate .Robert Mugabe, thereby suggesting that you were there when the so-called assassination plot was being hatched." The letter to Commissioner Chihuri says "the country is moving along a very dangerous road." The 4etter lists two points for Cde. Chihuri to take into consideration: "1. There is a growing anti-police feeling throughout the country and this affects not only the police force as such but also the people who depend for their security and protection on the same force. "2. There is a growing anti-authority feeling throughout the country and this is dangerous for peace and economic development. No country can go forward when people are so much opposed to the prevailing authoritv. You should note Mat this growing anti-authority sentiment among the people directly af fects the question-of law and order.. " Although the Police Commissioner is the foremost authority on the assessment, of "anti-authority sentiment among the people", the Ndonga cleric is giving himself the authority to lecture the Police Commissioner through a letter! So much self-opinionated is the ageing political reject. Conference On November 14, the seemingly tireless Sithole did not only -address a lengthypress conference but also wrote another letter to President Mugabe. In the letter, Sithole describes himself as "a senior citizen, organiser and Commander-in- The Commissioner of Police, Cde. Augustine Chihuri The Zanu (Ndonga) leader, Reverend Nabaningi Sithole allegedly behind the plot to assassinate President Mugabe Chief of the armed struggle which effectively brought independence to our country. In this letter, Rev. Sithole calls upon President Mugabe to resign because, as he writes, "You, you have never been elected as President by the people since your nationalist career." The same day he wrote this letter to President Mugabet Rev. Sithoie addressed a press conference at his home at No. 54 Porter Road, Waterfalls. Reading from a prepared speech, he told his audience: "The en- tire administration is a victim of its own. fears emanating from the power struggle between myself and Mugabe since 1963 when he was my Secretary- General." Shamelessly, Sithole told the press: "When Mugabe broke away from my original ZANU, and when he seized the external party structures while I languished in Salisbury Maximum Prison, he ordered hundreds of my determined supporters in Maputo to be put to death." There is no greater liar among failed politicians than this retired priest. President Mugabe did not breakaway from Sithole's "original ZANU". The Reverend gentleman disowned the original ZANU by his denunciation of the Chimurenga armed struggle in 1968 in front of Superintendant Robinson of the Special Branch. Even then, ZANU did not formally expel him until his participation Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 incorrigible Ndabaningi Sithole mtied from previous page asa o-president of the Zimbabweperiod. Cde. Robert Mugabe dit assume the ZANU presidency unChimoio Congress of 1977. From day of his flight to Mozambique, IRobert Mugabe insisted that he v te party's Secretary- General and it% president. His election as Presidtthe Chimoio Congress came only a had become irreversibly proved hole had settled for political marwith the racst regime of Ian Smith At the same press conference, Sithole complned that the police were delaygiving him and his wife permission to pss guns as they had already 0i $5O selling price to the gun smith. Sithole has lived in this country for mqre than three quarters of a century without a gun being fired at him in anger. It is therefore not for selfprotection that he now requires guns. He needs guns for his destabilisation sdemes. "Both mymife and I", Sithole complains, "have been made sitting ducks in our home and in the land of our birth". Perhaps, Sithole is losing his mind. He would like the world to think that opposition leaders need to arm themselves with guns in Zimbabwe for "selfprotection". This line of opposition propaganda is disproved by the fact that members of opposition parties move without harrassment in every part of Zimbabwe. Naivety Rev. Sithole is a man of extraordinary naivety. His legendary struggles for power, any power, can be traced way back to the year 1958. In that year. he4bandoned his religious calling and began to 6rganise teachers to oust Mr..Gideon Ahlanga from the presidency of the then Southern Rhodesia African Teachers Association (SRATA). Mr. Mhlanga who had held the SRATA jpresidency for 17 years without interruption was embarrassingly booted out by the perennially power- hungry Ndabaningi Chakandiwana Sithole. Two years l4ter, the ever plotting Sitholi journeyed from Chikore Mission to Ha rare where he insinuated his way among the nationalist leadership of the National Democratic Party. After a few days of shameless lobbying he succeeded in getting himself appointed to chair sessions only tor the duration of the first congress of the National Democratic Party. Among the items of the congress agenZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Cde. Nathan Shamuyarira, the Minister of the Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare da was the dissolution of the interim executive committee and election of national office bearers. During the elections, Rev. Sithole was visibly Worried that. no delegate had nominated him for a top post. When he called nominations for the post of treasurer general, he surprised delegates by shamelessly complaining that no one had seen it fitting to nominate him for that post. After some embarrassment, one delegate nominated him and he was elected unopposed as other candidates withdrew from contesting, having seen that the man desperately needed the post. This is how he introduced himself into the leadership of nationalist politics. The National Democratic Party's congrrss was held in McDonald Hall, Bulawayo, in 1961. The delegates unanymously rejected Sithole's financial statement because he could not give satisfactory explanation for highly inflated expenditures for such items as petty cash which was listed as running to over 80 000 04tish Sterling. Delegates voted him ut of the key post of treasurergeneral and reduced his status to the powerless and largely ceremonial positioln of national chairman. Exile Most nationalist leaders elected to go underground when ZAPU, the successor to the NDP, was banned in 1962. Rev. Sithole was appointed the external chief of the party. He was responsible for arranging military training for ZAPU recruits from his base in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, then Tanganyika. While in exfile, Ndabaningi Sithole was pursuaded to oppose Cde. Joshua Nkomo's leade ship by the late Leopold Takawira, Washington Malianga, Zebediah Gamanya (Mapfumo), and Leonard The Minister of State for National Security, Cde. Sydney Sekeramayi Mudavanhu. At that time, Leopold Takawira was the unchallenged leader of the opposition against Dr. Nkomo's leadership. One morning in July, 1963, a meeting of exiled party activists was scheduled to. take place at the Dar-es-Salaam Hotel Metropole. The purpose of the meeting was the deposition of Dr. Nkomo from the pre~dency of ZAPU and his replacement b9 Leopold Takawira. With characteristic and shameless hunger for power, Rev. Sithole came to the meeting with copies of a press statement which he had written down alone during the previous night. Expecting Leopold Takawira to take the chair at the meeting, the assembled party cadres were surprised when the reverend gentleman began to distribute copies of his press statement to local and foreign journalists. The press statement unilaterally stated that Rev. Sithole himself had lIen selected by the assembled cadres to replace Dr. Joshua Nko-' mo as leader of the party. A month later the formation of ZANU was announced at Enos Nkala's house in Highfield. Once again Rev. Sithole succeeded in insinuating himself to the presidency of the newly formed ZANU. When Sithole tells journalists of the "power struggle between myself and Mugabe since 1963", he purposefully omits to reveal the truth that he has been carrying on a one man power struggle against every conceivable leader. including the ousting of Mr. Gideon Mhlanga from the presidency. of Southern Rhodesia African Teachers' Association as long back as 1958 when he returned to the country after studies in the USA. 11

Wildlife conservation boosts communities School children in Kenya mobilising for the protection of elephants against large- scale ivory poachers outhern Zimbabwe's Beitbridge district appears to offer scant development prospects. Periodic droughts: have withered crops and destroyed livestock in an area already considered the driest in Zimbabwe. Undaunted by these physical shortcomings, however, Beitbridge's 26 000 residents are tapping an unexpected gold mine. The district is one of 24 participating in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources, or CAMPFIRE. Under the programme, communities design wildlife vUtilisation strategies, including use fees for tourists and hunters. The programme has generated millions of dollars since it was launched in 1989 almost $10 million in 1993 alone. But CAMPFIRE is not merely a good business proposition. Zimbabwe's programme and similar efforts in other African countries are ensuring that conservation strategies respect and benefit rural communities. The most successful programmes are rooted in the under- standing that rural Africans have been wildlife's most effective caretakers. "When you involve local communities you conserve an area much larger than just national parks," says David Western, head of Kenya's wildlife service. "In the final analysis, there's an overall gain: more gross income and a wider distribution of that income." Shared benefits are evident in Beitbridge, where uo to 80 percent of CAMPFIRE earnings are funnelled into community ,development projects and household income. The rest goes towards administrative and management expenses. Kenya'.; wildlife, meanwhile, generates roughly $400 million annually in tourism and hunting fees, making it the country's highest foreign exchange earner. Food sales, transportation and other wildlife-related services add even- more. Repression thwarts conservation But until recently, only a favoured tew shared wildlife's economic benefits; most rural Africans sustained only losses, while being punished severely as "poachers", if some turned in desperation to hunting protected wildlife. "Outside people are the ones who really do the damage and we, the residents, suffer," Zambia's Chief Shikabeta says. "They come in cars with high powered rifles... those who come from the ci- 4' ties are the ones who destroy." A century ago, local leaders like Shikabeta ensured animals' survival by limiting: the number of hunters and making the* killing of endangered species taboo. But under colonial- rule, European hunters' appetite for big game rapidly exhausted populations of elephant, black rhino and lion, shotior their ivory and skins and for spat. As wildlife thinned, colonial govegnmefts launched draconian conservation measures, prohibiting Africans from using local plants and animals'and forcing residents from their comminall Jands. While newly independent countries continued these policies, conservation was hobbled by official corruption and rampant commercial poaching. Continued on page 14 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

Zimbabwean women on the march- after Beiiin2 By. Emmah Nxurnalo ' e morale of Zimbabwean women "has been.uplifted and their social , consciousness has been enhenced .ik. - ho, of wornthe intemnitional confereceowrn *.x held in' Beijing last September, and thep own work and experiences within krinmlbwe. They are on the march, iden-' fg themselves and their problems, .ibringing themselves to the fore. The .Bing ,declaration. and the Beijing ex.4pernnce provided a major turning point fr many women and their suppoters. , ,major thrust in Zimbabwe in 1995 ,was: the formation of IBWO, the in"degenous Business Women's Organiza"i:,,on, led by a dynamic and successful bueness woman, Mrs. Mutasa. She is supported by strong team of business women who are articu4ating the aspirations and desires of women in the ecoo mic field. The untimely death of Miss Zinyina removed one of the key figures in the new and growing organization. They are following in the footsteps of the IBDC, the Indigenous Business Development Corporation, led byComrade Ben Mucheche and others. The energy and dynamism of IBWO contrast sharply with the declining Association of African Women's Clubs which has degenerated into a dog fight between Mrs Sekal Holland on the one hand, leading a splinter group, and Mrs Betty Mtero on the other. Mrs T. Lesabe, the Secretary for Women's Affairs, has ordered that the national executive should be dissolved, and new elections held for a new executive. The two quarreling leaders will not be allowed to stand for elections for the new execuItive. Mrs Lesabe says he attempts to get an audited financial statement of the Association have not been successful. At the request of Mrs Lesabe and the Women's League, the old national executive has now been dissolved by the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, and new elections are to be held soon. The Association used to be a strong and powerful organization of women in the past. It used to engage in mrany and useful development projects for women. The arrival of Mrs ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Sekai Holland on the scene seems to have changed all that. Assisting the vulnerable groups When the Economic Structural Adjust-. ment Programrhe was started, Government and the Party recognised the vulnerability of women and children, and several efforts were made to cushion women and children. But we are now entering the second phase of ESAP without much material change in the material position of women. The effects of the persistant droughts have not helped the situation. At the last meeting of the National assembly of the Women's League the economic plight of women was discussed at length. The Assembly decided that revolving fund be established. The fund will be set up in each province by money raised from the League members themselves. Each member will be requested to contribute $2 annually. The money will be banked in the name of the League in each province. Signatories to the fund will be the Chairwoman, Secretary and Treasurer. The fund will be used to establish income-generating projects. The fund can also be used as collateral to guarantee bank loans, or placed i- financial intitutions to generate interest which can be used to finance the income generating projects. The head of the League, Mrs Tenjiwe Lesabe, told the National Assembly that the fund will give League members the opportunity to participate in economic development, and bring resources to the provinces for women there. She said inemational donors who are focussing on the development of women will also be asked to contribute to the fund. She said this fund will help to create employment for women and their children. The proposal is being put to the Party organs and the leadership by Mrs Lesabe. She is approaching IBWO and mobilising all other effective and credible women organizations to join in this effort. In an interview last month she told me that she had tabled a report to the Central Committee requesting for their "blessing to establish this programme." Transport in the Provinces In order to improve the material and economic position of women it is important that financial resources be put in place. But, the National Assembly noted-that one major aspect of that development, especially in the rural areas, is the provision of adequate transport. The Assembly felt that the Party could accelarate rural development by giving each province a landrover specifically for the use of League members in supervising and generating viable projects. At present, League members have no access to transport in the'provinces. Those who have power over vehicles do not give priority to the work and programme of the League. Primary elections queried The Assembly queried the democratic and intrinsic value of primary elections, and appealed to the Party to look at this practice again. Many unplpasant situations have resulted, and divisions, and personal power struggles have surfaced. Chancers, political prostitutes, and opportunists have used the occasion of these primary elections to penetrate the Party using money and patronage, and even fanning the flames of tribalism and regionalism, to try and get into positions of power to benefit themselves only. The League felt that firm discipline was required in Phe Party. Chancers and opportunists should not be given opportunities to penetrate the Party, because they only want to benefit themselves.'The League fully supports the intentions of the Party to promote grass-roots democracy* in our society, and within our Party. But, that factor should be balanced with the equally important desire to preserve the political direction of the Party which brought independence and freedom to our people. The National Assembly of the League has always felt that more women should be appointed to Government and Party posts. At the November meeting that call was repeated again. One delegate who is a member of IBWO enumerated five companies in which Government is a shareholder which do not have a single woman on the Board of Directors. - community. manages fishing resources By Mercedes Sayagues MWENIE - For the first time ever in ment of wildlife has been carried out in Zimbabwe, a community institution has Zimbabwe by the CAMPFIRE been empowered to manage fishing programme, it has not been tried before resources at a state-owned dam. The for fish. if it succeeds, other communityMwenjeDam - Committee, representing run projects may follow. four villages bordering the reservoir, is, So far, the Mwenje experiment highsues fishing licences, controls fishing lights the potential of that approach to gear and guards against poaching. natural resource management, but also It is an experiment worth watching. some of the problems. The growing Although community-based manage- pains include conflicts among villagers,' Wildlife conservation Continued from page 12 Sharing the profits The new policies are based on saving entire ecosystems, rather than focusing narrowly on endangered species, many of which~live or travel outside protected afeas. Three quarters of Kenya's wildlife and about 60-70 percent of that in Zimbabwe exist outside of parks and reserves. "Protected' areas are only a portion of the ecosystem on which the animals depend," says Perez Olindo. a Kenya-based consultant for the Wildlife Conservation Society. "People who save wildlife lend a service by allowing them to use grazing areas and water that are on their lands." Countries e Zambia'have found ways to pay local communities for these servIces. Under the country's ADMADE programme (Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas), community leaders, including Chief Shikabeta, participate in overseeing protected areas. Although ADMADE is run by park personnel, local benefits come in many forms: employment as scouts, income from meat and hide sales and local development projects financed with 35 percent of the earnings from tourism and hunting. One of the programme's principles is that wildlife can be more profitable than other land uses, says Peter Tilley of the World Wildlife Fund's ADMADE support programme. "There is a greater understanding on a local and national level that, rather than being a consumer of scarce resources, conservation could actually be a net economic contributor." A difficult road Africa's community-based programmes have shortcomings. Some have not delivered promised benefits; most have not yet proved, effective in conrservation. And "participation is a very loose wor0" says John Hough, a bio-diversity expert. "It can mean substantial community involvement. But it can also mean government officials calling a meeting of appointed village leaders and saying the .government is going to do this, and that. Thank you for participating.". A classic example is Kenya's 'Am'ibdseli Park, where collaboration between wlllife authorities and the local Maasai crumbled in the 1980s, as the government failed to pay local residents a wildlife utilisation fee or construct promised water holes and other amenities. "Amboseli never lived up to its promise: the equitable distribution of income," says Western. Once official support collapsed, however, the Maasai took over conservation efforts, setting up wildlife concessions and hunting lodges. African critics charge that foreign experts continue to wield enormous influence over the continent's environmental policies and that international organisations rarely employ Africans in highlevel positions. And, adds Perez Olindo, many fail to consult local pe6-1e.-"You cannot solve African problems without talking to the local communities," he says. "I'm talking about substantive, effective participation. There is very little of that around." But the millions of dol-. lars in foreign assistance for African conservation makes continued outside influence likely. Nonetheless, says Kenya's Western, Africans must have the final say in how wildlife Is managed. "It is our sovereign right," he stresses. "We recognise our responsibility to share it in certain circumstances. Whether we choose to share or not. it is our decision. On the whole, African countries have been very responsible." - AFRICAN FARMER El especially between poor fisherfolk and the better-off ones who dominate the committee. Who will wield control and reap the benefits? The dispute has raised important questions not only of equity, but also of thelong-term sustainablity of Mwenje's, fishing catch. Alternative to farming Mwenje Dam lies among lush, rich farmland 80 kilometres north of Harare. It irrigates large commercial farms, but is surrounded by smallholder lands under communal tenure. When t*e rains are good, communal farmers here grow plenty of maize, cotton and sunflowers. This year, poor rains have shrunk the reservoir by half. Catte herds, decimated by the big drought of 1991/92, have not been restocked, while disease has wiped out chickens. So for many villagers, fish are a main source of protein. To help combat problems of over-fishing and to develop the reservoir's potential as a sustainable, long-term resource, the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation't Aquaculture for Local Community Development Programme (ALCOM) launched a pilot project in 1991. It had .initial support from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management and the local district council. Because villagers had encountered frustrations in their earlier dealings with government and other rural development agents, "it took a long time to win the community's trust," notes an ALCOM report. Meanwhile, bureaucratic red tape delayed the granting of full authority to the dam committee until April 1994, two yiars after it was set up. With the aim of avoiding overfishing, the committee has restricted access to the reservoir by granting fishing licences. It allows only 32 gill-nets (which trap fish by entangling their gis), eight from each village, with a minimum mesh size of 3.5 inches to prevent catching small fish. It grants annual rod-and- line licences to villagers. Out of the licence fees, eight fish wardens, two from each village, were paid to control'permits and use of fishing gear. Social divisions The enforcement of controls worked well initially. But in early 1994, when local " government. personnel from the diStrictw Continued next page I, ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

Community manages fishing resources Continued from previous page 7 council stopped attending the monthly meetings, the dam committee changed the rules and decided that fish wardens would be drawn on a volunteer basis from among those who use gill-nets. Because gill-nets are expensive, gillnetters are usually among the richer and more influential local people. They dominate the dam committee, and see no problems in the way the project operates. "Proceeds from fishing have increased for us," says Erica Dzapasi the committee's treasurer. She and Itayi Canny, Dzapasi, the committee secretary, -are from one of the two most powerful families in the area. But poor villagers, many of whom are women, tend to use traps and fishing rods. They feel excluded and believe the gill-netters are overfishing. "The gillnetters are a bunch of crooks," says Oliver Kaseke, one of the wardens dismissed by the committee. "They use -small-size nets that catch the youhg fish, so there are less fish now in the dam. It doesn't pay for the poor to buy a rodand-line licence because you wait and wait for no catch. And fish prices have risen so much it is now too expensive for-the poor to buy." Feeling cheated, many of the poorer fisherfolk have stopped paying for ficences and some are using traditional nets and other gear prohibited by the 'dam committee. Often fishing at night, they have again become "poachers." Subtle tensions have also developed between members of the dam committee and Mwenje's traditional leaders. Traditionally, the reservoir was seen as community property, with access for all, induding villages not directly bordering on the dam. People still refer to the reservoir as rukowa, eterm signifying a dammed river open to everyone. The traditional leaders, while understanding the need for proper conservation of the resource, nevertheless feel their authority threatened by the new system of controlled access. Their estrangement is a problem, since effective communitybased management of natural resources depends not just on legal regulations, but also on social sanctions enforced by community leaders. For the whole community Many villagers are pressing for an open meeting at which such problems can be discussed. Sam Chimbuya, a former ALCOM staff member who originally set up ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 the pilot project, urges basic training in how community organisations should operate. Projects like Mwenje, he says, are "meant for whole communities to benefit, and not just for a few who are in the committee itself" Kaseke believes that the problem of overfishing can be resolved by not allowing the users of gill-nets to police themselves. "if, you put real guards there," he says, "in three months fish will be breeding again." Benjamin Mafusire, a member of the dam committee, agrees: "The committee should go back to the original arrangement of paid fish wardens who are not fishermen themselves." Both Mafusire and Chimbuya stress the tatistics of marriages entered into between Zimbabwean nationals and foreigners show that most of them are simply marriages of convenience. One expatriate woman who was being told to leave the country suddenly produced a marriage certificate to her cook so that she could stay in Zimbabwe. But the expatriate woman and her cook were not living together as man and wife. The government now wants to change the law in order to stop these types of marriages of convenience. But, the Constitution has to be amended too in order to change the laws. The Supreme Court judgement on the Rattigan case requires Zimbabwe to grant an indefinite and unconditional residence permit to any foreign husband of a Zimbabwean woman on mere production of a marriage certificate irrespective of whether the foreigner has serious previous criminal antecedents or is a fugitive from justice or an economic refugee. What is more striking is that in the majority of cases, the marriages in question are between Zimbabweans and those foreigners who would have failed to qualify for either Temporary Employment Permits or Residence Permits in their own rights for lack of merit. Some of these marriages are between couples who would not have met before and therefore cannot be for anything but convenience. Among the beneficiaries of these marri- need for. greater official involvement, including from the district council and the parks department. By serving as facilitators, they can help resolve conflicts within the community, Chimbuya says. In a similar way, he adds, it is important to properly consult the traditional leaders, as "owners of the land." Chimbuya is optimistic that solutions can be found to such problems, although it may take time. "Where natural resources have been usually managed by the central government, a culture of taking on responsibility evolves slowly," he says. "I am still convinced that community management of resources is the best, no, the only way to go." o ages which are a deliberate contrivance to circumvent immigration laws, are former residents, the Rhodies who skipped the country at independence for no apparent reason other than the unfounded fear of the black majority government they derided as "Communist". They openly spumed the President's magnanimous hand of reconciliation but alas, things have not been greener wherever they went to and now they are exploiting a weakness in our laws and are coming back in droves. Even notorious West African drug pedlars and money launderers have flocked in to marry our not so scrupulous daughters and sisters in one minute love encounters. The landmark Supreme Court judgement on Rattigan et al has only served to attract foreign criminals, social perverts and raw materials of other countries who cannot be employed in their own countries. Their presence here is marginalising the indigenous people. We are more and more being called upon to deport the undesirables at the taxpayer's expense after lengthy court proceedings when this could be prevented were it not for the Supreme Court judgement which virtually rendered the immigration laws void as ultra vires the Constitution. It now costs not less than $15 000 to deport someone to the United Kingdom or Australia and even more to assist someone to go home in the USA. El

Fighting drought and.. feeding millions I n the last seven months, the country has taken very bold steps, and many strong measures to fight the drought of 1995. It is as severe as the drought of 1991; in the respect of water shortages this year's drought is even more severe. By October most of the, rivers had dried up; boreholes had also dried up; and dams had either siled wikh sand or just dried up. Many villagers had no water to drink; cattle, goats, and sheep were dying of thirst; and many wild, animals also died of thirst. The big lesson that we must learn from this year's drought is the need to -preserve and protect our river systems. That is simply a MUST for the survival of our nation. The Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, has recently given the Chiefs and Headmen more powers than they used to have. These traditional authorities should now use that power to prohibit the cutting of trees and cultivation of crops on the river banks. No one should plough land or plant crops within 50 metres of any river or stream. Such cultivation is the main cause of the siltation of our rivers and dams. No one should cut a tree or plough (or put vegetable garden) in the ,vlei or river bank without permission from the chief of headmen or kraalheads. These laws need to be enforced vigorously. In the last three weeks our correspondent hdd travelled extensively throughout the country, speaking to peasant farmers, decision-makers, and representatives of Non-Governmental Organisations. There are some differences between provincet, and certainly different styles of administration. But the general picture is more or less the same. Of course, the most surprising and positive development when the first rains came in mid-November was the heaviest rains which fell in the driest areas of the country, the provinces of Matabeleland South and Masvingo. These provinces had been adversely affected by the drought in the last five years. They never had adequate rains. In fact, what has be- By Our Correspondent come clear over these years is the fact that drought -is now a persistent and permanent feature of Zimbabwe's economic life. As already stated, the most common feature of the current drought is the acute shortage of water. The second feature is the general shortage of transport to carry grain for loaning, packs for seeds, fertilisers, or grain for the aged and chronically ill. The Ministry of Transport and Energy is now mobilising private transporters, and trucks from the. army. But, private transporters are expensive. They have quoted $2.20 per kilometre on tarred roads, and $2.40 on gravel roads. In comparison, CMED charges. $1.40 on tarred roads and $1 .50 on gravel roads. But, the CMED does not have enough trucks to carry all the maize; and furthermore it does not have heavy trucks that can carry 30 to 40 tonnes at a time. Many depots that should be holding maize stocks are empty or half-full because of transport problems. Grain supply situation The supply of grain appears to be adequate. The Grain Marketing Board inspite of its managerial problems, appears to be mobilising what food would be required to feed the nation up to the middle of February next year. In the next three months. (December, January and February) a total of 240 000 tonnes of' grain must be moved from graindepots to the collection points where they will be picked up by those in need. That is a big task for the Ministry of Transport and Energy. The GMB has also taken the precaution of buying yellow maize from South Africa. As our people do not like eating yedlow maize if they have a choice (in this case there is none) it would be advisable to blend the yellow with the white maize. The blend used in the 1991 drought seems 'to have beeii acceptable. The drier areas of the country should be encouraged to grow and plant other drought-resistant crops. Crops such as "mapfunde" and "mhunga" do much better in climatic conditions of low rainfall and high tempera- tures. But, the GMB as well as the CI0 should be be vigilant over-the next three months to make sure that grain is not stolen or misappropriated. The theft of gram report by the police at GMB depots last year should not be repeated. Supplementary feeding for children An important feature of the drought relief work this year is the supplementary food being provided to children under the age of five years. Although it was meant to supplement the food they would have eaten at their homes, in many cases it is the only meal the chil-. dren are having. They eat a plate of pq' ridge mixed with groundnuts and some oil at 12 noon. This scheme has saved many lives. There are children who, would be dead today if they. had no access to this food. The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare has also been able to' raise a lot of money from international donors for this scheme. So succ.ssfii has been.the scheme that some of the mothers who have been helping with /the cooking have tended to help themselves with the food of the children. Some cooks were found eating very large plates of what should be porridge for the children. Unfortunately, the supply of groundnuts has been rather short in recent months. The Ministry of Educatiqn is still planning to initiate a programme of feeding those school-going children who are in great need. The scheme already exists in few provinces. I No more suspicions on grain loan After seven months of hard work some of the suspicions surrounding the Grain Loan Scheme have evaporated. At the beginning of the scheme in the first phase (May and June), some people feared that government would seize their property if they failed to return the maize. Government spokesmen have it abundantly clear that repayment will only be effected through the Loan Committees after a good harvest. Chiefs and Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 headmen proposed this 'scheme to government, and they have now explained if fully to the people. But several chiefs are now requesting the government to give them some of the maize under this scheme because of the large number of people who visit their homes and premises in search of food or advice on how to get supplies of certain commodities. Furthermore, among their people there are now many more applicants for grain loan. It is estimated that six million Zimbabweans are now being fed by the government and donors under this scheme. At the end of 'the programme, a total of 500 000 tonnes of maize and sorghum will have been distributed to those in need of it. Com- rade R.G. Mugabe, President and First rade R.G. Mugabe, insisted that the Secretary, has instructed that no Zim- quantity of seed given to each peasant babwean should die of hunger and mal- farmer should be increased. Consequentnutrition. Although some deaths have ly, the quantity has been increased from been reported in some provinces, it ap- 10 kilogrammes to 15 kilogrammes for pears that speakers were using the ver- each peasant farmer. Although most of nacular words figuratively. In SiNdebele the packs had been distributed already, when you say "ngiyalambo" it could the additional amounts will be distributmean that I am hungry or I am dying ed this month. Furthermore, the seed beof hunger. In Shona you say "ndofa nen- ing distributed this year is better qualizara" which, taken literally, means I am ty and in some cases early maturing. dying of hunger. Some journalists have The food that is given to about 800 000 tended to misunderstand such phrases. - 1. -1- n - 8 000 More and better seeds This year the peasant farmers are happy because the seed packs and the accompanying fertilizer has reached them early, before the first rains hit the ground. Furthermore, our leader, Com- L A V L5 ; A, 1 , . .L ULCL A I.l. a also been increased from 5 to 10 kilogrammes per month. The Department of Social Welfare had received many complaints that the 5 kg was not enough. The recipients usually finished this food before the end of the month. utoko - Wholesale vegetable M vendors at Mutoko growth point have complained against the council's insensitivity to their problems. in interviews with this magazine recently, some vendors said herds of cattle roam the marketplace destroying vegetables and other goods. They daimed that they have asked the local authority at Mutoko to erect a fence around the market but the council has only made promises which were never fulfilled. The cattle not only destroy goods at the market but they break into people's gardens. They stated that measures should be taken to prevent the cattle from entering the growth point which is always littered with cow dung. Confining the animals outside the centre ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 would also help prevent accidents with vehicles which pass through Mutoko. Turning to the $4 daily fee, vendors called on the local council to reduce the amount which they said' was too high consideringthat the market is nnt even serviced. Their counterparts who have had sheds constructed for them pay $12 per month. Since the open market is not protected, the vendors have to guard the place overnight: A lot of dirt is accumulating as the council does not employ someone to clean the place although the vendors are paying for conducting business at the market place. The vendors have lost a lot of vegetables to the scorchinjheat and they will soon face more problems at the open market since the rains have comet]

Ushe - hero par excellence Cde. Herbert Masiyiwa Sylvester Ushewokunze the ZANU PF Harare Province Chairman and member of the Central Committee passed away at 9.10 a.m. on Sunday 10 December, 1995, at Parirenyatwa Hospital. Zimbabwe has been robbed of one of its gallant sons, a veteran politician, medical practitioner and civic leader - an articulate revolutionary, fearless and eloquent speaker %,ho fought for and.saw birth of an independent Zimbabwe. On hearing the news of the death of Cde. Ushewokunze, the President and First Secretary of ZANU PF, Cde. R.G. Mugabe said, 'The news of the 'death of Dr. Herbert Ushewokunze has come as a great shock to me, evoking as it does a deep sense of sorrow and griefover the passing of a man of tremendous courage, dedication, loyalty, combined with a high sense of sacrifice and rare measure of public spiritedness... A man of very strong revolutionary views, Ushewokunze contributed tremendously to the shaping of the policies of the Party as well as implementing them. "After independence he served in GoVernment, holding successively various ministerial posts, thus making an immense contribution to the development of our country. His death is indeed a great loss to the country and nation, as it must be to those who were his dependants. "On behalf of the Government and the Party, and on my own behalf, I wish to express my deep condolences and sympathies to his bereaved wife and children, and to the entire family, over their irreparable loss. Ushewokunze will be missed by many- categories of our society for a long time to come." The Acting Chairman of Harare Province Cde. R.P. Nyandoro said that, "As Chairman of Harare Province Dr. Ushewokunze guided the Province wisely'in all the affairs of the Party. Members of the Province will remember Dr. Ushewokunze for his clarity of mind, ideological commitment, .strong character, loyalty and dedication in the service of Party and Government." The Secretary for Administration in the Harare Provine Cde. Augustine Timbe said: "Dr. Ushewokunze's irreplaceable loss would be most felt'in his unique ability to associate and communicate in an effective manner with all levels of the Party in particular and the society in general. He had a brilliant mind that he put to good effect in providing'inspiring leadership to the cosmopolitan capital city of Harare. The Province will miss his admirable political and intellectual leadership." The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps and Ambassador of the state of Palestine to Zimbabwe, Cde. Ali Halimeh showed his grief by saying, 'We in the PLO who fought side by side with him for total independence of Zimbabwe will always remember him as a great friend of the people of Palestine. The PLO and ZANU PF have always been allies in the struggle of which the late Cde. Ushewokunze was a pioneer." Background Cde. Ushewokunze is presumed to have been born on 6 June 1933 in Marondera Tribal Trust Lands. Herbert was the last of three children in the family of Matthew Ushewokunze. The first born was the late Samson Machingura, and the second was their only sister, Tethiwe. Their par. ents - Matthew Ushewokunze and Risi (nee Gwanzura) - were Wesleyan Methodists. Matthew was a Methodist preacher. Unfortunately, Matthew died a few weeks before Herbert was bom, hence the name Masiyiwa (the one left alone). Orphaned before he was even born, he-was brought .;up and educated at the home of his uncle. He had difficult early childhood, but the young boy learnt to rely on himself. He was bright and intelligent, but reserved and lonely at school. IM 18 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

Academic Career Cde. Ushewokunze received his early education at Madzima Primary School in Zvimba Communal area, Chirimamhunga Primary School in Chiota communal area, United Schoor in Bulawayo, the Marshall Hartley Mission in Zvimba communal area, the Waddilove Institute near Marondera, and Goronionzi Secondary School. He then proceeded to Durban, Natal in South Africa where he studied medicine at the University of Natal.. He graduated in 1965 and returned home to practise.. medicine in Bulawayo. He became the first black doctor to run a private nursing home which was called Marondera Polyclinic in Bulawayo. In hi continuous pursuit to make health services accessible to the majority of our people, he went on to open further surgeries in Mkoba, Gweru, and Amaveni in Kwekwe. He also ran a charity. clinic for the poor in Gokwe. He hal energy and" sympathy for the poor, the disabled, and those disadvantaged in any way. At his surgeries he; treated many people without charging them a cent if they could not afford to pay. He related to people of all classes and races with understanding and compassion. ; 013 Civic leader When he returned to Zimbabwe he settled in Bulawayo. Cde. Ushewokunze became involved in soccer administration there culminating in the formation of a football team known as Mashonaland United Football Club, currently known as Zimbabwe Saints. His home in Bulawayo entertained many friends, relatives and acquaintances. He became a popular and well-known figure in the Bulawayo area. He was a no nonsense man. One day he picked up a quarrel with a European soccer official at Barbourfields Stadium. .legrabbed his shirt and hit him with his bare hands. The soccer crowd was delighted that a black man was standing up and challenging the cultural arrongance of white people in colonial society. Although he never played soccer himself, Ushe had a genuine interest in the game. After independence, he rejoined the soccer fraternity by assisting in the administration of Zimbabwe Saints Football Club again. He never missed a big soccer game if he could, and sometimes travelled ldng distances to watch a good game. Political Career While at the University of Natal Herbert Ushewokunze became President of Black Medical Students Union, a responsibility which took up much of his time that it nearly derailed his studies. It would appear that this was the beginning of his serious interest in politics. He subsequently became a member of the Pan- Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), a political organisation which remained a significant entity during the struggle against minority rule and apartheid in South Africa and the African continent at large. His associations with political movements that were fighting for freedom and independence started as a consequence of his dislike and relentless opposition to racism. He was strongly opposed to any form of differentiation between 'people and' certainly resisted any discrimination directed at himself. He became active in South African poli-. tics especially in the campaign against the enforced carrying of passes which led to the massacre, of black demonstrators at Sharpville in 1960. Back home he joined the youth branch of ZANU which was operating underground. Later, he even began recruiting guerrillas to join the armed struggle. He was convinced that the armed'struggle was the only effective way of removing white minority rule. In 1972 he joined in organising the rejection of the British settlement proposals' canvassed by thi Lord Pearce Commission. He became Vice-Chairman of the African National Council which organised the big NO vote in that referendum, under the leadership of Bishop Muzorewa. But his heart was in the armed struggle. In exile Cde. Ushewokunze attended the Geneva Conference as part of Bishop Muzorewa's delegation. It was at this time that he made effective contact With ZANU leadership led by Cde. R.G. Mugabe, ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 19 and he immediately joined them. His eyes were set on assisting as much is he could in the stepping up of the armed struggle. After all, he had been recruiting guerrillas from the Bulawayo area for srkie time. He abandoned his surgeries, and left a very large family behind in Southern Rhodesia when he joined the armed struggle. He was criticised and castigated by the Rhodesian Medical Professional Council, and by other doctors for taking this course of action. But, he Was a man who Jas inflexible once he had taken a decision on a matter of principle. He never wavered or hesitated to act decisively when major issues were at stake. President Mugabe succinctly described the way Cde. Ushewokunze finally went in to political exile; .... Ushewokunze left his medical practice in 1,976 and came t6 join us in the liberation struggle in which he made an immense contribution to ZANLA's medical services, while at the same time participating in the Central Committee of the Party as Secretary for Health.. ." It was at the historic Chimoio ZANU Congress which reconstituted the Central Committee and the High qommand at which he was elected Secretary for Health and a member of Central Committee. He tarted building the health services for the guerilla movement, establishing clinics in the camps, and in refugee settlements. He also liaised with FRELIMO and with support groups in Western Europe to make artificial limbs for those cadres who had lost limbs in the struggle. A good health service for the fighting forces was a very important component of the armed struggle. It was Herbert Ushewokunze who built up this component. He started training medical and paramedical cadres, who could provide first aid treatment, and minimal treatment for those who are sick, or injured. In fact, in some districts, the general population of Mozambique, used to seek and get medical treatment from ZANLA medical corps. The building up of the ZANLA medical corps remains as Ushe's monumental achievement and contribution to the liberation! struggle for Ziibabwe. Back at home At independence in 1980 Cde. Ushewokunze stood successfully as a ZANU PF candidate in Bulawayo. He was appointed Minister of Health in the first government after independence. It was during his tenure of office that free basic health care was introduced as part of his endeavours to make health services accessible to all people. He shook the bureaucracy in that Ministry and effected many changes. One day he dressed up in khakhifbverall and went to Karoi Hospital in a taxi to seek some treatment. The nurses continued knitting their jerseys and chatting when the Minister of Health was sitting on a bench waiting for attention. When he finally identified himself, the medical staff was shocked and acutely embarrassed. That incident shook the entire staff of the Ministry. In 1982 he was appointed Minister of Home Affairs. At the 1984 ZANU PF Congress he was reelected to the Central Committee and appointed member of the Politburo as Secretary of the Commissariat and Culture. In 1984 he was appointed Minister of Transport and during his tenure in th;s ministry, he is on record for having invited Zimbabweans from all walks of life to come forward with ideas to improve the country's rail and air transport, holding the conviction that".. no one has a monopoly ot good ideas". During the 1985 general elections he was the ZANU PF Director of Elections. He was doing Commissariat and Culture work. He did thi3 work well as evidenced by the landslide victory of the ruling Party in the 1985 elections. Describing himself as the glamour boy of politics, he toured many constituencies, visiting remote villages, farm and mining compounds, and high density urban areas. He made a deep impression on the ordinary people, and especially on the voters. He won his own Chinamora constituency decisively. His opponent lost his deposit. 20 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

ZINATHA and the "N'angas". Ushe was one of those doctors who strongly believed that traditional medicine, and the "n'angas" (or traditional doctors) have a part to play in developing alternative medicines and treatment. He believed that there are diseases they can treat even better than Western doctors. As Minister ofi Health he took vigorous steps to legalise traditional medical practices. He piloted a Bill thr ugh Parliament which gave traditional healers the legal standing in society. At his own surgeriesland polyclinics in Harare, Bulawayo, and Gweru, he encouraged patients with rare diseases to consu1tj,, traditional healers. He personally used some traditional medicines which he felt and knew were more effective, on particular cases. Indeed, the legalisation of traditional healing is one of his many contributions to national development. In the past "n'angas" were looked upon with suspicion as some variety of witches who could be charge under the Suppression of Witchcraft Act. Now, that blanket of suspicion has been removed. Entry into Harare Province In 1988 Cde. Ushewokunze was appointed Minister of State for Political Affairs. When Cde. Mugabe became Executive President he resigned his Highfield East Constituency. Cde. Ushewokunze successfully contested the by-election in that constituency and became its Member of Parliament. During the 1990 general elections he was returned to-Parliament as Member of Parliament for Highfic4d East..He was subsequently appointed Minister of Energy, Water Resources and Development, until 1992. In January 1993 he left, the government to concentrate on his political activities. In January 1994 he was elected Chairman of the Harare Province and a member of the Central Committee. He held these positions at the time of his death. The National Hero Thus it is befitting that a man of such high commitment, intellectual calibre and selfless dedication to people's liberation and needs is duly accorded the highest honour of National Hero status. "A Herbert Masiyiwa Sylvester Ushewokunze has been declared a National Hero because of the work he did for this country during the liberation struggle, after independence as a Minister in different portfolios and as a civic leader. Cde. Ushewokunze is survived by his 21 children. He managed to give them a good education. . CDE HERBET MASIYIWA SYLVESTER USHEWOKUNZE REST IN PEACE! VAHERBERT MASIYIWA SYLVESTER USHEWOKUNZE ZORORAI MURUGARE! CDE. HERBERT MASIYIWA SYLVESTER USHEWOKUNZE HAMBA KUHLE, QHAWE LAMAQHAWE! ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

African integration as a'solution to the African economic crisis By Our Economic Correspondent lhe challenges facing Africa today are manifold: political, cultural, £ psychological and economic. in the early years the major political challenge was that of decolonisation. The total decolonisation of Africa was previously conditioned on the liberation of Southern Africa. After this was achieved, the challenge is now that of giving meaning to democracy. And this is not !only in the liberal, formalistic sense, but in allowing and enabling people to participate fully in the economy and society. There can, also, be no democracy unless the socio-economic status of the majority of the people, the peasants and the workers, is significantly improved. Economic crisis in Africa Africa in the 1990s is taced by many cris. At the socal and political Jev there is the growing phenomena bf ethnicity and ethnic based politics and conflicts ; as exemplified more glaringly by Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi et cetera. These problems hold a spectre for disinitegration and anarchy unless urgent steps are taken to manage and control the situation. Besides, such situations undermine the foundations of Pan Africanism and the quest for integration. The other major crisis is psychological. This is evidenced by the cultural crisis and the lack of confidence in ourselves. There is the tendency to look to Western cultural value systems and practices for solutions to Africa's problems. But an even more serious crisis is the economic- one.'There are many aspects of the economic crisis: failed economic policies, increasing dependence on the West, and the marginalisation of Africa, globally. What are the factors that cause this crisis? Causes Africa remains as the least developed of all the developing regions of the world. This is evidenced by the fact that among other things, of the 36 countries designated by the United Nations as the least aevelopea countries, 21 are in Atrica. Indeed for the low-income countries of Africa (comprising more than 29 countries) undergoing the kind of economic deterioration in absolute terms is nothing short of crisis. Consequently the African economic crisis iF the mast formidable contemporary challenge not only to the international community but on a global scale both for the North as Well as the South. The far-reaching generally negatve - ripple effects of the Afri. can economic crisis in separate African countries, on a regional, international and global scales have, in the short as .well as long run, an underestimated but generally insurmountable force. Factors underlying the crisis and its dimensions: (a) Features of the crisis Africa's macro-economic decline is evidenced by: falling per capita output, a decline in almost all macr9economic indicators over the seventies and eighties. These problems are exacerbated by rapid population growth which is not matched by corresponding economic growth. . Other characteristics include: deterioralng external payment problems and escalating debt and falling food production. (b) Factors (i) Agriculture: Poor, policies with regard to pricirig, incentives to produce cash crops for export under the colonial and post-colonial policies; damaged prospects for food availability and security. This is compounded b9'lack of access to technology, finance, marketing failities, et cetera, especialy* small farmers; unfavourable termt of trade and minimal investments in research and development have resulted in crisis in agriculture. Persistent droughts have compounded the problems. (ii) Many countries have a concentration of monoculture economies, characterised by a low and stagnating industrial sector. Afcpn countries. This results in so. cial unrests, wars, refugees, et cetera. While the crisis manifests itself in an emergency situation, it is a consequence of long-term trends and forces that can: be traced back primarily to the colonial division of labour and the inability of post colonial strategies of development4 to reverse it. The crisis in Africa has thus resulted i ts marginalisation over the last 2 decades. The marginalisation is charac-. tersed by - Africa's share of world trade and in-, v.stment has declined to negligikle" proportions. - There is growing dependence on, foreign aid and foreign expertise resulting in already unequal relationships becoming more skewed. - Stagnation, and in some cases, sliding-back in economic development (in per capita terms and negative growth has been experienced in parts of Africa).~ - Africa's share of exports has fallen steadily. The challenge is for Pan Africanists to lead Africa out of this economic decline aqd marginalisation so that Africa can tae her rightful place in the world. The central question for Africa therefore is one of unity and united action, a quest for self-reliance. And the starting point should be in the forging and promotion of strong and viable regional organisations. Our survival as a continent also lies in the promotion of South-South cooperation and the struggle against doton by the North. AI sH- .A* = -Mtra African countries are also heavily With the emergence of highiy favouradependent on imports because of ble forces and trends regionally and inptheinr sue. ,of doestinatonally, within political, economIc social and cultural circles, Africa to a Because of the high degree of de- large extent stands to benefit. Employpendence on the export of primary ing the developmental potential of commodities, Africa is vulnerable to regional economic blocs and adopting the falling Commodity prices. *new forms of territorial orqanisation-f (c) Political and social piociuctive forces and torms ot organiThe economic crisis is, of course, sation of production in society, Africa compounded by the political and" - , social crisis that characterise many ;Continued' next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

1 I;%y 'yathi was among Zimbabwean musicians who joined their counterparts "%m the region at the music festival ja move to establish a strong region- came together in Harare, Zimbabwe, to al community, Southern Africa laid participate in a cultural festival. lyet another building block when 386 The music testival, the first in a series musicians from 10 regional countries being organised by the Culture and inAfrican integration to economic crisis Continued from previous page inevitably facilitates the economic restructuring process thus establishing the national capacities and designing comiOrehensive development centred programmes. For the Southern African region, the major role on economic restructuring coo4d be performed with the-aid of the 4ojwIng regional institutions responsiWe for promoting regional economic iniegration: the Southern African Developpent Community (SADC) and the reerential Trade Area for Eastern and Suthern Africa (PTA). We are all aware that SADC was estab4Ishied in August 1992 essentially as a cpitinuation of the Southern African Devilopment Coordination Conference (SADCC) formed in 1980. As such SADC represents an ambition to achieve a deeper form of economic integration Among its now twelve member-states. SADCC was, as a mattereof fact, successMl in forging a regional identity, in establishing solidarity among its members confronting a hostile South Africa (by the Order of the day) and in gaining acceplance of the view that closer economic Integration and cooperation was not ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 only desirable but imperative for ecolnomic growth and development. But SADCC relied entirely on project and sector coordination to promote cooperation and lacked a strategy for tackling the macroeconomic aspects of integration. Processes on economic restructuring and development within the context of SADC practically expanded SADCC's role in three significant areas: a) SADC has the responsibility for developing policies establishing a common market by way of eliminating barriers. b) SADC has to strengthen its institutional base to ensure its full involvement in the process of regional integration and finally. c) SADC ensures prevalence of good governance, the honour of human rights and democratic practice, et cetera. The SADC should therefore build on the puiitical solidarity of the people of the region and their common historical background to forge a deep-rooted commurity. This community can constitutes an important component of African integration. E ------formation Sector of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), ran from 29 September to 8 October 1995,' in fQur selected venues - the Harare International Conference Centre, 9arar, Gfdens, Seven Arts Theatre and Rufaro Sitadium. At these venues, music enthusiasts were treated to a variety of regional musical sounds ranging from mbira, rumba, timbila, marimba, marrabenta. taarab. kalindula, afrojazz, Chimurenga, just to mention a few types of beats that the sub- region can produce. The performing bands delivered the goods and got everyone attending the shows dancing to their tunes. They' provided a wide range of music to cap-, ture the tastes of all present. On the last day of the show, when attendance got to its peak, the highly entertaining and talented M-Connection band from Nanibia, played several kinds of melodies from rlggae to rufnba and some kwasa- kwo a that could have left some Zairean kwas&-kwasa kings green with envy. Another group from Malawi, Kalimba, kept the crowds laughing by stopping at intervals to tell jokes and-pick people from the crowd tQ prve their dancing skills on stage. However, one message that they emphasised was that the people ot the region are one. "We long for the day - which is quite near when there will not be any pointing at anyone from Malawi, Zambia, Angola and so forth as a foreigner by anybody from the region," called out one of the members of the Kalimba band. Religious music was not left out at the festival - fans were treated to the gospel sounds of the outfit made up of Brian Sibalo, Oliver Mutukudzi and Mechanic Manyeruke - all from Zimbabwe. Local star Simon Chimbetu had his fans calling for more after he had done his beat. This musical event, held under the theme "Building SADC Through Music", marked the first step towards implementing the 1993 SADC proposal to hold a series of festivals on music, dance, theatre and arts exhibition between 1995 and 1998. The major objective for such a huge project is to foster cultural links between member states inT line with SADC's concept of building a community. Continued next page lRegional NeNJ S

SADC on community music Continued from previous page In the next three years, more shows on other aspects of culture will be organised. Mozambique will host a theatre festival, Namibia, the arts and craft festival while the dance festival will be hosted in Tanzania. A culture fund has been set up to meet the costs. The donor community will also provide the resources for the running of the project. This time, the European Union (EU) and the Norwegian Development Agency (Norad) jointly sponsored the music festival, giving out Z$4.4 million (US$.55 million) and Z$2.2. million (US$.25 million) respectively. A representative of the EU technical team, Alain Manevy, responsible for the Communications and Media Strategy at the Art Budget Communications Development (ABCD) group of Consultants, based in Paris, France, pointed out that by donating the money, the EU's major aim is to help regional countries to act collectively and together develop culturally. Some critics of regional integration welcomed the idea of cultural festivals and hope that this will be useful in attaining complete regional co-operation. For some time, these critics have repeatedly pointed out that there is need to involve the _grassroots populace of Southem Africa in the process of regional co- operation if the results are to be meaningful. SADC member states have taken this criticism positively. At the official openin of the musicfestJit . the or ganisation's executive secretary, Dr. Kaire Mbuende pointed out that: "The essence of the event was to mobilise the people of the region to claim a stake in the integration of the region." lose Katupha, the Minister of, Culture, Youth and-Sports in Mozambique, who attended some of the shows, echoed similar sentiments as Dr. Mbuende. He argued that while some SADC sectors, such as those in trade and industry had made significant strides toward creation of regional economic bodies, cultural ones were practically not yet off the ground. "The festival, among other issues, intends to enhance and stimulate creativity and exhibit cultural similarities and diversities. Regional musicians therefore need to interact seriously at a cultural level," says Katupha. In a statement issued to ihe media, the SADC Music Festival Directorate, who organised the shows through the Region. a l ganising Committee, outlined the following as some of the major objectives that the regional body had in organising the music festival: * To preseve and promote the musical heritage of performance values inherited from our ancestors. * To encourage cultural exchange and awareness of the socio-cultural aspects of the different and varying melodies, harmonies, rhythms and musical instruments of the region. " To attract and co- ordinate inYestment to the music industry in SADC countries. * To expose the regional and interna. tional rarkets to a broader spectrum of SADC music. It would be very timely if SADC achieved some of these objectives soon, particularly investment in the music industry. At present, the regional musicians are being deprived of an income they could be Renerating through their talents. Continued next page Ti Popular Zimbabwean group Black Umfolosi were not present at the SADC festival 24 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 26 NO. 6

SADC on community music Continued from previous page Of late, there has been an influx of poor quality pirated musical records and tapes being sold at give-away prices in most regional states. The testival provided a lot of opportuni-' -ties for the private sector within the. region. It was a platform for those in the marketing,' advertising and promotion industry to sell their good& and services in the region and. throughout Africa. For these reasons, the SADC Music Directoratewas tasked with bringing together the more than 300 musicians from 10 of the 12 SADC member stafes. Each of thel 0 members was represented by 30 musicians who were selected by their respective National Organising Committees. Tanzania could not send their representatives as they were pre-occupied with preparations tor the country's first multi-party elections at the end of October.* And Mauritius, the newest member of the grouping, could not bz repisented because it was only adnit t d is the twelfth member of the organisation in Abgust 1995 at the SADC Summit when preparations fr the music festival were already at an advanced stage. the testival attracted some attention from people outside Southern Africa. Some professional international observ.ers, made up of festival and cultural representatives from France, Denmark and other European countries, were thrilled by the music expo. They described it as a --resounding success aind a significant cultural achievement". Some of their suggestions, as presented to the SADC Music Directorate in the form of a communique released at the end of the show were that the festival had great potential for presentation in Europe. In an interview with SARDC, the technical assistant for finance and mar-, keting at ABCD, Nathalie Renaud, says,! "The idea is to export the festival as a, label to many European countries in the near future because this event has a lot of potential to sell." Renaud says this will be done by picking individual musicians from through-,; out the region who participated at the, festival and including them to take partl in various festivals to be held next year. in France, Denmark, Britain and many other European countries. A major criticism levelled against the ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO.6 directorate was the inadequacy of publicity of the ePvent. While some people felt that there was little promotion of the festival, resulting in a few people attending the shows, other people felt that the venues selected were for the elite and were therefore inaccessible to the intended beneficiaries. Dr. Mbuende also felt that the organising committee had not performed its role to expected levels in disseminating information on the events of the festival, giving the event a low profit. "The response has not been good. What we are getting is not reflective of Harare's one million plus population. There has not been wide p(tblicity of events taking place here," said D. Mbuende. This criticism is a blessing in disguise because it is from such positive criticism that the future regional and national organising committees can draw examples from, in order to improve preparation for the rest of the cultural events in the series, scheduled for the near future. The EU technical team argues that the National Organising Committee, set up. between March and July this year, was given a very short notice to prepare. The festival, having been postponed three times, only had definite dates decided. on in August. This presented logistical problems as faced during the festival and the committee was organising this. for the first time. Consolation, however, came in the form of entry fees to the music festival which were relatively reasonable by local standards. The fees ranged between Z$5 and Z$20 (US$0.62 and US$2.50). At the Harare Gardens, the fees were even reduced from Z$5 to Z$2 (US$0.25) in order to allow attendance by more people. Organising such events as the SADC music festival is the way forward for the rein to convince the rest of the world of the quality product that Southern Africa is capable of producing. SARDC E Zimbabwe News Subscription Rates (Please tick a box to select your term) Zimbabwe 0 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 0 6 issues $11.25 Regional 0 12 issues (1 year) US$30.00 0 6 issues US$15.00 Overseas (Europe) 0 12 issues US$40.00 0 6 issues US$20.00 N am e : ...... (Olease print) A ddress: ...... ,. ,...... ,,...... ,.,.. ,,* ,,...... , ,...... *. . Signature: ..... * ...... THE RATES INCLUDE POSTAGE AND HANDLING I enclose my cheque El Postal Order El for the amount indicated abova Mail to: The Circulation Manager, The People's Voice, 144 Union Avenue, Harare, Te/ 790148/9

ReinlNw arliamentary elections taking plice in Southern Africa over the last two years - and still to come. aremaking women's participation-i the political process the buzzword. The involvement of governments and women's organisations in preparations for the Beijing Fourth UN World Conference for Women has also assisted -in bringing the issue to the political forefront at national, regional and interria: tional levels. According to Jodi Jacobson, a Worldwqatch researcher, "Worldwide, women comprise only ten percent of members of parliament. Throughout the world, at ministerial level, women hold only four percent of positions." Considering, that women are the majority voters in most countries it is ironic how long it has taken for women's political participation to come to the fore. he newest democratic statet in Southern Africa are setting the trend for women in political decision making. With a 26 percent female representation in parliament, Mozambique is right up there among the world's top ten countries with the most female MPs. South Africa comes a close second at 24 percent, taking third place to the Seychelles' 46 percent as a top ranker both in the South and globally. Observ-, ers would say that the heavy involve. ment of women in the civic organisa tions opposed to the apartheid regime has beern instrumental in giving women the confidence to compete in the electoral process. Elsewhere in the region, in the elections held in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe in 1994 and 1995, there has been an improvement as more women stood for, and were elected, to parliament. For instance, 29 women contested Zimbabwe's parliamentary elections and a record 20 made it. An additional two women were appointed non-constituent MPs by President Robert Mugabe, making for a total of 22 women parliamentarians (14.6 percent) out of 150 MPs. While in percentage terms this may not seem like much, the obstacles for these few women to get into parliament are huge. For the maioritv of womerl in The Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Zimbabwe, Cde. Edna Madzongwe is among many Zimbabwean women in the mainstream of the counny's politics Southerrl-Atrica, the process of participating.B politics is very much determined by a patriarchal set of values which hinder women from getting to the top. First, and probably' most important, womnen have little access to the (largely male dominated) networks which are the source of support and resources that are vital for entering the playing field. "The reality is that a lot of decisions affecting society as a whole get made over whiskies in a pub by members of the old-boys club," says ANC MP Pregs Govender, "Women lack the same networks and don't operate like that." It is also difficult to persuade women to run for elections as most feel they are just too busy running the home, or they fear losing their jobs, or, in some cases even believe that women have no business being in leadership positions. As a result, the tew women Who are preL pared to run for elections are caree women with political aspirations or a great deal of commitment to the women's cause. These women too have a lot to lose, especially considering how the additional burden for most, of being mother and wife, places them in a weaker position than their male counterparts. Female South African MPs are faced regularly with the difficulty of leaving their families for extended periods of time to attend sessions in Cape Town. Child care and secretarial and research assistance in the course of. their jobs are their present struggle. ANC MP Jenny Scnreiner points out that, "Parliament functions on the assumption that those who work there all have someone at home - someone who will Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL.o26 NO. 6 !%i Struggling for women's political participation By Kudzai Makombe i-it Oga OVA 0l o&la Vial .il

Struggling for women's political participation Continued from previous page bear and rear the children, run the household, buy the groceries, even organise their social life. In other words,: 1The whole political culture and style is male dominated and alien to women," says Jacobson. 'The struggle does not end at getting into parliament and juggling the different roles. Being appointed to cabinet is a rare phenomenon for women in this region. Zimbabwe has only two female cabinet ministers out of a 24-member cabinet and, despite the ANC women holding 26 percent of the seats in parliament, only three of them are in the 27-member cabinet. DurinZ Pre_ dent Mugabe's 1994 "Meet the People Tour", he wag confronted with the question of why there are so few women in' cabinet. His response was that there are few women'in parliament to select from in the first place. Gil Marcus, ANC MP and member of the ANC's National Executive Committee feels that the number of women in the South African cabinet does not contradict the fact that women are wellrepresented in parliament. She is quoted by a South African women's monthly, Femina, as saying, "I'm not hooked on numbers. if you're putting women in very senior positions, I want to be sure that you've put them there not because you want more women, but because they're competent." There is a trend toward this effect taking place in the region as female appointments to cabinet are changing for the better and there are more qualified and competent women to select from. Where previously th women appoint.ed~to cabinet were given traditional female pocstngs such as Ministry of Wom-, en's Affairs, Youth or Welfare, women are now receiving higher; prbfile 'positions. Until Sande Nkondo was appointed Minister of Housing following the death of Joe Slovo in South Africa, the highest profile position held by a woman in Southern Africa was that ot Foreign Affairs Minister of Botswana. Now women hold portfolios such as Public Enterprim, Ofl, Health, Fishing and Education throughout the region. Most remarkably, the Speaker of the National Assembly in South Africa is a woman, as is the Deputy Speiker in, .Zimbabwe. While there has been a lot of progress oler the last few years toward getting women's participation in politics, there is still need to get even more of them into parliament. This need must be addressed if women are to fully participate and be recognised as contributing fully to development. Affirmative action through party quota systems may be one of the answers to getting more women to parliament. However, this needs to be approached with some caution. While this system was successful in the South African elections, some MPs at a recent workshop to explore the needs and options for a Southern Africa Regional Information and Research Network for Members of Parliament held in Harare, voicei concern that the quota system could lead to resentment among other MP ' Zimbabwean MP Aeneas Chigweclere noted that changing attitudes is not something to be done through affirmative action but should begin from an early stage. "We are not using our education (systems) for social purposes," he says. Accordine to Chigwedere, women's NGOs are not doing enough to instil gender awareness; particularly to children. Because those MPs who are in parliament have not been educated on gender issues one cannot expect attitude change to -come easily. Accordingao Marcus, having a quota in general t* of forces one to consiaer women-i but being 'rigid leads to tokenism. "in'not dismissing the irnportance of numbers but I'd hate to see the introduction of rigid quotas." There is another side to the coin, that of increasing women's political participation by addressing the questionofwomenasvoters. ' I Lack of education, social, economic and Pemeptage o V,'onen i -i .1" - ,iE political empowerment are factors which restrict women's ability to cast an informed vote and thereby fully participate in the political process. The majori-, ty of women in the rural areas do not have the education to vote for change' or improvement in their lifestyles. One of the difficulties this raises is the question of whether those women who are elected to parliament have the right to represent the disempowered women whose needs may be different from their own. "Are we going to sit back and do noth'. ing because we think we have no right to represent the disempowered women? Those women also have aspirations and If we as empowered women do not take up the responsibility of raising their consciousness and assisting them to realise these aspirations then who will?" questioned an NGO participant during a recent discussion held in Harare on women's participation at localkovernment level. in spite ot all the constraints, the coun, cres in Southern Africa are beginning to take action toward increasing women's participation in the politicalprocess and the women are making it happen off course. More still needs to be done however and perhaps what is of greatest concern is the lack of commitment being shown by the sub-regional, regional and international policy-making bodies at implementation level. The Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the United Nations (UN) are lagging iff their . promotion of wbmen's participation. As Patrcia Lialey,.writng Ior Africa Anal. ysis, says, "Although some people would argue that the OAU is a reflection of its member states, nevertheless the organisation'could provide a more enabling environment SARDC El a Parliament in Southern Africa C...". ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 /

By Mqlachia M. Basvi Madirnutsa T he nte-national Monetary Fund is |now brazenly acting as the management board in the Zimbabwe economy. This capitalistcontrolled international finance organisation is going too far in imposing its dictatorship over the governmefit's sovereign right to choose areas of p riority when implementing macro. economic programmes. This brazen interference is an arrogant negation of our independence and sovereignty. In the short space of two weeks from the beginning of November, IMF dominated by Western industrialised countries, first threatened Zimbabwe with the weapon of withdrawing its pledge to fund Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes the introduction of which it imposed in 1990. Following in the footsteps of this calculated economic blackmail. the or~anisation then forced the Zimbabwe government to make self.paralysing cuts on expenditure for capital projects designed to alleviate the problems facing grassroot masses. Housing The IMF ordered the government to slash $40 million from allocations reserved for public housing projects. This money was ordered to be taken from the Ministry of Public Construction and National Housing which had planned to spend it on the building of low-cost houses for low income earners in urban areas. Zimbabwe's urban areas and growth points in rural areas have over three million people who urgently require housing accommodation. In some high density suburbs, as many as 30 people may be seen packed in a four roomed ramshackle. in the so-called shanty locations working class families find their only shelter in hovels made of torn sheets of plastic, tarpaulin materials, rusty tins, sacks darkened by smoke and dirt, grass, torn rags and cloth thrown into dustbins by affluent members of the upper classes. Althogh this distressing picture of people in need of decent accommodation is a characteristic prevailing in most developing countries of the Third World, the chronic prevalence of this state of mass destitution among the poor is directly caused by the economic exploitation of these regions bv the industria28 The Acting Minister of Finance, Cde. Herbert Murerwa lised countries through the capitalist operations of the IMF and the World Bank. When the masses in a country are found living miserably with no shelter to protect them from rain and wind, it becomes the moral responsibility of their national government to provide decent accommodation for them and their families. It is inhuman to abandon hapless citizens to the mercy of the devil in fear of disobeying the commands of overpaid IMF theorists serving the interests of Western capitalism. -Tne ActingMinister of Finance, Dr. Her-' bert Murerwa admitted that the Zimbabwe. government agreed to obey the 00"6' instructions given by the IMF to reduce budget deficit by cutting expenditures 1 on public, projects. This subserent ob oo dience to the dictatorship of the IMF s he, unfortunate in the face of our claim to sovereign independence. - Stupidity a It is a piece of national stupidity for Zim- !A babwe to continue going along the road leading to economic collapse in the h that "there will be light at the end of the tunnel" along which we are blindly being led by the agents of Western capitalism in the IMF. The agenda of the IMF is to irreversibly pauperise all Third World countries by de-industrialising their development a programmes in order to reduce all of them ,to the neo-colonial status of permanent consumers of Western-made .an goods and producers of raw materials rc required by industries of foreign based 2ii capitalist exploiters. This is the plan zthJ worked out by the G-7-Jor their operations in the coming technicalised Slave Trade of the 21st century. In the New i:,T,01 'Slave Trade, all Third World people will be reduced from the state of a collec- Ihs tive entity of people struggling for indus- e'ae trialising their respective countries to a MT Continued next page YdV tnih Manv homeless Zimbabweans look up to government to have their woes resolwved ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 The IMF blackmails Zimbabwe

IMF blac Continued from previous page state of bonded slaves with neither ties, of nationalism nor government ptection. Arnong all of us, the only class of peop with an assured chance of surving living in affluence are the local bourg sjeho win have entered into partnlership with the owners transnationals (TNCs), wheelers and ,dealers who mix political chicanery with material benefits, and armed robbers. This is the future being prepared for all Third World nationals by developed capitalism using the instrumentality of the IMF, World Bank and diplomatic cajolery in contacts with some of our unpatriotic decision-makers. Liberalisation Uberalisation is the basic ingredient in. IMFs recipes for Third World countries. The word has a distinctly attrq~tive appeal to those who live by avoiding political extremism. Yet it rings false bells of hopes in a hopeless atmosphere. Liberalisation carries connotations of' policies of live and let live. This is supposed to be the policy of take-and-give or "have but also allow others to have." This boils down to liberalisation becoming a policy of de facto naivety. Experience has conclusively shown that he who lets another one take the political initiative robs himself of the same opportunity ever after. By letting European invaders take the initiative to monopolise both economic and political power from the day of their occupation o ithe country in 1890, our ancestors also allowed them to deny the indigenous inhabitants equal opportunity forever. :kmails Zimbabwe Mr. Michael Camdessus (right), the managining director of the International Moe'tary Fund (IMF) pictured with Konstantin Kagalovsky, a Russian government rePresentative The argument may be offered, in attempts to disprove this statement, that indigenous inhabitants also got the monopoly of political power after the Chimurenga War. This lame argument is destroyed by the fact that the Chimurenga guerillas took the first initiative that led to the black monopoly of political power for ever, after independence. When political power and economic power are placed side by side, and the people were to be asked to choose only one, leaving the other, all sensible people would Ro for the possession of eco- The IMF is now saying that the provision of decent accommodation'should be left Ito the private sector nomic power. Why? Because ti im, possession of political power does not confer on the possessor the means to obtain food, buy clothes and acquire shelter. Political power does not feed a nation or buy materials for building a house. Economic power immediately confers on its possessor the right to dictate and to own all other necessities for the satisfaction of one's fancies. If the suggestion were to be made that the white communities in Zimbabwe and South Africa must accept "liberaisation" by allowing the equitable share -of land and similar distribution of iw comes, all whites would be of one mind in waging civil war. Their argument Would rest on the fact that their race took the first initiative to acquire the wealth which they now protect as their inalienable property. Tariffs By dictating the imposition of liberalisation on Third World countries, the IMF is aiming at throwing open the doors for the free entry of manufactured goods from industrialised countries which are rich because they took the first initiative to amass wealth from the earlier colonisation of their present victims. Industrialised countries are using the IMF tn force Third World countries to Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

IMF blackmails Zimbabwe, Continued from previous page ,remove their tariffs under the so-called. programme of trade liberalisation. Their manufactured goods will then be able td, enter into the local market underpriced for the supposed "free competition" on the market. Industrialised countries, have TNCs which have colossal funds reserved to cushion the companies during the period of underselling. Their TNCs are capable of flooding the local market by dumping their exports at prices below production, freighting and distribution costs. The selling prices will eventually be raised by large percentages to. recover losses incurred during the initial phape of competing by underselling and dumping. The tactic of recovering earlier losses by increasing selling prices gives the lie to. the fale claim that trade liberalisation benefits consumers through the lower ing of selling prices. Ihe truth is that prices will eventually rise when the TNCs have completed their domination of the' ,local market. Revenue In addition to the imposition of trade liberalisation on Third World countries, the package of IMF recipes also contains numerous devices designed to erode the power of the victimised countries to resist. Some of these recipes are: lowering the level of. government taxes, retrenchment of civil servants, privatisation of parastatals, and removal of subsidies on basic commodities, et cetera. All these measures are paraded as helpful in managing both government revenues and expenditures. The truth is that each of these measures is designed purposefully to erode the power and authority of any Third World government that may be foolish enough to blindly implement them. Lowering taxes reduces government revenue and reductions in government revenues result in the State's inability to, finance all necessary public projects such as the building of schools, hospitals and clinics, provision of houses, building bridges, construction of roads and dams, drilling wells, establishing ir-! rigation schemes, opening up new railway lines, and undertaking any other project needed for the public good. Retrenchment of civil servants may appear as a money saver on the surface but the plight of the retrenchees and their dependants and the hatred they feel against a government whose policies have driven them into the difficulties of facing unemployment should be taken as the ripening of conditions for creating government enemies out of the retrenchees. An increase in the number of persons who feel hatred for the government is the beginning of the process of an eroding away government authority. Privatisation of parastatals is a direct reduction of government revenue. Dividends from the profits of parastatals are channelled into the government's con- solidated fund and are added togther with revenue from other sources to con. stitute the total amount of government income. The conclusion we have made on the. above IMF prescriptions and the effects they make in the reduction of govern. ment revenue can also be made regard, ing the remainder of the recipes. The overall consequential effect .is their weakening of government authority by the reduction of the sources of its revenue and worsening the hardships faced by the public thereby turning them away from supporting the govew ment. These recipes are well planned for destabilising Third World countries. I] Zimbabwe News subscription form (Please tick a box to select your term) Zimbabwe [3 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 Regional 0 12 issues (1 year) USS30.00 Overseas (Europe) 0 12 issues US$40.00 o 6 issues, (6 months) $11.25 O 6 issues (6 months) USSI 5.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$20.00 Name ...... (Please prml Address: ...... S ig nature : ...... The rates include pos : ge and handling I. I enclose my cheque 0 Postal amount indicated above ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26-NO 6

Nt ~New twist to Gandhi assassination By Ramtamu Maitra and Susan Maitra Investigations of the 1991 Rajiv Gandhi assassination took a surprise turn in mid- September when a former minister in the 1985 Rajiv Gandhi cabinet, Arif Mohammad Khan, told newsmen that Scotland Yard has information tha&4lanrarav _aietsetter tantric. jwho is reportedly connected to British intelligence, among other agencies, had loffered the Israeli intelligence service, the Mossad, $1 million to assassinate Rajiv Jandhi. Khan, however, has not sub1stantiated his claims yet. A few days after Arif Mohammad Khan revealed this explosive information to the press, news came out that Chandraswamy had been hobnobbing with Dawood Ibrahim, the Bombay mafia low-life who is based in Dubai and considered the main accomplice in the series of bombings that rocked Bombay in 1993. Reports claimed that Chandraswamy had accompanied the mafia don on a trip from Dubai to New York, and Ibrahim himself had received the suspicious "godman," that is, who claims to be a man of God, at the Dubai airport. Following the release of this news, then Minister of State for Internal Security Rajesh Pilot asked the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to arrest the phony godman. The sleuths, arguing that Pilot had exceeded his authority, did'not arrest the godman, but have since interrogated him. Chandraswamy has also been asked not, to leave the country. Meanwhile, the cabinet reshuffle which took place a day after Pilot had called for the godman's arrest, saw Pilot removed from his ministry and sent to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry with an independent charge. Subsequently, the M.C. Jain Commission investigating the Rajiv Gandhi assassination called Chandraswamy to be deposed on September 24. Chandraswamy failed to. show up on the given date, citing ill health. The new date for his deposition has been set for October 7. ZIM1BABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 The "Get Chandraswamy" campaign began When Babloo Srivastava, a small-i time gangster who had once been in the ruling Congress Party, was extradited by the Singapore government and interrogated by the CBI. Srivastava told the CBI that he.was provided protection by Chandraswamy, who had given him shelter when the Uttar Pradesh police were looking for him earlier. He also told the CBI of the Chandraswamj-Dawood Ibrahim nexus. Earlier, Arif Mohammad Khan, who was raided by t~x officials in late August for amassing .wealth through fraudulent means, had told newsmen that the raid was irjstigated by Chandraswamy. Khan also told how he came to know of the godman's links to the Rajiv Gandhi assassination. Chandraswamy has denied all the accusa-; tions so far, although he did not deny his acquaintance with Babloo Srivastava. At this point, Chandraswamy is under the gun. Indians have been complaining of the growing nexus between high-level politicians and criminals. Chandraswamy, the extent of whose reach within the Indian political scene is anyone's guess, had long been cited as a "criminal" who controls the top-level politicians and thus escapes the reach of the law. Chandraswamy's high-flying lifestyle, and occasional exposes of his connections in Britain and elsewhere, has convinced everyone that the godman has the ability to pull any number of strings to stay out of jail and spin money. This time, however, it seems that Chandraswamy is in real trouble, for a number of reasons. With the Indian general elections around the comer, the tendency of all politicians is to avoid taking his side at this juncture. For the Congress Party, in particular, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi is mroe than an ordinary crime, and simply the naming of Chandraswamy as an accomplice in the assassination has created a hostile en- The late Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi vironment for all those within the party who have developed links With the godman over the years. Under such conditions, it is unlikely that any politician, however important he or she may be, can openly defend the godman or pull, strings to protect him from further interrogations. Equally important is the fact that Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow and a force to be reckoned with within the Congress Party, is reportedly active in trying to find out details of Chandraswamy's connection, if any, to her husband's assassination. Mafia links Chandraswamy's alleged connection to Dawood Ibrahim has also given the Indian gpposition ample fodder to attack the rarasimha Rao government and the Congress Party. Following the bombings that shook Bombay, both the CBI and Indian Home Minister S.B. Chavan had named Ibrahim as the' main accomplice and the Pakistani InterService Intelligence (ISI) as the brain. Srivastava's revelation now raises fresh questions: Who is Chandraswamy? Who is Dawood Ibrahim? And why do they remain free and powerful? It is unlikely that the answers to all these questions will ever be found. Chandraswamy's exploits have been public knowledge for a long time, and only some naive Indians may believe that Chandraswamy has omnipotent tantric powers to stay in the clear. Daily visits bv oowerful politicians to his "ashram" on the outskirts of New Delhi, and frequent.iaunts around the world, leave Continued next page

New twist to Gandhi assassination Continued from previous page little doubt about the nexus between Chandraswamy' and the top Indian politicians and bureaucrats. Who is Chandraswamy? What is amazing.about Chandraswamy, though. is that the more one knows about him, the more he remains to be known. A book by the late Steve Martindale, By Hook or By Crook (1989), throws some light on this wheeler-dealer. Martindale, a Washington lawyer who used to travel with Chandraswamy, said that two of Chandraswamy's money managers, Miller and Fraser, two Canadians, were involved in the George BushOliver North-sponsored Iran-Contra gunsfor- drugs affairs in 1989. This was not revealed by Martindale, but by the late Bill Casey, then head of the CIA, in tes- timony before a US Senate subcommittee. Martindale has a lot to reveal. Chandraswamy's alleged connections to Tiny Rowland (former owner of Lonrho and a British intelligence asset), the Sultan of Brunei, and Enrique Zobel, scion of a very powerful family in the Philippines, have been well documented. Martindale also gives details showing Chandraswamy's clout in the Indian scene and his closeness to Colonel Mobutu of Zaire, whose handling of his nation's finances has raised a few eyebrows over the years. What emerges from Martindale's book, is not only who the godman is lihked to, or how much money he handles, or how close his links are to such nefarious characters as the gun-dealer Adnan Khashoggi, but that Chandraswamy can Indian Prime Minister, P. V. Nara~imha Rao in a jovial mood with Cde. Yasser Arafat, the ieader of the Palestine Liberation Organisation Former United States President, Mr. George Bush call up the most powerful people from his hotel- room while travelling.'NWhat Martindale obviously does not reveal, i's why such powerful peopli depend on Chandraswamy, and what the godman delivers. It is the last part of the query which intrigues people the most. It is nonetheless obvious that Char? draswamy moves in an area where the high and mighty function in the shadows. His connection to Libyan officer Ahmed Qaddafadam, exposed during the Pamela Bordes scandal, and Donald Trelford of the London Observer owned by Rupert Murdoch, indicates that the Indian godman is an asset of very many downright obnoxious and dangerous people. What Rot compromised? What the Indian people wowo like to know, however, is how these unsavory chararters connected with Chandraswamy have succeeded in compromising Indian politics, economy, and security. If Dawood Ibrahim is not truly an ISI agent but an asset of these people, then why don't the CBI and the Home Ministry, both of which know better, say so? What is the validity of the statement made by Arif Mohammad Khan conceming Chandraswamy's involvement in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination? There islittle doubt at this point that Rajiv Gandhi was not killed by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam supremo V. Prabhakaran, but that there -were others involved. Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 ritish scientists have shown that a vaccine made from a virus that causes a form of AIDS, with one einactivated to render the virus less, completely protects monkeys against infection with the virus. They beievea similar vaccine will do the same f4r humans. The results of the trials in mrnkeys'are the best obtained with any AIDS vaccine so far, though there will be problems in testing the vaccine which could require a new approach in the a s where it is most desperately needed The vaccine has been developed by Dr., Jim Stott, head of the AIDS Collaboratig Centre at the United Kingdom National Institute for Biological Standards. To be effective, an AIDS vaccine has to protect against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, in two different ways, because the virus can be transmitted in two different forms. One is as a free virus particle, which is the way in which most viruses are transmitted. But the AIDS virus can also be transmitted as a live virus-infected intact cell. In this form it is very difficult -for the im- mune response to recognise. Dr. Stott to find a way to attenuate it so it would said: "it really enters the body rather like be harmless. a &IUjaii lrU . 11115 Is tme most wmcult form of transmission which we have to protect against with a vaccine." No vaccine has yet been shown to protect against infection with HIV, though several are undergoing trials. Most of the vaccines are made by genetic engineering, used to isolate a single gene from HIV and then to produce the pro-, tein that gene is the blueprint for in large. quantities. The vaccine is then made from the viral proteqn. This avoids vaccine-makers having to work with HIV itself. But vaccines made from single viral proteins have turned out not to stimulate the immune system nearly as strongly as conventional vaccines, made from killed or weakened - attenuated - whole virus particles. Immune system In particular, vaccines made from single proteins do not stimulate the immune system to attack virus inside infected cells. So Jim Stott and his colleague Dr. Erling Rudd decided to try to make a vaccine out of whole HIV, and New twist to Gandhi assassination Continued from previous page It is likely that none of these crucial issues will be resolved, because too much is at stake. Mrs Indira Gandhi's assassination in 1984, Pakistan President- Zia ul- Haq, assassination in 1988, Bangladesh Presidents Mujibur Rehman and Ziaur Rahman's assassinations, in 1975 and 1981, respectively, and a number of assassinations of top Sri Lankahi leaders in recent years, have been accepted .4s "normal events" and left at that. It is likely that Rajiv Gandhi's assassination will also be accepted as a "normal event". But the suspicion that things have been covered up will not be washed away by forcibly arriving at such conculsions. Chandraswamy has'already gotten support from a fellow suspect, Dr. Subranmaniam Swamy, another high-flying jetsetter whose connection to the Mossad is also talked about openly. Subramaniam Swamy, a former HarVard ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 professor and minister in the Chandrashekhar cabinet for about a year, has also been named as a person who is in the know of the conspiracy that killed Rajiv Gandhi. The accusation came from Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan. Swany, in a recent pow-wow with newsmen, came to the phony godman's rescue, challenging all those who are "out to get Prime Minister Narasimha Rao by aiming their guns at Chandraswamy". On the other hand, there is a distinct possibility that those who want to expose Chandraswamy are keen to expose that part of his connections that would suit them politically. In other words, there is no indication that there is real interest yet to find out the full extent of Chandraswamy's operations and how dangerous they are. How does Chandraswamy help George Bush, or Tiny Rowland, or iRupert Murdoch? These are perhaps, the questions to ask. E Stott and Rudd developed molecular clones of the virus, versions of it with various genes removed. One of these had a bit of a gene called the Nif gene missing. This gene codes for a regulatory substance, a control protein. When this altered virus was tested, it was found to be attenuated; it did not cause disease. But the altered virus still per-, sisted in the animals, and made them resistant to challenge with virulent, pathogenic virus. Dr. Stott said: "So we had here a form of attenuated vaccine which was protective. The exciting thing was that the vaccine protected not only against the free virus but also against virus-infected cells. So it is a very potent form of protection." The vaccine was made from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, the form of AIDS virus that infects monkeys, not from HIV itself. But SIV infection has proved to be a good model for HIV, and the results with the vaccine were exciting. Jim Stott and his colleagues found that the vaccinated animals were completely protected against infection with SIV. There is now every reason to ho.ne that the same will be true with HIV. But, according to Dr. Stott, the human vaccine will be hard to test. "I think the major obstacle now is the concern many people have about using an-attenuated retrovirus, the type of virus SIV and HIV are, in a vaccine," he said. Attenuated retroviruses "Because, unlike other'types of attenuated viruses, attenuated retroviruses will persist in the person vaccinated with them for the rest of that person's life. And there are enormous safety concerns about whether the virus will remain safely attenuated or whether it might possibly revert to a virulent form, or might cause other unexpected side effects. "So our main objective now is to try to understand how the attenuated virus gives protection, so we can then find a way to get the same effect by a less hazardous means." Either that, or lengthy safety tests of the existing vaccine, will take several years. Continued next page

I - ~ I Ivew t5rinsn vacczne:an answer to. AtL 1 Continued from previous page prove to be the case that only the whole, ahead with vaccination of those most So health authorities may soon be in the attenuated virus can provide protection, at risk of AIDS, on the grounds that vactantalising position of knowing that a If that is so then medical authorities in cination with a small risk of illness and way to protect against AIDS exists, but parts of the world most direly affected death later in life is preferable to a high being unable to use it because of small by the AIDS epidemic may conceivably risk of illness and death now. Hard but real dangers of side effects. It may decide to lower safety standards and go choices may have to be made. [] Rural communmties which rely on hand-operated water pumps for their daily needs may find life a little easier and the pumps more reliable through research undertaken at Silsoe Research Institute in southern England by post graduate students Andrew Macdonell (right) and Paul Button. They are pictured measuring the water output of a rotary action hand pump (a Volanta). The two s'udents are seeking improvements in the design of seal-less pistons which would make pumps like the Volanta more reliable, more efficient and easier to maintain, as seal-less pistons ensure that essential parts never come into contact, reducing wear to a minimum. Their commercial link is with Richard Cansdale, the owner of a small business in Northumberland, north east England, who designs and manufactures low-tech seal-less hand pumps and is currently testing and improving the designs. Silsoe Research Institute is the UK's national centre for research in engineerng and the physical sciences for the agricultural, food and biology-based production and processing industries. - LONDON PRESS SERVICE ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 11 ntenationl New

Women and children: ]Key to disaster prevention decade beween 1990 and 2000 has been prodaimed the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). This campaign, es: ttially to encourage governments aind the private sector to reduce the impact of natural disasters, increases pul lic awareness on the need to prevint 'disasters. The theme for the IDNDR day on October 11 this year was Women and Children - key to prevention. The day came 'a month after the UN Fourth World Conference on Women, and also coincided with the 50th anniversary of the United Nafions (month of October). This timely and appropriate theme is in line with the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action (1994) that calls for a greater, emphasis on public awareness of issues facing vulnerable communities. Women and children, being most vulnerable need not only be protected from disasters, but should be instrumental in managing them. According to international humanitarian law, women and children must always live together. About 400 000 children have been orphaned or separated from their parents as a result of war. Unaccompanied children, as they are officially called, represent about 10 percent of war victims. Women, children, the sick, handicapped andeldery are classified as the most ,ulnerable to disasters. Women and children form the bulk of this category. it is estimated that more than 80 per- T he Fourth World Conference on Women, like all other UN conferences, has come and gone and the resolutions made now need to be put into action. A total of 181 nations were represented at the Beijing Conference where it was declared that women's rights are human rights. While acknowledging the rights of women, the issue of resources created some controversy. By Clever Mafuta cent of the world's refugee population is made up of Women and children. The squalid conditions associated with refugee camps further expose them to other disasters such as disease outbreaks. Civil conflicts to which women and children are most vulnerable, places them at risk of sexual violence, and food and water shortages. Women can be maimed in mine-infested areas in search of firewood and water. Not only are women and children vulnerable to civil conflicts, but to other disasters as well. Current developments indicate that 13 million women will be infected by the HIV virus by the year 2000, and scores of millions of children will be. orphaned by the scourge. In times of droughts it is women who'go about looking for food and water. The Geneva conventions of 1949 together with their Additional Protocols of 1977 have special measures to pro-. tect women during armed conflicts. In addition to these international laws several countries have legislation to protect and improve the status of women. To consolidate these laws the United Nations proclaimed the period 1975 to 1985 the decade for women. If all these developments protect and improve the status of women, then why are women remaining at the centre of focus? According to the recent Red Cross, Red Crescent magazine quoting Marie- Theress Dutli, "What is needed are not new laws, but respect for existing ones". The Women's Feature Service reports that there was a split between the North and the South over whether the Global Platform for Action would require "new and additional" or just "adequate" resources to be implemented. The US and European governments, leading adverse economic conditions, were hesitant to commit new additional resources for the implementation-of the Platform. Continued next page A snap survey carried out in Harare, Zimbabwe showed that many people are not aware of the IDNDR day. Those interviewed had mixed feelings about the significance of the day. Except for the incessant droughts Zimbabwe has not had a big and dramatic natural disaster for a long time, hence the lack of appreciation of the value of the day by some. However, according to an official in the Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development's Civil Defence department, which is Zimbabwe's IDNDR focal point, the day is quite important and was marked in all provinces last year. Similar celebrations, however, cannot be done this year due to financial constraints. The. official went on to describe the IDNDR theme as appropriate and fitting to Zimbabwe since the majority of those suffering the effects of droughts, which is the single biggest natural disaster in the country, are women and children. "espite their rarity, disasters inflict heavy damage on qommunies. As such it is worthwhile to always keep disaspers in mind and if possible employ measures to guard against them," were Esther Magwidi's words in support of the day.. Vulnerability to disasters is very much linked to poverty Programmes designed to lessen poverty are therefore one way by which vulnerability to disasters can be reduced. By virtue of their little education linked to little potential for income diversification, women are more vulnerable to disasters. Women constitute abouti 80 percent of the rural population, where their main economic activity is agriculture. As such droughts have a devastating effect on the rural communities. Training in other income generating activities will not only serve to diversify their income base, but will ensure that life goes on even after a drought disaster. Women and children understand their problems better in times of disasters. For efficient disaster management, consultation of the vulnerable will not only. bring an understanding of tHeir plight, but will ensure that appropriate disaster management measures acceptable to them are employed. SARDC El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Issue of, resources dominates Beijing conference I By Virginai Kapembeza

Issue of resources dominates Beijing conference Continued from previous page A Zimbabwean delegate complained that new and additional resources had been made available by the government and the international community to serve the black rhino from extinction but "when it comes to women, who are also an endangered species, we can't find new and additional resources". Other issues discussed were domestic violence, inequalities against women im'"posed by patriarchy and religous extrem mism, genital mutilation and sexual (harassment. The need to reshape education for all children, beginning at the primary levels, to sensitise them on human rights, gender issues and non-violent conflict resolution toward world peace was highlighted. The World Bank/International Monetary Fund, (IMF) Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) also came under fire with women demanding their removal. The financial institutions' representatives had a tough time justifying the SAPs, cited as major obstacles to women's economic advancement in poor countries. SAPs were said to have feminised poverty by hindering development and job creation, and slashing subsidies on social sectors. "There is need to include a deliberate gender programme slanted toward incorporating economic programmes where women are in the majority and stimulating involvement' of more women to take provisions under ESAP," said Margaret Samuriwo, of SARDC, presenting a paper on gender * perspectives on economic reforms to the Oxfam America NGO Forum Workshop in Huairou. NGO participation at the Beijing conference showed a dramatic increase over the 1985 Third World Conference on * Women in Nairobi. Then there were 300 representatives compared with 3 000 in the Huairou forum. Among the NGOs, women from East and West Africa were more lively, vocal and better-organised than those from Southern Africa. There was no umbrella body representing Southern Africa, unlike in the other two The Earth Times News Service reports that Africa delegates achieved much more in Beijing than at any other UN conference. "Never before has there .,been a conference where Africa came with a clear agenda and worked on it," said Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, Namibia's Deputy Foreign Minister, who coordinated sub-Saharan Africa's government activities. Other observers however, were sceptical of the commitments made at Beijing and the implications that women will no longer be underpaid, underfed, undervalued, under-represented and under constant threat of violence, even in their own homes. Others drew strength for criticism from the fact that ten years after the Nairobi Conference, the ForwardLooking Strategies have not been fully implemented by any government. African delegates organised meetings with women entreprenuers, and rural women and donors. Nandi-Ndaitwah said "A consensus has been reached and we are talking about'new and additional resources which can be mobilised by all. Even the issue of debt'has been dealt with." Nandi- Ndaitwah presented a detailed plan of action for women's education, networking among women entrepreneurs, and creating an African regional committee to follow up on the Beijing conference. Problems facing rural African women highlighted at Beijing included scarce water resources, lack of access to credit, communication and land. "Without owning land, poverty will perpetuate in, Africa," said Tabita-Siwale, a member of Tanzania's parliament. A statement released by the Afrian NGO: Caucus in Beijing reiterated that the success of, the conference rests not on words but on resources, implementation, enforcement and accountability. The statement also noted that not only were donor countries hesitant to commit themselves on the issue of resources .but no appropriate institutional machineries for the agreed actions were identified. African NGOs therefore called upon African states to create an enabling enironment for coordination with NGOs and recognition of the significant role they play in development. Both private and public sectors of society were urged to implement and sustain affirmative actibn to ensure equality of women. International financial institutions were encouraged to cancel all multilateral debts of African states as a show of commitment toward improving the status o women in Africa, to remove SAPs and respect Africa's development priorities and interventions for recovery from debt. The UN system was urged to increase the number of African women within its key decision-making positions. Getrude Mongella, Secretary-General of the Fourth World Conference on Women described the Global Platform for Action as a launcelng pad for action for women's rights and peace. "I am very satisfied with the outcome. Now the only thing we have to concentrate on is action. I feel confident that the commitments made here by governments will be acted upon. Some have already started working on a follow up plan..." The Global Platform for Action did not however, endorse a suggestion that commitments made by governments in Beijing to advance gender equality in their countries should be collated and attached to the final document. Post conference strategies included extensive networking and mobilisi resourcel to ensure commitments made in Beijing as honoured. SARDC 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 26 NO. 6 Newspaper Vendors wanted urgently Required are -energeticpersons to sell on commission basis in and outside Harare Contact: J. Mavhudzi & Kazvidzw%'a (Mr.) ,, 1 144 Union Avenue Telephone: 790148/9 . A

Is judicial killing i he number ot conscientiou tors to the death penalt grown during the past Their campaigns for the abolitio death penalty have been inten the extent that the lives of m are considered inviolate along scope of human rights. South Africa has recently joined of countries which have abolis death penalty. Lawyers for Rights (LHR), -a South African Tights organisation, has welcon abolition of the death penalty a crucial turning point in the hi South Africa". However, campaq the abolition of the death penal not advanced convincing reas their campaign other than repeating the quasi-religious ar that life is a God-given right w ganised society has no lawful re take. Justice Writing for a SADC newsletter, ginia Kapembeza speculated onsibility of the South African exar ing emulated by other countrie sub-continent. She revealed tha nia had abolished the death pen year but changed her mind in this year when the death pena re-introduced. Malawi's Draft Constitution ot the death penalty but Parliame lised it after a few months of cc ing the implications. The debate 'death penalty appears to avoid t cial need to first define justice cept its imperatives. The school of quasi-religious aboli surprisingly ignore the teaching the Holy Bible and the Koran in the killing of murderers is orde God. (The Be*k of Exodus, verses In these verses, Goa sdy . .nyoi hits a man so frdw thaltIe dies sh ely be put toc tdlu L,a man ately attacks another, intending him, drag him evri irom my alt kill him.' it can be seen from the ing in God's Laws that murdere deliberately slay other human deserve the death penalty. The campaign for the abolition death penalty is a defiance of G( structions concerning the fate o a crime is objec- derers. True Christians who follow the ty have teachings of the Bible should, at least, decade, accept that it is God's Will that murn of the derers should be sentenced to death. sified to When a human being is born, his or her urderers r side the right to live is as sacrosanct as it is the te Will of God. If some other human being deliberately puts a stop to that life, it I the list follows that the murderer does not put hed the any value to the life of the victim. ThereHuman fore, anyone who deliberately chooses human to consider as valueless the life of ned the another puts his own life on a valueless as" .. scale. story of Callous gners for Modem acquisitive society has spawned sty have a culture of callous disregard for the merely sanctity of other people's lives. Every nagmeel tion and every state is infested with unrgument balanced persons who deliberately hich or- scheme to murder others for material ason to gain or misplaced vindictiveness. Society is wasting enomous amounts of resources to maintain law and order. Ms Vir- These resources could be channelled the pos- into areas of social development for the nple be- general weal if only each individual s of the would be duty-bound to keep the peace. Tanza- Forces of law and order are overalty last stretched in their duties to keep peace January and order in the nation-state. Their own Ity was lives are always at risk as they are targeted for removal by the perpetrators utlawed of violent crimes. The dangerous undernt lega- taking of maintaining law and order )nsider- would be greatly reduced if criminals on the would be put out of circulation. the cru-, When murderers are arrested, tried and and ac- sentenced, they eargely wait for the usual parole to break away from pritionists son's confinement. Once free, the formof both er prisoners resume their criminal occuwhich 'pations. One French criminologist has es-red by timated that 80 percent of all crimes in 12-14). the world are committed by culprits ne who' who have committed similar crimes beiall sur- fore. This conclusion seems to be condeliber- firmed by the fact-that, in every counto kill try, jails are full of habitual criminals and ar and not first offenders. In fact, most of the eword- so-called first offenders will have comrs who mitted other undetected crimes before. beings it therefore seems logical that those who have a bent towards criminal activities of the should be permanently kept out of sod's in- cial circulation. When all would-be crimiif mur- nals know that they face permanent ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 v With Malachia M Bawi Madimesa removal from society, the wilF for selfpreservation will keep them away from the temptation to commit crime. Cause Most analysts refuse to delve deeper into the cause of crime. The reason being their ideblogical complicity in the creation of social conditions leading to the spread of crimes. Random observation reveals that the incidence of crimes is greatest in countries with high disparities in wealth distribution and less pronounced in relatively egalitarian ones. For example, the United States has a population which is five times less than that of China and yet the incidence of crime in the USA is 1 000 times greater than in China. A socialist oriented distribution system in China greatly minimises the cause of crime. The capitalist practise of "each one for himself" leads Americans to disregard respect for the property and life of others in the rush for individual amassment of the countrv's resources. Cuba has almost ihe same-population and territorial size as Zimbabwe. While crime in Cuba is minimal, in Zimbabwe it is now taking uncontrollable proportion with a number of public figures be-. ing arrested for corruption and thievery regularly. In Cuba, hardships such as lack of accommodation and unemployment are not known in a country fighting for socialism. These problems have grown worse in Zimbabwe as the direct result of implementing capitalist prescriptions in economic and political management. In Cuba, robbers and murderers are legally executed and, thus, crimes of these categories have virtually vanished from this Caribbean island. Although the death penalty is still on the Zimbabwe statute, it is rarely carried out because of the so- called humanitarian concern for life. The stiff sentences imposed on robbers have not deterred the culprits from pursuing crimes of violence. Uncontrolled, selfish and acquisitive rush by blacks to be rich like the whites has unleashed a cut-throat life of competition among blacks wishing to live like their former exploiters. These getrich-quick blacks are found leading Continued next page

The United Nations: Lessons of fifty yearsBy Malcolm Rijkind (Abridged) t is nearly half-a-century since the first General Assembly of the United Nations met in London. King George VI told the visiting delegates of 50 countries that no more important meeting had ever taken place there. The UN's founders had taken .on themselves a heavy responsibljty and a noble work. Today we must pay tribute to those founders and their efforts. Earlier models of collective security had soon crumbled. The League of Nations collapsed after less than two decades. The United Nations has proved more durable. Over fifty years it has helped to spread peace in place of war. It has worked to push back hunger and disease; to advance democracy and human rights. Without the UN we would have a bleaker world. After five decades it is timely to recall what the UN has achieved. At the start of a new half-century it is right to weigh democratic elections and the creation of the lessons of past experience. a unified army. A record of achievement The United 'Nations is a'means to an end. Its value lies not simply in the shared principles and ambitions enshrined in the. Charter; but in practical results. Its successes are real. The UN has been a force for peace. From Korea in the 1950s to Kuwait in the 1990s, it has helped to check and reverse the tides of aggression. In the Near East and Cyprus UN troops have worked for decades to sustain a measure of stability. In Cambodia the UN mounted its most complex operation ever to rebuild a country shattered by 13 years of war. In Mozambique UN -peacekeepers have helped demobiise 100 000 combatants, allowing Is judl il~lhEIIing a i -e ? Continued from previous, page teams ot smugglers, robbers and muggers. Millions of dollars worth of other people's property and cash are the rewards these criminals amass every day. In committing these crimes of violence, the perpetrators sometimes end up murdering the owners. Many df the murderers are waiting for parole while serving their sentences. They will continue with their occupation of robbing with violence the moment they are released from imprisonment. Yet society could be saved by the permanent removal of these criminals. Rights There are various groups that seem to take the view that judicial executions are themselves impermissible under natur-, al law. No natural law creates itself. The interpretation of natural law is made by interest groups .wishing to justify their actions. Capitalist interest groups assert the individualistic nature of man. This assertion is in aid of private ownership of the country's means of production. Ownership of the means of production is the collective prerogative of the community. Natural Law demands that natural resources of a country be exploited collectively for the benefit of all citizens without discrimination. Private ownership of the means of production goes against the grain of Natural Law by denying others access to means oflivelihooid which God created for all to use. This clenial constitutes the first violation of human rights under capitalism. People must therefore organise themselves against capitalism in defence of Natural Law. Some contemporary human rights groups are influenced by capitalism when they fail to take private appropriation of land and other natural resources as denial of basic human rights. They make detours around these fundamental questions of human rights and take the sentencing to death of convicted murderers as denial of human rights. Murderers and other perpetrators of crimes of violence are in the category of forces destabilising a country. These. destabilisers are growing in number in the SADC region. Cutting the hangman's noose away' from the murderers is another way of abetting the destabilisation curse in the sub-continent and elsewhere. [] The*UN has been a source of relief from suffering. Since 1951 UNHCR has provided food, shelter, medicine and education for over 30 million refugees. UN programmes have immunised 80 percent of world children against disease. UN 'sanitation and nutrition projects have halved child mortaty in developing countries. The UN has been a motor for democracy and sustainable development. It has given electoral help to over 40 countries.-, Its charters and covenants set international standards of human rights. It has brokered agreements to conserve world forests and fish stocks. International security Near the end of its first half-century the. end of the Cold War opened a new chap ter for the UN. After years of superpower stalemate, it again became possible' to take effective action in the Security Council, including by authorising the use of - force to reverse aggression. Almost immediately a rash of ethnically based regional disputes began, to break out, from former Yugoslavia in the West to central Asia in the East. Early experiences brought a sense of exhilaration. When Saddam Hussein made his foolish miscalculation and sought to 1f wipe Kuwait off the map, the UN was the means chosen to stop him, and it worked. Talk of a new world order did not seem empty. Five years on 'the record looks more diffuse. The international community could do little to halt disintegration in Somalia, or to avert bloody collapse in Rwanda. The wars of secession in the former Yugoslavia have dragged on for four years. But those who speak, of the UN's failure 4 are wrong. The pendulum that swung too far towards euphoria after the Gulf War has swung too far towards despair. Look at the facts. Alongside the torment of Bosnia and 'Rwanda are the democractic revolutions that have swept south Africa South America, and central and eastern Europe. We live in a post-apartheid world, Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

The UN:Lessons of fifty years Continued from previous page with a Europe of free nations and the Middle East peace process a reality rather than a slogan. The UN has helped bring peace in Namibia, Cambodia, El Slvador, Mozambique, and at least, perhaps, in Angola. Even in Bosnia, the al good the UN has done has been obscured by unreal expectations. The reality of the past five years is not one of spreading world disorder; but of painstalng, steady efforts to. build peace. Compare this record to the grim setting for the first General Assembly meeting in 1946, when whole regions lay in ruins after five years of world war. The truth is that the history of serious attempts at international cooperation is still quite young. The UN is by far its most successful expression. There is today no one country or group of countries ready and able to cope with new world disorder alone. And since regional instability and economic dislocation affect all our interests, we need a strong and effective United Nations. This is not to deny the need for change. But it is no good simply blaming the organisation. UN members must meet the obligation to help improve the system. Much has been done in recent years. The UN is better able now to plan, mount and conduct missions. Some UN members have seconded military officers to New York to develop the planning and operational capability, and funded secondments by other nations. Last year Britain helped launch a new initiative on African peacekeeping. That is bearing fruit now; in UN regional training, in closer cooperation between African countries and the OAU Conflict Resolution Mechanism; and in products like the Anglo-French Peacekeeping Glossary developed by the Ghanaian Staff College. The procest. or reform must continue. The more seriously the UN addresses issues like pre-planning, logistic support, command and control; the more confidence troop contributois will have; the more forces will be put at the UN's disposal; and the more effective the operations will be. Changing procedures is not enough. People must learn to be more realistic in What they ask of the UN. That means not setting aspirations they cannot provide the means to meet. Sometimes a declaratory statement is useful to put the international community's views on record, to underpin a consensus. At other times it may be better for the Security Council to remain silent than to issue unrealistic pronouncements. Bosnia and Somalia have shown the limits of peacekeeping. They offer a clear lesson. The UN is not yet suited to fight wars. Peace enforcement isperhaps better left tO coalitiofis of the willing, acting under UN authority. Members must not send in the UN to keep a peace which does not exist, then blame it for failure; nor send it in mandated and equipped to keep the peace, then blame it because it does not enforce the peace. Wider approaches Whatever the blemishes of recent years, there is greater scope today for effective international action then ever before. The UN should be the centre-point of such work. I suggest the world should focus greater effort in future on two areas. First, preventive action is better than cure. For better than containing or extinguishing a fire is to stop it igniting. Bosnid is the most tragic example. Today the prospects for peace look a little stronger. Many hard choices lie ahead, for all sides. before a final settlement is Continued next page Members of the United Natios peace keeping force in El Salvador (from left to right) Major Lopez and Lt. Col. Mateo discuss boundaries of FMLN control zones with rebel commanders in the conflicting zone of Guazapa Volcano in January, 1991 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

The UN:Lessons of fifty years Continued from previous page achieved. The UN has made a start. It is vital that all parties seize this chance for peace. Only political negotiations, not military force, can secure that. But war has dragged on for three-anda-half years in Bosnia. Tens of thousands of people have been killed, millions more made homeless. It will take years for the wounds inflicted on that country to heal. Certainly the suffering would have been many times worse without a UN presence. When I was in Sarajevo, the Bosnian government told me how much they value the work done by other people to help the people of Bosnia. But how much better for all those people if war had been avoided from the start. Perhaps much of the damage and destruction might have been prevented by closer international attention to the problems and tensions arising from the break-up of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. The world has started to learn that lesson. The early deployment of a small UN force in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has helped to stop conflict from spreading there. Elsewhere the quiet diplomacy of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe has helped defuse tension in Ukraine and Abania; nudged adversaries towards peace talks in Georgia, Moldova and Chechnya. There are few headlines for successes that avert fighting and save lives. But the headlines of war carry a heavy price. Preventive action is a wiser investment. Many routes exist. Some European countries have sketched out one model, to use thp skills of diplomats, soldiers, academi&s and others to defuse tension and promote dialogue. The presence of aid workers, human rights monitors, or UN envoys can.help contain a brewing crisis: all credit to the UN representative doing that in Burundi. The world should support the OAU's efforts to work with the UN in preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution. The initiative on African peacekeeping will help. So many different actors can play a part. The crucial point is not who acts but when. Early warning of a crisis, and prompt action by the international community, are the real key to avoid further tragedy of the kind we have seen in Bosnia. Peace-buuding To provide lasting security requires more than diplomacy and mitary force. To United Nations Secretary-General, Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali build real peace donors must bridge the gap between our humanitarian aid and long-term development work. Aid workers have grown used to coping with the debris of war. In the past five years the UNHCR has given help to millions fleeing conflict, Rwandans in Tanzania and Zaire, Afghans in Iran and Pakistan, Liberians in Cote d'lvoire and Guinea. But too often people treat shortterm humanitarian needs in isolation. Huge sums have been spent in humanitarian efforts in Rwanda, for example. But Rwanda's long-term stability depends on rebuilding the structures of society and civil rights; helping local communities to help themselves, in areas from health and housing through to an effective judiciary. The UN must adopt a longer-term perspective in tackling immediate crises. Even when a ceasefire is holding, or elections have taken place, if the framework of society is shaky, a continued international presence can offer stability until a government can cope. An abrupt end to a mission, by contrast, can be very destabilising. In El Salvador, a small human rights team stayed on after UN troops left to provide further advice and monitoring. Peacekeepers themselves can help begin the work of reconstruction. UNPROFOR and the aid agencies have been doing that for over a year in central Bosnia, underpinning reconciliation between Moslem and Croat communities by rebuilding roads, hospitals, and schools. UN members must render support to the Secretary General's recent report: that the world should go beyond electoral assistance, to preparing the social and institutional ground in which democracy and civil society can put down firm roots. The task of rebuilding Bosnia could be a model for the future. If funds are to be gathered and used quickly and effectively, donors themselves must make a greater effort to meet their promises of. help. Before operations begin, as planning gets underway, the international financial institutions must be involved from the start, as they were in Cambodia. All the actors in the UN system must be working together, military and political, humanitarian and development, crossing the traditional boundaries between rival baronies. Such a coalition of interest could plug the gap that has been seen too often now, until the major reconstruction programmes can begin. The agenda must be to build on these principles-in UN programmes for stabili'-tion and transition. There are many areas where international expertise can help restore a society: creating judicial systems; training an army; developing a finance ministry or a diplomatic service. To fulfil these needs UN members should be prepared to loan experts to countries emerging from conflict, as I being done for countries in centrul a eastern Europe emerging from communism. UN programmes from stabilisation and ,transition could be the greatest contribution made to international security. The demands on the UN have grown enormously. To meet them the UN needs change at the centre too. I welcome work underway to cut costs and reduce waste in New York. The whole UN system must learn from that example. The UN needs better planning and budgeting, an end to fraud and mismanagement. More sub-contracting can help, using NGOs, even private companies, for tasks like mine clearance and logistics in Angola. And there is still too much duplication between the UN's agencies. Rhetoric is not enough. Reform has to be real and soon. This is not a side-issue. It is not a narrow interest. If members are to do the Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Oaeffh JnA do oth I ld may 0ema Iwo gkdo ,wd mu ob U 16Plwr ilk IN

The UN:Lessons Of fifty years Continued from previous page UN's work effectively - peacekeeping, aid or humanitarian - they must use its resources better. No one, G7 or G77, *puefits from waste. Recent experience has shown the UN is in some ways illfitted for its tasks; under-powered in some areas, like peacekeeping and preventive diplomacy; but still bloated in other parts of the system. UN members must pay their dues. But the UN must justify those funds, and get the most from them, by hard decisions on duplication and over-staffing, and diverting resources to the top priorities. All UN members should support enlargement of the Security Council; to broaden its base without reducing its effectiveness. Permanent membership is the key issue. Permanent members of the Secudrty Council must be both willing and able to make a significant contribution through the UN to international security. That Is what the Security Council is about. That is what it must remain If it is to be effective. All UN members should benefit from an expansion of the permanent membership, with the wider rights that entails, but also with the wider responsibilities to contribute to security and peacekeeping. Broad geographical balance in an enlarged Council also needs to be maintained. But the UN system will never work if UN members do not fund its operations propeily. The UN is on the verge of finandal colapse. it is owed over 3.7 billion dollars in unpaid contributions. Troop cthtributors are owed nearly 1 billion dollars. Last year 39 countries failed to pay at all There should be stiff penalties for non-payment, including the charging of interest on late payments. There is unacceptable cross-funding of regular budget deficits from the peacekeeping budget. Perphaps an appropriate policy could best be entitled no representation without taxation! -The financng arrangements must change. Some members pay too much. Otfiers, like the new economic giants of the developing world, now pay less than, they should. There should be a scale that is simpler and reflects a country's real capacity to pay, and without the additional anomalies and distortions of the present system. But the problem is not solved by turning the tap off. This year we have all reaffirmed our support for goals and work of the United Nations. But emp.ty words will not pay bills. The final lesson from the past fifty years my be the most important: the case for a strong, effective rdnted Nations. r - ...... The case for internationalism The UN today faces a crisis of confidence. US Congressmen may be the most vocal sceptics. They are not alone. The air of optimism, of a fresh start after the Cold War, is overtaken in some quarters by gloom at the instability and -fragmentation :around us; and pessimism at our ability to cope. This despair is dangerous. Multilateral action is not an add-on to national policy. It gives wider legitima-; cy to principles of value, like human rights and democracy. it spreads the cost of aims we share, like restoring democracy to Haiti. It allows a member to work with others to fight common threats, like greenhouse gas emissions or the international drug trade. The price is not high. The bill for all UN peacekeeping, all aid and development work last year, was slightly over 3.5 percent of the US defence budget; less than the UK spends on police and public ad- ministration. The price of disengagement and disorder would be greater. Public support is there. Even in the United States, polls are dear: people support the UN; they support international peacekeeping. People have a duty to our electorates to continue the UN's work. Conclusions It is easy to forget the UN's successes over 50 years. It is easy to turn away from disorder and chaos. But the world is too small. Crisis in distant countries affect others too; our commerce, our' citizens overseas, our neighbour's security, ultimately our own. it is in the com-' mon interest to play what part one can to build a more decent world. If the UN were not here to help do that, the world would have to invent something else. The experience of five decades offers lessen osfr te fture. * This is an abridged speech by Mr. Malcolm pd", Batsh foreign owajy to the UN Gneral Assembly on September 26, 199s. ZIMBABWE NEWS MOL. 26 NO. 6 Zimbabwe News subscription form. (Please tick a box to select your term) Zimbabwe 0 12 issues (1 year) $22.50 0 6 issues (6 months) $1125 RegionalO 12 issues (1 year) US$30.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$15.00 Ovetteas (Europe) 0 12 issues US$40.00 0 6 issues (6 months) US$20.00 Nam e ...... (Please prInt A ddress: ...... =...... o...... I ...... S ignature: ...... The rates include postage and handling I enclose my cheque 0 Postal Order 0 tCT the amount indicated above

Colonial legacy triggering chaos in Nigeria General Ibrahim Babangida gave way' to General Sani Abacha here is no doubt the military regime in Nigeria has shamed Africa as a whole. Sani Abacha and his henchmen seized power for no other reason than that they wanted to be leaders of that country. Some analysts contend that the coup was tribally motivated. One can advance a myriad reasons, and all would be acceptable. Nigeria is Africa's number one coup prone state. What is it that makes this country love coups d'etat? The reason, or reasons, is not difficult to find. When the European colonialists invaded the African continent, ostensibly to 'civilise', Christianise and to establish the rule of law and bring about democracy, they did not waste time in instilling in the minds of the unsuspecting natives the tactics of divide and rule. They quickly and effectively set the major tribes against each other. The colonialists played their multifarious roles of peace broker between the fighting tribes, protector, employer et cetera, while at the same time nefariously setting in motion a process of unbridled plunder of the, wealth of the occupied colonies. In this discourse, I shall overlook the sins of the Portuguese, the Germans and the Spaniards and focus on the presence of the British in the settled African states. When the British came to Africa, they had done their homework. Their advance parties, the so called explorers, made handsome finds of mineral deposits and other raw materials which were then plundered with impunity and shipped back to Britain. The plundering was carried out with inhuman shamelessness. The imperialists had put together a time-table of their stay in Africa, and when they would leave. They would only depart after satiating themselves with wealth, a mission accomplished. Not only that: they also destabilised the host state, so much as to render them ungovernable. As a result, a tapestry of disasters ensued, in the form of coups and counter coups. This is where the pictures of Nigeria et al come into focus in this discussion. The country is (or was rich in oil reserves). Therefore only a government which acquiesced to the remote manipulative control of Her Majesty's government would be tolerated. If a regime did not fit into the system of things in the eyes of the British people, that military regime would have so much pressure exerted that it would buckle and collapse (by way of another coup). The British (and the Americans) will only talk of democracy where their interests are threatened. Their definition of democracy refers to the safeguarding of their economic interests in their former colonies. Today, Nigeria and the rest of the other former colonies is poor; therefore a dogeat-dog situation can persist without the British so much as raise their heads. In the meantime, their divide and rule strategy is paying off handsomely as Britain sells weapons of war to her former colonies, using the raw materials plun-, dered during her years of occupation. And during those centuries of domination, Britain made sure that the elite soldiers (black militarymen in this case) were well trained in warfare. These military personnel were actually trained in Britain's exclusive military academies such as Sandhurst. Even former Ugandan despotic dictator Idi Amin. as illiter- With Martin Stobar OW1 ate as he is ended up in some of these-"oa(k elite institutions. onaW The blacks were not educated in the art of democratic governance but in military r, daV warfare, with the explicit purpose of pro- 6 tecting the interests of the imperial power. That is how cunning the successive i British governments were. They knew# pretty well when and how they wouldleave Africa. When the Africans began the fi to decolonisation, the colonisers is Yes, the attainment of independ Zimbabwe ought to be imputed! victorious freedom fighters. Hover cognisance must be taken of the role d if" some countries of Eastern Europe played 4il wi in providing both material support as mdlrv well as the inspirational ideoloy which med was the deciding factor in the effective la i prosecution of the liberation struggle. ,ikg However, in order to forestall or minimise Eastern Europe's grip on Africa, Britain, again in a show of absolute cunning, entered into protracted ,in- U dependence negotiations with the guerl- m1& la movements culminating in agreement packages: as we know, the core element of all these packages was the provisor t that only Britain would retrain the gueril- las in conventional military duties and then integrate them with the colonial lwe soldiers. Although it was none of their business, the British and the Americans saw to it that the newly independent states of Angola and Mozambique were destabilised to the extent that these two countries are facing untold economic ruination. It I is not surprising, therefore, that the retraining of the ex-combatants in these ItI countries will be undertaken by Britain. % The funds to rebuild the destroyed in- dustrial infrastructure will of course come from non other than the rapacious . Big Brothers, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. There 4', is nothing wrong with economic struc- %l tural adjustments; they have always :h been there. What causes trepidation in Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO.6

[New vision for South African sports SWe want to help more people enjoy port in South Africa. Sport is a bridge teen peoples; a focus for the comunity. It develops character and selfconfidence. It brings hope and development especially to young people. It gives enjoyment to people who otherwise have few facilities. And it builds bridges between nations. This is why I launched the United Kingdom-South African Sports Initiative." With that observation Britain's Prime Minister John Major launched in September 1994, a one of the most ambitious international sports programmes. Continued frmprevious page the mind is when .these ESAPs are sugar coated or veiled as to amount to an economic recolonisation of the recipient countries, if not Africa as a whole. As for Europe, the continent exploited Africans to z pitiable extent. in addition to the plundering of the latter's wealth, Britain benefitted immensely from the human resources provided by Africans during World War II, particularly. Blacks were conscripted into the army and given crush courses so they would go and defend the Europeans against the Nazis. Recently, we watched on ZTV four survivors of World War Ii, three white and one black, en route to Britain. Not sur prisingly, all the whites have military ranks, two colonels and a coninander, while the black is a plain 'John' (a name usually imposed on blacks by the white missuses). And, obviously, the whites earn pensions while the African ekes a living by illegal gold panning or by loaning grain from government. You can imagine the trauma? The Africans were used to defend Britain's sovereignty and later tossed away like a piece of mutton coth, without a thank you. Africl's economic impoverishment stems from the vampirism of the West on the continent's raw materials. And the legacy of divide. and rule still manifests itself in the coups such as is taking place in Nigeria. " D By Ebo Quansah Co-ordinated by the sports councils of the two countries, the initiative builds on the Vision for Sport Conference held in South Africa in March 1993, which involved five key areas. They are: training and education for coaches, trainers, and administrators in football and athletics as well as the provision of sports equipment alongside information services for sport. The overall goal is to aid South Africa's re-integration into international sports and is targeted at British business to fund the various projects. Four top British sports personalities Bobby Charlton (football), Alec Stewart (cricket), Judy Simpson (athletics) and Rob Andrew (rugby) - who accompanied Mr. Major to South Africa last year conducted clinics and coaching as part of the initiative. While they were there, Rob Andrew appealed through the British press for equipment. Within weeks, two-and-a-half tonnes of rugby kits and equipment donated by British firms and businesses were on their way to South Africa. Welcoming the new scheme South African Sports Minister Steve Tshwette said: "Sport is a formidable transformer when it comes to the forgingof international relations. Certainly, the United KingdomSouth African Sports Initiative is going to play a very important role in consolidating ties between South Africa and the British people."' Sports personalities The programme has seen a number of British sports personalities travelling to South Africa. Sally Gunnell, the British women's athletics captain was one of the focal points in the first phase of the project which has already trained 1 700 coaches, trainers and managers. The world and European women's 400 metres champion worked with children in her favourite sport and praised South African commitment. "Obviously, there are a lot of talents over there. Coming back into international competition over the last couple of years, you can see that. It is now a case of getting in there to the grassroots, encouraging them, giving them some coaching practice and trying to spread it out to schools and getting more athletes involed." England's soccer legend Bobby Charlton was equally fascinated by what he saw. "Sport touches everyone especially in this country," he said. "If we can help them use sport a little bit, just a little bit, no amount of politics would compare." Michael Nxokweni, a young coach with Alexandra Basketball Club spoke for most South African youth involved in sports when he said: "Basketball has taught me a lot of things, especially selfdiscipline. It has kept me away from those bad things." Continued next page fi5iand's Eric Elwood gives some rugby tips to South African youngsters when his team took a break from World Cup preparations to visit Heidedal near Bloemfontein ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

New vision for South African sports Continued from previous page According to the British Sports Council, a number of UK-basel organisations have taken up the challenge by the Prime Minister to contribute. Among them are the Foreign Officer the Overseas Development Administration, the British Council, the Voluntary Serv)ce Overseas and private businesses. the Football Association, the British Athletics Federation and the National Coaching Federation are providing specialist expertise. British Expertise In South Africa itself, national sports federations have joined with the National Sports Council to co-ordinate and utilise the British expertise so far offered. The initiative is a continuation of the historic links between Britain and South Africa, according to Paul Tshabalala of the Alexandra All Sports Council. This historic link is reflected in South African football clubs naming themselves after famous British clubs. "If you look around the Alexandra area, we have about ten teams named after British clubs such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Rangers and Sheffield," he said. Bobby Charlton believes these historic links make it obligatory for Britain to help South African sports to develop. "We need equipment, we need people who will come and organise football with the community so that the community gets a chance." The problem of kits and equipment is summed up by a basketball coach thus: "Kids get so discouraged because they come here and we give them coaching, but we do not have balls . . . we are overcrowded. Some of them end up getting demoralised. Answers provided The initiative has started providing answers to these problems. A refuse dumping ground in the Alexandra township has been turned into beautiful plavine grounds. Better sports facilities cquld be a beacon of hope to those with dreams and Altus Scheuerer, a South African coach who has benefited from the * project, believes Britain eould do more. Coach Director, Peter Thompson is happy to have imparted his knowledge to the youth. "I think it provides the opportunity for the younger generation. it provides a focus." That focus would continue in Phase Two Harare in October 1991 stressed. "The aimed at building on the success of social benefits include an overall imcoachigng the coaches and to identify provement in the quality of life and the facilities and equipment, as well as de- physical, mental and moral well-being 1 velopment projects for improvement. of the population. Improved healthcae.. Both countries see this as an important and advances in social policies are past link in the development of the South of the result. African society that is just emerging president Nelson Mandela welcomed do from years of international isolation. initiative by telling the South African Parliament in Cape Town: "I am con"The social and economic reasons to in- vinced that there is the will and the ca.--' vest in sports are compelling," the report pacity on both sides to contribulj from the Working Party on Sport to the towards the sengtheningo Commonwealth Heads of Government in tionship." Regional chiefs endorse UEFA vision he heads of soccer's six regional confederations have endorsed a series of reforms proposed by UEFA, dipping the wings 6f veteran FIFA chief Joao Havelange and forcing FIFA 'to share out its world cup revenues more evenly. Meeting with Havelange at FIFA headquarters in Zurich, they agreed that confederations should have greater control of the sport in their own regions and a bigger say in choosing FIFA's powerful standing committees.. But two of the most important proposals by European soccer governing board UEFA - for the world cup finals to be rotated among the confederations and for reform of FIFA's executive committees. were shelved. -""What more can you ask tor? I'm very happy", said UEFA President Lennart lo* hansson, who brought a long running power struggle into the open by pushing the reform plans. He added "We are happy with the resi, but we do not look at ourselves as winners. There are no winners or losers, ev- ery decision we took was unanimous". UEFA in July published two strategy documents, dubbed vision one and two., The first dealt with the power balance between world soccer ruling body FIFA and the confederations and the need for more democracy after twenty years of Havelang's rule. Two radical proposals, for some of the smaller confederations to be merged' and for the FIFA presidency to be rotat ed between the remainder, were quickly dropped after opposition from the confederations. The second urged FIFA to adopt competitive marketing of the World Cup flnals, and said the revenues-should be shared out more evenly between FIFA, the confederations and 190 odd national ascatioMnr UEFA pointed out that the 1994,World Cup finals in the United States, one of the most stIcessful sporting events ever held, had produced only 184 million dollars in -television and marketing Continued next page For News, Sport and Entertainment, get your copy of the Zimbabwe News at your nearest newsstand ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 26 NO. 6

OC to establish environmental policy ,he environmental policy which the International Olympic-Committee is seeking to establish is based on the npic Movement's duty towards soI and the well-being of mankind, as Continued from previous page revenues. Although FIFA is locked into current marketing contract until af1988 final UEFA said it should be lible to mae at least four times that i2002. 'on two was fully endorsed by the mtg held in November, which decidethat FIFA should optimise - although nt necessarily maximise - World Cup r ues and share the profits throughot the various levels of the sport. T decisions of the meeting will forward tan executive committee meeting in next month and then to the FIFA Cngress in Zurich next July. Among the formal decisions were that national associations would have to aly first to their respective confederions for recognition instead of to FIFA, a happens now. e confederations of Europe, Africa, ia, Ocenia, North and Central Amenand South America will also be sponsible for dealing with political inreferences in the sport in their own 'ons. FIFA will become involved if the problem cannot be resolved or if it is asked to intervene. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO.6 Sports reporter expressed in the principles enshrined in the Olympic Charter. Commenting in the editorial of the latest issue of The Olympic Review, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said the organisation's deep-seated desire was to act as a positive catalyst for action that goes beyond the Olympic Games themselves. "Protection of nature and the environment so that people may practise the sport of their choice is an essential part of the contribution to quality of life, which should be based on sustainable development. "The Olympic Movement therefore has a duty to advocate a lifestyle based on respect for human beings and their surroundings through a preventive educational approach in order to protect planet Earth, a policy conducted and sustained by governmental agencies, the United Nations system and nongovernmental organisation," he said. Samaranch added that the problems as- The confederations will have sole responsibility for player transfers on their pitches and for organising all qualifying rounds of FIFA competitions, except for the World Cup. And the meeting created an entirely new management board which would fix the agenda for FIFA's executive committee. The board will comprise the presidents of FIFA and the six confederations. In effect, the confederation heads have only agreed to the parts of UEFA's strategy documents that will either profit from or which will give them more power within FIFA. The proposal to rotate the World Cup finals has bogged down in an argument over when the rotation should start. But it would be premature for Johansson to claim victory in his wider power struggle with Havelange. The Swede said earlier last month he was a candidate to replace Havelange when the Brazilian, now 79, retires in 1998. Asked if he might stand again, Havelange said it depended on whether he was asked to continue. "If I am alright, if my health permits it and I am asked to stay then fine" he said. 0 sociated with ecology are manifold, interdependent and global in dimension. "It is vital that the actions undertaken, by each individual body be integrated into an overall concept of sustainable development ecology. This in the framework within which the IOC has set itself a number of objectives at various different levels. "The primary aim is to place the Olympic Games, with the considerable resources they generate and the enthusiasm they arouse, at the service of the quest for excellence, solidarity and respect of the environment, with the cooperation of the organising committees and all the local, regional and national entities which participate in this great festival of sport. "We also intend to broaden this campaign to encompass all the components of our movement, particularly the international federations and the national Olympic committees, to ensure that every sports event, whatever its size, not only makes good use of existing resources but also serves to improve or restructure a natural site and safeguard its riches for the future. "Sport and the environment are two major facets of life which can help us to construct a peaceful society concerned to preserve the earth as a hospitable home for present and future generations. The JOC is resolved to ensure that the environment becomes the third dimension of the organisation of the Olympic Games, the first and second being sport and culture," he explained. He noted that, the Olympic Movement must deepen its knowledge of the environment so as to better protect nature. He stated that the IOC must prepare a strategy on issues relating to sports and Olympism from a realistic point of view. "As in other areas in which we are called upon to respond, the co-ordinated contribution of the Olympic Movement must be significant, multifaceted and complementary. It is in this spirit that the IOC signed a co-operation agreement with the United Nations Environment Programme. "Hence also the Olympic Movement's support for the "Earth Pledge" launched at the Rio de laneiro Summit in 1992. Our support for the "For future generations' rights" initiative launched -, Continued next page Regional chiefs endorse UEFA vision SADO wants games facilities utilised by members The Minister of Sports, Recreation and Culture, Dr. Witness Mangwende ADC member countries have proposed that the facilities for the All Africa Games and its expertise which were developed in hosting the games should be used and tapped by all SADC member countries. Addressing a Coja-Z-95 function in Harare recently, the Minister of Sport, Recreation and Culture, Dr. Witness Mangwende said that the facilities put in place for the games should be used by the whole region. 1OC to establish environmental policy Continued from previous page Commander Jacques-Yves Cousteau, reflects the same concern. We remain convinced that sport organised in accordance with the Olympic ethic can develop human values whose basic elements are respect for the environment and protection of the nature. "I would like to point out, nevertheless, that the Olympic Movement is composed of volunteer leaders in 197 countries who spare no effort to serve society as far as possible and in appropriate framework-, "United by and for sport, the Olympic Movement can and must mobilise itself to make its contribution to the protection of planet Earth and the well-being of mankind." he stressed. 0 Dr. Mangwende noted that the games had a positive impact on the economy. More than 3 558 visited the country as did more than 500 journalists, officials and spectators. "The visitors sampled the Zimbabwean hospitality, experienced the peace and stability in our country and saw what Zimbabwe can offer to the would be trader and investor". The minister said that the All Africa Games helped the people realise that sport is just not a past time activity but a serious business, a source of future employment and an activity of tremendous economic importance. He paid tribute to all the members of the private sector and individuals who shy teenager called Andy Cole once had to pluck up the courage to ask his football coach to borrow some money for a bag of chips. Five years later, Andy Cole is still shy. But now he has enough money to buy a chain of exclusive restaurants. Football is loved throughout the world because of its ability to make dreams come true. And the way it can create legends from ordinary young men who just happen to have a talent for kicking a ball. The Andy Cole story is a perfect example. A quiet lad from a large family, he was destined for an ordinary life - had it -not been for his multi-million dollar talent for scoring goals on the football pitch. That talent has carried 'Cole the Goal' a long way in a short time. Both in sporting and financial terms. Like basketball superstar Michael Jordan in the United States, Cole's talent has broken all kinds of monetary records in his country, England. The most famous club in the land, Manchester United, pwlo an astonishing £7 million (Z$91 million) to secure Cole's services from the Newcastle United in January 1995. It was a cool £2 million (Z$26 million) more than -any other player had been worth at that time. And the wages Cole was guaranteed offered financial and material assistani to ensure that the games were success. The minister described all the voluntee as people who were driven by the sphi of voluntarism and of giving one's ser ice to help. He also expressed pride in that tl games have been acknowledged as success by such world sport leaders W Samaranch, heads of state and spa ministers. As a result of the games, the govemm is now committed much more to ing financial resources for sport di ment. He also encouraged schools provide "new" sports to their pu rather than the usual footb4ll, net and athletics. would be enough to make a multi-o - i company director blush - let al one 23- year-old music fan, who hailed fro the provincial town of Nottingham. Cole was reported to have signed a de with Manchester United which would earn him £24 000 (ZS321 000) a week - and that is without bonuses. United know what they are doing however. Cole is so popular it is estimated the dub will sell £1.5 million worth of. Cole merchandise every year at Old Trafford. Quicksilver running Cole is so quiet off the field you do not even get a hint of what makes him so special. The transformation comes when he pulls on the team jersey and runs out the tunnel with his team-mates. Then, you notice the quicksilver running and lethal shooting which makes United manager Alex Ferguson declare: "He can become one of this club's greatest ever goalscorers". That is no idle remark. Remember, United have boasted all-time greats like Bobby Charlton, George Best' anti Eric Cantona in their line-ups. Ironically, Cole would have been starring for one of United's biggest rivals, Arsenal. Arsenal had Continued next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6 Andy Cole - lethal goal scoring talent By Joe Bernstein

A ndy Cole - lethal goal scoring talent ontinued from previous page :ole on their books as a youngster out nanager George Graham regarded him is too lazy and, much to the young )layer's distress, sold him to Second Diision Bristol City in 1992. Cole's talent leserved to be on the big stage. And Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan paid £1.75 million (Z$22.75 million) in March 1993 to give the eager striker a chance in the big-time. Cole rewarded Keegan by scoring a club record 41 goals in 1993/94. The supporters idolised him but Cole was getting itchy feet. When Manchester United came knocking at the start of 1995, Keegan stunned the football world bv Andy Cole sanctioning the record-breaking transfer, with Keith Gillespie of Manchester United moving in the opposite direction to Cole. Cole will never have a better chance of getting into Football's Hall of Fame. He plays for Manchester United, the most glamourous team in Europe, and is finally established in the international plans of England coach Terry Venables. All he has to do it seems is enjoy his football and not let the pressure of high expectations get to him. Under pressure "1 think there will always be pressure on me," he says: "I have to just accept that and carry on with the -job. Soon after I 'joined United, I scored five goals in one game against Ipswich which was a club record. It made me very proud but I knew if I did not score the next week everyone would start to think what a waste of money I was." Cole scored 12 times in 16 games for United in 1994/95. Unfortunately, the one which got away - a late chance in the final game of the season at West Ham - cost his team the title. Cole is young enough to put that experience behind him. And Ferguson clearly feels United fans will be able to call him 'Cole the Goal' for years to coie. "I have no regrets about signing him at all," sass Ferguson. "He is simply the quickest thing I have seen around the penalty area in my life." The next step is obviously to establish himself as part of the England team in time for the 1996 European Championship. Cole was so popular in England a huge campaign by the newspapers got him into the team after he had been left out -of several squads by Venables. The forward won the biggest cheer of the night at Wembley when he came on as substitute to make his debut against Uruguay in 1995. "It was a very proud moment for me," says Cole. "It has always been part of my ambition to play for my country. I could not afford to get uptight about not being in the squad when I was with Newcastle. You have to leave these things to the England coach. But whenever I get the chance to play, I want to try and make myself indispensable." Andy Cole has come a long way in a short time. But the feeling is the journey has only just begun. l ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

B% Maai M. Bs.iNaius he Zimbabwe News has learnt, with-great sorrow, of the untimely death of Cde. T Right Stanford Mharadzi whose Chimurenga name was Professor Mapfumo. Coinrade Right Stanford Mharadzi was born on May 2, 1952 in Hurungwe district. He did his primary education at Tengwe and Rengwe schools in his home district. After completing primary education at Rengwe School, Cde. Professor, as he was popularly known among his Chimurenga War comrades, entered Mavuradonha High School for his secondary education. After completing his "0" levels, he studied for his "A" levels through a correspondence college and completed in 1973. He briefly worked for the Central African Correspondence College in 1974. The upsurge of political activism inside the country, following the rejection of the Pearce Commission inspired the youthful patriot to leave the country heading for Mozambique where he joined the armed struggle in 1975. Cde. Professor did his military training at Mgagao Camp in Tanzania in 1977. Upon the completion of his training, he was appointed to the rank of Detachment Commander. He participated 'in battles against the Smith regime in Bikita and Buhera South, Musikavanhu Sector. Ever thirst for furthering his academic education, Cde. Professor went to Maputo and was enrolled at Edward Mondlane University together with Cde. Phineas Ngarava (Bara) who was his closest friend. However, student disturbances at the University forced Cde. Professor and his friend to cut short their law studies. The leadership of ZANU PF recalled the two revolutionaries in order that they enrol with the University of Zimbabwe in 1984. Having been admitted at the University, the two friends completed the BL (Honours) degree in 1987. Between 1987 and 1989, Cdes. Professor and Bara were appointed Senior Reporters for Zimbabwe News by Dr. Nathan M. Shamuyarira. Writing well researched articles, the two friends shared an office on the Second Floor of'the building at No. 88 Manica Road, the then location of ZANU PF Headquarters. Towards the end of 1989, Cde. Professor was transferred from the party's Department of Information and Publicity and posted to the then Ministry of Political Affairs as an administrave officer. In 1990, he was promoted to the position of the Ministry's Assistant Secretary. The following year, he was again promoted to the position of Under-Secretary. Cde. Professor's rapid promotion from Administrative Secretary to the position of Under-Secretary -- the third most senior position in the Ministry - testifies to the confidence and trust in which the Party leadership held him. Cde. Professor left a wife and one child. All our hearts join Cde. Professor's family in their moment ofsorrow at the sad passing away of this gallant, patriotic and revlutionary hero of the Zimbabwe liberation war. Go in peace Cde. Right Stanford Mharadzi! Enda murugare, shamwari Right Stanford Mharadzi, shamwari yeropa! Hamba kuhle, mfowethu Right Stanford Mharadzi!L I ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 6

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