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Late Works of Mou Zongsan Modern Chinese Philosophy

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Late Works of Mou Zongsan Modern Chinese Philosophy Late Works of Mou Zongsan Modern Chinese Philosophy Edited by John Makeham, Australian National University VOLUME 7 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mcp Late Works of Mou Zongsan Selected Essays on Chinese Philosophy Translated and edited by Jason Clower LEIDEN | BOSTON The book is an English translation of Mou Zongsan’s essays with the permission granted by the Foundation for the Study of Chinese Philosophy and Culture. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mou, Zongsan, author. [Works. Selections. English] Late works of Mou Zongsan : selected essays on Chinese philosophy / translated and edited by Jason Clower. pages cm — (Modern Chinese philosophy ; VOLUME 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27889-9 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-27890-5 (e-book) 1. Philosophy, Chinese. I. Clower, Jason (Jason T.), translator, editor. II. Title. B126.M66413 2014 181’.11—dc23 2014016448 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1875-9386 isbn 978 90 04 27889 9 (hardback) isbn 978 90 04 27890 5 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. For John Breuker, Herbert Garelick, and Rupert Spira ∵ Contents Note on Pronunciation of Chinese Words and Names ix Abbreviations x Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 Part 1 The Future of Chinese Philosophy 1 Objective Understanding and the Remaking of Chinese Culture 31 2 The Chinese Idea of Settling Oneself and Establishing One’s Destiny 61 3 Meeting at Goose Lake The Great Synthesis in the Development of Chinese Culture and the Merging of Chinese and Western Tradition 70 Part 2 Methodological Concepts and Problems of Chinese Philosophy 4 Philosophy and the Perfect Teaching 91 5 Ten Great Doctrinal Disputes in the Development of Chinese Culture 95 6 Transcendental Analysis and Dialectical Synthesis 114 Part 3 History of Chinese Philosophy 7 Confucian Moral Metaphysics 125 8 Three Lineages of Song-Ming Confucianism 145 viii contents 9 The Rise of Buddhist Learning in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui, and Tang 176 10 The Place of the Tiantai Tradition in Chinese Buddhism 200 Appendix: The Emergence of the Understanding from Enlightened Knowing-in-Itself 213 Works Cited 225 Index 235 Note on Pronunciation of Chinese Words and Names Chinese sounds are not difficult for an English-speaking mouth to learn to pronounce, but spelling them is necessarily somewhat deceptive. We cannot expect general read- ers to enjoy reading and talking about Chinese philosophy, with its many Chinese proper names and technical words, if they do not feel comfortable and confident say- ing those words aloud by demystifying the (really quite approachable) subject of pro- nunciation. To that end, I offer six simple pointers. q like the ‘ch’ in ‘cheat’ (Smile broadly and tightly and then say the English ‘cheese’. You will produce the Chinese sound qi perfectly.) x like the ‘sh’ in ‘she’ (Smile broadly and tightly and then say the the English ‘she’. You will produce the Chinese sound xi perfectly.) zh like the ‘j’ in ‘jam’ (Thus the name of Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi sounds roughly like the English words “Jew she.”) z like the end of the English word ‘adds’ c like the end of the English word ‘hits’ -ou like the ‘o’ in ‘go’ (Thus the name of the ancient Zhou dynasty sounds roughly like the English name “Joe,” and Mou Zongsan’s surname sounds much like the English “Moe.”) Abbreviations Analects Jin Liangnian 金良年, ed., Lunyu yizhu 論語譯注 (The Analects, trans- lated and annotated). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2004. For ease of refer- ence across multiple editions, citations are numbered by chapter and section rather than page number. Chuanxi lu Chen Rongjie 陳榮捷 (Wing-tsit Chan). Wang Yangming Chuanxi lu xiangzhu jiping 王陽明傳習錄詳注集評 (Collection of Commentaries on Wang Yangming’s Instructions for Practical Living). Taipei: Xuesheng, 1983. FB Mou Zongsan 牟宗三. Foxing yu bore 佛性與般若 (Buddha Nature and Prajñā). Taipei: Xuesheng, 1977. Mencius Jin Liangnian 金良年, ed. Mengzi yizhu 孟子譯注 (Mencius, Translated and Annotated). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2004. For ease of reference across multiple editions, citations are numbered according to the stan- dard sectioning of book, part, and number. MRXA Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲. Mingru xue’an 明儒學案 (Records of Ming scholars). In Huang Zongxi quanji 黃宗羲全集 (Complete works of Huang Zongxi), edited by Shen Shanhong 沈善洪, vols. 7 and 8. Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji, 1985. MXQ Mou Zongsan 牟宗三. Mou Zongsan xiansheng quanji 牟宗三先生全 集 (The Complete Works of Mou Zongsan), vol. 27. Taipei: Lianjing, 2003. SJJ Mou Zongsan 牟宗三. Zhongguo zhexue shijiu jiang 中國哲學十九講 (Nineteen Lectures on Chinese Philosophy). Taipei: Xuesheng, 1983. SYXA Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲 and Quan Zuwang 全祖望. Song-Yuan xue’an 宋 元學案 (Major Schools of Song and Yuan Confucians). Edited by Cheng Jinsheng 陳金生 and Liang Lianhua 梁蓮華. 4 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1982. T Takakusu Junjirō and Watanabe Kaigyoku 高楠順次郎, 渡邊海旭, ed. Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經 (New Taishō Compilation of the Tripitaka). Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai, 1924–32. The first num- ber given is generally the text number, followed by volume number and page number, followed by a letter denoting one of the three “registers” on the page, and also the line number if possible. Thus “T2061.50.797c29” refers to text 2061 (the Guang hongming ji), with the passage cited to be found in vol. 50 on p. 797, twenty-ninth line of the third or “c” register. abbreviations xi YSL Mou Zongsan 牟宗三. Yuanshan lun 圓善論 (Treatise on the Summum Bonum). Taipei: Xuesheng, 1985. Z Shinsan Dai Nihon Zoku Zōkyō 新纂大日本続蔵経 (Revised Edition of the Kyoto Supplement to the Manji Edition of the Buddhist Canon). Kawamura, Kōshō, ed. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai, 1975–89. Zhongyong Zhongyong 中庸, in Daxue Zhongyong 大學中庸 (The Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean), edited by Wang Guoxuan 王國軒. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2006. Acknowledgements I received generous support for this project from the Office of Research and Sponsored Programs at California State University, Chico. I am also especially grateful to the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange and the Australian Research Council for providing funds for the “Indian Roots of Modern Chinese Thought” project headed by John Makeham and John Powers which helped support this work. The research, conversations, and friendships that emerged from that project is among the things that I treasure most about my career thus far, and indeed I already feel painfully nostalgic for them. To my colleagues from that project—Eyal Aviv, Erik Hammerstrom, John Jorgenson, Chen-kuo Lin, Dan Lusthaus, John Makeham, Thierry Meynard, John Powers, Axel Schneider, and Peter Zarrow—may we all see much more of each other. I also owe a separate set of thanks to John Makeham, whose professional energies are leonine, in his role as editor of Brill’s Modern Chinese Philosophy series. I attribute the present waxing of interest in Mou Zongsan in English mostly to this series, and therefore to John. I am grateful to the Foundation for the Study of Chinese Philosophy for permission to translate the essays in this volume, and most especially to Esther C. Su. It is she who has saved me from a hundred humiliating mistakes with her willingness to comment in detail on every page of my manuscript. I also received many excellent suggestions and comments from Hu Yi-hsien, and much valuable encouragement and support from Professors Yang Zuhan and Lee Shui-chuan of National Central University in Taiwan. I have benefited greatly from the guidance of my fellow Mou scholars writing in English—Sébastien Billioud, Stephen Angle, Wing-Cheuk Chan, and Tomomi Asakura—and I have been fortunate enough also to cross paths with such estimable figures as David Elstein, Yong Huang, JeeLoo Liu, and Kai Marchal, and I hope that my exchanges with all of them are only beginning. I also owe many thanks to the Boston- based Daoyou circle of scholars, comprising Bede Bidlack, Michael Ing, Catherine Hudak Klancer, Brian Loh, and Misha Tadd. And on the other side of the Pacific, I count myself most fortunate to have benefited from my conversations with Lin Anwu, Jing Haifeng, Fabian Heubel, Peng Guoxiang, and Yan Binggang. Finally, my eternal gratitude goes to my close intellectual companions Eyal Aviv, Laird Easton, Amod Lele, Daniel Veidlinger, and Zanja Yudell. Introduction If twentieth-century China produced a philosopher of the first rank, it was Mou Zongsan. A native of rural Shandong, the young Mou began studying phi- losophy at Peking University beginning in 1929,1 where he followed an eclectic and somewhat solitary path. Bertrand Russell was then a figure of very special interest in Chinese philosophical circles, having made an extended visit to China, and like many other students Mou made a close study of Principia Mathematica, as well as Whitehead’s Process and Reality. But Mou also extended his interest in Whitehead’s process thought and read deeply in tradi- tional metaphysical writings on the Book of Changes (Yijing 易經).
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