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Studi Penggunaan Lahan (Land Use)

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Studi Penggunaan Lahan (Land Use) 1 STUDI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN (LAND USE) DI KECAMATAN SINGKOHOR KABUPATEN ACEH SINGKIL TAHUN 2015 (Research of Land Use (Land Use) in Singkohor Sub District of Aceh Singkil Regency 2015) Chandra Pangihutan Simamora1), Afifuddin Dalimunthe2) dan Budi Utomo2) 1)Mahasiswa Program Studi Kehutanan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tridharma Ujung No.1 Kampus USU Medan 20155 (Penulis Korespondensi, Email: [email protected]) 2)Staf Pengajar Program Studi Kehutanan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the function of land uses contained in Singkohor Sub District 2015. This research was located in Singkohor Sub District,of Aceh Singkil Regency by using satellite images of landsat 8. The research method was a supervised classification. Analysis of the data for the image interpretation by using monogram of Sumatera and ground check. The results showed that land cover in the District Singkohor include forests, plantations, open land, settlements, water bodies, bush, and farm. The largest land use at the location of the research is the type of open land area of 5491.57 Ha and forest area of 4046.67 Ha was expected to be on the wane due to the conversion of land use into other uses such as plantations. In addition, 14 species of plants obtained MPTS (Multi Purpose Tree Species) among the sites that have the advantage among others, have been tested and able to adapt to the environment so that these types of MPTS plants are more prospective in rehabilitation activities. Key Word: Land use, interpretation, Landsat imagery, plant of MPTS. PENDAHULUAN karena itu kajian faktor fisik lingkungan terhadap perubahan penggunaa lahan cukup menarik Lahan adalah suatu lingkungan fisik untuk dilakukan. yang meliputi tanah, iklim, relief, hidrologi, dan Kota Aceh Singkil merupakan kota vegetasi dimana faktor- faktor tersebut tujuan program tranmigrasi yang cukup luas. mempengaruhi potensi penggunaannya. Badan Pusat Statistik (2014) menyatakan bahwa Termasuk didalamnya adalah akibat-akibat Kabupaten Aceh Singkil ini mempunyai luas kegiatan manusia, baik pada masa lalu maupun daerah sekitar 1.857,88 Km. Kota Aceh Singkil sekarang, seperti reklamasi daerah-daerah berbatasan langsung dengan Kota Subulussalam pantai, penebangan hutan, dan akibat-akibat pada bagian utara, pada bagian selatan merugikan seperti erosi dan akumumulasi garam berbatasan Samudera Indonesia, sebelah timur (Hardjowigeno dan Widiatmaka, 2001). berbatasan dengan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Kebutuhan manusia akan dan sebelah barat berbatasan dengan Kabupaten kelangsungan produktivitas hidupnya Aceh Selatan. Ditinjau dari aspek topografi kota menyebabkan manusia sebagai faktor utama Aceh Singkil berada pada ketinggian 6 s/d 74 dibalik terjadinya perubahan penutupan lahan. mdpl yang terdiri dari 11 Kecamatan. (Lillesand dan Kiefer, 1990). Dengan memperhatikan hal-hal Dalam mengambil keputusan tentang tersebut maka diperlukan data-data spasial memilih jenis tanaman apa yang tepat bagi suatu Kecamatan Singkohor yang berguna dalam lahan maka diperlukan perencanaan yang tepat. pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumberdaya dan Perencanaan dan pengambilan keputusan yang ruang di Kecamatan Singkohor yang tepat harus dilandasi oleh data dan informasi direncanakan secara berkelanjutan. Maka dari yang akurat tentang kondisi lahan. Jenis itu, perlu diadakan penelitian tentang fungsi penggunaa lahan dilokasi penelitian sampai saat penggunaan lahan di Kecamatan Singkohor, ini lebih didominasi oleh penggunaan lahan Kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Tujuan dari penelitian ini pertanian atau perkebunan. Hal ini tentu saja adalah untuk menganalisis fungsi penggunaan dikarenakan oleh berbagai sebab dan salah lahan di Kecamatan Singkohor pada tahun 2015. satunya adalah faktor fisik lingkungan. Oleh 2 METODE PENELITIAN topografi dan data lain yang dapat diperoleh dari Dinas Kehutanan dan Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian Perkebunan, Dinas Kehutanan, Lokasi penelitian ini berada di Bappeda Kabupaten dan Biro Pusat kecamatan Singkohor, Kabupaten Aceh Singkil, Statistik. Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Penelitian 2. Pengumpulan data primer ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari-Maret 2015. Data primer yaitu data yang diambil langsung dari lapangan berupa Alat dan Bahan ground chek penutupan lahan hasil Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dari analisis citra satelit. Data lain antara lain: yang diambil untuk keperluan a. Komputer (Personal Computer) beserta mendukung analisis kesesuaian perlengkapannya. lahan berupa data fisik lapangan. b. Perangkat lunak, pengolahan citra,dan Analisis dan Interpretasi Data GIS (Envi 4.7 dan ARC GIS 10.0) Data-data yang berhasil dikumpulkan c. GPS (Global Positioning System) akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan beberapa d. Kamera digital. software (perangkat lunak) yaitu Microsoft Excel e. Alat tulis. (pengolah data numerik), Software ArcGis 10 f. Manual Monogram Sumatera (pengolah peta dan citra) dan Software ENVI 4.7 Bahan yang digunakan dalam (pengolah citra). penelitian ini adalah data-data spasial penutupan lahan Kota Administatif Aceh Singkil antara lain: Metode Analisis Citra a. Citra Landsat 8 OLI tahun 2015 sumber Analisis citra Landsat TM dengan (http://www.glovis.usgs.gov) menggunakan software ENVI 4.7 dilakukan untuk b. Peta Dasar: peta Batas administratif, mendapatkan gambaran penutupan lahan peta kawasan hutan SK 941/Menhut- seluruh wilayah kabupaten Aceh Singkil. Analisis II/2013, peta badan air, dan peta jalan. ini dilakukan dengan mengelompokkan nilai-nilai c. Data-data kependudukan Kota pixel dalam kisaran tertentu ke dalam beberapa Administratif Aceh Singkil. kelas penutupan lahan. Metode klasifikasi yang digunakan adalah metode klasifikasi terbimbing Metode Penelitian dengan metode Maximum Likehood Classifier Metode penelitian yang dipakai dalam yaitu mengelompokkan citra ke dalam beberapa penelitian ini adalah pendekatan secara kelas penutupan lahan dengan mengacu pada deskriptif. Pendekatan ini memanfaatkan data peta dasar, dan kemudian melakukan verifikasi dan peta yang sudah dikumpulkan sesuai dengan lapangan untuk masing-masing penutupan lahan tujuan untuk di analisis. Data-data seperti peta tersebut. Hasil dari verifikasi lapangan ini kependudukan, peta batas administratif, dan lain digunakan untuk membuat klasifikasi ulang, guna sebagainya ditabulasikan dalam bentuk basis mendapatkan peta penutupan lahan. data kemudian dideskripsikan. Survei Tanaman MPTS (Multi Purpose Tree Prosedur penelitian Species) Prosedur kerja dalam penelitian ini Dilakukan kegiatan survei tanaman terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yaitu: MPTS berdasarkan jenis di lokasi penelitian. Pengumpulan Data Survei ini bertujuan mendapatkan jenis tanaman 1. Pengumpulan data sekunder yang mampu beradaptasi dan unggul dalam Sebelum dilaksanakan survey kegiatan rehabilitasi pada lahan kritis dan juga lapangan, terlebih dulu dilakukan mempunyai nilai ekonomi sehingga disukai analisis citra satelit untuk masyarakat. mendapatkan peta penutupan lahan misalnya hutan, perkebunan, sawah, ladang, semak belukar, pemukiman dan lahan kosong. Kemudian HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dilakukan cek lapangan untuk menentukan penutupan lahan yang Karakteristik kependudukan Kecamatan sebenarnya. Selain data dari citra Singkohor satelit, diperlukan juga data-data Pertambahan penduduk kota di pendukung lain seperti peta Indonesia mendorong meningkatnya kegiatan administrasi, peta land system, peta kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi di kota yang 3 selanjutnya menyebabkan kenaikan kebutuhan pertambahan jumlah penduduk di Kecamatan akan lahan. Hal ini juga terjadi di Kecamatan Singkohor berdasarkan Badan Pusat Statistik Singkohor yang setiap tahun mengalami Kabupaten Aceh Singkil tahun 2014: pertambahan penduduk. Berikut adalah tabel Tabel 1. Pertambahan jumlah penduduk Kecamatan Singkohor. Tahun Jumlah Penduduk 2011 5.431 2012 5.582 2013 5.734 Berdasarkan Tabel 1 dapat dilihat perkotaan memberikan pengaruh yang besar bahwa jumlah penduduk pada Kecamatan pada perubahan penggunaan lahan Singkohor setiap tahunnya selalu mengalami ( Harahap, 2010). peningkatan. Pertambahan jumlah penduduk, baik yang bersifat alami maupun migrasi Hasil Analisis Citra merupakan salah satu penyebab meningkatnya Citra komposit 654-RGB dari landsat 8 jumlah penduduk membawa pengaruh terhadap pada perekaman tahun 2015 telah dipotong meningkatnya kebutuhan ruang. sesuai dengan daerah batas kecamatan Perubahan penggunaan lahan adalah Singkohor. Selanjutnya dikonversi dalam bentuk peralihan fungsi lahan dari fungsi tertentu data layer, kemudian diolah pada program menjadi fungsi lainnya, misalnya dari sawah ArcGis. Citra Landsat 8 OLI hasil dari kombinasi berubah menjadi pemukiman atau tempat usaha, band diklasifikasi berdasarkan hasil interpretasi dari sawah kering berubah menjadi sawah irigasi citra melalui rona, bentuk dan tekstur citra. Pada atau yang lainnya. Faktor utama yang citra Landsat 8 OLI selanjutnya dilakukan mendorong perubahan penggunaan lahan adalah analisis dengan klasifikasi terbimbing dan setelah jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat itu dapat dihitung akurasi dari hasil klasifikasi sehingga mendorong mereka untuk merubah yang telah dilakukan. lahan. Tingginya angka kelahiran dan Peta klasifikasi penggunaan lahan perpindahan penduduk dari desa maupun dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut ini : Gambar 3. Peta Tutupan Lahan Kecamatan Singkohor Tahun 2015. 4 Setelah dilakukan analisis citra maka dapat tutupan lahan di kecamatan Singkohor tahun dilihat hasil akhir berupa peta penutupan lahan di
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