Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 3.316°N 95.854°E Main page The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Contents 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off Featured content the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had Current events a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Random article Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea Donate to Wikipedia megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Wikipedia store Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and Interaction triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the Help coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian About Wikipedia Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 Community portal countries, and inundating coastal communities with Aceh in Indonesia, the most devastated region Recent changes waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the struck by the tsunami Contact page deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Date 26 December 2004[1] Tools Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Origin 00:58:53 UTC time 07:58:53 WIB What links here Lanka, India, and Thailand. Related changes Magnitude 9.1–9.3 M [2] It is the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on a w Upload file Depth 30 km (19 mi)[1] seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting Special pages Epicenter 3.316°N 95.854°E[1] open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Special pages [1] [9] Epicenter 3.316°N 95.854°E Permanent link ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes. It Page information caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 Type Megathrust Wikidata item centimetre (0.4 inches)[10] and triggered other Areas Indonesia affected Sri Lanka Cite this page earthquakes as far away as Alaska.[11] Its epicentre India [12] Print/export was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia. Thailand The plight of the affected people and countries Create a book Maldives Malaysia Download as PDF prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. In all, Madagascar Printable version the worldwide community donated more than US$14 Somalia billion (2004) in humanitarian aid.[13] The event is In other projects Kenya known by the scientific community as the Sumatra– Tanzania Wikimedia Commons Andaman earthquake.[14][15] The resulting tsunami South Africa [1] Languages was given various names, including the 2004 Indian Max. IX (Violent) intensity Acèh Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas tsunami and the Boxing Day Tsunami 15 to 30 metres (50 to 100 ft)[3][4] اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ Azərbaycanca tsunami. with maximum runup of 51 m [5] Bân-lâm-gú (167.3 ft) at Lhoknga. Беларуская Contents Casualties 230,000–280,000 dead and more [6][7][8] Беларуская 1 Earthquake characteristics missing (тарашкевіца)​ 1.1 Foreshock Български 1.2 Tectonic plates Català Čeština 1.3 Aftershocks and other earthquakes Cymraeg 1.4 Energy released Dansk 2 Tsunami Deutsch 2.1 Signs and warnings Eesti 2.2 Aceh province, Sumatra, Indonesia Ελληνικά 2.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India Español open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Español 2.4 Sri Lanka Esperanto 2.5 Thailand Euskara 2.6 Mainland India ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ 2.7 Maldives Français Galego 2.8 Myanmar 한국어 2.9 Somalia Hrvatski 2.10 Elsewhere in the Indian Ocean Bahasa Indonesia 3 Death toll and casualties Íslenska 3.1 Countries affected Italiano 3.2 Event in historical context Humanitarian response 4 עברית Basa Jawa 5 Impact ಕನಡ 5.1 Economic impacts Latviešu 5.2 Environmental impact Lietuvių 5.3 Other effects Magyar 6 In popular culture മലയാളം 6.1 Apung 1 मराठ Bahasa Melayu 6.2 Films and television 6.3 Literature Nederlands 6.4 Museum 日本語 6.5 Rediscovery of Mahabalipuram Norsk bokmål 7 See also Norsk nynorsk 8 References Polski 9 External links Português Română Русский Earthquake characteristics [edit] Scots open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com The tsunami was initially documented as 2004 Indian Ocean Simple English moment magnitude 8.8. In February 2005 tsunami Slovenčina scientists revised the estimate of the Slovenščina magnitude to 9.0.[16] Although the Pacific Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these српскохрватски new numbers, the United States Geological Suomi Survey has so far not changed its estimate of Svenska 9.1. The most recent studies in 2006 have Tagalog obtained a magnitude of M 9.1–9.3. Dr. த w Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of లుగు ไทย Technology believes that Mw 9.2 is a good Türkçe representative value for the size of this great Українська earthquake.[17] اردو Tiếng Việt The hypocentre of the main earthquake was 吴语 approximately 160 km (100 mi) off the Animation of tsunami caused by the earthquake show ing how it 粵語 western coast of northern Sumatra, in the radiated from the entire length of the 1,600 km (990 mi) rupture Zeêuws Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island at 中文 a depth of 30 km (19 mi) below mean sea Events Edit links level (initially reported as 10 km (6.2 mi)). Timeline The northern section of the Sunda Countries affected: megathrust ruptured over a length of Indonesia 1,300 km (810 mi).[12] The earthquake Sri Lanka (followed by the tsunami) was felt in India more... Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Response Thailand, Singapore and the Maldives.[18] Humanitarian open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Humanitarian Splay faults, or secondary "pop up faults", See also caused long, narrow parts of the sea floor to Warning System pop up in seconds. This quickly elevated the Library damage height and increased the speed of waves, 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake causing the complete destruction of the V · T · E · nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga.[19] Indonesia lies between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the north-eastern islands adjacent to New Guinea, and the Alpide belt that runs along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores to Timor. Great earthquakes such as the Sumatra-Andaman event, which are invariably associated with megathrust events in subduction zones, have seismic moments that can account for a significant fraction of the global earthquake moment across century-scale time periods. Of all the seismic moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one-eighth was due to the The epicenter of the 2004 Indian Sumatra-Andaman event. This quake, together with the Ocean earthquake and associated Good Friday earthquake (Alaska, 1964) and the Great aftershocks in French. Chilean earthquake (1960), account for almost half of the total moment. The much smaller but still catastrophic 1906 open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com total moment. The much smaller but still catastrophic 1906 San Francisco earthquake is included in the diagram for perspective. Mw denotes the magnitude of an earthquake on the moment magnitude scale. Since 1900 the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake (magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Prince William Sound (9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude [20] 9.0) and Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.0) in March 2011. The epicentre of the earthquake, Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned just north of Simeulue Island. tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. However, the death toll from these was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas and the much greater distances to more populated coasts and also due to the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) such as Japan. Other very large megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 (Peru, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1827 (Colombia, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1812 (Venezuela, Caribbean Plate and South American Plate) and 1700 (western North America, Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate). All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9, but no accurate measurements were available at the time. Foreshock [edit] The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock, predating the main event by open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com over two years.[21] Tectonic plates [edit] Main article: Plate tectonics The megathrust earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of fault surface slipped (or ruptured) about 15 metres (50 ft) along the subduction zone where the Indian Plate slides (or subducts) under the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over a period of several minutes: Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture A pie chart comparing the seismic moment about 400 kilometres (250 mi) long and release for the largest earthquakes from 1906 to 2005 100 kilometres (60 mi) wide, located 30 compared to all other earthquakes for the same kilometres (19 mi) beneath the sea bed— period the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake.