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DEMIDEC~ AP Psychology Cram Kit I 44 MOTIVATION ANE~ EMOTION Motivation THEORIES OF MOTIVATION HIERARCHY OF NEEDS WHAT YOU WANT AND WHAT YOU NEED CLIMBING THE PYRAMID Motivations are the needs and desires that cause Abraham Maslow created a hierarchy of needs, behaviors—the reasons people do the things they do. predicting the order in which needs must be satisfied. Intrinsic motivation comes from within oneself, while extrinsic motivation is drawn from the outside world. Self-actualization > DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY People are motivated by biological needs • Drives are impulses to meet those needs in order to achieve homeostasis, a state of internal balance Safety and securit • Primary drives are biological needs (food, shelter) Survival and physiological needs • Secondary drives are used to meet primary drives (money, acceptance) INSTINCT THEORY HUNGER AND EATING DISORDERS • People perform species-specific behaviors THROUGH THICK AND THIN • Instincts are inborn behaviors necessary for survival Hunger is determined by an empty stomach and body INCENTIVE THEORY chemistry (glucose and insulin). The hypothalamus • People perform some behaviors based on desire, helps stimulate and satiate hunger. Set-point theory rather than need states that the hypothalamus maintains the body’s optimum body weight by determining the metabolic • Incentives are stimuli associated with rewards rate. Eating disorders are psychological problems OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY related to weight, body image, and eating habits. • People begin at a baseline level of motivation SEX • Performing pleasurable behaviors moves people away from the baseline, but an opponent process THE BIRDS AND THE BEES motivates them to return to the neutral state Humans are driven to procreate in order to pass on • This theory is often used to explain addiction: their genes. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary people use substances for pleasure but are then gland to produce sexual hormones (androgens and motivated to return to baseline; when they estrogens). Researchers of human sexuality include experience withdrawal, however, they often use the Alfred Kinsey, William Masters, and Virginia Johnson. substance again to return to a neutral state SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE AROUSAL THEORY • People try to achieve a balanced level of excitement Excitement • The Yerkes-Dodson law states that people perform Heart and respiration rates increase; penis and clitoris-swell best at tasks that elicit medium levels of arousal Plateau SOCIAL THEORY Heart and respiration rates remain elevated; muscle tension • People respond to pressures from society increases; genitals secrete fluids • Henry Murray classified 20 types of needs, such as needs for affiliation and for cognitive dissonance Orgasm • Kurt Lewin named 4 types of motivational conflict: Heart and respiration~ rates increase further; genitals approach-approach (two pleasant choices), contract; males ejaculate avoidance-avoidance (two unpleasant choices), approach-avoidance (one choice with pros and Reso ution cons), and multiple approach-avoidance (many Heart and respiration rates decrease; muscles relax; men have a choices with pros and cons) refractory period in which they cannot have another orgasm AP Psychology Cram Kit I 45 DEMIDEC~ CRAM QUIZ Motivation QUESTION 1 QUESTION 5 Which of the following is an example of a secondary According to the lipostatic hypothesis, what substance drive? is used to monitor the amount of fat in the body? (A) food (A) glucose (B) thirst (B) leptin (C) shelter CC) insulin CD) acceptance (D) androgens (E) sex CE) cortisol QUESTION 2 QUESTION 6 Jackson drank a few beers in order to loosen up at a Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus are most likely to party but wants to return to his normal state later in the result in evening. He feels hungover, however, and decides to (A) excessive eating drink more beer in attempt to feel better. What theory of (B) decreased drinking motivation does this behavior exemplify? (C) excessive sexual desire (A) drive reduction theory CD) increased exercise (B) instinct theory (E) decreased sleep (C) opponent process theory (D) arousal theory (E) incentive theory QUESTION 3 QUESTION 7 Which of the following is NOT one of Lewin’s categories During which phase of the sexual response cycle does of motivational conflict? the penis become erect? (A) approach-approach (A) initial excitement (B) avoidance-avoidance (B) plateau (C) approach-avoidance CC) orgasm CD) multiple approach-avoidance (D) resolution CE) binding approach-avoidance (E) refractory period QUESTION 4 QUESTION 8 What need is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy? During which phase of the sexual response cycle do (A) self-actualization genital contractions occur? (B) belongingness CA) initial excitement (C) self-esteem (B) plateau (D) survival CC) orgasm (E) safety CD) resolution (E) refractory period ANSWERS ~Uw<cocO<U DEMIDEC~ AP Psychology Cram Kit I 46 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Emotion THEORIES OF EMOTION STRESS THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG? STRESS CAUSES GAS Emotions are thoughts and feelings that occur in Life is full of stressors that make people feel challenged response to external stimuli. These are accompanied and threatened. Some stressors are transient, while by physiological arousal, but psychologists debate others are chronic. Hans Selye developed the concept whether the physiological change occurs before or of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) to describe after the emotional response. responses to stressors. — Resistance — Exhaustion Influences on Emotion Sympathetic • Paras~Vn~a -r aia~yrrrpa nervous thetic nervous thetic nervous system is system begins system returns aroused to reduce to normal Two-Factor James-Lange Cannon-Bard •The body arousal Resources are Theory Theory (Schacter prepares •The body depleted inger) Theory itself to meet releases •The immune challenge hormones to system is maintain its compromised ability to deal Physiological Physiological changes occur, with stressor, Emotion is changes and followed by but resources caused by emotional cognitive will be used up if stressor physiological experiences labeling of the persists change occur at the emotional same time state According to Richard Lazarus, people cognitively evaluate stressors. The primary appraisal involves determining whether an occurrence is stressful. The Frightening secondary appraisal involves determining one’s ability to stimulus handle the occurrence if it is stressful. The stress Frightening Frightening appears worsens if the individual is incapable of handling the stimulus stimulus Heart races stressor and decreases if the individual is able to handle appears appears 4, the stressor. 1’ Recognize TYPE A AND TYPE B PERSONALITIES Heart races Heart races that r.1’ and feel something THE ABC’S OF STRESS RESPONSE Feel afraid afraid happenedscary ~1- Individuals respond to stress in different ways, but the Feel afraid main response patterns have been split into two categories: Type-A and Type-B. TYPE-A PERSONALITY Theory is problematic People in an • Aggressive and urgent response to stressors because aroused • Competitive certain Theory physiological • Seeks out demanding activities physiological involves state states are biology and experience • May be more susceptible to stress-induced illness common to cognition more intense several emotional TYPE-B PERSONALITY emotional states • Requires more to get stressed states • When stressed, usually not to the same extent as Type-A personalities • Easy-going AP Psychology Cram Kit I 47 DEMIDEC~ CRAM QUIZ Emotion QUESTION 1 QUESTION 5 Maya feels her heart race and her palms sweat as she Why does stress impair the immune system? simultaneously recognizes that she is nervous. What (A) The body becomes overwhelmed with excess theory of emotion does this exemplify? hormones released in response to the stress. (A) James-Lange theory (B) The body forces itself to rest in order to recover (B) Cannon-Bard theory from persistent arousal. (C) two-factor theory (C) The body’s resources are depleted by arousal. (D) Schacter-Singer theory (D)The body cannot return its heart and respiration (E) general adaptation theory rates to normal after extended arousal. (E) The body experiences a state of shock after dealing with the stressor. QUESTION 2 QUESTION 6 According to the two-factor theory, which of the Who divided the stress response into primary and following people would likely experience the most secondary appraisals? intense emotions? (A) Lazarus (A) a sprinter (B) Lange (B) a television watcher (C) Bard (C) a writer (D) Singer (D) an artist (E) Selye (E) a walker QUESTION 3 QUESTION 7 Who developed the concept of the general adaptation According to the Cannon-Bard theory, which part of the syndrome? brain sends information to the autonomic nervous system? (A) Lazarus (B) Lange (A) amygdala (C) Bard (B) temporal lobe (D)Singer (C) pons (E) Selye (D) cerebellum (E) thalamus QUESTION 4 QUESTION 8 People with Type-B personalities can best be described Holmes and Rahe’s social readjustment rating scale as measures stress according to (A) competitive (A) cortisol secretion levels (B) rushed (B) heart rates (C) aggressive (C) life change units (D) easy-going (D) emotional reaction appraisals (E) reactive (E) physiological arousal increments ANSWERS c~<ujDU<wU Lr\~rc.
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