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0& o£ - 'CHR'ONOLOGICAL ABRIDGMENT
UNIVERSAL HISTOIt y~
'1'0WllleH n ADDaD,AM ABRIDGED CHRo.NOLOOr
»ISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS,
I.ELATIV. TO '1"'1111 ARTS .AND SCIENCES, lJt. Deiped priDcipally for the1llt of SchoU_ ~
o TI'dIIJ1~ttl,~ Lucr PUCOCK, ftoiB iAt -'16 etbl;' ,!/Ihe _Frnd of £4 CROZB. R.I'f1iptl, Corr~Be~ ,.'
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~' ~/ mE TRANSLAT~]t'l PR.EFACE.
.... , .A PERUSAL 01La Croze's Cbronologie . .&bridgm~t, in the original1language, induced me trandator to believe that it would prove •.'. uteful aequifition ~o" die Engliilr Seminary. Inbiftorical reading, repeated interrogatories are nece~ary to excite recollection and pre~ r.rYe unbroken that regular feries which fhould ~ formedin tbe mind~ M~t:h.l maY',be done, in this way by the weD informed tutor, who, ita the quiet retreat· ot.·private family, h~: leif. ure' to wateh the.:~J1Idunl progrels of the pu-. , pi1, 'and, ... occafron ftian?re~ire, to- fupply all ' that is 1f.anting from his own 1tQre. BU,t in. large (emi~riest 'where' the number of ·pupil~. 'is multiplied.; .and an .extenfive field of inftruc- . ~ tlOD utually embraced, the labour of the tutpr . ,... mull: be abri~g~.;. and here works ill the' ~ form ..of queffion .and ~ntwer f~m.~cu~\y~
X ~vaDt~~o .. ,< • .qt . ~ P1lEFAeE;. The divifio; of the prefent abridgment by:• Periods, epochs, arid cenreries;: exempts it_ from the charge of a disjointed chronology, . 'Whiclt·~as,be.el\'confideted as aft' objeaion ·to. works written in this form. It exhibits a reg• \lIar chronological feries from. the creation to. - the prefent time, am! t'he Tranflator prefumes, . may be ufed with advantage, as preparatory to• mpre extenfive .readiag ;''''as a memeIito ef loowJedge previoufly attained, or as a guide Co that .arran~e~nt, without which a perufal, Qf the mof!: v.olummou$ works will tend onlJ to perplex and miflead, ~ orks of this kin4. . I e~~ot properl.J· be confidered in. aay other I light than as. elementary, The information they, eontain comprehends li,t1e more than .names, I and dates-j and ,if the labow: Qf the pupil be• rtlppo£e~ to end here, his bi(iQrical acq"ifi.·· tiona will prok of {Ol&llimportance~ But. though not' competent to for. the j~dgmeDt.. , they are uIeful to Q:ercife the. llleJJlol'J, \
An author " to. whom the preCent. ~ge is. . highly indebted, Ipeaking, of education in g~n:,,• eral, thus expreffes himlelf:. /" Let but a -foJ:. td foundation be laid, of.thoCe'elemental earts,
• Da. AlltUl.· Gfleamirig which 'employ the memory _hen that is the only faculty in full vigour, and it i~ immaterial how ilight is the fuperftruClure :firft erected. I wouldwiihit rather to refemble the fcatfolding ot a great building than the fiDiJhed model of a fmall one."
The number of editions this work has pa1fed through is a tuffiden~ teftimony of the appro• bation \Yith which it has \leen received on the Continent. Many additions have been made inee its firO:publication. The Tranflator haft . enly to exprefs her wHh, that th= work, in itSr ~ngli{h drefs, may equal she i4ea the has form.• ed of its lItility..
A. ..,..
..... , ~piHipJes,otl,Hit0t7, J:' PART" I~ _ ~IT ...... to».· ... the Crtatioa,·ofthe Wodd"to tbe·DeIage, . . 16;.6 y.ean. 1,5.. SICOND PI.I.I,oI).- &om the DcJu~ to the Calling of Aliraham, 5,66..Yea~,. 13· "l'HI.. ·""IO" .... ~ CaDi"lf:c>rAlpr" to" J,... ghca J.,MeCcs, +3.. Years e.' -. , e '.. w,oO-aTR Najo~, lrom the· bw giycaby.MoC. t. the,talriDg. or· Troy, ¥7:.V'" . It,.., . ftf.tlltl· ...... QL rlllQ tht"takmg of Troy to tbe builcUng·ef tke Tcmp1c.·oUe~m by Solomon, 19J Ytaa I"," '11-l1'-H H.101)• ... the building. of the Temple of nru6aIaD bJ the FOlJndarioDof-Rome, i3.9,Year. JI" II,. .•• ~R· HIliO" lrom the 'IooD~ion of· Rome till tbe bC&~iag of the, Rag!! ot'Cyrol, 191 Ycan e. atr. .IDHT", '·EJII,IOD'. ~ I'foza.CJI"lI, firft .... g of' the Perfial&.,tb ..... Birth;.of.:1,CPI <:hrift, S60 Yearl ' e. _' '7' - !-ART li.,· ... 1':;;' .'''LIT: •• 1..0••· "9..tke Birth of Jeful Chrii to the COD,dlt at CAulftawoe, 3u'~Yean, • . • .nt.ury~I.. ,.. ~,~' .... 'lL ,,"_. ~ 6t '4 ..... :.~.;: ...•I;~:"".:: / ... CONTENTS.. , ~ ..! . PaP.' . Century III. 6,'" .: Century IV. ,8
SlCORD 'JUOD. ,- Fa:om the Converlon ot Coaftantioe.to 'tbe CQ~O-' nation of Charlemagne, +88 Years' . sO: .' Century V. 86 Century VI. 9S Century VIL ..;. Joel PAR.T III. £cotUI'J VIII.. .. to)·,
THIRD .I&IODI ••• ·0. From the Coronatio. of Charlemagne ·to the Reiga. J Hory lhe Fowler, 120 Yean' - 10.11 ::.. -: C.catury IX. ' •. _!U~. ~~ntury X. roURTIl .IlR~O.. . ..• P;.m the Rciga of Henry the Fowle.- tel tie- .._ EleCtion of Rodolphu., COURt· or Hapibw-g, : '.' .363 Yean • II(.~ c.:Dtury Xl... •• I~~...' Century XII. _ I~S"' CCDtu~ XIii. .. J~
J'lrTH" .11.101)'. frQm the EletHon of l:ocl'olpbu8, :CoUDt. or. Haptburg, to 'frederick I. EleaOE of BrandeD- bur" 144 Years' • J3J Century XlV'. .~ lSf. • Century XV. _. ,140 .
'I::ITa .11.10" I'Jam Frederick I. ~leaor of' Brandenburr. to. th~ Peaee of Tefchen, concluded May 13, 1779, 362 Years ' - 141 Century ~:VJ. .-. rJr Century XVII. _. i62 Celltury.XVUI. .• - .. 171 Abridged Chronology-cf DiCc(,veria, aC. • IS, :lmiDCDt aud &clQlrbblc :Peri".. ,. 20a' n ...... ,:._ 'r INTR ODUCTION.
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.ZNERAL ~RlNCIl'J.B$ DFHJD'()1W•.... '.,
~ WJiat is biRo" l' J•. A raiau .f what b. eecOfred iace the ereatb, .r the ~orld~ . 1 -!: What is neceB"aryto the ftudy of billory 1 . .A. A k~owl~dge .r.ge~h,., wmch. teacbel' ., ltoat;oB of the places in. wbid} the evente happened, and alfoof cbTonology, which.is the feience ottime.' . ~ How 'is hiftory: diviJed'~ " <, J .A. rnto facred and profane. .Tbe lirll i. contained. ia the Old and New Teftament,_aDd the !aJl in. all .Jther rtaoMi .of antiquity. ., i . - ~. How is {acted hillory divided ?' .A. 'Into three parts. The difpenfatioll or-the Ja-·or nature, ateading from Adam to MoCes·;the difpenfatioll .r the writtm la~, from MoCesto our I:..ord Jefu. Chrift i-1 Ind the difpenfation of .graee, which compNhenda the' time from the eftablilhment of the lofpel. ~ How is profane milDry c1iUded~ .JI. Generany into three .great jntenall J.. oblcore 01'" ~nccrtain time J, fabulous. ()1! heroical time, and hidolWal time. ~ What is meant by obfeare or uncertain time 1 A. That which elapfed from the creation of tlYr' ",rid to the tni&!n ~f &he GrceilD,fabla, ~r to the,4d. ·~, which' happened in. th~ day. of Omes; ltiag .; Athens. AI billory has. left. us in great ignorance of this t'emet~ ptriod, it is 4)0. ,bat 'ZCOUllt caIltd obfc1ll'C Md uacertain. ' ~ What i.meant by fabulous tim. , A. That which elapfed from the delu,_e of Ogyge5- to the ellablfthmeftt of"t'!le: Otympie _Gam~8. It i, called .butou. or heroical, becaufe tile heroes and dean gods of the Greek~ are pretended to haft li'Vleddurin.: , this period-. ~ W1aat it. .... t " bif\orbl_·l A, That which est~nds from the Ol,mpic qa mea . _en hiftory began to·be morc authentic, to &be pre{cot.
~ AN, tIIrre not ether· diei60n •. ~- W, tile lady of univerfal hiftory ~ , , A. rlote by e~ha8 and period's are· the.: Molt· COB• ftl\ient,ad the molt pnmdJYllfewL .t:. What i. an epocha ? 4e AMI. epocha is lome remarkable eyent, made. are 0(• ..., &, the order of·time. lAd to. ama the memory• .~ What is a period i' ...... II. The fuccdJioD or nent. fro.. ODe cpocIIa to" & Hew are there epecba. _and periQda diiPo(ecJ ? A. Ttw- critr ia .. tireiy arbitrary. It wiDbe r.... tfmt here to enumerate eight from the .treadoa of the world to the birth of Jcf¥8 Chrii. Jt;.- N_c the epoch.. ~
A. I. The deluge. Il. I The caDing or Abrab ... III. The 1,.-gi\'el1 b, Morts. IV. The taking of TroJ by the Gt«ks. V. The buildil'tg of the Temple of Je• fPfatem by, S~lomoD. VI. The "undation of Rome. VII. Cyru., King J Perfi.. VlIL ~ birth of 0lIl' ~d Jc{ua Chrit. . 1. - , , ~ Wha'art.dlc.~',
..' llfTtt
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H.ISTORICAL GRAMMAR.
FIRST 'EllIOl).
FROM ·THE ~1l.ATION OJ' Til. WO&LD ~O1' ••• 'Llfn. -16SS Y BAlli.
Q. W HENCE do we acquire a IcoowWge oE aM events of this period i . A. They are contained in the firil: chapten of the Book of &enefis. o_ What are the events there recorded l A. The creation of the world J the fall of Adam ancl Eve...; 1be murder of Abel by Cain, his brother; Enoch tranflated to Hearen, on account of his piety; the c~ tion of mankind, and the delug~ a1\aounced to Noah. twenty five yean before it happeued.
SECOND PERI·.OD.
'Pl.." THE DELUGE TO' THI CALLfNQ 0'" .4'•• 11",,_ S66 YE4.U.
Q. What are the events of this period 1 ' A. The Deluge; the -building of the Tower or Ba.. bel, and the f01V\datiODof' the Alfyrian 'empire by Nim-, rod. The kingdom of Egypt Wal alfG" it appears '" ho~,·writ,fouD ,. H I R.D' PER. I 0 D. ... OM Till CALLING OF ABRAHAM TO TN. LAW OIViN BY MOSl3.--4S1 YEAItS. Q. ,Why did God call Abraham ?. .A. To prefervehim and his defcendantsfrom the idol. atry that wasuniverfallydHFufedthroughoutthe world. ~. What were the remarkable events that occured do;rlng this period l . A. The birth of .(fomaJ, from whom defcend the peo• pie called. ArabI!; tliat of Ifaac, Jacob, and Efau, with I feveral other remarkable events recorded in the holy Scriptures; such as the sellingof Jofeph by his brethren; ~ removal of Jacob into Egypt; the perfecution of the Ifraelites under Pharaoh, and their retreat out of Egypt, ~ • TIae CbineCereekoo much earlier. and pretencl to have e:lifted, Dot ooly antecedentto the deluge, but even to the creation : Doth~ ~,.cenUn, however,aprnnin their &DIlal,tiUthetimeofFohi. ' A mSTORICAL GRAMMAR.. IS (2. Did no remarkable events occur during this period . ~n profane Hinory ? :d. Yea; Inachns arrived in Peloponnefus, now caUecl the Morea, where he founded the kingdom of Argos. Q. ,From what country did Inachul come l .iI. It is thought he came from Phenicia, the people ~f that country being the first who praaifed navigatioa, and eftablifhed colonies in diftant countries. Q. What other events happened in profane HiRory l A. TIle deluge of 0DgeJ in Attica, and that of DnI• calio" in Thdraly. Q. Arc thefe dehiges confidered as true events 1 A. Yes; fo far as relates to the firnple f;.las; but' with each, efpeciallywith the taft, feveral circumflanees are blended, borrowed fTom the tm:vcrfal deluge, befide many abfurd fables without foundation;': FOURTH PERIOD. Fa.OIl TR2 L.A. Gn~•• ay Nons TO TR. T.AKING· 01' Tl.oy,'-:S407 -y,.&l.I. . , (2. What fann of gOVerBJDeQt did God cflablHh by Morea in the dcfert 1 . A. It waf a government or a 'Ye.ry peculiar nat1ll'e'., God .,,,. hizDfelfthe king of hi. people ~ this form of government oil therefore called Theocracy. or the cmpire GfOod. ' C). Who CODduaed the people of God into the holy laDd? . ..tI. Joj/Iutl, the f1lccell'orof Mores, wbo divided Paler. tine among the twelve tribet, an«l died twelYe yean aftcr. -t" How were his fucceB"orscalled 1 .d. They were called Judg,s, a na_ common to til .. magHbatea or the Jews, till the time of Saul, who 'Val their fir-a. king. ~ What kingdoms were founded during ~ pi; riod 1 '.4. .Tbote bf Thebe!, AB"yria,Troy, and Pelopo.DM. , :£us. }.6 A HfS'fOJUCAL GRAMMAIt. ~ Who founded the kingdom of Thebes l A. Cadmus, a Phenieian, whofe hiftory is much obo-. ltured by the fiaiolls of the poets, He is wd'fto have heen the firft who brought letters into Greece . ..t: Who was the founder of the Affyrian empire 1 JI. Be/us; to whom fucceedcd Ninur, who founded ·tlle city of Nineveh~ and washufband to the celebrated Queen Sem;ramit. ~ Who founded the kingdom of Troy? . A. Dardanus,a Phrygian ; his fucceffor was Trea.r, to whom tuccecded .A./foraau; and next Lactlledrm, the father of Priam, under whofe reign the Greeks .took Troy. . . ~ Whar was the caufe of the liege of this city ? A: The Hight of Helen, the wife of Mflle/Il.', King ..r Sparta, with Pari I, the fon of Priam. , .to Who was the chief of the Grecian army during .thia expedition ? A. Agammmon,the brother c4 Itt,.."" and king of )fycenz • ..e: Who founded the I.mgtlo. of A-. ? .A. Cccrops, an Egyptian, who fett1ed there at the head of a colony of his own nation• .t!, \Vital. oU\eIr VVtlltS relate to thi~ pedod- a .II. Several, aa well in facred as in p~ Hiiory. ,. ~ Repeat chofe ~hat rel~lIeto &mtd Hiiory_.. " 64.. ·Tbey are ~ontained in the Book of.Jothu .. 'aocl ~o in that of Judges, flom OII»WI to JlJIidah. . ~ Wbat are the events relative to profane Hifto- ryl . . ~. They belong chiefly to mythology. The princ ... pal are' tJw-hitth *nd liN of Herculea, who wa. born. at' 'Thebes, and was'the foB of .AiDllfmt, the.wiftJ of Aaphy .. trion; and the expeditiH of the .Argonaatt, .at the head of wbich was Jar'" . The hiftoty, ON~ the fable, _1 ~rge, is tobe f'oUDdin Ovid'. IMetaDlorphofes. ~ Are tbefe all the events that relate to this ;.. dod' . 4. One (till remain., which is much celebrated In an. ~ity: l'he hilory of XJipfll, kit), of TbeIIes,. an6 4>1 tri.t two tOns,Eto~lesand Polyni,es. . .. HlftORICAL OLUWAL .. FI FT H PERIOD. ,&.... TH. T"••• C O. TI.07 TO T•• ·.V.IoDIIIO 0.' TH8 TIMPL. OJ' JaI.Vs.A·L.. .., .•OLO.OJl.-l9I WI"RS. Q- How manyYearI did the fiege 01 Troy eontiGueI .it. It continued ten years, at the end of which it wu taken and razed to. the foundation. se. What beeame of tile Trojan princ.? . A. Thole who ibrviycrd the _ge, as Heaor and Peril; the fona of Priam, WeN partly malfacred, &Dd. pardJ aw• ried ~to captivity • .e, Did nose efcape? . A. Two oR)y are mentioned: .A.u.'W', who ia {up;. pofed to be the founder of the city of Padua; and -Bfklll,. who went iato Italy, and JBanlied LII'fIin;" the daughter of king Lillimu. ~ Who wat &.e.11 '.A. He was the fon of Am:hifl1r the brother of king ~ and, ac:cGl'_g to lie fahles-of the poets, of the godde& Venus. ~ Had he any childrea ~ A. He had a Coo Damed Ajcllllifll, .. ho founded the. city and kingdom of .Alia Ltmga, in she territQfY of Latium. ~ In what fituatios were the aiain of Greece at thi. tillled - A. A. great revolution had taken..place in Peloponae• ('us. The formll' kings, as Ago",."fJII and MmJowt. were of the race of PeID}/, a Phrygian, the fon of Tan• tal., who. ha'ring feWed in the Peninfnla, . gave it ~ 1lame of PeloponlWf-, which figni6es the Ifle of Pelops.• '1'0 theft prine. fuccee4ed the lkraeliM, or defcenda.t. of Hen:uJe., wla~ founded me- kin«dOlbs of Laeedemca udC~nm. . .to Did the kia :'d - .11 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAlt, JL What were tlte .eonfequences of this event? A. 1!he two fons of CodrllJ, difputing for the crown. the Athenians, to a void fimilar dii'erences, abolithed &he. regal dignity, and cJeBed magiilrates:, whofe power was indeed for life, but dependent (.n, the people: they were called ArcllOnft, a word which figniiel princea or lords. , . ~ Did the Greel:s eiFt:8- nothing mere lduring ~i8 ~rioo? , 'A. They {ent colonies into Alia Minor, where they founded. feveral cities, the moO: celebrated among which werc Epnef1ll, SJilytPa, Cume, and Phocis, Il; What are the events of facred Hiftory ? A. The end of the magHlracy of the Judges, which I had continued from Jephtbah to Saul, who was f"cceded lay David. ~lXTR PERIOn ROM Tif. 'B·UILDIH.O fl!' 'rHB TBM"L.I 8F ]aaUS'ALEM TO THE FOUNDATIOH 01" a.OMI.-289 YEA"" Q. At what time Wa&. t~ Temple of Jernfalem built? A. It was built nine hundred and ninety two years beorethe birth of oUr Lord Jefue Crbift,. and in the, I year of the world two thoufand niae ljundred and nine'y two. ~ Wby .lid lM)t David build t1le,Temple of Jeruf'a .. leml A. God forbade him, beullle h. bad ihedthuman blood; and 8oIo-"'cIJ, his fen, .who WIL~ a pw:i6cprince, was chofen to.undertke and execute this great work. .t, What Hmarkable eveah happmed during tk~ .reign of So/omtJII i' ' .II. Three may be efpecially enlUDerated. Fir&. the ·wifdom bellowed by God upon that prince, at his own 'Tequeil. Secondly, the worfhip of God eftablHbed in a fixed place. Thirdly, the removal of the ark of tile cov-' (aant inao lhe Temple; and laftl" the· ri<:hn and pow(r .. A HISTORICAL GItAMMAJt: • «Solomon, .,ho cOllfiderabiy increafed tile glory of the kiagdom of Ifrael. - Q Who were the kings with "hom. SeI,,,,. had tranfaaon$l .A .The Seriprares only mention the kinga of Egypt and Tyre.: aDd the queen of Sheba. Q Who was the king of Egypt ~ A. He is called in ~ facred Tolumes Pharaoj, .. ume common to the kings of Egypt; aad it is added, that Solomon married one of hi. daoght~s. Q. By what name is the king of Tyre diftinguilhed! A. He is called Hit-a"" and we are told that he liud in ftria amity with Solomon, whom he fupplied with IDa· terials and workmen to build the temple of Jernfalem, fl- What account is given of the queen of Sheba! A. The facred writings do not ment:i01lher. name, bUt tire ancient annals of Et»ic)pia inform us that {he was called Mal~tI4. She eame with a grand retinue to Jeru• falem, attra8ed by the fame of-Solomon; and returned illl• toher OWD. cooatty, filled with admiration of hi. wifdom and magnificence, -faying that the half was DOt tolcl her. Q. In what part of the werld did this princ~fsreign l 4. In AJabia Felix, where the kingdom of Sheba or Saba i& fituated. The hiRory of that count7Y aKerts that the queenhad a fon by Solomoa. ,. Q But it it not extraordmarj' that the reputation of Solomon 1hould reach a country fo remote ~ A. It is probable tbat the queen ~ained ber informa« tiOll- from the- Utipewhich this prioee, 1D CODjmK\ionwith .H;"Q1IIt ling of Tyre, feat ~ Ophir in ft$ch of gold and other precins tlaiRgs. -\ Q. What eeurte did -theN nael" tab? A. They departed from the pon ef AfirmI4lINr,. " the Nerthern coaft: _the Red Sea, au,,"faifing Southward,. coale"- Arabia Felix till they came to the: Strait, whith i• • O\~ called Babel-Mandeb. - - Q. Wlsere is the codDtry of OplIir fuuated ? .A. It is fuppofed to be that which it now ~alW_• ·~n.B.olD-0£SOfa}a on tlle Ea~m wail of Aluca. ~. OD what ilthi. opinoin foUnded l • A HISTOIUCAL GRAMMAlt .A. On the quaDtity ol.,gold which is ili11 found .. thofe diftrifu, and on the magnificent ruins which tht. __ thea call the Worb of Solomo», Q. Does profane Hiftory make mention of any per• _ .hoappears to have been a cotemporary with Solomon? .A. It is thought that the poet H.,.,. lived in 6t'eec:e durIng his reign. . ._ Q. Who was NlHllt,.?, .- A~ He is better known by his writings. than by m. perfon or countJy, with both of which we ate but little' acquainted. e. What are .the writings to which you allude? A. Two incomparable poems written. in Greek: The Iii-at the Ilia., which contains a poetical defcription of the Trojan war; an. the feeond, the OtlJ/foJ, in which i. dekribed tile return of Ulyifea into the me of Ithaca, his _tive countty, after the taking of Troy.- . fl. Was the reign of Solomon as glorious- coward. the eondulioR, as it was at the beginning? 4. Ryno mean.; he fell into the moll lhameful 8%• aWes and,~riminal idolatry; of which there is realOD· to ~refume, by hi.. writings, he repented before his death, though the {acTed volumes are filent on the fubjea. Q. Who wa. hit {accrifor l A- His fen B.ehoboam, who, having imprudently pre• ferred the ~vice of inexperienced youug men to the more Uleta" counfen of age, 10ft the half of hi. kingdom, which revolted from him_ Q. Who wal the author of chi.revolt l A. J~ the fan of Nebar, .. ho dft!W teD triheI of Ilnel to his partJ, and who, to prevent".the Jm &40- I'in~ God at Jerufalem, fet up two golden calTeS,which he •obliged the ten "yoked tri'- to acbow" as tbe ob- ,;.a·of their ·worfiaip . , Q. Did this divificm {ubGt Ing i .~ A. Till tile Jews were carr~d captive iBto .byJoa, there were kiugs of Jerufalem oyer the triba of Judah and BenjaJDiD.;.and alfo other kinp at Samaria, oyer the' 'Un Schifmatic llribea. ' , . •n...,....are' ...... , uua...t ...... bJ W- ~ , '. A· HIS1'MlcAL OIlAMMiAIL .. ,f)' Di4 the kingsof 1'yre- e.ift any' length of time' A.. 'They esilted till the 'de(hotlioD of their city b; NeIn«WlleSfUI"; and till the time of A"",, grandfon of Solomon, and {on of Rehoboam, king of Judah ; or~ae• cording to others, till the time of Joram, Iring of Ifrael. Among the kings of Tyre was one known in hi~ry by the name of P~gmaliOtl. . ~ Does any remarkable event prefene the me-DIary ef thi8 ptince-l .4. Yes; the fOUlldation of Carthage by DitllJ,. Tyr. ian princefs, who, Bying from the cruelty of Pygmalion, her brother, went into Africa with a numerous train, and there founded that g'ftat city, near three hundred years after the taking of Troy .• Q. A~ there DOevents in the biliory of Greece wlHeb 1fIay be eonfidered as belonging to this period l ' .4. Among a variety of other'S, two are partieularIJ memOrable: the change effeaed at Lacedzoron by ,be laws of Lycurgus, and the foundation of the kingdem ef Mac~, by Caranw, a defcendant 0( Herceles, and • utive of Argos. . ~ Did there events happen predfely at the tame dmel A. No; an interval of fe"enty years elapkd betweeft them._ 4,""glll, the Spartan lawgiver" flourifhed clghi hundred and eighty toni years before Chritt; and Co,.. ."ru founded the kingd~m ()f ~a:cedon eight hundred and fourteen }'ears before the fameera, ., . !t, Was there lfO other' etripire' founded during this period? . A. The empire of the Medea was founded by De:oetl, and fubfifted till C,rus, who fubdued not only the Medes but 'all the other ~~~rn i\atQl, «, ~ Had the Greeks, dur1ng miti time, any method of !d~or._t,pe'l date. of :eir. PiftQ?.:~epochas ~d. pe~~ • V"u-giJ, who, araoag the Larin poets, holds the {am~ rank at Hol11er antong the Grl>ek has embelhfhed his e~lebrated poem of"tbe !8eid by ~rereMing Dido as cot6n'lporary wi. RDPJ,' tho. a long interval mull have elapfed fnHn the lime of .. TrojA ..... ~ E_"'gfU._~ ;." •A HIST()JlICAL GllA:MMJ\.}l. • I .A. Till the period. of which we are now fpeaki.g. it 40cs not appear that they had; but feven hundred and feventy fix years before the birth of our Lord.. they inai• tuted a famous folemnity, which they afte-rwarJa made ufe of to compute the number of their y~s, and to date the events of their hiflory. ~ What was this folemnity ? . ,iI. The Olympic Gamel, which, wue celebrated every 'fth year at Olympia in Elis, a fmall province of Pelo• pennefus, with the, univerfal concurrence of all Greece. ~ Defcribe thefe Games • .A. They confifted in various exercifes of the mental and bodily powers. The viaors were publickly crowned, an' honour which gained them particular privileges during life. .- .. ~ How did the Greeks compute the number of theis years by tbe Olympic Games? . ·A. They gave the name of Olympiad to four entire years, which elapfed from one folemnity to another, anel referred the events, firft to the Olympiad, and fecondly t~ the current year oftbe fame Olympiad. !t. Explain this more dearly by fome examples? " " .A. I will take two hom the period in which we now are. About the fecond year of the fecond Olympiad, the Greeks fent colonies into Sjcily, conducted by, .Arfhia.6, a. ~ Corinthian,~o built the city of Syracufe. The founh yeaI' of the fifth Olympiad, the Athenians decreed that the A rchons, who, from the death of Cedrus, had held weir office for life, thould rengn it at the ead of ~ years..- SEVE,NTH PE'lUOD . • ROM Tin FOUNDATION OJ' kOMI TO TH.I :l161 •• I.C OF THE I..ICK OF CYl.us.-19i YI.U.S. ~ At what time was the city of Rome wunded ? A. At the beginning of the. third year of the ~th 0- A.' , • l.oIliD'. ABdeDa H.iAory be&iDl ...... time. A HISTOR.ICAL GltAMMAIt. 2S Iympiad, in the year of the world three thoufand two hun. dred and thirty one, and feven hundred and &ftJ three years before the birth' of OUT Lord Jefus Chrift. Q. Who ..a. the founder of that city ? A. RfItIlfllw,the grandfon of Numftor, king of Alba Longa, by hi. daughter Rlua S,/'fJUJ,a vellal. Hi. fa. ther Wa.Il apparently a ftran~r; and the Romans,to conceal the ignominy of their hero s birth, invented the ftory that he was the {on of the god Mars. Q. Had_not RDtIIlliw a twin brother ? A.. y~ ; he had one, named Rmtul, whom he killed with his own hand. Q. What was the caufe of his committing fo great a crime? . -A. Hi. brother iu derifion leaped over the ditch wbicJa 'Wasdug (or ~ foundation of the city walls. . • Q. Who were the fir!inhabitants of Rome 1 .II. Criminals, outlaws, and fugitive Baves, to whom: Romulus oftered an afylum in order to people it. ... Q. Had they no women among. them l A. No; the Sabinea, their neighbours, whore "a~gh. ters they alked in marria8'f:. refufed them witll contempt. Q. What was the coruequence of their refural? A. RomJuz dHfembled his refentment,·a,nd fome time after,"celebrated games, to which they invited the Sabine ladie. ; they ran thither in crowds with their daughters, who were immediately feized and forcibly canittd away to Rome, where they became the' wives of the {ubjects of Romulus. - Q. Thi. no doubt produced a war? ' : A. It did ; but of DO long continuance, _from the prudence of the Roman womea, who reconciled their fa• then and buo,aada ..,. their _tread", .and pre.alled on them to become one nation. . Q. How many JearI ~d ·R_JMz reip, and who was hi. fucceK()r ?.. A. He reigned thirty eight years, and wat fu.cceed ..· ed by NtnlllI PfM'II/liJiw, a Sabine. born in the c~ty of Cures. -!: .What was the characier of thefe princes 1 , A. R().J~ ~ enterprifi"~ and warlike ; N~a pa. eme, religious, aDd a wife politlciaD._ .,., .. A HISTORJ.C.A.L .GRAMr.lA.R. . Q. hwhat Rate w.ere the- .• $t9rpf" the okwt at this time? I • •• ,A. About:the twentieth year of Rome, Hezekiah .began to reign at Jerufalem ; ;tOOin the feventh .ye~r of hii rei_gn, SslTlt4Jl8jar, king' of Affyria..took the ci.j of Samaria, and oamed Hrj/:JM. king ·01IfraelJ and met ten Schifmatic tribes;. into captivity. , Q-.. Did.tbe ~ngdom of Judah Qill. {UhliR:? A. Yes j and a short time after the ~aking.of Sama• ria, SnuuhtriIJ, king of A{fyria~entered- Judea with that immente· army ·which was miraculoWly -defeated bl an Angel. ·e. ,Let 'OS no.w retum to the Romani. How long -did Numa .Pcmpiliul reign? - - A. -He Rliglled forty three yean. and was fl1cceeded ., TullUl HojIi/iIu, who reigned twenty three. Q. You ha;"e .in the preceding peried fpoken of the dJjtire of the Medea; in what manner was it founded? A. ,At'lJaetl, a Median Lord, having revolted fro.m SIJI'Janapa/ul, king of Affyria, a \Veak and ei"etntnate prince, whom he reduced to the neceaity of putting a pe• .ftod to his exiftence, the Mede. threwoft' the y.oke of the Affyrians, and affetted their Independence. Q. Did Arbaces bear the ~me of kiDg ? A. No; the Medea having for fome time enjoyed their liberty, eltadedfor their king a Lord, named lJeifJC#, whore ·pofterity prefeTVedthat rank till the time of Cyrus, ·tingof Perfia. Q. How were the afFairs of Greece at this period I A. In the fixty fevenm year of 'Rome, the office of ArchoD at Athens became aunual,.and;continaed Co till .the' fan of that Republic. I It. Did: the Lacede1lJOl1iam ~tiQue tto obf.ene the laws of LYCurgUi l...... A. Yos; and ti their f'oI,nl of .govemment was wholly .milita1'Y,they had frequent wan with the other cities -of .Greece. Q. III wbat p;b1icular conteis were they engased at this time p. _. .A. Ther had * :long ·wa1' with the Me&lIiane, theil' . '~gbboun,aDcl aftef!.1ieg8 of ...... :tDok their tei.y. A HISTORICAl. GRAMMAR.. 25 @. What became of the MelI"enians ? A. Thofe who efcaped \he cruelty of the Lacedemo• nians failed into Sicily, where they rendered themfelves mafters of a city. called Zanclea, to which they gave the name of MdIina, in honor to their native country. Q.. Who was the fourth king of Rome ? A. A"cUI Marl;ul, who fucceeded Tul/ul .HrfJiliul, I and began to reign one hundred and fifteen years after the foundation of Rome. He died after a reign of twenty four years. . ~ Did no illuftrious characters exift among the Greeks? . A. The {even fages of Gr(ece are placed in this pe• riod • .t:. .Does hiftory acquaint U8 with their names? A. Yes. J. Solon, the Legiflator of Athens. 2. Tbales, of Meletus. S. Periander, king of Corinth. 4. Pittacus, king .of Mitylene. 5. Bias, a Prienian, 6. Chilo, tbe Lacedamonian, 7. Cleobulus, the Indian. ~ In what did the wifdom of thefe Sages confift ? A. In.a aria obfervance of the precepts of natural and moral law. . ~ Who were the succeflore of Deiam, the fira king of the Medes ? ..II: MeJ ia had only four kings, who followed iri he• reditarv fucceffion during the Ipace of one hundred and fifty year s. ~ Who were they? . ..d. Deioces, who reigned fifty three years ; P~rt1fJtet, who reigned twenty two; Cyaxares, who reigned forty ; and ALlyages, grandfather, by the mother, to, Cyrus, who reigned thirty five years. . _ ~ Did no other empire flourifh in the Ea'n at this time? . A. That of the Babylonian" was very powerful, and Ne/;lI£hadnezzar, the Ion .of Nabopoltdfar, king of ,aaby• lon, made great conquefls, among which are comprifed thofe of Jerufalein and of Palefiine.' . .. Q. At what time did the conquefl of Jerufalem and the deR:rudion of the Temple happen? A. About one hundred and fi~ty years after the C. ss .A HIS1'ORTCAL GRAMMAR. foundation of Rome, and five hundred and eighty yean before the birth of Jefus Chrift. Q. Who reigned at this time in Rome? A. Tarquin I. the fifth king of· the Romans, He reigned thirty eight years. . Q Of "lthat family wall Tarquin ? A. He was of L~eek extraetion, the fon of a Corin• thian, named Detnaratul, who took refuge at Tarquinii, in Tuscany, from.the persecution of C,PIt/ut, tyrant of Corinth. . Q. What was the end of Tarquin ? A. At. the age of eighty four he was alfaffinated by two peafants, inftigated by the children of Annu Milr. t;UI. - Q. What motive prompted them to fo execrable a deed? A. The hatred they. had conceived to the king, from the idea that be polfelfed a crown which by right belong- -ed to them. . fl. Who was his fuccetl'or ?_ 4. $eNJiul Tulli." who bad been brought up by Tan• api/, the wife of Tarquin, whofe daughter he married. I Q. What were Nebuchadnezzar's moft confiderable conquefls, exdufive of thofe of Syria and Paleftine ? A. He fubdued Egypt, and rendered it tributary. Q. Who W3$ his fucceffor ? . A. His fon, E,,;/meroJach, who reigned only three ' year~ Q. Did the kingdom of Babylon maintain its power after the death of NehurhadntzzQr ?. A. No; the fucceeding princes, little' known in hif• tory, eff"eBednothing memorable; and Cyrus, the founder of the great Perfian monarchy. a ilion time after, fubdued the Babylonians. Q. How did Cyrus take Babylon? A. He turned the course of the river Tygris, which ran through the city, and marched his army under the 'walls, in its channel. This happened the fame night that . the MiNE TEIEL was written upon the wall. Q Was there not another kingdom of some impor• _~e at this time in Afia Minor ? A HISTORI~AL GRAMMAR. 27 A. Yes j C'~fUI, king of Lydia, the richefl prince of his time, reigned in the city of Sardis, the capital of his kingdom. Q. Had he any perfons of celebrity among the num• ber of his courtiers? . .A Not only :IE/op, the Phrygian. author of the Fable .. whicb have immortalized his name; but all the principal men of Greece made their court to Creefus on account of hi s riches and liberality. Q, Did any Athenian of note vifit his court? ' A. Yes; Solon, the celebrated Legiflator, but he did nct obtain the king's favor. ' _ Q. Howfo? . A. Becaufe, he defpifed his riches, and told him, that fueh was the uncertainty of all human enjoyments, that 110 one could be efleemed happy before his death. Q. Solo" then did not vifit Sardis from any interefled ~ew~? " \ .A. By 110 means; he abfented himfelf from Athens, becaufe that city, to which he had given very wife and falutary laws, groaned under the oppreffion of Pififlratru, who 'had ufurped a tyrannic authority. Q. Did Pifijhalill preferve his authority long ? .J. He reigned fixteen yean, and left the croWn to hi, fODS, wno had not, however, abilities to preferve it. E,I G H '1" H PER 'I 0 D. FaOM CYIlV"s, THE 1'lllST lUNG OF THE PERSIANS, TO THE BIIlTH ...OF 0\11. LOIlD JI8\15 CHllUT.-560 YEAllS. Q. Who. wa~Cyros ? .. A. The fon of a Perfian Lord, named Cam"tfol, and of Manallllll, the daughter of Ajlyagu, the laft king of the Medel.' Q, By what" means did he transfer the fovereignty of tne Medes to the Perfians ? .A. He -revolted from his grandfather Aj,ap/, and vanquilhed him. ~ A HISTORICAl .. GRAMMAR e, _ Q.. What were his conquefls ? .A, 'He urft vanquifhed era/UI, king of Lydia, after• wards the Babylonians and- Alfyrians; and by his viCl:o• ries founded the monarch y of the Perfians, which was of very great extent. Q. What religion did he profefs ? A. By the partiality he entertained for the Jews, and the tellimony which God gives him in the Prophet Ifaiah, it appears that he feared the God of Ifrael, Q. In what did he {how his partiality f( r the Jews? A. In permitting them to return to Jerufalem, under the conduct of ZtrubaD"J and Jtflua, the fon of JojaJal. their High Priefl, . Q. What was .the confequence of this permiffion? .A. Two years after their return, Zeruba"tllaid die foundation of the Temple, and erected an altar to God; but the building of the Temple was impeded by the op• pofinon aud calumnies of the Samaritans. Q. What. teftimony does God give Cyrus in the ProPhet Ifaiah ?• A. At the conclufion of the forty fourth, and at the beginning. of the torty fifth chapter of that Prophet, God mentions him. by name, two hundred and twenty years, be. fore he W4S born ; and bellows on him the glorious titles of his Shepherd and his Anointed. .' ' Q. What king reigned at Rome in the days of Cy- -rus? ' A. Tarquin the Proud, who. obtained the crown by one crime, and loa it by another. The 6rfi: was the murder of Ser'V;ul Tullius, his father in law; and" the fee• ond, was, the injury done to Lucretia, a Roman Lady, by hiB fon Sex/us Tarqulniu«, :' Q. What was the end of Cyru/,? A. 'It is faid, that having reigned thirty y~an, be imprudently made war on the Scythians, and was killed in an engagement with an army commanded by Tho"'1rU, 4lu.eenof the Malfagetre. a Scythian nation. Q. Is it certain that Cyrus loti his life in this manner] A. No; f9r fome anci~nt authors, among whom it XmDphon, aftinn that he died a natural death at an ad• vaneed age. •I A HISTO)UCAL GRAMMAR·. • .. W'ho.fuccHded him ? A. His (on, C4""':1fol, a cruel and fanguinary prince, _ho reigned only feven yean and five months. Q. Where did he die? A. In Egypt, whither he bad led ad army againa 'Jam.milas,who had revolted from him. Q ~h"'.jlJ~ceedeQ him ?. 4. One of.the magi, named SItll!l'flU,who dirmed he was the brother of CDt,lflJjfol, and reigned fevea montha. under that pi etence, . Q. What gave rife to this deception ] A CDmiJIfis had a brother, whom, through jea1oufy, be had caQied tD be murdered. •\.. his de-.rth had beetr kept fecret, S",rrr.lis, wpo in .perfon refembled him, eaflly impofed "p'on the multitude, . ~ By whom wa, this fraud difcovered ?. .,4.. Byfeven Satraps 9" Perfian Lords, who, being ~• qU'1~nte4~jth the death of. the young prince, coofpired: apipllt t~e impoflor; and killed him jn his palace. ~ Who reigned after Smerdis 1 " 4.,~riul, the fon of H:UJafpes, one ,of the feven con.. f~r~te J~O!~,J. who i, called alfo in fcripture Ahafue•. ~f' ···;ti . ,., ;. ,'I' •Q. liq\;V carne .b~to be .preferred before the ref] ? A. I.u.~.ependen; of tbe ·rights of. birth; which ·were on: hi., fi4e • .a~he, : was.of the t:oyal:falllily of Perfia, he -~ A HfSTOAIC.:\L GRAMMAR..,. RUjrtJIul, the tyrant of Athens, dying, Hipp~: ~rs;&I.. • frfon, fucc:eeded him, and reiped eigrhteen' years, at the end of which' he was driven from the throne by the people of Athens, who regained their liherty. ' Q. Had Delriu. any ~ar to fult.in at the- beginninc of his reign ?. ,A. The Babylonians revolted, but be fubdued them by the afiiGance of his general Z /'1'"1, who contrived and ezecuted an al'tful ftraragern, which though a",lauued by the ancients, cannot be juftified on the priftClplet 0 . equity. , Q What was that flTatagem? . - A,; He cut' 01' his own nofe and ean, and went Mel" to the enemy; pretending that Dariu. had mutilated him; and by that means gained tb~ confidence of • :Babylonians, and-betrayed them to his, king. , Q. Let us now refume the hiftory of Rome. Wbat happened aftet' Tarquin was driven from that city " .A. The Romans abolifhed the regal dignity, a~d infti.. tuted two annual conrul., the firft of which were LtIiUu J"n;ui BratUl, and Ltl.civl Tarqui,,1U Collati".,. It muftt however, be obferved, that the latter, a ihon time after. was obliged to renounce ~i~ office,on aC,countof bis being of the family of the, T"l"luins; and that another con£)aI, named Paulul 'Illm." was fubflituted in ,hi,room, 'l. What became of Tarquin the Proud after be'was driven from Rome? ' A. He made fev~l fruUter, attempt. to recover his former dignity. P"rjtnntl, 'killg of the ~t~rians. ROt only affifted him with troops, but co~manded,tihe ... in. pel,'fon: all. however, was,'not able to furniount t.lfeina• aefs of the Romans; who .~iantJy faftained the 'W., tUkf obliged Porfenna and T~quin 'to retire. " ,' Q. Did 'any perron of note ~tuith in':~' at thi~ time? .d. PJthagoriu. a Grecian philofopher, born iB die 10e of Samo., came into Italy and taught hilt phloibphy at Crotqna ill the rei~ of Tarquin the Proud,. , Q. 'What were the principles orhit philofophy" .: A. Among tbofe which antiquit_y hat pre(en~, {dine. _.. truly abfimt ,: for example,. tile meteJDpCJ~ Of! A 'HISTORIcAL ·ORAMMAIt. sf tr:utIIbigration 0( fouls, from which 'he dTe1rthe aKefi"4IIT inferepce. thac we fhould abftain from aU animal food. Q Was PJlhiliorlU the only phi1ofoph~r who Wle" in this period ? .ttl.. Two are mentioned, equanT celebrated and flap. 1ar : HtratiifrU of Ephri'us, and DtfIIDtf"dfll of Abclere. lift ~" .In. wllat did tfteir eelebrity and fingularity eoc-' ,A. Hn-«1iI1II mad.e every thing a fbbjec! for lamenta• tion,· and IJntf(J&rilul for mirth ; fo that they mig~t trulr be called the '1eeping and Jaugling philo{QP~ Q. Whence did thil diift:enc:e ante 1 .it. Prom the fame caufe : Heraditol wept at the follie. of ~ankind .. and ~ocrit\b laughed at them. ., Q. . What were the' warl of Darius after the 'canquei of Bahylon I· ',. A. He led a,l annr againa the SqtJaian.. I but tIae ~t,er part of it via:. deLlmyed l and Wldertook a war aga!n(l the Greeks, in which he acquire4 ftiil lefs glort. ~ What were the motivel that induced l>uilll to. JtI~ke war' upon the Greeks l' . A. "H;IIi~' tytallt' of Athen.: IJad Beeft~ IIi. c:ourr. and ~PJponuned him illceKantly to Jeeftll.blifh him ~~ the thron.er 'Indepen4ent of thl.,:MegabazeJ, one, of D;t~us".: Sau-ape, making WaIt UpOli the Greeka of Afia Minor, Wa$ fn;q~ently defe~ted. by the Athenian., who aftitled t&em. This infult, added to the entreaties of H'IJIiM .. 4etermined DarUu to.fend, an army ~o Greece, whiCh. he did, co~ded by Dat...... Q. Was tbe'hrfian 41I1Dy fu{ficientty powe,rfu! to ~ deriaie the conql1eR of Gr:eece ?' .. A} I \rei-; ifl1ietroopA that tonipo~d it ~ been· as, nl;;..nt fIB, theT. wer~ n~r.ou.; but the' Gretks ~eecling th&l Doth' in: c:oa~8~,and;'cobdu¢},' the army of Datis, Whicbw~ ~mpof~ .of, at leaft~a hundred·thoUrand ~~ and ihme fa, three 'tilDeS that numhc:r, wu defeated' an. die plain. of ~.uatboo, n_ Athena, by the G,recian atmh.which colllifte4 of o~ ten Ihoufand, ..cp~mande4 by lfltIIJr«W,the' Athenjan.l:' . ' .. . O. HalV ·did Daiius $eive the MwS o£ thi. defeat'l .i.l .Hirmoi1ificati~ waafo AYere,' "t~·it tC)t 'hb A Hts'tOl.tcAL GIl'A)\MAB. es lllhmus that' jei'na MotIn,:,Athol to the c:outitNtlt, alld made a canal by which tbe velfels palled. . Q. Did Xerxes difcover gr\!at pride at tlle hea4 of this vall army? A. Yes; he is raid to haVe chaflifed tile (ea with a hundred ftripea, for breaking down his bridge by itl waves. He wept, however, in viewing .hi.army from aD eminenee, to think they .ould all be dead iD one hun tired years. Q. There g1'e4lt exploit. \v6l'e no doubt followed by fome fignaJ viaories over the Gret'ks ? A. By no means; never was expeditiOD more -unfor• runate. Thmtjflocltl, general of the Atbenians, ~eated the Perfian fleet near Salami.; and the year followmg the land army, headed by Ma,.Jtmi." who, at the battle of Marathon., was a commander for Darius, was entirely routed near the city of Plate in Beeotia, Q. Who gave this ann,. the ffrft check t ~ 4. LeOlli(iu, 1ritb diree hundred Spartan. with • .Rood the whole army, at the firait'i of Thermopyl-, who fought till they Were aU Oain but one man, wh(l(e 0'WIi mother difowned him fur turning hi' back upon 'he ~em,...- Q. At what time did there great events happen ? ~. In the year of the w(lrld, three thoufand and live hundred, the two hundred and feventieth after m. foundation of Rome, and fout hundred and eighty four years before ehriG. . . Q Were there any celebrated ·authors at this time' A Yes; Ha-otiohll of Halicamaffus is parQculal"17 defertmg of remem,brance : he toWlpofH a tTniverfai. Hi Llory, which was recei ved with fuch applaufe, that the name c:i£ the Nine Mufti 'CIt'as unanimouBy gilfen to the nine books into which it is divided. Q Who fucceeded Xef':JUI in the throae of Perna l ,A Arta.'lf:a":tel Longimat'lUI, his (on, who reigned for. ty yean. . Q. Did Xerxe. 'die a natural death? . , _ ~ No; he Watt killed by' Artabanas,.an. H'}'t'canian, who, having aftt'twards wounded and attempted to kill ArtUerxes, reCeived the punifhment due to bi. frime. . st A HI~TORICAL GRAMMAR.• 'Q. Recount any remarkable• eveDts that happened in the l;eign of ArtaJunul. _ . . A. Them!Jloeltl, the Athenian general, being banifhed f'rom his country by the' envy of his fellow citizens, took. refuge withthis king, who, forgetting the enmity that bad exilled between his father and the Athenian, loaded hilD with riches and honors. Q. How were -the people of God fituated at this time? A. As ail the Eaftem nations obeyed the king of Perfia, the Jews were comprifed in that number. They enjoyed tranquillity during the reign of Arfq,xerl:fI, who permitted them to rebuild the walls of Jerufalem, not• withftanding the oppofition of their enemies, the Sama• ritans, the Ammonites, and the Arabs. fl- Did the Romans make any great figure in the won. at this time? A No; their power was very limited, ~nd their fi:ate continually difturbed by divifions between the nobles and the people. Q. What do you mean by the nohles ? .A They confined of the families of the patricians, who lived with fuch fimplicity, that they themfelves guided the.plough, and cultivated their own lands •. Q Who was taken from his plough' and made ditb· tor? I A Cinc;nnalut, who defeated the e-nemies of his country, renounced all the honors beftowed upon him, and returned again to his farm in. fourteen days from .his appointment.. . Q. By what laws lftre the Romana governed at this time? A. .Till the year of Rome three hundred, they had no other than thofe inftituted by NutIIQ Po.pi/illS and th~ir other kings; but at this time five commiffioners were fent· into Greece to bring from thence the laws .of that country, and particularly thofe of Solon. " ' Q What ufe did they make of thefe laws? .tI. Th ey felell:ed from them fuch as appeared to be ada pted to the conltitution of the republic. and caufed them W be eniraved on twelve brazen tables : they were A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR.. 86 then poftedup in the moft confpicuous part of the city, an.d the ficfl:day of every month were read before a gener- a"J. .dfembly of the people. - e. Were not new magi ftrates appointed for the infti.. 'tUtion and prefenation ofthe{e laws ~ , A. Yes; ·the office of conful was abolifhed, and ~J allthority committed to magiftrates, who were called de. ~mviri. ~ Did this magiftracy continue long 1 .JI. Rather more than two years ~ What was the caufe of its Ihort duration I A. The tyranny of the magHlrates One of the.. AJPiuI Claudirll, becoming paffionately in lilve with a young girl, named Virginia, feised her under the {alCe pretence that {he was his flave ; and her father, as the only means of preferving her honor and freedom, ftabbed her with his own hand. : ~ What confequencea followed this defperate ae• tion l - A. The people took up anna, with Pjrga"iul, the father of Virginia, at their head, depofed the. decem. ~iri, and ·reeftablifhed the confuls and tribunes of the ~~~ ~ . Q. What do you mean by tribunes I 4. They were magifirates, which i rhe people had ele8ed as a check upon the too gJeat authority of the no• bles•. ~ Did peaee reign among the Greeks at this time? A. No; they were engaged in feveral w~rs againft ArtoKtf'KeS, in which the advantage was on their fide. They had aJtt, ci.,il wars among themfel V~St the principal of which was·that between the Athenians and the Lace. demonians, who were never cordial f.-iellda, on account or the different form of their government. - ~ Were there any men of' Dote at thi. time i. Greece? A. Yes, many ; the principal were, Pericla, the Athenian general. and the philofopher Soc,.altl, the great• eft cbaraael' Greece ever produced. . . ~ In ~'h~ did the merit of this philofopher prin.ci~. pally con(lft 1 ... , ~86 '- A HISTORICAL G:R.&14MAR. , LI. lit recalling men from. vain and fi;iyolo,s plPiWts ~ the knowledge of themfeh,e' •.and ~ the Qudy of vir• tue. ..t. Had he many difcip1es l A. He had a greaenamber druipg -his .life, and ftill :more after .hiS death. - ~ Who were the moll: iIluftrious l A. Not to fpeak of AlcibiaJu, whofe conduct did no . honor to the doarineiofhis maller, amon~ his auditors were Xenophon, and Pkuo, who have in writing tranfplit• ted to pdfterity the excellent inftruftiona they received ,ftoom him. . ,~ What. was the end of Soeraltl ? , ,,A. He was condemned to death by his fellow citizens, 'at the inlligation of two villains, who ~rought agaillll: -him aft a~cufation of iutroducing the worfhip of ftrange gods, and of corrupting the youth of the city by his doarines. He'died with the gre~teft compofure of mind, aiving out his falntary inftru8-ions, till his laft breath, . Q: ·Did not the Atwnians .afterwards acknowledge tlteir injullice toward&him ? .' .A. They nO,01\1ya.cknow~edged it, but, ban~e4 ,his accufers, and erected Iiatues in honor of him. ,(2_ Did the Perfian empire COfttinue to fto1!lrifh? . . .,A. Yes ; though it had l()ft muc:h of its authority in Alia Minor by the vMlones obtained bv the Greeks, There lolfei happened in the reign of .4r ,1xmCfl Long;"". '''''1,who, as before obf8n~d, reigned ,forty y~;qs. ~ , Q. Who fne(eeded'h'm ~ '." ..d. Xerxes II, who, after a reign of. only' two 'months, was fucceeded by. his brother Sog'fi;afllll,., who reigned only ft yen. .Neither of thefe- priaees ~ff~a-.td aJJy thin'?' memorable. Q. ~y whom weTe they fucceeded l A. By DII"IU Nothur, who filled the throse nineteen ~~. , . Q. A mong the difciples of Soqatel',. you named AI. I eibiadtl ; give·me an idea of his charaaer. A. He was a young .Athnian, of-noble: birth and . fine talents.ibut diffipated and intriguing : he -fometimes bore anna in defence of hi. cOUlltrtt and fomebmes a. A HISTORICAL GltAMMAR., 8, gainll it. Having purdlafed a beautiful dog, at an ener• mous price, he cut.o6 his tail; for the fole purpofe, as he faid, of tlUning the difcour(e of people from him• felf to his dog. From his imprudent condutt, he at len~ came to an untimely end. ~ Did. not DiDn:tfiul, tyrant of Sicily, live at this time ? 4. Yes; he was a valiant, but cruel prince, who made war on the Carthaginian., and obtainedfeTeral yiaorie. over them. _ .5l., What was the principal exploit of Dionyfiu. ? 4. His victory over the Carthaginians, ·who, after feveral engagement. in which they had been viCtorious, had rendered themfelves maften of Sicily. Q. Who fucceeded Dar;ul Nflthul , A Ar/a.erlCu, his fon, the tenth king of the ftr- 6aa.. He reigned forty year!', and was furnamed M~ ",. on account ,,{ his excellent memory. Q. Did the animofity between the Athenian. an'd Lacedemonians ftm fubfift ?. A. It was at this time at ·its highell pitch, and the Athel1iam were at length obliged to yield to the fuperi• or force of their enemy. Ly/anJer, the Laeedemonian general, having taken the dty of Athens, changed the government, and, depriving...the people of aU authority, put it ioto the hands of thirty of his own creature" who, on account of the cruelty with which they exercifed their power, were ftyled the thirty Wtmll • ..t, Did they exercife their tyranny long ? A. During three years, at the end of which T'f,rahh• ,Jill, an Athenian, at the head of a 'fmall party, drove out the tlnrl" tyrllnts, and reeftabliihed the democracy. . ~/ What."il the name given ro the war between the Atheni~Ds and the Lace_monians, and how long did it continue I . A. It is called the Pelopennefian war, and c01\ti'D~cl twenty feyen, years. l'bucJdiJel has written the hillory .. of it. It waS in the laft year of this war that the city of ..:;_thenswas taken by L,jllfldw. ' Q. Did ArtlJlltrllJU M"~(J" peaceably enjoy the e1tl• "ire left him ~, laPiarlser 1 I D ~ A aISTOllICAL GRAMMAR~ .A. The beginning of hill rc:~n, was difturMd by 11- war "undertaken againft him by the ,ounger C,,...,, his brother, whom DarWl NothuI, had, bdore his death, made fatrap of. A.fia Minor. .. ~ Recount fome of the circumftancea of-this war. .. A Cyrus had in his army thirteen tbotifaod Gnek aDX• iliarytroops, commanded by Clearchu.I the Laced2monian, and wOl\ld infa}Jibly have vanqni1hedbia brotbert had Bot lli~ temerity occafiened his deftrutlion. ~ How did this happen? .tI. In the heat of the engagement:between the. two ~ies,. the young princeimprudently rufhed forward·intCl the midG of his enemies, and was killed; when hie arrrq; till then via-oriou&,having loft its chief, was thl'own· into diforder and routed. ' tz. What .became of the Greek: auxiliaries l, A. The ten tboUfaad. that' remained . fet them• felves in a poGure of defence, and refolved never to fnrrender to the Perfiaas, Cleat'eb.s, having loG his life by the perfidy of Artaxerzes' general, X~nopho'" the dif• cipje of SOCra/tol, took the command of the troops, and c.ondllaed them in {arety through many barbarous na• tions, from the Euphrates to. the Ell~ne fea, and from thence into Greece. . ~ Who has written the hiftmy of this.expedition? . A. Xt.~phott himfelf, who was no lefa exdll'ent as a hiftorian, than great as a general • .t: What other illuftrious. men 80urifhtd in Greece at this time?' . A. One of the mod celebrated. was Ag.tfiklfl~, king of Lacedemea, who poi"effed many virtues and great qual~ ities, Hia1ife is written by Xrft()phMa~ . ~ In what flare were the Romans at this time? . .A.. Gueat changes had .taken place in their-· a~irs. The Gauls; after having defeated the Roman army, took and pillaged the city' of Rome. . The ca~ol.alOl\e with. flood their affault .. and ·Ca",;u,." WhoDl.t}s·e Romans had before fent into exile, retnmiug at the head of an army, drove them out of Rome. fl. At what time did this important event happen? A. Three hundred and fixty four yean aftit' .the fcun- A lnSTORICA-L 'GRAMMA.R, 911 4atwn of Rome, and three hundred and ninety, before the birth of Chrift. . • ~. What remarkable occurrences took place in Greece at this time? ' A.' The Lacedsemoniane, whothad rendered them• {elves formidable to all Greece, were reduced to the !aft extremity, and wholly fallen from'their ancient glory. ~ What was the caofe of their decline? . , A. Ti~r pride and arrogance, which rendered them odious to all Greece. EptlfII;"alfda" general of the The• bani, who bad till now been opprefled by the Lacedamn• mans, revolted, .defeated them in feveral engagemeatli, and tbeQceforth p.t it ellt of their power to opprcfs their neighbours. Q. Who fucceeded ArlQ!cO'%f's Milt""" , A. rkh.,., Iihe ,1eyentb king. of Perna, who reigned twenty fix yean. His government was by no means tran• quil; feveral {~tr.lPITeyolted "from him, aad the Egyp• tians, who, from the bote of Cambyfes, had been fubjea to the Perfians, elecied a king, of their ,own nation, though he re:.itaed the dlgait, bat a very 1hollt time. . Q. Did the Oreci2n .aat:s enjo.y tranquillity after the depfeJioD.of the. Laced*moriiaIiJ ?. .d. No, thc!¥ brOlight on their ruin 9¥ their perpet.o. ual dHfmtion, an" inteaine wan. - It.' Who took the advanta~af there dUfentions.? A. Pbilip, king.o£ Macedonia, the &tIler. of AltJlIl •• the Great. This prince raifed himfelf to a high pitch of ~wert for which he was even more indebted to his addrefs than to his valour. His power became fo formidable, tha't lie i}l fonte meafur. gave law to all Greece. ' Q. Which among the Gr ecian fiates made the tlrimg. ail OPJk)~lon to bim-i . , .A. The AtbeRiafts,;who, aDimated-by the orator De.." -fiMlI, e.aer(.e.d their lltDIoft eJIiorts to check .the 'gro.w" jng power of-the Macedoni:Lns. Philip ufed to fay, that be feared the ~JlS of Demofthenea .mote tban all the Grecian Beets and.anDiet. ,~ Dill,v;,.11- the tyra&\t lilIreign in, Syncufe? I .d. No; hit _, who bore the fame flame, had {de.' ~.~" llilQ, b4at '10R: the rc>yal'dignit}' after- enj~ing it- 40 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. thirty eight yean. Dion; a difciple and fijend of PJali¥, the philofopher, Rave liberty to Syracufe, and that part _of Sicily that was dependant on it, three hundred and fifty feven years before-Chrifl, !t. Did D;onJ.fiut return any more to Syracufe ? A. He repolf~tfed himfelf of it ten years after, but waS' again driven cut by Ttmo eon. ~. What became .of him afterwards? A. He- retired to .corinth, where he ·was redueed to the neceffity of keeping a fchool for his livelihood. Q. At what time was AlexRMtl' the Gt'eaJ born? A. Three hundred and fifty five yeaTS before ChrHt, - 9D the fame night that the Temple of Diana/at Ephefus "wasburned by Et'r:JIrllUll. Q. Who wall his mother ? A. Olympial,the daughter of NeoptoJemul,king or .Epilug. : - ~. Who fu-::ceededO'bUl, king of Perna l . A. Arltl, hie {on, who reigned only four yean. It. Did this prince die a natural death ? A. No; one of hi. pages,l\amed Borg(J(U, who had ",fen to great power in the Perfian court, and who bad lilled Oehul. and raifed hi. fon Arfu to the throne, poif• OIled Arfl# in his tUm,' and placed the erown OD tbe head 9£ Darius CoJomtmlll, the thirteenth aad laft king of Perfia. ~ Did the perfidy ofthia wretch go unpaniflled ? A. . No; he underwent the puniflUJieDt due to his Grimes; for attempting to poifon Darios alfo, that prince, 'aware of his defign, obliged him to drink 'the poifon he had prepared for his mailer. ' ~ How many years did Pln/ip, kiag of Macedon, reign? . .A. Twenty four; at the end of which he was Aabbed .y a man named Paulonitu, as he ~a. celebrating the .nuptials of his daughter Cltopa"11 with AklC."t/er, king ,.of Epirus. ~ What were the firile.ploits of A/t"llIIIkr, king of Macedon, the fon and fucceB'or of Philip 1 .A. Having firft got' hitnfelf eleaed by the Greeh commander in chief of the army deftine4 againA: the Per .. ftani, ~ marched 3faiuft tke Thebaus, wlaoba4 ~evolted It HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 41 trom'him w~i1ehe was on an expedition agaiuft the Thra• clans, took their city, and razed it to the very foundat. tions, {paTing only the houfes of the poet Pi'""', and the Theban general Eptlmi"o"tltu. O. At what time did he begin the war again! Per• fial .II. A'lout four hundred and twenty two yean uter. the foundation of Rome, and three hundred and thirty two before Chrift. ~ Give a (ketch orthe life and eonquefls of A!e3la". tier the Great • .A He three time. defeated the innumerable armies 6f Darlu), F'ITa at the river Granicus, and then at C'" licia, after which he took and deLlroyed the city of Tyre. After taking 'ryre, it is faid, he"determined to deA:royJe• mfalem j but was prevented by the high prie8:, who marched at the head of a proceflion, without the walls, to meet him, and that Alexander W'd8 Co ftrock a:t the name of GOD on his mitn~,that he defifted from his purpofe, The laft viaory which he gained at Arbela was decifive. Dam/, being totally defeated, Bed, and waa killed by Btjfo/, fatrap of Baaria. ~" Did,AIeMan".,. makea generous ufe of his vido- n !' A. With rd'petl to the penon and fami1!: of Darius, he could not aa more nobly: he not only revenged the • death of that unfortunate prince, but treated his mother, wife, and daughten with the higheft. refpe8, preferving to them all the prerogatives of royalty. '" . ~, Did tile wars of Alt:cat,ler finHh with the con. tlued a( Perfia ?_ .A No; he carried the war into India, where he de• feated Porlll in a pitched battle, after which he lefttlred • him hie dominions, fatis&'edwith the glory of the ezpedi- i &ion; for which purpofe, alone he undertook it. Q: What became of AIncIltitW AM-IT his ret~ fl'01ll~ \ die Iftdies l -,,- .4. He fixed the (nt of empire 't &b110n, where ~ died, through hard dTlnkillg, in the twelfth year of his reip, and the thirtf ie«lnd of his a~e. AleUID.del'well defIsw4 the aafwer given him by the pirate, of whom he D2 .... - tl A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR •. demanded to know by what right he infefted the teas ~ H The-fame which you have to infeft the whole ~orld• I am called a robber, becaufe I have but oee fmall {hip ;. while you are called a conqueror, becaufe you commaDd ,great Beets and armies." - Q. Who was hill fucceflor ? ' A. .As he did not name oae before his death,-his gCB• erab divided into feveral factions, which having mu[ually deftroyed each other, ended in two powerful kingdoms· ~ that of Syria, founded by Seleucul Niclllor; and that of Egypt, the lidl king of which was Ptoltmy, fon of La,... ~ . What happened in Greece during t-histiD\le? A. After the death of .AkxatJder~ the Greeks exet:te& theirutmoft efforts to regain their liberty; but their mu• tual dHfentions prevented their fuccefs, Arij/oIle, the cel- ;; ebrated philofopher and preceptor of Ale~ander the i Great. died a Ihort time after' hia pupil, at the age or J: .ixty three. . _. Q. What other great men lived at this time'?_ . A. Alexander, king of Epirus, uncle by the mother'$I~ 'de to Alexander the Great. This prince, baTing led an army into _Italy againft the Romans, obferved, that be fought with men, while his nephew was fighting with an army of women, alluding to the effeminaey of the Per• Jians. Nor ought we to omit .4glllho&/~",.the fon of a potter, of the CitY'of Rhegio I who, by his valour, made • himfelf matter of the city of Syucufe, and became kiDg -cf all Sicily. ", ; Q. How were the' Jew~governed' A. They lived peac~abry under ~k~1ItUIer 'he Gretll, and Seleutfu, king of Syria; and were grallted diven·priv• ileges by Ptolemy, king· of Egyp.t. Their high priefl was, at this time, the firft ~agiftrate. ' • To tbd'e may be added two others, though oilers extent and Ilorter duration, n..au and Mllltt/tnr.. The firft. which in the Ioal diviUoa feU to the Anrc of ~, comprehended the saorthern 'part of Afia !Miaol'; and afterwanl. formed feven! difti..a kingdoms; each of which, eit~ by ~ueft .01' betiueft. fell1lDder the power' of the Romans. The laft, which. mcluded all the Gre• ... provincea, was feized by Cajfa.tle" and maintaioed ita iDde• • ...... tilltil. cime of Pwp.,w\o waa fubdued by the Roma-. .. , - ...:..' . TUIIL~ATG.·'Ji(oT~ ( --.----~ ---- .... -~--- { A' HISTORICAL' GRAMMAR. is fl. What Was the fue r4.Egypt after the death ct· dJe:uuukr the GrNII' ' A. It has already been {aid, that Ptokwt" the fon of Lapl, was its firtllcing' All hi. {uccell"orsbore the fame name till CkoptJlrll, under whom Egypt became a prov• ince of the Roman empire. Q. How many years did PloI""" the {on of Lagus. reign, and who fucceeded him ?, A. He reigned twenty nine yean, and was fumamed Sloter; that is to fay, Saviour His font Ptolnn, Ph/fa ... Jeiphul,. fucceeded him; and reigned thirty eight years. ~ Was the rei,Rn of Ptolem, PhilaJ,lphul remarkable- for any great event f . JI. It was in the time of thit prince, and, it i.thou~ht,. by his orders, that the Old Teftament was tranfiated mto Greek, in the city of Alexandria, which was then the capital of the empire. Q. Is this tranflation ftill extant l . A. Yes; it is that called StptflagiM, became tra1l0.• ted by the labors of feventy· diWereut perfona I and i. frequently referred to by the facred autholl of the New Tettament. Q. Were the Romans at this time engaged in any war·? A. Yes; againft P.1"J,ru, king of Epirus, one of the greateR.generals of antiquity. ~ . What W"dS the origin of this war l· A. The Romani having declared war againR: the in• habitanta of Tarentum, from whom they bad received Comeinfulte, the latter being defeated by the Romani, fn• lic:ited the aid of P,rrhfll; who marched into Italy with a namerons army, in'. which was a confiderab1e number of elephantS. Q. Did P.1"lnll gain any advantage over the Ito- mans? _. . .- .iI. He .defeated them in almoft e:very engagement, but there vi&ries coft him fo many. men, that findiftg hi. anDy much weakened, be thoaght it prudeut to retu.rn byfea into his own country. . . ~ Did he make any further attempt. upoa Italy I' 4. He ~ ~ser an apeditioa into Bieil, againa .. A HISTORICAL a.~MMt\R:-- "" CutPasin-ians; b. &aCt - fearc:ely lancIed befure he" was defeated in an engagementwith the- Romans, who oWiged him to t:etire• .~ What became of him aftennTd&? , J. He enga~ ill many- der Wllf't. At length, having befieged tIre city of Atgos, and efttered it with 1m lroops, a. he WH. paQing through a narrow ftreet, a wom• an, from the top of a houfe, threw a tyle npon hit beacf alld-lUUed him. Q.. In what other. wars ~re the Romans engaged ~ .A Their lirR: war was tbe Carthaginian, mha-wife• the iirQ P"';c war. This alfo origmated with the inhab• itants of Tarentum, who folicited and received aid of the Carthaginian. ag-.unft the Romans • .t.. How loag did this war continue ~ -d. Twemy four year&.: during which, dip. advantage• was fometimes on one fide, fometimes on the ether, !t; At what time did it begin l . A. FGUr hundl--ed aDd n~y yeaH after the building ef llollle. and two hlmdred and fisty four before Chrift. Q. Did no I'eauubble. .. ent bappen during - this war? _ 4. K&Ile.. more -~Ymg of meRtten than the cOn• QUCt of AttiliUI R~gulul, general of the Roman army;.. who. ha.ving been taken in A&ica by the Cartbagiuhms,.- _and fent to Rome to proJ!>fe an accommodation and an exchange of prifonen, dtf'uaded. the Senate from a com• pliance, which he ~.ght injurioUft te his country, and: tetu.med to Carthage agreeably to hit"engagementf') thottgh be was {enfible-the CarthagiMana would put him to a eru- el death. Which imme4iately took place. - _ ~ - How did the Romans proceed after the &rft P\r.. nic war l '4. Huing Made -pnee· -w~ tlle Carthaginians. diey began to polHh their manners by cu_ltivating police litera• tuft aact the fine a:rt.. Tr3gedy and comedy were intro• &laced at Rome. iR imitation of the Greeks, but in thef'e early times alMbite411 mucl! of aacieBt barbarity- ~. Was the peace which the Romus made with the• CatthaRiniam oflMaf!'.__ I :.40 _-k Wed-.., __,.. low , ... ; aM hS· fUc- A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. U eeeded by the fecond Punic war, which continued rel'en'l' teen. ~ What wa!l Its origin? A. The ambition or the Carthaginian a, and in par:. ticular of HIJnnibal, the fon of Hamikar; who, thirlling for fame, at a time of profoufld peace, befieged Sagun• tum, a city in alliance with the Romans After this, pen• etrating into Italy, he gained great viCtoriesthere over the Romans; which, however, his imprudence in the end· rendered of no advantage to his country. _ ~ What was the eonclufion of this wat ? :A. Scipio, furnamed AfricotUU, led the Roman army into Africa, which obliged the Carthaginians to, recall HatmiINJ wit~ his troops. Afterwards, baving defeated theCarthaginians, he obliged them to make a difgrace~ fal peace, and to bani1lt HalUlwill from their country. Q. Were the Jews in a late of tranquillity at this ~el . A. No; the kingaof Syria began to perfecute tbeJO Inaccount of their religion. Q. Which were the mOll powerful and confiderable monarch.? , A. The kings of Egypt, 'thofe .of Syria~ and thofe 01 Macedonia. The empire of the PIJrt/Ptl1t' was founded at this period by Ar/QUI, who threw oft'the yoke of the SyriaAs, abel gave name to all his fucceflors, who are after him called .ArfaciU. . e. Did all thefe kings withftand the power of tilt iomanl? . A. No; they were fubdued one after another, .the P.lrthianS excepted, who were never conquered by the Romans. . 0 • .t, In what other wan were 'the Romans enga- xed? .' . A During the fecond Punic, war they attacked Sici~ ly where MtJrtlis MQt",tIIlU took the city of SYJ.'aCufe, after a liege of three yean. The famous mathematician, . Archimedel, was killed at the"taking of this cil', by a foldier, who ftabbed him, 'at the very moment !hen he ~ elUlting· in his good formae, at bavint f,?1~e4..~ .nnportant pnlblem.. . f.6 ~ HISTORICAL GR~MM~l\. Q. Did not the Macedonianwar break out -at this! time? A. Yes; immediately after the fecond Punic war: it was occafioned by the imprudent conduct of PkiJip, king of Macedon, who" during that war, had formed a fecret alliance with Hanni!Jal, an~ had befides this given ofience to the Romans on feveral occafions, " i . ~ What was the iffue of it ? A. Philip was feveral times defeated,and, at the end of five years, was"obliged to accept a peace llpOO dif. graceful terms, and to fend his eldefl fon DemdrillJ -as a hoft~t: to Rome. Q What became of Ha."il"z] during there tranfae- tions. -' . A. H~ had taken refuge with A,Dli(Jcll"", kin_' of I Syria; who was at this time preparing _to undertake a I war agClinft the Romans, . Q. Was this war really undertaken? , . A. Yes i to the,great detriment of Jntiod.!tu, who was entirely defeated by Luciul Scipio, on this account furnaraed 4jiliticUI. .dn.tiQch-.s, reduced _to the nece{{ity· of folititing a peace, obtained it only by ceding the g.re~ I tr part of'hls dominionsto the Romans, . !. ; .~. Did Phi/ii, .kil)g of'M;acedQn, preferve .,bi$ do·· mmlOnsi .-. '~..d. Yes; _dU.rillg his life', and at his d~at~ tranfmit- ted the crown to his ton Pn-jiUl. .', , i .,~ ,Why did not Demetriul, h~S'eldefi:{on"fuceeed nim : - .d. Per)uI had caufed him to be affaBinatedduting -~ life of his father, who was fo affected, that he died foon artier. ...,. ~ What became of Per-fips afterward. ? .. A. He ralbly commenced a war againH:the Romans, Yai,_ ",a1llqui1bed, taken ,,PrjiOner_,and led in triumph through rhe Ilreets of &')IIle,' by L ..Emiliul Paulus, 4;Om. monly called I'aulut Emiliul. Macedon from thil time became a province of the Roman empire, ~ What wasthe {lateof the Jews? J.A. It is to,tllis period We JJluft refer the trou~les re.. corded in the books of Maccabeesj ana. tF._e.f~rfe~~~n If. HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. '~'1 of AnIior-hur Epiphanll, \\"ho attempted to aboliCh the Jewiih religion; an attempt which ,..ould have fucceed• ed, had, not Jedar Maecal.us, the fun of MallalhiQJ. of the race of Aaron, valiantly repulfed the generals of An .. tiochus, .' Q. Did any change take place in the form of their government ? A. The hj~h priefts acquired greater authority, and in procefs of time even alfumed the title of kings. The nrll who bore that name was AriJIohulul, about three years before the birth of Cbrift • .t. What'title did thefe high prieA:sbear? . A. HiLl:ory Riles them A/monianl, frow AGnonius, the grandfather of Mattathia,. . . ~. Can you give an account of their {ucceBion ? A. JuJQJ Macca!J.UI, who was the 6rft, was faceeed .. ed by his brother JonatiJan, and afterwards by Simo", hi' brother alfo. Job« H,rcanul fucceeded his father Si.. ,"0"; and Ar!flo6ulul,the fon of H,rc~mu, was, as obferr ... ed before, the firft king. Alexander JannlU, hit broth. er, was fucceeded by his fon H..Vrca"UI,who was dipof• felfed of his authority by his brother Arif/o/Julul, and re- I eftablifhed by Pompey. It was under this Hyrca"lII, that:. Antipat", the Idumean, the rather of king Herod, !ettIed at Jerufalem, and became powerful. t, Did the Romans enjoy peace after the conquefls of Macedonia, Africa, and Afia ? . , A. Their grandeur proved fatal to them. The R0- man citizens fuft'ered themfehres to be -corrupted by lux- I ury; and,lofing thier native energy of cl'¥lra8er, funk into a ftate of indolence and effeminacy, which rendered them an eafy prey to the barbarians who overran tlleir· ccuntry, . ~ Did Carthage am exiLl:? II.~ No; in the third Punic war, fix hundred and five yean after the building of Rome, and one hundred and forty nise befote Chrift, it was utterly deflroyed by , Scipio EmiJiatltu, the Roman general. ~ Does not the Mithridatic war b~tOBg to this pe• I riod ~ II. Yes; Ml;IJridtstt/, king bf Pontus, was one ~f the 48 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. moll formidable enemies of the Romans. He carried 0Jl. a war againfl them, in which he was fometimes viClori· ous, and fometimes vanquifhed, during forty year.; when, Pompey having at length entirely defeated him, he put a period to his own exiftence, . ~ In what other wars were the Romans engaged l . A. The mofl ranguinary were the civil wan between SJIla,' MtJrulI, and Cinna. $Jlla, by his influence, got himfelf elected Dictator of the Roman republic, an of. fiee ,which conferred abfolute authority. During the I time he ,po6"elfedit, he fhed the blood of an infinite num• ber of citizens, and committed unheard of cruelties. ~ What great men lived at this time l A. Juliul Clfar, Pompcy, and Cicero'; who, during the diClator1bip of 8]lIa, which lafled but three yeal S. were very young ~ •. What was the character of thefe illuftrious Ro- man.? - A. C"forand Pompey were dilHnguifhed by their val• eUr, and Cicer by his wifdom and eloquence. ~, Did Cicerorender no memorable fervice to hi. country? A. Yes; during his confulfhip, he faved the repub• lic by difcovering the confpiracy of Cali/inc, a Roman of noble defcent, who, having diffipated his eflate, and been refufed the confulfhip, entered into a confpiracy. with feveral others, to murder the Senate, plunder the treafury, and fet Rome on fire. . '~ How were Cllar and PompeJ employed during this time l· , A. Pompey was profecuting the war againft: ,the pi. rates; and 'C4far was fufpetted of being concerned in Catiline's confpiracy, though there were no pofitive proof. of hia guilt. It. Were Cllar and Pompey friends? A. They were fo in appearance; and for their com• mon interefls formed a triumvirate, which ended in their oWn ruin: and that of the republic. ~ ,What was this triumvirate? , ~. It' confilled in an alliance contracted between ~~ of the moft .powerful citizens. of Rome, C6far, Pom- , -/\ HISTORCAL GIlAMMAR. 49 ley, and' Licinitll Cra}fol. _ There three divided tbe ern• pire between them. C,,/ar had Gaul, in which he made war during ten years ; POfllpq had Spaitl; and Grlflfol poJfefi"edSyria, till he loft his life in an expedition agaiJift: the Parthians. ~. How did the alliance between. C~/ar and Po." adl -. A. As their mutual greatnef. infpired mutual jeal• oufy, their friendihip bad ever been merely external. c". f.r. having demanded the confulfhip, and Po",JltJ.who \ had a powerful party, having required that he fhould, on this account, diiband his troops and come to Rome, an 0. pen rupture enfued, after which G"jar entered Italy with his army, and made himfelf maller of Rome. - Q. What became of P(l1Jl/~ , ;t, He had left Italy and retired into Greece, where Cl{tJI' purfuing him, defeated his army in the plains of Pharfalia in Theifaly. Q. In what place did POIIlpt.1 take refuge after his .~dt . A. He-attempted to retire into Egypt, but was maf. {acred -by the order of young PIJnnJ~hrother to .the eel. ebrated Queen C/eDJlllra. !t: .What w«e the coDfeql1ences of C./ar'l .,iCt04 Ties? A. The total eItin&ion of Roman libet'ty, and the elbblifhment of the monar .' , .~ whom he at fira gained fome advantages. They at length, however, came to an accommodation, and united in turning theiramts againft the republic. Q:/ How was this brought about? A: ~tUon.1' having joined LFpidul, who ccmmande.d an army in Gaul, came to. parley with 081l"f.,;U1, who waa frol!l that time ftiled, the Emjeror ,AllXUjJuJ; and, after ba\ltn~ propofed to him to re~enge the death of C.Jar, prevailed on him to -confent to a triumvirate for the pre.. tended reeflabldhment 0{the republic. . ~ What was the refult of this triumvirate ? .A. Not only the total annihilation of liberty, but a cruel prefeription of the richeft and moll worthy citizens, en whofe heads a price was fet to enrich their perfecutors by the confifcation of their eftates. Among thefe perifh• ed Cicero, whofe head was ftrock off, in the Jixty third year of his age, forty years before Chrift, and in the re'VeD hundred and thirteenth year of Rome. ' Q. Did the friendfRip of Antony and Auguftus coatinue ?. I ~. No; APtIO"J having divorced 08tmia, the fifter of Aug'tf/ul, attached himfelf to Ck~ra, queen of E. gypt and drew upon himfelf a-war, in which he, as well as that queen. perifhed, F.rom this time Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire. . _~ In what ftate 'Werethe affain of the Jews 1 J'I. A"lipaltr~-the father of Herod, left :his fon poffef ... fed of Ifeat power: this, during the wars of the Romans, : - be encreafed, by alternately favouring each fide. He ac- I ted with fuch addrefs, that he obtained from the Senate ! "the title of King of Judea, of -which the Afmonians en- : tirely 10ft the poifeffion. It was in his reign that our I blefi"ed Lord Jefus Chrift was born, feven hundred and I fifty three years after the building of Rome, aBd in the three thoufand nine hundred ar,,! eighty third- year of the world. Q. Were the ilatavit known before Chritl ~ - • A~cordingto Archbilhop utller, eDr Lord was bomiJI the year 9f t)l\l ....orld four thoufmcl md four. t A people who ;nhabitecl tbe. ~~try DOW called Holland~ A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 41 A. Yes I they inhabited the countTYof Hefi"e: about .. century before this era, ~y left it to fettle in the Nether lands. ~ When did they faUunder the power of the R.o. man.? . 4. In the time of Julius Cziar. I. 'p ART n ~How is this fecond part of univerfal hiftory tli~ vlJed? .A. Firft by epochas and p-riods j and feccmdJy by ,the eighteen centuries which have juil elapfed fince the birth of our Lord Jefus Chlifl . • ~ What are the epochas and periods? .A. Seven epochas and fix periods are in all reckoned to the prefent time Q. What are the epochas ? A. I. The birth of Jefus Chritl. 11. The converfion of the Emperor Conitantine. III. The coronation of Charlemagne. IV. The beginning of the reign of Henry the Fowler • .V. The coronation oE Rodolphus, Count of Hapf,. ~urg. VI. Frederick I. Elector of Brandenburg. VII. The birth of Frederick II. King of PruBia. .t, How are the periods arranged ? A. The filft, from the birth of Chrifl to.the converfios of the Emperor Conflantine, includes three hundred and twelve year ... The fecond, from the converflon of Conftantine to the coronation of Charlemagne, four hundred and eight1 eight years. . "The third, from the coronation of Charlemagne to the death of Henry the Fowler, one hundred and twenty years. The fourth, from ~be .death :of .Henry the F9V11er to 6. HfSTO'R.ICAL OR.AMMAR~ '_ die el~on of Rodo}phul, Count of Haplburg, the lira: emperorof the Houfe of Adria, threehuiidred and futy three years. . . The fifth, from the Emperor Rodolpbus to l~·reder-· ick I. Ele&or of Brandenburg, one hundred and forty fourycars. The fizth, from' Frederiok 1. Ele6'olf of Brandenburg, to the peace of 'I'efchen, concluded. May. the 13th, 1779,· three hundred and'fixty two year.; .12 What i. the ufe of thefe epochal and period. ? _ A. They enable us to fix the order of the events, and to mark them according to their proper datea ; though the computation by centuries is a method more generallr in nCe, as being fhorter .and more eafily committed to memory. FIRST PERIOD., 1'1.0M T Ha BIRTH or JESUS ,CHRIST TO THI CO•• EI." $oIONOF. CONSTANTINI-SI2 yEA ..... F J R STeE N T,U R T. fl. What emperor reigned at Rome wben ChriG -was' born? A The Emperoa ~ug';us:who, after the defeat of Antony. changed the Roman republic into a monarchy. He died Anno Domini, fourteen, aged feventy fix: fortr three yean after the death of MarJ Anton" ):Us com- ~tiw~ . Q. Who was JUsfuccelfor in the empire 1 - A. Tweriul, the {on of the Emprefs Li'V;a and of Do• mil;1I1 Ner I, her lirft hufband, AuZ'tflul nominated him his Iucceffor. Q. What was the charaBer of 7iherilU r A. He was a wife and politic prince; but cruel, fuf. picions, and voluptuous. He .afcended the throne at the age of fifty five, and died at the age feventy eight, after a reign of twenty three years, Anno Domini, thirty feven. fl. How many yean did our Lord paCsupon earth l E2 . A. Thin" three, or at the moR thirty four. He was 'Lorn in the twenty ainth year -of the teign of ~ E.penr AlIgujus, computing from the battle of ABium, in which AIlIt;QY was vanqui.bed. and he died towald. the end of the reign of l'ilv,iul, in -the-year of Rome !eYen bundred -and eighty five, OJ fix. ~ V,inence do we derive)l knowledge 0{ _life and aftions? . A. All the authentic ,information we 'pc»fds on thU fubjeCl is £omprebended in the boob of the New Teft.a• menlo The {oar Evangelitts give HI a narratiYe o£ his life and actions, and the A~h 0( the Apoftles. writtea by St. Luke, preferve .to ua an 3CCGIlnt oi':the firtl ebb· IHhment or the CbtiniaB CilUrcit. Q. Are there no .,ath« (:ocemporary hiftorians who. .have treated on what paffed aUring tBe three ira age. of the church 1 A. No; few rec~~. of tMfearlJ timeJ J'eIIIam. All the certain illfotmation;we have, is, that the church of God, in left dum two hundred years, {pread tbl'Oughout ali the countries of the known world. ' , Q. Who was the fucceffi)r of the Emperor TJJni.u ? A. ~'tI;u.'(..',!ligu_l{l~ the ,f~)I~'of qmu,.il'lll, and grand. {on of Dhjus, tne Ion of LI . ~ Had {he any children 1 I A. Only by'4K'ipptI. T~ {(>Itaancl two daughten. The fons. Weft Caiw, and Lw.;", ~/1UY1, ad .Jgri""_ fin-named Pojlh.ru.. nom beinl barD after &he deatJa of bisfath£r. . Q. What were the DameS of theda.ghten 1 ' .4. JUN, furnamed the· Yoanger, and 4ftiIJi-,._ wife of GermanicQs.. I Q .What was the fate of there three princes, dae ~ of Julia and Agripfa ~ _ .. . . J. c., and Lwiru ~" ,whom the '·Emperer ~~aus, had.adopted, ~~d,.at an early 'age , by. the mtngues of th . Emprefs LWIIl, and of her {on ·Tiltwius ; .and A,"#I'~:wbom A~A:us haJ ni1ed into Campania, _. kille4.dlere immediately after the death gf Auguftus, by the order of Tiberius. . ' Q. What was the charaCter of JJia, the daughter of tAag.h" ?,. .,• . .4. Bhe:"a~,a princefs offuch .cepraved manners, that ,the emperor, her father, -was obliged to banifh -her into abe.we of 81. MIlT" o1i the coaA:of the kingdom of Na.. ples, at the top of the Gulf of Gaete. In ·this melan- , choIr exile the ended ·her days. '- .~'t I".tbi •. all t~e· genealogy ofth~ Emperor Augur. tus • .~ . A. No; he adopted the two. :fons m the £mprefs :i.iWri,.by.her itil Ilulhand Dom;';1U NWfJ. - Thefe \Vele, the Emperor Twer;fU, and Dnd''" Nen .. . ~ Had die .Emperor TilJerifU any children ?. \"J. H."had cmkiren, but they all died before ·hint. ~ What became of Drufus1 his brother ? ,: A .He died' by.a,fallfrom his horfe in Germany, where _ ,was profec:u1iingthe war, .'. ~ .Q. Did he leciveaa." pollerity ?. . .4. t Be left a ~ and ·two dillu~. The eldeO: ·of hill fons was Germa"icu" the hufOal1d:df A~. This 'prince. by the int~ 'of T"fMoill' find Li.;o, was poif. oned in A fia. ' The. youn_gcr fon of Drufus was the Em- .perar ·CIIlINlitu, who fueceeded Caligula, the ·.fon of (.er· ~anicus and Agl'ippina. • '.fL Had ou,.di", any children ? ' A. He had by Mfa/ina, his tbit-d ·wife, ·Olltrou.. -the :wife fJf the- Emperor Nwo, and Cloud;u, Brila""ieul, ... hom Ne#'fJfut to death in the ·6tll year of his reign. . Q. .What -. the ·char&aer 'of OImuJi., , A. He was not remarkable for his vices, or· his .if. tues. Th~gh.he ,was'Dot:.deftitute 'of underftat:1din!t he -S1F~d himfelt to .be ~rnea by his women and his ~;drn.en, at whofe iniligation he committed many bad ~ons. ~ How mauy Jean did he rei88 1 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. . l1!' '.A. Thirtc:n; and died at the age of fixty four, An~ no Domini, fifty four.' Agrippina, his fourth wife, _poir• oned him in a difh of mufhrocms, Q. "\\That was her motive? 4. The defire of feeing her fon Ner» emperor. Q. Of what family was Agrippina? .. A. She was Claudius' niec'e, the daughter of his brother Gerinanicus, and of the elder Agrippina, of whom mention hal' before been made. - Q. Wpat reafon had {he for wifhing her fon t(Y' r~i/n ? .A Merely ambition. ' It is faid, that a foothfayer hav• ing predicted that her ron would put her to death, if he attained the throne, {heexclaimed, "No matter, fo he be but em~eror " -• Q. WLo was the father of NmJ r A. CntiUJDomi,ioJ Nero, whofe morals wen equally' liepraved as thofe of his wife. Of this he appears to have been himfelf fenfible ; for being one day con~rltnlated on the birth of his fon Nero, he replied, " Nothing good ca& proceed from my wife and me." Q. And did Nero really prove a bad charaaer ?_ .A. He was one of the moa deteflable monflers that ever governed the empire ot Rome. Norwirhttanding; when- he began his reign, he appeared fo cornpaffionate, that before figning a death warrant, he faid he wHhed he had never learned to write. ~ What were his principal crimes l ' A. He poifoned his brother BritonNtfll, and cruelly put to death hi., wife Oflo'IJi " a very virtuous princefs, enly twenty Jears of age. He caufed his mother, Agt"ip-, pino, to be afTaffinared; and obliged Smua, his preceptors to make choice of his own death. To complete all -his crimes, he was the firft emperor who- perfecnted the church of Chrift. . fl. Under what pretence did he perfecnte the Chrif.· tians ? . A. He had fet the city of Rome on fire, and the con• flagration having done great damage; to avert the fuf.. picion ~rom himfelf, he accufed the Chriflians, and fub• erned falfe witneffes 1:0- fupport the charge. 't'heuak; j - nr- eo ~_I.. I sit. .1\ HISTOR1CAL GRAMMAR. •I lb_ innocence was genet211y known to the -people, it did not prevent Nero in*licting on them the molt cruel ,unifltments.· , fl· Did he not alfo put: to deatH' the apoflles Paul and Peler I - .A. It is the common opinion; but it is certain that they did not fuH'er on account of the conflagration of Rome;. and fome learned men are of QPinion, that St. , Peter never went into Italy. ~ . Who reigned at this .time in Jerufalem ? A. Jerufalem was fubject to the Romans, who rent governor. thither. The poflerity of Herod, however, reigned in Judea till the deftruction of that city, Anno_ Domini, {eventy. k. ~ Give me an idea of their fucceffion ? A. Her&d th.: GrelJl. und-r whom our Lord lelu... -eliHG wae born, hal feveral fODI; among others ,A"ebe• itas, aftd Herod, fumamed the Tetrarch. Anotherof hi, (ons, named Arjl Im/UI. was the father of King Agrippa. who is mentioned in the t. as of the ApOftles; and this Agrippa had a fon of the fame name, who {urvived' the' taking of Jerufa'em b,. TIfIU. .t, What illuilrioua men lived in this centurJ, ft'9IQ die reign of .duguJtu to that of Nero I A Tillil Li"'J, author of the Roman hiftor.y. The• )meta Yirg;/, Ovid. and Horae" under .Aug'flllll. Under Tiberiua, Yaler;", Maximul, and Ya/kitu PaJercrJUI. And under Nt'rO, the pbilofopher Sme~ his preceptor • .. d the poet LfI~_. . ~ How many yearl did Nero reigD..l A. He reigned thirteen years and' nine months, and .tied at the age of thirty one, AIUlO Domini. fixt1 nine. . Q. What was his end l -, ~. Hie crimes 4aving- rendered him we execration .r the human kind, the whole empire roft againft .him, and eYen'hi8own guard. forfook him. Underfuul~ing, at· a country houfe in which he had concealed himfelf, that the Senate had condemned ·him to an ignoPiinio\l8 death. he·put a period to his own exiftence. Q.. Who fucceeded him? '.J.. ""'illl' ilJJj&ifII G.a., who reigDe ~~eyl I A. He exercifed it with fo mqch fenfeleflipride, that he Hfued aU edith in thefe terms, " Our Lord and our Gcd Domitian commands fuch or fuch things." Q. A tyrant like this could not fail of perfecuting the Chril.l:ians ? I .A He would have done it efFeauaUy, and took meafuTeI accordingly ; but this, which W.IS called the fee• ond perfecution, was of Ihort duration, DomdiQfl dying a fhorr time after it wall begun. - Q Did any. characters of note {ufFerin this pefecu- lion ~ - A: D ·".ilion put _to death _his coufin Fla'fJ;ulClt",mt, and Fla'fJu, Dt;mltdia, his wife, for their profeffion of Chriftianity. He' alfo exiled St. John the E'fJangeiipto the Ifle of Patrnos, where God revealed to him tho{e die 'fine vifione, which he haa recorded in the book of Reve- lation. - _.. Q. How tong did the reign of Domilian continue? A. Fourteen years; at the end of which he was kill. ed by a faB:ion, headed by the captain- of his guards, An• DO Domini, ninety fix. Q. Who fuceeeded him? ~. CfI&&eiul N~rtJ", who annulled all the ordinances _ct laws eftabllihed by D,,.iJifl!le At this lime 8t. John- A HISTOR.ICAL GRAMMAR. 81 tM ~jl left tile IOand of'Patlnot, and returaed to Epbe{ue, die ufua) place of his abode. Q. What Was the cbaratrer of Nef'fJII1 A. He was a yery virtuoUtI prince; but, OIl KeOUUI -ofbis advanced age, and the mi!dnef. of his difpofitioD, was de6dent in that vigour neeeffary for the goverilmeut of theempire. Q. What benefit did the Romans derive from him' A. By adopting the Emperor T,.ajtlll',he procuzecI for·tllem one of the beft-princ. that eyer reigned. . ~ How long did N."..,. reign l ~. A year and Come months 5 at the end of which T,.aj_ toc-khis place, Anno lJomini, ninety eight. . . Q. Do the hiio.-ianMof this age mention the Frifi!" .1. They were not known to·the Romani ,ill 'they were yanqu;fhed, and Tendered tributary by D,..jfll. e. Did they bear the Roman yoke patiendy' . ~. No; theyre9'01ted,maae divers reprifals, and foI. Iy employed tbeof.e'lera~. Ap:."nu. C""ule, aftd ~. Q. What W'dS the eonclua of the IJ~""'; at diil time I A. Theyat fir!! affilted "e Romans ap;ainil the Fri- fl. but reToIted, Anno Domini, fixty nine. CI.rulifll CiD. uu CnW/iI, kilt by , fpa.1a. agaiaft the Batavi, forced them to lay 40wn their arms, but oDcondition oibeing ac• knowledged, _ formerly, allies at &be R.omanl, .aa " .paying no tribute. . SEC 0 N DeE NT U R T. Q. Did the Emperor Traja. really de{enre the enco• miums hillorians unanimoufly bellow on him l A. His merit hal never been difpute~ and haa been confirmed by the teftimony of all ages, though a particu• lar detail of his attions has not been tranfmitted to us, the greater part of the hiil:orians of his time being loft. fl. Did he fignalize himfelf in war? .tI., Yes; he united Cevera! barbarous natiotti to the •A people. who inhabitecl the neipbourhood of the Rhine, .", the p.w..of frie8aac1. - T'" 6~ A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. empire ; amo~ others the Dacii, whom he c;ntirely fubdtt~ ed, having reduced their king, Df&e~a1u/, to fuch .defpair, .:that he put an end to hie own exiflence. The Dac ii ill• habited that part of Europe which is now called Trim- fylvania. . , / ~. Does any monument of this expedition remain ? ..d. There is'a beautiful column frill to be feen at Rome, called Trajan's Pillar , within is a ffigl\t of wind• ingflairs to afcend to the top, and the outfide is orna• , mented with beautiful fculpture in bas relief, -reprefent .. ,ing.the two expeditions of TrlJjanagainft the Dacians. ,~ Did not Trojan undertake other expeditions? A. He made war upon the Armenians, the Samatans, , and .the Parthians, over whom be was conftantly viCtorious. Q. 'How were the Jews _governed at this time? . ' :A. After the taking of Jerufalem -they were entirely - fubjetle4 to the Romans. "Thofe difperfed in Egypt and Cyrcnica revolted, but were entirely defeated, and a great number malfacred. Since the death of our Lord Jefus 'Chrift, they have remained a wandering people, fcattered throughout all nations. . _ Q. Was the virtues ofTraJan without blemifh ? A. He can only be reproached with perfccuting the Chriftians, on whom he had been perfuaded to look with a fufpicious eye ;' but this perfecution was of short dura• tion, for Pliny the- younger, who was then conful of By• thinia, where a great number of Chriftians refided; hav• ing written, to the, Emperor a very elegant letter, in ·which he bears witnefs to the innocence of the firfr Chrif• 'tians' lives, Trajan flopped the proceedings againft them. Pliny' I letter is frill extant. ~ Was St. Juhn the E'Vongeliflftill allve ]" A. No; he died in the beginning of the fecond eentu .. ry, at above ninety years of age. Q. What great men lived at the time of Trojan , .,: A. Plutarch. the celebrated Greek philofopher; Corn~. liu« Tad/lu, who wrote the hillory of Rome; Suetonius, : from whom we have the hiflory of the twelve firft Empe- I ron; and Pliny the younger, who has left us his letters and panegyric of Trojan. , , '~ How many, years did this ~mperor reign? . \ A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR.. 6, A. Nineteen: he died, Anno Domini, one hundred and feventeen. ~ Of what nation was he ? A. He wasa Spaniard. Q. Who was his fucceffor 1 A. .Adria,.; in Latin .fE/iul HaJr;anul. Q. What was the character of this prince ? A. Neither much good nor much evil can be faid or him. He poffetfed underflanding and- erudition, but wifhed alone to excel in all things, and hated his compet• itors even to cruelty. He wrote againft a celebrated phi• Iofopher, named FtJ'OoniUl, who, intlead of anfwering him, - obferved, "There i, Janger in 'Writing aga;njl one who hal tIN po,wer of proJcribing. " Q. Relate fome of Adr!an', actions• ..t. When hie faverlte, a handfome young- man, na• med Anlin(lus, was drowned in the Nile, he cawed him to be ranked ameng the Gods, and erected temples to him, infomuch that this ridiculous divinity was worfhipped throughout the whole Roman empire till the dearuttioll of paganifm, -. ~ Did .Adrianbuild no cities or other monument. to perpetuate his name ? A. He built a fumptuous edifice at Rome, formerly called .Adrian', chapt/, and now the church of St. Ang.elo ; befides which he attempted to reeflablHh Jerufalem, and built a city on its ruins, which he caned lElia. Q. How did the Jews conJuct themfelves on this cc.. cation ~ A. Ineenfed at the privileges granted the pagan wor• fhippers in their new city, they revolted, and were .not fubdued till the end of the fanguinary war, in,which a great number' of them perifhed. Q. Who was the author and chief of this revolt? A. A Jew, who called himfelf Bflrcochiha, or the Sen" of the Star. This impoflot alferted that he was the Meffiah of the Jews, and the Star predkted by the proph• et Balatml. The Jews flocked to him in crouds, verify_ ing the predi&ion of our Lord Jefua ehriG. •• I am come in my father's name, and ye r~cei.ye me not; if an. other Ihal! (orne in hi. ~ name, him ye ~ill re_ceiv~." .. A IUSTORlCAL GJtAMMA.ll. I ~ What becaae of tbi. deceiyer? \ I. He perifhed miferably in we war, leaving behincl him a name univerfally detefted among the Jews, who .", called him BanhoJJa, or the S." '!!FaI/dtNJ. (2. How long did AtlritM reign l . A. Twenty yean and eleven montha. He died,. An • .....0 Dpmini, one hundred and thirty eight, aged fixty two year. and fix months. ~ To whom did he leave the empire'? A. To AlaI_au,f~mamed Pi_s, who reigned till the beginning of the year oue hundred and fi.lty ODe. and .who governed with equal wifdom and goodnefa. 1l:. Was this Emperor related to .Adria" , A. No; .AJrUz" adopted him on account of his vir. tnes, . ~ Did any great events ,happe~ dwiDB the reign of ~~, . A A. the greater part of the hiRorian. of the fecond century are loft, very little can be faid on this fubjed. Chritlianity continued to fpread in the furroundiDg C08I1. tries, notwithftanding perfecutions were, very frequent throughout the whole Koman empire. ~ Had no Chriftian taken up hi. pen in defence of Chriilianity ?. A. Yes; feveral: among others J'!Jli" Mar',,,, the pbilofopher, wrote two elegant Apologia for the CbJ:if. tian Religion, to ..,hich he was converted. This holy man, whofe works are aill extant, was at laft burnt alive , at Rome for the faith of our Lord Jefus Chrift. ~ Did paganifm produce any other great men l A. G~. a celebrated philofopher and great pbyfi. elan, flourilhed at this time; as alfo Amat, another philofopher. to whom we are indebted for COPlevery fine -=ompofitiotls ; and, among others, for the life of A/n. muln' the Great, written in a mafterly Byle. .()_. Who fucceeded the Emperor -A"ttJIIUtfll 1 ~. . lie had t~fen two fucceffors, who teigned jointly after his death, Mat"'" Aut'll;., .A",otiUI./ furnamed the philofopber, and Lwiul Eliul YertU, who was his col. league in 1:be empi.e. Thi. was the Brft inftan~e of twe .Emperors reipinJ at the ~e \iDle. A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 61t ~ What were the characters of there 'two princes? .A. Eliur P~ru.t was fond of eafe, and voluptuous j by .nature averfe to cruelty and injuftice: he reigned little more than eight yean, at the end of which he died of an apoplexy, leaving the empire to Marcus .Aur~/iu/, 'Who was infinitely his fuperior in virtue and knowledge, though during 'their joint reign perfect concord had fubfilled be.. tween them. ~ Have yon any thing further to obferve refpeB:ing Marcus Aurtlius ? 4. He polfelfed many virtues .and great qualities; hi, life was one continued feries of good actions; and hifto., rians unanimoufly agree, that, whether he is confidered an Emperor, or as a private man, he is one of the great- ell:charaCters that ever appeared in the world. ' ~ Under fo good a prince the Chriftian religion, could certainly be in no danger of perfecution ? A. The Chriflians neverthelefs ceafed not to fuft"er ; the laws of" the empire were by no means favorable tq' them, and the-Emperor himfelfprofeffing philofophy, was prejudiced againft them, as ~ppears from what he hns written in his Book of Reflections, where he accufes tbe; Chriflians of infatuation and obflinacy, ~ He perfecuted the Ch'rifiians then? A. This is not .faid, though it is certain that in his time there were martyrs. A learned Chriftian, named Ath,'"agoral, addrefled to him a mafterly Apology for the 'Chriilian religion; and it is prefumed that his re .. monltrancee had' the defired effect, and convinced the Emperor of the innocence of the unjuRly perfecuted Chriflians, ~ , Did Marcru Aurelius fuflain any wars during- hi, reign? ' -. A. Yes; feveral: one ag'linA:the Parthlans, whom he defeated, having been himfelf lirfi vanquifhed ; another againA:A'Vidiul C'!..!Jius, a celebrated Roman general, who revolted from him and took the title of Emperor; a third and lall in German y, where he died, after a reign of nine- teen years, , Q. ' At what ag__e·did he die? ' .A. At fifty eigHt :' he attained the empire ~n the y~~ F2 one h~(lre4. a.Jl4fi~tJ one, and died \n til, "month of ,f.pril, A~~ :Oo~itlj, one hundred and eighty .. {2. Who was h.i$ fu(celfor.? . .A_. The .E~p.er~ Co._1fUI(/'!I (L..4rm/itu Co.",o"') .. p$i1\CO whoUy gi~~ IIp to wickednefs, and tQtallyua• ''W:wth,. llis fatMr. After fu many virtuous ~mpet'or~ . ais ~()d:er r~v.•v~4.th.e Jl)crnory and condull:of the N~., rOI and Domiharu. ~ Wlaet\~e did t~ eli!propenfi,tieaarif~ ?. A. . Partly from the indulgence of tbofe to wbom the l:tnperPf had c()Jlfi~e4 the care of llia edneation, and partly to the Empr{!BF.arJi.nQ.t a princ~f$of wh~m~• \Oty _ not fpeJ~ in v,ry advantageous te~s. !L How many. y~~sdid Com",Ot/I#. reign? .A; Abo"t twelve. After hayiQg cruelly put to .death ~er.&l fetU\\Oril,and ~ Amnber of i:nnoc~Dtperfons, Mar• .cia, his eoncubine, affifted by lti.s t"o chamberlains, n~.. ~ed ~I and El~l1", ftrangled.him. ~ Wb~t ~eafOl\8led her to ~ng~ in this 4e{p,etate ""te~l't ? 4. C""",tHlUI had written upon his tablets ~ names f£ thQf, l'erfQns whom he defigned to put to death the nen day: the tablets happened to fall into the hands of 'Marcia, who feeing her own name in' the lift, took thia , .D)ethod of pr~fen~ing ~r lif~. ." Q. Into whofe ~14~ did the empire {all ~ter the ~a,th of Com",oc/w. ,. . A. L4~1 and EltlUu ~hofe for Emperor an old nobl" named .pi"l;tIJI~, Wh9 accepted die empiJe, m\l~ .~~ It.iso.n inclinationl. . Q. Did h~ reign long? . A. Little more than three months. The foldien. of the Pretorian Legion, who were the guard of the Empe• JiO~, difgufie4 WIth the. aufterity of his manners, cruelly ::Jl~a~red him, to the great regret of the Senate, an6 of t)le whole city of Rome. • .fl; What was the eonfequenceof tht. attrocious ac- ~:tll . 4. Therebels having cut off all aceefs to the ga.tes of Rome, put up the empire to' fale, and at laft, for a ~: 0{ ~'Jl "'lq~d i~on an ol'~tor,. DalQed DiJ .. 4 HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. &1 ;p Julia." a man of corrupt .morals, who, at the end of two months, was killed by the fame foldiers by WhQql he had been elected. ~. On what account did lhey murder him? .,d. Beeaufe he was unable to furnifu them with the large fums of money he had promifed them, when the, fold him the imperial dignity. ~ What was the eonfequenee of all thefe trouble. ? A. A celebrated gentrral, named L. StptimiuJ Se-r.W'U1t. who commanded the Roman army in Pannonia, now Hungary,. got himfelf elected Emperor by Ilia troops i. \ whi~ CloJiIll Albinul, another general, did the fame in Brita~n ; and. another, called Peflmniu" NigH, in Syria • .$ewt'w prevailed over his competitors, and, after feveral eDgageme~ts, became maQer of the Roman empire. ~. Was be a good prince ? A. The Roman fenate exprefled their opinion in thefe word.: "This prince Ihould never have been born, er fbould never have died!' Q. What was the meaning of this expreffion ? A. .The cruelty of $e1JtrUI rendered him odious, ef. pecially at the beginning of hi. reign, but his love o£ juftice became fo advantageous to the public, that h8. died univerfaUy regretted. THIRD CENTURY. ~ In what Gate was ChriR:ianity during the reign oJ s",nw , A. This Emperor prohibited all his {ub_jeas, under pain 01 death, from embracing the ChriGian religion. ~. What was the refult of this prohibition? A. Sevetra1Chriftians fuffered for 'thelr faith under the reign of &wnu, among whom was Leonidas, father of the celebrated O";gm. :. .t; Was Chriftianity Ilill profeB"ed amidft there per• lecutiool? A. Yes; it eYen increafed throughout all the prov• inces of the empire. Many learned pagans embraced it; ~ong othen TtrlJliIUI, wbo, heides fevera1 worb 79 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. tain, named Martial, to flab him, which he' took the hrll: , favoUTable opportunity' ot doing, when the emperor waa feparated froID-his troops., r • ' , ' ~. Wh~ reigned after him? A. Matrimll, who had caufed him to be all"affinated. He made his fan, Dladumenus, partner in the empire; but at the end of a twelvemonth, both were' rnallacred hy the Coldiers, Anno Domini, two hundred and nineteen. ~ What was the caufe of this atfcrffination? ./1. 'l"'he .voluptuous and effeminate life-of': Macr;nul, WhO, .'"t' the. age· of 'fifty four, abandoned himfelf to all kinds of debauchery: add to this the aHhtion which the foldiers entertained for the memory 'of Caracalla, who, purJuingthe dying'injuncti:<=m8'ofhis father, Lad always made it ai~chief object to conciliate the' favour oE the iOidiers. ...l . . Q. Who fucceeded MaC'f'mUI',' ." . .J.. A yoUng man, called A'OiJUI, better known bythe name of AII/oninuJ Heliog61balul. ' ';'~ By\what meaas did he attain she empire? I:A. By; the intrigues, 'of his grandmother; 'Mifti. Ju• &1 the wife-of. ~el'tl'ul, and' mother of Caracaila,had a filler, named life/a, who, as well as herfelf, was originally of the city 'of Emefa in, Syria. Mifa had {pent ft»veral tears)at Rome, during the 'feigns of St'VtrtJI and Caraea/la, and had two daughters, one 'named S"m;z; and the other MamllA AfOilui .was the fan of Slim;', and, according to th,Ct retlim(1)JlY of his mother and of his grandfather, hi8 father was the-Emperor Ca1flltalla. . ~ Continue the recit~ A. ".!!."iib; was prieft of a pretended -divinity, who was worfhipped at Emefannder the name of HeliogaJ,aluz, and ander :the form' of a Ilone, .which was fa id to I have de• .ended from heaven. The foldiers of Macri"" .., who weroC'inthe neighbourhood, having feen Avilul;· as he offi• ciated in .she temple,:·:Charmed with the beauty or his per• {on, revolted in his favour, and proclaimed him Emperor, after-having murdered MIJ(.f';nu.I and his fan. , ,~ Mifa was doubtlefs concerned in this intrigue? . ..//. Yes; as fhe poflefled gTeat riches, fhe bribed the Pflucipal offidTs of the army by. magnificent prefents, A HISrORICAL GRAMMAR.. ·71 ~ How did the new Emperor govern? . .d. His conduct wast fo infamous,· that a11hii1:oriana fpeak of it with horror. He took the name of Amo• n;nU6 BeMfl.galJallU, on account of his pretended father, and of the idol of which he was pnefl before he was made Emperor. Q. You have fpoken of Mamell, aunt to .HeliDga~/1I1 J whas became of her? ., .Lt. She went to Rome with a fon {he had, named ..A/~#(;;an1lS.who, having been adopted. by the Emperor, took the name of .Alexilndr Sroerul... , . . Q. Did HeliogaiJaiUl reigp long ~ '. '•. .A. .!1bout three years; from, Anno - Domini, two hundred and nineteen to t\VO hundred and twenty two• .t: How did he die ?.. A. After committing the moil: horrid crimes a~ fuadleful cxceifes, he attempted to take away the life of his confin, ..Alexantkr Se'Vcrus., being enraged at the re• fpea fhown him by his foldiers and people in general, 011 account of his virtue. The troops having declared' fOT' 4Ie.an(Ja; Sewrul, after feveral 'rr,:oeediilgs on both fide" matfacred BeliGgabalus and his mother S~mil. Their dead bodies, after being expofed to the infults of the people, were dragged through the .iheets. and, thrown into the Tiber. . - Q. .Alexan'e; S'L'e,.uJ then fucceeded hili' coufin Helio- g~a~I'. . A. Yes; and proved one of the wifeft and moll: mod• erate Emperors that ever reigned. A hiftorian, who liv• ed in his time, and who is by . .nQ means inclined to favor him, reproaches. him only with having too much defier• ence for his mother, Mllmea, a reproach which certainly does honour to Alex.'lndtr Sl"lJerul; this Emprefs being a woman efllmable for her virtues, and. according to the teLHmony of some writers, having profeffed Chriliiariity. Q. Alexander S~verlJscould- not then have been unac• quainted with our holy religion ? A. Whether from falfe politics or want of light cannot be faid, but it is certain that this Emperor made a :tr:mge micture of Chritlianity and.paganifm.> He had a· -pel in hi. palace where he paid. honor to the !mage.a -J7janlll. the celelmtted Pythagorean phUo{opher, to th_ of JifUl Ghrijl, ,A/;raham, and 0"lheur. In his reign the Chriftjans tuttained no perfecution, . Q. Do the pagan authors record any otber cireum• ftarice that. fupports the opinion that he fuored Chri{.. tianity 1 , A. He caufed the following remarkable words, 'fery limilar to thofe of the Evangelift, to 'be infcribedon mar• ble in feveral placed, and proclaimed throughout his ar• my-: "Do not, unto others what you would not' they fhoul4 do unto you.1oJ During the fourteen years of his u1gn, A :xant/er.Sevmu did not {pillthe blood of a lingle human ereamre, 9L . Have you any thin~ further to add 1 . A. A pagan author afl'ertttthat he projeaed' the de• (agn of build'ng temples to Jejtu ChriJI, and that ,the 'Emperor .AJr::" before him had entertained the fame in• 'tention, but that the pagan priefts oppofed it, and repre• 'fented ~o him, that if temples were ereaed' to Jiffll ChriJI. thore of the other divinities would be entirely neg- ·let'ted.' . , Q. Was the reign uf .JIlefltanJtf' lewrw fignalized by any gt'eat .event 1 4. The empire' of the Patthiane, which ow.. founded by rfaeu, at already mentioned in the eighth Period of me Firtl Part, was entirely extina in the reign of this Emperor, Anno Domini, two hundred and twenty {even, or eight. , Q. In what manner did it finHb? .. A. A Perfian of low extraB:ion, \Vbo alfdmed the name of Arta:ur·• .r,excited the Perfians to rebel again! ArlalJane.r,the taft King of the race of the Arfacitk, and having defeated' him" afcended the throne, and retlored the nation to its ancient authority. This Arlaxerxel wa" one of the Magii, a worfhipper of fire; his de{~d• ants reigned in Perfia till toward the middle of the lev. enth century. Q. Was this aetion produaive of any other con• fequences l A. Arl~trxtJ ....intoxicated with his fnccefs, made in• curfiOftSinto the provinces qf the Roman. empire. .A/nl. A HISTORICAL GItAMMAlt. 7~. (Mill,marched agaiafthim •.and having vanqtlHhed, oblig• ed him to retire, after which he returned ro Rome, which. he entered in triumph• .e. Did AkxlMller S('WI1lr make any other expedi- tion? ...',. J. He made one into" Germany, \1fhere he perifilecl at the age of twenty nine years and three months, after a reign. of little more th_ ~n read, Anno DorniDi th. buadred and twenty five.. - fl. How did he die l , .d. He was encamped aear Mayencr, and the aria' difeipliae he kept up in hi. ar-mr dUgutling fome of hi. foldien, they were eafil,. escited by MtUIi.. i". a mas of low birth, whbm AI_lIIIIkr. SewnN had raifed to the BrA military honors, to murder both him and his mother, who. had a~om~nied !rim in ·the ~ditioo. HavIng m• euted ~eiT horri.d.purpofe,they immediately nominated M4*mi", the mall who of aU -othas lead deferved tllis- high dignity, as his fuceefl"or. . Q.- Did the fenate approve this election 1 A. Fa;r from approving it, they exerted their utmoft efforts to deliver themfel vesfrom·the tyranny of Ma_itr, . who readered him:U!lf ftill more deteftable by his. cruelty, and who, following the example of the other' tyraats, his predeeeffors, did not fail to perfeeute the Cbrid:ialls.. .' . fl. What method did the fenate take to free the:G- felves iroUl the tyranny of Maximin 1 . .A. A Roman fellator, far advanced in years, nameci:' CfJraum, who was procoeful in Africa, was proclaimed ~peror in that country by his foWlers,· and dOc~ted his {pn; w.ba bore the fame name, in tbe empire. The news being come to Rome, the fenate acknowledged the two GorJitJi" as .emwol'8; ana drove GUt of the city, aU thofe who adhered to the pm.y of Maximin. " ~ The ,tWo f;omi"''' them joindy :pO«effed. 1Ihe tIll- . ~ . w;.: .They enjo~ed it only in Africa, and that for the flaort fpace Qf a ]lear.: a man9 named CapllialJlu~attach• ed to the party of Maximin, defeated their army; upoar, which the·: elder GIWtlia" ftrangled' himfelf, v , aad" his fo. was·killed in 'batfle. . . C' 740 A HIS,.OItICAL GRAMMAR.. \ ~ Wbathappened at Rome upon the'.arTi,al of thii II news l A. Therewu'at the time in the dty.a youth, gr ..md• fon of the elde.r GOI'diott; bn him the {enate beftowed the empire, and put him under the care of two fenators, 112- med B~., 'and P.pinulI, to whom the, equally 8'lvethe title of Emperon. -. .t: How did ~ .. aa dutiag.thi. time ? A. He attempted to enter Italy with a great army. fully refolved to revenge hindelf OR the .fenate; but hav.. jag ftopped in hit-way to befiege AquUeia, hit foldie" ~volted, and killed both him and his fon ; after which his 'Wholearmy fubmitted to the fenate •. ~ Did .84/lU1u and PupintlU preferve their a~thor- it} long ?. I. . A. They preferved it attbe moft a y.ear.' Having con• ceived the defign of murdering young GwJia.., the fol• ,diers, incenfed, .murdered ~em both ; and GONia_, who was aill very young, remained fole -poffelfor of the em• pire, Anno Domini two hundred and thirty eight. Q. In what terms does hiftOry fpeak of this young prince I A. AU author. agree that be waa an excellent prillC'et much inclined to virtue.. . !2. Did be reign long? ...4. He reigned only fix yean. being·. killed, Anno . Domini two hundred and forty four, by an Arab, na• '1Iled Phi..'iI, who after this murder ufurped the empire, Q. What account do .hiftorians ~ive of Philip ~ A. As his reign began wi.th a cnme, it can be Jittle defening of praife ,nor has any billorian given a teftimo- ny in hi.favoUor. , .fZ; Have not fome ancient aUthors, nevertbeler .. a6"ert· ed that Philip profelfedChr.iilianity 1 . " . .If. They have; but the faa is very doubtful, . How. ever' it be, it is certain he by no means deferved -to be¥ the name of a Chrjllian. . . . .~. Did nothing memorable happen during b• •,~tlgnl . A. Anno Domini two hundred and forty eight, anti the {ourteelltQ year orhi. reig.n, thi. EmpezoOZ" celebrated A HISTOR.ICAL GRAMMAR. 75 two magni(icent games, on account of its being tbe thou• fandtb year of the foundation of Rome. ~ What was the end of Philip' JI. He was killed at Verona by his own foldien, anet the fame happened at Rome!'to his fon, whom he had at• fociated with him in the empire, anno Domini two hun. dred and forty nine. Q. Who fucceeded bim 1 .A. The Emperor D~,i,u,a violent perfecntor of the Chri tlians. Q. Did he reign long? A. About a year and a half; he perilhed miferahty in an engagement with the Goths It i~ worthy obf~·r. 'Yation, that almoft all the princes who perfecuted the• Chriftianl cameto an untimely end. -t, There were, it is to be prefumed, many martyn at this time? .II. Yes; one of the moll illuftrious wal St. Cypriatlt Bifhop of Carthage, equally ceJebrated for hi' piety and eloquence: hi" worb, written in Latin, are aill exemt. Q. Who facceeded D~ci",, . A. Trt/Jonia"",Gull", and YJnjiaa, his fon. There two Emperors reigned from the year two hundred ~ jiftyone to two hundred and fifty four, , ~ How did their reign conclude? . A. Emilianul, general of their forees, revolted from them, and the foldiers, f~nd ofn,"elq+, murcPed them.., make room for the new Eraperor, ' ... Q. Did E",uia"ul en.joythe empire long 1 A. He enjoyed it only three months, and in his tum, perifhed by the perfidy of the fame foldien who had raifed him to the empire. Q. Who fucceeded him ?. A. The Emperor Yilk,.""" who made his fon (;alie• '''11 partner in the empire . .t: Was YaIma" favourable to the ebridians? ' .A. He ~as one of their moft violent perfecutors; About the fourth yeat" of his reign" the great 81. Cyprill., of whom we have before fpoken, by his orders fufFered 'martyrdom at Carthage, ADno Domini two bundred. and 'ftyeight. " 7' A HISTOIUCAL GRAMMAR. Q. Was the reign of V_ialJ .happy ? A. By no means j the empire had. never bees in a worfe ftate. The ar.miea and proyinces revolted on all tides" and wre were at this time no lefa than thirty dif• f~ent ~mptront ~hofe adions a I:atin hitloriq. a:rt!lHl. 11111POJlIO) haa wntten under-the bt~ of cc The Hiftory efthe Thirty Tyrants." . §!; Wah the end of Yaltritm equally t'ntfol'tUnat•• 5 -that of other perfecutors ? . A. Yes; he was taken prifoner by Sopor,. King' cYf Perfia, upon whom he made war, a1ld died in' captivity •. ·~aving fuft"eredthe moll: cruel and unworthy treatment •. · ~ What llep did the Emperor Go/incul take to de• .liver his father ? A. So far from exerting himfelf to effeClhis. d~liYeJ'• ance, he was pleafeJ with the opportunity of. governing alone, and' abandoned himfelf to an effeminate and volup• tuous life. He reigned feven years 'join~ with hi. fa- ther, and eight alone. -_ Q. What was his end?: . .d. He was killed by the foldiers of Aurelian, one of h" generall, who by this treafon aimed at the- empire ; which, however, be was unable 'to retain, being defeated by C_'Qlldiru,furnamed the G0J4 who fucceeded the Em- peror Galimul. .. , . •. From whence did C/auJiru derive his forname l · .4. Frr.m the viBory he obtained over .a numerous army of Goths, who had made an irruptton into the p1ro\l• incelof the Roman empire. This' Emperor, wh~,por• A!lfed many virtues, reigned only two years, dying of a contagiou5 ficknefs, Anno Domini tw~ hundred and fev• enty. Q. Who fucceeded him? ' 'A. The Emperor AUrJi4I1, a very valiant prince, who took the city of Palmira in Arabia·, and led in triumph in Queen, the celebrated Zmthia. · Q. Who ,:"asfhe ? ..A. The widow of. a brave offit-er, named OJmmul, who, AtmO Domini two hundred and fi~ty iGur, ha.in, • Someau.hon plave thi, city in Sy"'1 A 'HISTORICAL GRAMMAIt. 71' .teared the Peroans, under the reiga of G~. receiv~ from that prince the tide of Empet"or, which he ptlfe.w• td dlnin, his l~, an4 which Z:.~ eadeav0ure4 to ~tain afte~ his 'cleath. , ~ Was Aurtlian a aood prince? '. " A. His too great feverity prevented his being belov• ed; "fide, which he wu atremely fuperflitiou.s., (l Hq.4idbe die.?_ 'A. H~ was killed, A.10 Domini two :hundred arM.. levetlt, five, the fiftieth yev of hit reign, by "he tr8lf:b- ' crr of.ORe of hi, private, r.reta.riet, named ~1Ntu .. . .t: .How",•. the .Dlpir~difpofe4 of WI: ~ _. ,of Aurelia,. ? ' A. An evellt'l~pt~ without pqallel iIlt the allJaals .fbiftopy:. llae (ol4i_.. rendered .if~ by ~~ce, re .. iOl..ed not tQ ~~ ~.~ew ElI1pero), .bOf to cede thetr .ight tao 1M, i.eIIlM feD~, w~ aft~r an i.nt8nep~ o£ ~ht 1DOnth~, eleaed ~ feaa\er •.nalWd C"-'~ Tae. whore' ~ ....~red him. tr~J wOnhy of the empi~. !l.. Pid T~t'" ~cq ~~g l:', ' A. He ,enjoy •• ~ new .d.ii:{o.i.ty only. fiE D»Ilthe, at ~~ad. Qf wlHeb, be ~,~ Q4tu"~. F/~hi. lwotUert feittef.t "pen ~heelBp~r&'whi.ch·_ preter'Nd a99¥J _0 '*"'*.. at: t1M,~",qf .~iG.h, be lV4' ~4 by' \hJ• "ldida '~ . ,, " ' 1 . Q. Towho..... i'd~eMpire, af.".da.faJl1 .A, To M',reul Aur~/jul Pr'J/Jru, who reigned only fir montha, at the end of which he was fia-inby the foldiera,: Anno Domini two hundred and 'eighty two. ' Q. Wb~~ w~s_the c~a~~r of ProIJU.l , A. . He wu one e( the- ft1o~ valiaftt and ""iCe princes that ever reigned in Rome. The fole reafon of the fol• diers putting'bi~ -tP d.~w. hi, e-.ei.in3 i'*'er dJrci• pIiDe,. ao.d cl>li.g~ them ,.1:& lin with, motet; I'f!gu~ity .. _adft, _ precedittg.EntpetorS;;'. ' . . Q Who was his fucceffor ? ' ,' , ,• .J. M~rclll Avr[n", .~,.... •. a' .:tti'e·of. Nar.bonDi in §Qnqe-,. whela,CgI' Jeied hi.two~. ~ .... ~d.·Nu. 'w__ ,witJa· in.eemJUbi, It.aDUftl)'.into· P.eb- .aa. ~'_"l:i11ol~. ij~g 11l.~.te_ ~ DQJDinitwo hundred and elgtlty tbree, \ . . . Gi '" ,." '..:~ ~ HISTORICAL GRA~All. , ' Q. Did his tona reign after him ? ,.,'.', .; NtttWrimuu fervived him only a year, being killed •by AjJtr, his father in law; and Car;mll perifhed a year af.. 'terwaros, ·d~ated by the tr.oops of Diockfia", a Joldier of fortune, who was ~leaed Emperor by his army, ,Anne Domini two hundred and eighty four. . Q, What was the characler of Dioe1rla" 1 A H~ ""as a man of underflanding 'and valour, but haug'bty and cruel: He was the,6:rft,·or rather the 'only Bmperor, who made his fubje8s kifs his feet, a deteftable boma.ge, which the Bifhops of Rome afterwards exatted from their followers, Diocly;01I entertained an invincible hatred againft Chrillianity, and w. of aU others its moll violent perfecutor, '.' , Q~ Did he govern the empire atone'? .' . .A. No; in the year zwo hundred and eiglltJ' fix he chofe for a partner' Ma:ltirltiatl,furrtamed Htrculn; and, Anno Domini two hundred and ninety tWO, nominated t\\'0 h;tferior Emperors, whom he called C.jarl" theM were G,o,!/1ItItiru ChIQr'tu_,' .grandfon of the Em~ CI... Jiru the GfiJl".and Mo"",,,an, fumamed AntInIJ~. D·: 'Wb~~ was ·the end Of there illoriatidnl.;, .. A. nt&dtjtltl divided the authority- between thefeprin• ees t they"were all tyrnnts" the' enemies of tile ohllrth 0( ehriG, except ·Cor.)l/1ttiul~who elleemed: the Ch1-iftian re• li,gion, and whofe wife, calle~ H~lmat w:aa a Chritlia". ~e was the mother of C()njanmu tlie Greal. ' IOURT,H ,.C.·~NTUR~ ~ !J'QWlIla", years did DitMl!fol!t l'eign ?• I A. .In all twenty; at the 'end of which be abdicated the empire, and obliged l?,isc~eaguet Ma~";1111 H".BJa. to do the fame. ..'.. . . r . .t:- I .What were bis motives fer thi' ftep 1 .,:,t. Hiel ~Cence was the defire :of a '"oiet life; but -there,i.!'eafon·to :believe hi" true m~ive was'the ventioa _ felt at. ~8 .the rapid p~gte& .f Cbri,itiaaity. not. •• l~' :'. I\_ ~Js~oa~~t\LGMMM.R~. 1.1 wi'thftanding all the cruelties he had employe d to check it, and prevent its eftablifhment. Q. Who reigned' after him? A. In the ytar three 'hundred and lour,' which was that of. Dioele.fia" .and Maximiatr Htreule,' abdication, Cot#/Jalllita Ch/ol"lls and MIUC;",;an AIlllf'IrH'iru, who .we,., before only CI/III'I, were made .Emperon, and divided the Roman Empire between them. . ~! How was this divifion ·made·? A. C""j1lZ111iru Chlol"llz, wbo VIas' a -virtuous prince, and moderate in hi. defires, contented himfelf with Gaul and Great Britain, and MaJ4i",ia" had the reft of the em• pire, where he nominated two ezfan, 8ft'd'rII and 6111,';. Ma_;all: tbe latter was the fon of one ofhia ftfters. . ~ , Did CfJlljlanliw on 'his fide create no ()zfan i, . .A. He raifed to that dipity, tvhich then marked tho fUcce6ion to the empire, his fon Co..!a"ti"" ~ prince who _gave great promife of 'future greatne.u., Tru.· hap~e4 Anno Domini three hundred and fix.' , Q. Did CfJilja,,';ut live long after thi.? , .' '. .' .J. "He expired almoG immediately utel', ar York, • the arms of hi. fon, wlio; the following year., too~ ,the ride of :AlIgU~ which he received 'from hi. father in. law,! the Emperor MD;",u,,,.. ':'.;; , Q- : In what 'year wu Cujl.ntine bom ? ': ; I , .;':~ A. In the year of, ehriit' two hundred . aDd Cevnty. three, Co that he attained'the empire at·the age of thirty three,' .,__. " " .,. ,..... "~ .Did nOt, tIM? .Fimtk. _gin to. make a ,fisui"e :.. .wards the cloCe of this century 1 '.:; I .A. Yes; towanU the year two' lJundred and fev~ G!ven .thet;rendere~ thenifelves maller. of Balll..i4" and'l't:• mained:~ poHon,ofit'for Dlon"a centuafy. .. , " •. '..! ,.fL Who were the FIIUlb l : ,.,.'/ .. ,.. ,.r: h .A.. They wet:e Germans, Who, after a. time, fdtled"in Gaul, and became &mOUIunder the Dame of the Fr~h. . . . . , ".: , ' :' .- , • .. , '!" ... ", I"'" • I I ,~., ',:; .! It ~r' .~ 1:.1 .. ,. ,~ -, ,.L .. • .') ';", :"',~,' .J' Il;b~" .,. •, r~ _ I r ...·'.f -..'I) ,;f" '0 -: ~";. ~ , • ~ '. I' .;: ,'II,;:.! ~;;J 'lU ;"'ll>!,n!.;i 1>- ,."",.~ ,;<.:~ ...·'·11 ,.~",,'\. 8 E C Q N J) P 'E a 1 0 DL ._ "'1f.1 ~O*YU'fONt o. CQJlIT4JlTIV'. TO ..... e... ~O"l'l~ ... CIJ.U..L..... L i88 "lIE.aa. ~ In what'year did C~ ... emb1lllCa £bt'ili~ ? .if.. I.~ .,ear·three hundred ud lwel.. . Q. Wftat.as the eanfeof his converfion ~. .A It u to be prdUmed ehar his mather, who .... a OniQian. earl, iaIP~ him with a veneration f.. the ChriLRan religioa; but he 'wu iaduced to ma1c6 aa opa avowal of IDS. leafilftentl h}l a miracle, *t'l aa::bunt of ncll a catcmporary hi~ who bas written hi..life, iI.faiclao havereeewed (~m'hisowa.,. .. • : a Wha& was ... miracle'? '. A. 809n after Cajlawi", ...28 dedateJ B'mpnar. Ma##mtilll, a DWl of depra1l!e4 rmrals, .. lao· was then at 110.." kot hinl6t1f dedared ,b1"fJru. bY'the Preeowian (oJ. ~~ ft,..nd~.his peaimfuJIB on his -beliAA" the> ita of Jta;.... ,1IKt:Jr,..;. 6mw.1·.... e:,lIIarcbri ~ hi., and waaencouraged to engage, by a lu.u.o .. era& Mridl appeared in' the . hea"eM, wi~ t_ ini:rip£i0ll in G11ek .p... ta: U In tb~ tItoeflult. e~riquellou., '. ~ ADd.war hc.-H,yi&ori.a?· I A. He gained a ligna! viaory; Ma:md;1U was killed, I _ 1J.,."Iine.taDained. a p~1e pcUre'" of \he, em- I p~. . ,t" . I, .' I ~~Q:.i ·Haw did he cbadldhimillf aftwwardJ ~ , I -:-d,·.. lii.tWabjea'\Vaa to.rea-e ;e80UO.• 'CIIr1' 'tian chur~ .._Ilk. WI, fw a ~u .a.UJDieIr ~ ,... .. j dured the moR:violent pmecutiaasL " . r , • .go, . Dtcl be'roip alQDfJ?' . '.'. I" • ,;,:·Wh~~.~'ey~ ."e:eall~ o~ceopeaeci by. rU~rallirht, ... ~he Chnftiant, who hacI grown very_ numerous, appnred to'Lim . proper inarameDta lor hi. ddp...Ambitious IUD -a., fteD reo )ilion a political machine.he declaredhimfelf in favour of Chrif· 'tiaoity. and fixed the monogramof Jetus Chrift on the ~ wbich became _ priadpal ftaacIard of the ...... JW kiuR. • - ·A HMTdlt-t:CWL-'(fltAMMAft. f1 ~. AUhe'beginft\nt'C1fiK~}dgn 'he dro~ for ~ 'Col. teagae LirinJ,,;, to whom he 1r.td' given itt marriage hiltm: ter Con.flIlllU, a 'Clniftr.in princefs; but I..icihiui,' te'V'dltmg fr.oRl Conft1lliN;-and beginnin~ t o MaREmpire trt 'Nice, in the year three hundred and ~. ty fiv~,where the 'principles 0[ ANtIl were declared-con• t?ary-tt) holT writ; and to'rhe-'faith'~-ain~~~, by gH',the fhurehes.· , . ~,. . . , .',. (( Did this tfeci{iQft termina1le'the difFerenct ?. . A. No; Ari.nifm fubfifled in fevenl.'piacel, till to-._ wardsthe clofe of th~ fixth century, when' It wa'S entirety ..... 'abolifhed.·,,. Q. Wu C()'!fI-IMt happy in 1m doqieiUc concerns P'.. A. He experieneed a' he-clyY aftlialon in the' ~~th of , his fon CriJpw" caufed by a fal{e accufation of his' ftel'- , mother:FmijJa. daughte1' to the Eerperor MII:J_Cimia". -<~ '. Q. What .other memorable events hap~d" i1), tlte reign of th~8 Eri}peror fl '" '." . , . A. He enlarged the city 'Of: Byzannurii m Thract. adorned it with the (poils of all the" citles Of the' empire. bellowed 6~ it ~bena~es' of' Co'?/llJnti"ot/~ ~ndNt", •Ranit, and made' It the'feat'of' the £'atlern empire. This wa:s done r\n.nQ Domini three hundred and thit;ty. '.. -:....:.. ft. Did Conjltmtmt live'long arte~thit ~ .' ': A 0 He' died Anno Domhil three hpndTOO'and t~iTt1 Ieven, at Nicomedia, and before his'-death ·~as baprlfed', the cufiom in thofe days being, to dekt, FOT a tel"l~th bf time,"theliaptifnr of thOre~who emlJrac~d:.Cb~ianity _~. years of maturity.. -. " .,. Q. ~ho fllccet~d tlo"!/lllllfin,.,., \\, I -. -'.IiI... ) I. • .~: ~~&T~R:JCl'\L.~P.Ili\M!fAL. :..4~.iji~·~c;·fons; C~JJll!4Ii,". Con~.~,." .~n?-~C()'!IJIl"" lira_". Co~t, the elde~; had Gaul and .~. Wettern ~provlnc~ ;.' CO!!latl~J the you~ge(l, had Ro~.e.,. Italy, St• .cily, andA,fric;a ; and Conjlaruius, the. feecnd of the .three "rother~ had Afia, the ·Eaftem provinces, and.Egy}lt.. . Q.. HaJ Conjlantine the G,riat.no other ~elatios:t&1 A. He had two'brothers, CfJ'!flanr;ulanq ,J;)a/m4I;"" t¥ 6r~.o( whom was the ·father of .!.1I1,a!', fumamed tile ~piflolj" ~ho· reig~~d. after the death of C(J'fI/a"ti~ the ~{econdfon of C:!!f/aaline, '. ' ..t. What became".of the brothers pi Crmp,,#ne I' ! A,. Immediately after the death of the Emperor, the {oldien murdered them by the orders •.it is generally fup• poft>d, of ypung Conf/.anti!J" J•.'~iatI, and his brother _,G,!"lJ_s. ~;th ~culty .efcaped the cruelty of tee foldiera, and the hatred.of the new Emperor, their c,ounn germaa. e· Did the fons ofConjlalltinr reign amitabl.y ~, i • A. Difcord fcon difunited them. l COIJjI(J1tIine, at• tempting to invade the territories of his brother, was de• feated and killed nearAquilia, Anao Domini three hundred and forty; and ten years afterwarda Co'!flatU was murder. I ed. by fomeof his officers,~bo had revolted from him. The{e regicidesaffumed the title of Emperors; but C",-. jlllntilll, the feeond fon ;~f Conjantinet having vanquifhed them after (everal en~gements, remained role p~lfeffol of .the. Roman empire, . '. . ) Q. What happened re~rkab~: during the reign of .Donjlqn~UI:1 . ,. :...... ' .A. This prince favoured the {e~ of the Ariana. He prC?fecuted a fuccefsfnl war.: again~ the Perfr.lna". and :would. have (,onduc!ted himfelf with great prudeace, had 'be not yielded too implK:itly to the counfels or ~ia ceur• :%i~rs,~ho made their advantage ofbu indolence and negli- ,epee.· : .t: What became 0(his coutins Gallru and J.liaa.l . fA•. CfmjJQ1Itiu"bad ~oDlinated Ga/IIII Czfar, under .'~e name.of ConJl7,,(iw Galllll ~ but this prince. who Wal .~xtremelyerue] and.ferocioue, by his ill cond~a obliged 'pO~;1U to put hi~ to 4eath, Anno Domini three 80ft• .red and fifty four. Q. JI•• did blUm cond1l6 himCelf? .. A HlsroRl·eAl~·GRAMMAR;." pd~ A_' He ,a&aed' to prefer' a quieund retired 'nfe, "ap• plied himself clofely to audy, and became very learned~. His frequent lntercourfe with fe"VenUpagan pbilofopheri,. it is conje4ured, corrupted' him, and led"llim fecretly to' , renounce the Chriftian religion, iu which he had been eel': ucated from hie infancy. " ','" ~ By what means did b attain the empire ~' _ A. The Germans, who 'inhabited, .the neighbourhood of the Rhine 'having begun a war upon the Romans, 'J',,• fian was tlominated· Crefar by the Emperor, who' gave ~ him the command of an army' which he rent into that country- In this war Julia fignalized his courage, ahd foeffedually gained the aiFe8iOns of the {oldie1'l,that th~y~ revolted from Co'!/latllilJl, and proclaimed hlin Empen1r. Q. What Reps did ConjIanliul take when 'he was In- formed ,of this infurre8ion ?,' " : \ A. He ret out with an amiy :tofuppref1 'it,'but ~lll lick on his march, and died at Mopfuhefiia, a toWn in Ce•. cilia, All now came over to the pairty of! ""'iii,.. who mat'tea pompous funeral for 'hie predeceffor;and JoOkpof• fef1ionof the empire with a moderation that was -n,ni.: Vtrfally -admired, ,., .,' . ,,: I Q. ,By this it appears that ,:!ulia. had ~t qualities'''' , A. It cannot, without inju;frce, be denied thatbe had~ ; He was jull, difintereR:ed,-chatle;.fober, valiaot, and l~nV ; ed ; happy had.he not Rained his charaBei by an i~veter• ate hatred to· Chriftianity, which he refelved to ,aliolifh thr.,ughout the Romandomlnioue. ", - : ., Q. Did he not attempt to rebuild the ·Temple of.}e. rufalem. " ,.. ~ " .A. , Yes J ,appar~t}y wi(h the 'Viewof diafprol'ing the propheties jjf·JifujfC1Jr!JIrbut God 'oppofedhis 'widiecf' attempt ; for while the ~oundation6 of that 'edific~:wc!re ' digging, thert'ifihea frbm the!.earth'tbin~·'bfiir~, w~h .deftroyed the wO!'lunentt.' TIlis faa'i'l' at.tetied bY.lev~ authors, 'and efrecially .,. a pagap' *ritet, who at"that: time lived at the CQurt of the Emperor Julia". .I " , ~ III what year .did Julian attain' the empire, 3Dc\; how long did he enjoy ~t l ' • Sell ,,~.bdrto.a·.workolitbit rubje&" s..~ ~.~1~n8WO~li=~ G~~~llt . ,.,4. -He. ,,",¥.;IlQ~~ .Cw.,towaJJ.l, ~ eWe .of' year three hundred and fifty fiv~'"and was proclaim ElJD.pe.n1'at,l?arls, A~no D0!Dini threebundred and fixty Ue died three years 'after in. an e}l;pediti9u. ~ th Perfians, aaed ,~irty one., '" _If. , ,; Q.. How did he die l . A. He w~~bbed »he .~~ rani~atins his tn>ops t eq~ but ~'i& not knowp . by :whom.. A. he had vQ:17edto his ~~~ .gods the. ruin of Cluiftia:nity on hia re• t\l~ froDl_thw Peruan e~editiOD, feeling himself mortal. IT.w01,JJ1ded, he Sled hi. hand with his blood, and fprink liP-g,it toward Heaven, pro~oun£ed ~e impious words: • T~uhaa.co~quered,Galil~": " , "Jh:. Wbp Ulcceed~ him.?! :.'.' : · ,.d.,:_ ,The Emper,Ql', JONi-.a,... a-. piO~8 Chriftian prince, who reeftablifued the Chriftians in .all the privilfges the l;~r« ~Q~e. ~aP gr;u\~e4,tbeJD.. He ,!aa~ native: .rll~g~y!, I" ',.:'" , .Il: Did h, reign long ? ~ , I "". aaly.. eight months, ~s. death was QccaUoned --by I a, .mel~hQly accident, for fo~e charcoal being lighted I in the apartment where he flept, to ~ry the walls, which 'bad a ~or~ pzpe befo~ .\t~~ ,pl~Hlered with lime,' it was acxiden}laUy.,k(t ~~ ~d h~wa~ ftifled ..by the vapour. a;e waS!then ~Qly t~it:S:Y·:$~.y~~8 pf ag~, . ·.~ :Whp ;~~ hi!! sucF~.tfpr? . J. . .'.. • ·4·, ,l'H~tmJer'¥ ,r~fIJfI;t#a!,,:-~ho:~" alfo;L Paano- i alan. He had been perfecuted on acceunt: .of religioJl i llnder Jllli... j He t<>;O~. J115_ brother Y'*~for a. partner I in the empire, and ceded to him the Ealtern provinces, re- . . 8~ing: ~o.hip1*l( the tion:O,f/~e e~pjr~ t~p1:;pl3!Ce:,4~11P"D.qrt\ifl~)hree h¥odred I allfl v,xty fou_r.~,'. " ...... s : '.',.)' i,'• • ~i~-!·:'·W~..~~ thtJ4 ~h~t:C\~:ot.Yt4ltG,fi~"_~ . ,. :,14,·, ,/Iis ~a8y'~ P,.jllc~ qf,grea~~il~~i(ts"AV~fe"T,i:nUOUS, -~d ~afI\ed., .He',d~eq of 1'n, Hop1t:1."Y d!lri~g.~ war - With the Sarmatians, the. twel~ year of his reign, Anno Domini three h¥ndred ,~d feV:OP,tyfiv.e. .. the ap of a· bout Mty five, Q. Did he leave any pofterity l ' . .,4. He ItJfl. tw.p, J"S61iJtl~",,-W&A,. SUI1ed Gratitm,. A HISTORICAl. GRAMMAR. S . whom he had, during his iif~,.proclaimedAuguflus j and the younger, called Palm/inian, whom the foldiers raifed to the fame d,i~ity, fixdays after the death of his father. ~ Did Valou, who reigned in the EaR, imitate the virtues of his brother Palt'nlinian' " .A. No; his vices, and 'efpeci;lUy his cruelty, rendered him univerfally detell:ed. Almoil thewhole of his reign he was at war with the Goths; at ,length, in an engage• ment r",~r~drianopJe; ,.:\.;nno:O>mini jhree hundred and fev enry eight, he' was woulldael by an arrow, and with• drawing to the hut of a peafant, was there burnt alive by th~ Ooths, who fer'nre.td it. He had reigned fourteen yea1:S, and died at the age of fifty. Q. In what fi:ate was the Roman empire afterwards ? .;t. •Gra/ian was charged' with the whole weight of the empire, his brother Patenlinion, who was then only fourteen years of age, being unable to lend him any afIill. ance on.account of his youth, Gratia» had a good un• derftanding and many excellent qualities, but be hated b'ufinefs, and withdrew himfelf from the adminitlration of public affairs. . ~ It is to be prcfumed then that 'be diJ not govern the empire alone ~ ,_ .A. No; he took for a colleague TbcodjiUI, furnamed the Gnat, by birth a Spaniard, and fent him into the Eaft with an army againfl the Goths, who at that time ravaged Thrace and all the neighbouring provinces ~'ith impunity. This, .happened at the beginning of the year three hundred and feventy nine. -» ~ Did rh~odojiUIconclude this 'war? A. He vanquifhed the Goths in feveral engagements, and at length obliged them and their King to fubmit to the empire of Rome. .' ' Q, Did not Theodo,fiul ligf1a1i:l~ Jiimfelf -by other brilliant aaiot.1s l . . A. His t't:ign was a continued ~ries of vid:ories.· He, defeated and put to death the tyrant.tMax__imlll, who had got himfelf proclaimed Emperor, and eflablifhe.! his refl• dence at Treves, after having caufed the Emperor Gratia» to' be murder+d , -and ,he .re~ftablifhed young Palenti,zian, whom the faction of:the f~e tyrant had obliged to leave '". I-1' . 86 A HISTORICAL GRA,.MMAR. Italy. :Thi. neDt happened Anno Domini three hun• dred and eighty eight, and the ·fiiteenth year of the. ty• ranny of Madul. Q. Did ThetIJofilll enjoy peace after thefe viaories ? .A. No, in tilt year daree hundred and ninety one, a man of obfcure birth, named Eugn.;lU, fupported the revolt of a celebrated Gaulifhgeneral, who called himfelf .AriHlgtYI"" and cawed Yaktu;,,;_ to be arangled at Vi• enne in Dzuphiny : TheoJ'!Iru marching·,into Italy, enga• ged E"lnUfU, nnquiihed aild put him to death. There two rebels had refolved to reeUablilh paganifin. 0.. Did this conclude the viB:oriesofTlNodttfou , A. Yes; aDd'in fomemeafure hi$'life. E.g'" was vanquifhed, Anno Domini three hundred and ninetJ four, and TIHoJD_fi", died at Milan in the month of Jaquary. three hundred and ninety five, after having reigned flXtcen Je~ and lived,. according to fome authors, rather more than fifty. . Q. What happened in this century among dae.F~, while they were Diaden of Batavia ? 'A. 'They were engaged in defending the~ebes againft the attacks of the Saxonsand divers barbarous na• tions, which, falling upon that country, afterwards pene• , trated farther into the Roman e.mpire. At length, to• wards the rear four hundred and fixty three the, Franks ~emained fole mafters of there territories. ~ What became of the Batavians ~' ' A. They were either incorporated with the people. I who occupied their country, or fettled 'euewhere, fo that I no other trace of them remain. than the name. I - I FIFTH CENTURf •.. 4 . " Q. Into whofe hands did the Hnnire £aU after the I death 'Of'1.beotlffiU/ ; . " ,~ ,~-r .. , A. He left it to his.tWo fons.Aml/liu, alld ~HOllO"",. j :he former~ wh~ ":,aa eil{hteen' years ,at ~, ha4 ~ Eatlem empire for~1S portlOl1; and the latter" who was only elev.en, ~ad the einp,ireof ~~ W~ft._ I A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. e7 Q. What were the' charad:ers of thefe two Empe- . rors, A. They were' both little deferving of the rank to which they were elevated. The empire, it muft be own• ed, reaped little advantage or honor from the family of Tl.JIoJofiul; on -the contrary, it was at this time that it _began rapidly to decline, both in the EaR: and Welt - Q. Did Artadiul live long? A. No; he died, Anno Domini fourhunJredand eight, leaving a fon named ThtodojiU/, who is Renerally furnamed the .10Ilnger. This fon, adopting a political maneeuvre of. which he would hardly have been thought capable, he left under the tuition of Jl!"Z.degtrt/, lOng of Perfia, who doing honor to his choice, did not make war 91\ the Romans du, rinil the minority of his pupil. - fl. Wha~ was the condQ~ of 1!QIWriul, \ A. He ·paRed.hi~ life in indolence and luxury ; fome• times at Rome, and fometimes at Ravenna; wholly gO\~ emed by Sti]it.i)o, hisJather in law, .a G.oth bYlbirth, and a ilJan Of great valour and large poH"effiotls,but wllofe ambition involved himfelf and family in ruin, '~ By what means did this happen ~ . A. H~ bad feyeral times vanquiihed the Gaub, ;who threatened to invade -Italy'; but 'at length enterin~ into a fec:ret t~aty with one J)f their Kirigs, named !llm-ic, and ha"ing made-the Emperor Hon()ri81 cede to him Gaul and• Spain, be atteriip~d to raife his fon Eiltheriul \0 the em• pire; but the confpir4Cf being difccwered, HOIIOI"iru cauf. ed him, his wife, and fon to be put to death, Anno Dam.. iai four hundred' and nine. -t,. What events. fucceeded ? A. The Emperorhaving cC"ntemptuouilyz:eje&edanew , - alliance which ,Alaric had propofed, Io incenfed .the bar• barian, that he marched an army to Rome, which he took and piUaged. Ann() Domini four hundred and ten. Tbi. was one of the mofrrevere misfortunes the Roman eJlJpire had ever experienced. ~ Were t;he Gotha ChriAian. at this time? 4'. They were Chriftians of the rea of Arilll~.and&beir King was flrongly attached to hia relrgion. Q. Did they keep ~H'eBion of Rome 1 1 ${ A HISTORICAL G.,RAMAfAR. A. No; they contented themfelves with pillagrn~ it ; and Alaric cal Tied (..if Ploddia, the fifter of H(i1l~ri,.s. This monarch d}'ing a thort time after; Atuplpha, h:isbroth. er anJ fucccllor, pillaged Rome a fecond time, and marri• cd Placidia, whom he took with him into Spain, ~ TLe Roman en.pire mull have been at ills time in a deplorable Ila.e i fl. It 'Wasindeed (Irpreilcd 'on an fides; for independ• ent of the Goths, other barbarous nations, as the Alans, the Vandals, and the Suevi, with impunity ravaged Gaul, Spain, and the other provinces of the 'VeItern empire. ~ Was the Eaflern empire more tranquil? ~1. It was; ar leatl no mention is made of any confid .. erable war at this time. . . . I Q.. Wllat, became of nrodrjit.;1 'tire '(~u.trg,r, the {o~ of .Areadlus? . . . " A. I}t the ·yt-ar f~J.ur.hundred and twe~y one, a(tbe age of twenty, he marl ied ·A(h.e~ai/t the daughter of La.· tlus, an Athenian philofopher. This 1ad1 was a pagan, but was baptized before her marriage with the Emperor, when {he 'changed her name to that. of. EuJo.xw. This marriage was contracted by the advice of .l!"IdJeria, the eldefl {jrter of The~J'!fius. ' ..,.. .. Q. ';Did nothing remarkable 'occur' in the reign of this Emperor? . , :, .' ;, "." .A. ~he £altern empire, enjoyed ~~e almof]; duriog the whole of it; butthe church was difturbed by the fac• tions of the prelates .of Alexandria. ,Under the reign of .drcadius, ThtophilU1t Patriarch of that city,. had cruelly perfecuted St. John Chr..'fijlom. one cf ,.th~moft.picus pre,• latea of the EaR, and feut him into exile. and thefe.fac• dons raged wit~l llill,greatt'r violence under the f~le.8ov. ernment of Theotl'!fius tIJe rou"$tr~ , . , .~. £xpla~n this more at large? , . . ..IS .;t. '. The Emperor had created Bilhop of Copftantino. ple a p,iiell of Antioch; named Ntj/Qriul,. who, from a fcru• p'e~o{ confcience, ohjeCtedto the calling of the Virgin Mary the Mother of God, he fubflituted the words mother of Cl;ri1!, frym the fear of. confounding the divine with the human nature of our Lord. .This raifed a d~fpl\te.,which {'lhfified for a great n,up1v.cr ofyears, ,'j • " . .. " !.. ~ . A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 8!;I . Q._ Howfo- ~ A Cyriik, patriarch of Alexandria, dilfcnted from him, and being fupported by the credit of the Bifhop (If Rome-and of the Emperor, found means to affcmble a council at Ephefus, where Nd/or;ul was condemned and' arrazhemanfed. Several prelates, neverthelefs, declared in his Cavour, and there are (lill in the Eaft a gnat number of. Nd/oria"l, who are in poffeffion of feveral populous church• es. The council of Ephefus was held Anno Domini four hundred and thirty one. !i. Did T'he9dofiul live long "after? A. He died, dn11Q_j)omini four hundred and fifty, at:'. t-er. a reign the leatt1r'iii'tful in events of any we find in the annals of hiftory. _ - .._~. How did Henorius, during this time, conduct him ... felf in Italy? \ , .II. He tranquilly beheld the approaching ruin of the empire, atmoit infenfible to every reverfe; thou~h he 'Caw Continually rifing to difpute it -with him new Emperors, whom he feebly oppofed, leaving his defence folely to the care of his officers. , Q. What became of Aluolpha, King of the GOtll!,. who married Placidia, the {ifter of Honorius ? . A.. He was killed by one of- his fubjects at Barcelona, Anno Domini four hundred and fifteen; and his fucceflor fent Placidia back to J{rJnoriut,who, in the year four hun• dred and feventeen, married her, againft her inclination, to' one of his officers, named C,:mjlantiul. The fruit of this' marriage Was-Yalmliraan the Tounger, who was afterwards' Emperor: .he was born Anno -Domini four Inmdrcd anJ eigh1!t.'en•..• ' _' ' .. . ~ Did 11I~t1l1}~oriuJ, ill ~ . ~' Who fucceeded to the empire after the death cf .the Emperor Tl¥odoJiUllhe ToutrKer? . .,A. Hi. fitter Pulcbt'r;a raifed tothat dignity an old oiicer, named Marua., whom fhehad married, though they w.ereboth far advanced in years. They interfered fcart:ely with any thing except the aff'4in of religion, and at that time all the Ealtern world was .warmly engaged in . leli~ious eontroverfy. Q. Did .Afarc;atl reign long ?. . .. ',4. He died, Anno Domini four hundred and fifty feven, baving buried his wife Pukberia in the year four hundred and·fifty three. . ~ Uid nothing memorable occar during the reign of Maman and Pukhfria , : .d. By their order, in the yeal four hundred and fifty QI)e, at .Chalcedou, a council was affembled againft thofe who taught that there was but one nature in Jefus (!hrift. l'hil wu the fourth general council. . Q. Enumerate the three which 'preceded?' ', 4. The council of-Nice, againft the Ariana in the year three hundred and twenty five; the council of eon• ibntinople in three hundred and eighty five, ~gainft the ~~c;edQllian8. who -denied ·the divinity of Jefus Chrift ; the council of Ephefus -againfi:Nt:floriul, in the year .four , huadred and forty one; and lafi:ly,tlfe council cf'Chalce• .don, in the year four hundred and fifty one. Q. Let us now return to 'the Weflern empire. In w11at flate was i~ under Yalrntinian IJI: , ,. .A. During hie reign, .AI/i/a, King of the Huns, who' (or. his cruelty was called the Scourge of God, ravaged Gaul and Italy, and put all the inhabitants to flight. This bar• WOl,ls prince died on the night of his nuptials of a vcamit.. ing of blood, caufed by excefs of drinking. . ,.!l,; Did Yalenlinill" furvive hind A. He was killed the fame year at the age of thitty 'v~, by Pdron4zu Maxim'lI, one of his officen, who mar• ried Eudoxia, his widow, 'and was made Emperor in his neafi...' .: ~ ,Did this murder go unpunifD.ed l ..d. No.] EU/Mia, 6:cretly iuited iDta Ital,. G"'fi,.i(, King ef the Vandals in Afri~a. This prince arrived by a JUSTORICAL.,GRAMMAlt. 93 tea ~ith a large ar~." took and pillaged Rome, killed MJ:w"JU, and carried aWilY Eudoxia, to marry hel" to {{undu, his (Oll anJ fuccetfor,. . , Q. Who reigned in the W~ after the death of '.a/. (JJjinUl8 JIJ 1. .. .' . . ~ .•4,. Independant of Maxitntll, who hes been alr~ady mel\tloned, fevual ·..E~p'r:(,)ra. reigQed in the.,Wea, but with no great eclat, all the::provincel!. :exc:epdta1y, being fCcupi«£ by ~ barbarians-, '.., , . .t, Can you name thefe .Emperors I ' A. A'DiIw., a Ga.ul, in the ye.\I'four hundred and fifty ~v~; he reigned little ~re.tha.t1 fourteen months. .1'Ia• JQrz(Ul*" whp ..h.ving reig~ed four years and fome monthe, was killed .Anno Domlni four hundred and futy:toneJ Slflt1W, Viho was poifoned, after a reign of four· years, Anno Domini four hundred and fut.y.·· five. A/~, whoreigned Jive yean, and wa..kllled i\noo'Dominifour hundred and feyenty.two... ,, . Q. .What 9Cc:a1ioned the tragical end of thefe Empe- rors l . '.' ~ A. The ambition of one fiJ'gle man. named Rie;"n-, a fenator, and gen.era1iffimo of the troeps, wh&by thefe mur~5 himfelf afpired to the empire,. ; , Q. D.id be altaiu it ? ,t ' .1. No ;,b~proc1aimed one Olprillz Emperor,. Anno Domini four hundred. ~nd (£:Tenty two. . A (holt time after .l(.icimer died, and OI)"'ri", foon followed him, having reigned but feven months. G6'ceriul fucceeded him, and reigned o'nly foul' months, .haying renounced the '~J wpic:h was an incumbrance to him, for a biiliopric:. Hi" f\1£ce{for, JIJ",,' NipQI. ·was killed by a Goth, named OrlluJ who Blade one.. of his fons, fur,. named AguJIulur, Emperor- : .,. .,'. .t. What was the fate of AfIlIIj/t4,1P ?, . A. The empire of the Weft. ended )"ith him." OJoa• Ctr, Kiag' of the Heruli, r,ized. upon Italy, after hav.ing kllled ()r~r, and banifhed Aug'!/hl." from whom he thoughl; he had little to fear, into-Campania, .This hap~ jened 'Anno Domini four. hundred and {nenty fLt. . . . 'l" .Let .us ~)V .,-etqrn ,'0 ~th~~tlcm .empirc", . vyhc. iucceeded Afarcia" , ..' '. A HtSTOJU<3AL GllAMMAlt. \ A. La, a Thraci~ who rei~ed feTenteeD yean, and ; aFeaed ~ memorable dunng, hi, whole reign. He, died Anno Domini four hundred and feventy four. ~ Did he )aye DO pofterity l .A. One of his daughters, named .ArUulu, wbOD1 be lwlgiyen in maniage to ZtM, an ofticer in hi....a1'1Ily, bad a {on who bore the aame of .lAo, and fueceeded him. ~ What wu the fate of this prince? A. Having attained the empire, be was crowned, by . u"o, hi, father, but died teft mo~ after, fo that u.. remaiDed Cole Em~. Q. Was the mgn of Zmo fumute f , .A. No. in,the beginning of it B~filiJW, btother in law to 1M J. feized the empire, Anno Domini four btJD. dnd and feventy 6., and forCed Zmo to withdraw iBlo the,.province'ef Hauria, the place of his birth. . ~Q. ,.Did ~/tIII enjoy the empite 1000g ? : A. For ,the~rt q,ace of a 'Inr. ZtrI. 'tf'aI ~tID .. , i ad confinedB'!1IV&w in a 'uftJe at Cappac1oeia,.here he caufed him to be Aaned to death • . ~ Did z..-mgn peaatatdy ~arcb I JiI~ No., the ect!le6aftlcal &&10111 and C()nO'ovedies baving reduced the empire to a 'deplorable hte ~""~tch. edneC., ~o ~dt:avoured to procure ~c:e, and d,l~ ren• tiered hon ~IOUS to ~oth partie's, who \l"eft 'cODtJ~aa1J1 taifing' up new adverfaries ·to oppofe him. Th~ oppo• ite fi&ion. cawed the hiftorianl of tbat time to diI"et, .uch refpeaing the chara'8er of. tbi. priDce. ~ Did he reign long l J. He mg. ..tinthe year four hundred an~ uiDety one. It i,. fiUd that be w.. buried alive in 'an epileptic "t by.bi. wife A1'i4tlnt. Q. Who was his fuccei"or ? "'. .AtI(IjI;lU, who married his w.idow. , ~ Wa.he a good prince I . A. The eccieftaftici have gnatly blukeoed his chaJU· ter, on account of his favouring that party whic:h COD· founded the two nature of Je{UI Chrift in one: howner t he carried on a fuccefsful war agaiuft the Perfians and i ~1I1priau, who • that time btgan to ...... ag.e 'rhr;ke,and A HISTOIUCAL GRAMMAR.. 95 appliedhimfell to 'M1ing the burdens of the people by fuppreBing the moft grievoUi impois. ~ Before you clore this century, give me Come par .. ticulars concerning the aWain of the Weft. A. In the year four hundred and ninety one, Cltl'flil, King of France, embraced the Chriflian _religion, and wasbaptized at Rheims. in Champagne. In Italy Tbte. ~ori',King of the O~s, defeated OJoaen"J and hav ... Ing ~d him, reigned lD his ftead. . 'SIXTH CENTURT • .Q. Did t~ ~peror JllUljajllU reign long l ; .tI. He reigned twenty feven yean,. and died at-the age of eighty eight, Anno Domini 'five hUflclred and· eighteen. . .Ariadne, his wife, died in tbe year aYe hun .. dred and fifteen, at the age of fixty. '. Q. Who was his succelfor l A. The Empgror J'!/Ii., a native-.of Thrace. He' wasa man o(low birth, and could neither read nor write, but has, aeverthelefs, paKed for a good prince. Q. How long did he reign? ,. A. 'A little more than Jline years, dying Anno Dam. ini ove hundred and twenty feven ? ~ Wl;1ofueceeded him ?. A. Jt;;,.a", a fon of his fiiter; J'!fIi" had nomina- tedhim r in the year fift hundred and twenty four. ~. In what Gate were the ai"ain of Italy l . A. Theodoric,who polfelfed it, had governed till ~il time. with great mildnefa and prudence: but t~rds the' eonclufioa Of his reign. he became fld"piciousand crUel, and! committed maar bad.aaions.. . • .t? Can Y011 recOUlltany of them l '.:.. A. He put to death the iltuLqi,oul' ChriR:ian phi loCo• pher BiJitlJeoru. and a,.,tllMhlU, his father ill Jaw, .bodt• the moO: noble and the richeR: Romansof that time. . Q~ On what pretew:e did he condenan them l - A. On a falfe ~cufation of· attempting to reeA:abliQa the liberty o£ Ro~e. Their -defencewas D~' ~.dittij) 96 A HIS'IORICAL, ~RAMMAR.' and they RdFeted death' Anno Domiai five-hundred and twenty three. The.JQI';c.alfo put to death at Ravenna Jp/;J", Bifhop of Rome, and committed divers other cruel and unjuft actionl. ,12. When did he die ? A. Inbye hundred and twenty fix, in the thirty fifth year of his, reign. It is' faid, that feeing'the head pf a large fifh fcrved at his ·table, he fancied he beheld the head of S,mmachul, and the agitation of his confeience, it is fuppofed, haftened his death. Q; Who fucceeded him t: A. Alha/aric,' the fon of hi. daughter A",alafonJa. This prince remained under the tuition of hi. mother, being~only eight years of age. Q. Did C/O'fIU contjnue to reign in France ? ,A, iN'); he died in the, year five hundred and' eleven, ~tpe age_offorty five. He alfo ftained· the latter part Qfhis reign by various cruelties, having put to death the greater part of his relations His kingdom was divided among his children, and we {hall hereafter give an enume• ration of hi- fuccetfora till Char/mag"l'. , Q. .Let us now return to the Eaftem empire. What have you to rOly of the Emperor Jujin;a" ? A. His reign was memorable on various accounts, and in particular for its fignal viCtories, almol] entirely due to Belijar;u/, one of the greateG: military men. that ever. ap- peared in either empire. . , Q. Recount {orne of them 1 ' . ;t Belifari'Ul 6rfl: defeated the Perfians in the . years 4 five hundred and twenty nine and five hundred and thirty. The inhabitants of Conftantinople having revolted from Jujlinian and proclaimed H..vpatius. grandfon of the Em• ,~r9r AfllJjJtifjlll, Emperor, Beliforirll took up. ar.ms. and reeflabllfhed Jr!ftinian on the throne, This (edition was fo violent, that J'!fJi"ion was on the point ot,taking to ftig.bt: ,jl) order: to ·reprefl it,' ,&6/(I;'i",,! eaufed thirty thoufand men to be put to death in the city 'of Con£lan- tinople., . Q. Continue .the .recital ofhis uplf)i~ ~ T •• A.•. .In the y~a~ five hundred and thirty three, he con• - q~ct. A&ica. of wbich tae Vandals, as already obferved J A HISTORICAL GRAMMAlt. 97 had taken j,off'effion.and carried ~wa1 captive·Gif,.,.. the Jail King of that nation. ~. In what manner did--J'!flinian treat the vanquilhed King~ , .A. He treated him humanely, and offered him. the dignity of fenator, if he would renounce Arianifm; but Gi/imn- not accepting this condition, J'1f/;';an gave him fome lands in Capadocia, where he patred the remainder of hi1J days in peace and aftluem:e. ~ Is notbing more related of Gi/imer , A. " While leading in triumph through the ftreetl of ponftantinople, and even when prefented to JIlj/;,,;an, he 'Pronounced" in a folemn tone thefe words of Solomon I• J .e Yanily J Yanity! all;1 Yanil! l" Q Were tbefe all the vittoFies of B~lVariUl , ,d. No; in the year five hundred aad thirty five he went jntp Italy, where he vanquifhed the Ooth«, and carried their King Yiligl'J prifoner to Conftantinople. ~. How was this prince treated l .A. J4I'ni,'lII, having made him a fenator, gave him fome lands, and the command of his troops on the fron• tiers of Pertia. BelijuriuJ performed other great aB:ions, which are too numerous to recount. Q What was the character of Jujlinian, his mailer 1 A. It cannot be denied that he was a great prince, , though he was extremely ambitious, and piqued himfelf a little too much on his abilities, which made him, ua• I willing to a4mit a competitor. The Emprefs Theodora, r his wife, who had been a comedian, injured his reputa- tion. ~ What were the principal a,~t:ion8of Jujlinimt , A. Independent of thofe performed under his aufpi• : ees by Bl'lijarirll, he cauled the church of St. Sophia. 1 which pafles for one of the wonders of the world, to be ereded at Conftantinople. This edifice, which was be- gun Anno Domini five hundred and thirty feven, i.noW' converted into a Turkifh motque, Q." Have you nothing further to add l A. Jujli"ian employed able ,lawyers. the principal of which was T,i&9I1ia", a learned pagan, to make an ab· nraa: of the aQclcat. R-omaa. I laws. It is that which is 98 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. eaRed the Dig!1 01' PtlI"ltlI, and which is now made ufe of in the greater part of Europe. Th~ ablbaa was made Anno Domini five hundred and thirty. The In. ftitutes of J'fIlinitm !appeared in five hundred and tllirty three. ~ - Did the kingdom of tbe Oll-rogoth'l in·haly eruI by the defeat of Yiligtl P- A. No; after Belifarnn had' retired, they eleaed other KingL The moR: renowned of there was TtJti14. who, in the year five hundred and forty, rendered himfelf mailer of all Itaiy, took Rome, bumt the capitol, ane overthrew a third- part of the walls of the dry. ~ Did the. Gotha remam in peaceable poifeffion of their conqueLb ? .A No; Btlifllriw ret\1ming into Italy, retcbk ROJr]t'J and gained feveral advantages ever them ; but being re-I, called into the Eaft, he left the wOl'k llnfi.i1hed. Q. What wa. the confequence 1 . . ' Jt. rotiJ8 took Rome a fecond time, afld J'!fI• Centagainft him one of h.is generale, named NfW/U, of PerUan origin. Nat'fil- gave battle to To'utl<, 'Vasqui1hed him and put him to death, Anllo Domini five handFed and fifty two. The Gotha· 'had yet another King, na• med Tegu, who was Rain in battle the lira year of hisl nigu. With him the kingdom of the O!h'ogoths ended! in Italy, Anno,Domini fure hundred and fifty three. Q. In what year did JujIi"ian'die l . . A. In five hundred and fitty five, the thirtieth of his! reigR. 'l'hHtkJrll,· his' wife, had beea dead finee the year! five hundred and forty eight. ! ~ What' became-of ·BJifotirU 1 _ A~ Notwidifumding his gre~ fen-ices to his couatrj, hie el)emiea bad the addrefs to prejudi1:e the minds of hi. foverei~ agaitift him, who oftentimell -difgraced him, and finally IltIprifo~ed him for Ieven , months. He at Jaft cleared' bimfelf of the charge aUeged 88aiDi hiftl; "'a5 releafed ; but died fOOD after; about· eigtttmentbs-kfure' tlae Emperor. ~ Who-fucc:eeded Jiifoian ,- . . A. J'!fIi" the. TtnlfJgir, the IOn of one of his iHlen, a pions and'good prince; but who t'n1!e~aming a decided A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 98 ~~erfionto war II found himfelf incapable of defending the Roman empire ~gainft Chofrois, King of the Pertian .. who at tha time rendered himfelfformidable, ~ What was the confequence ? A. Jujli"l1 fenfible of his inability, nominated Czar me of his officet"s, named 1iherilu, who was his fuccelI"M Inthe empire. This happened Anno Domini four hun .. dred and {eventy four. ' Q. In what year did JIYJ;n die ? A. III the yea.rfive hundred and feventy eight, hav... bg nominated nberilU AuguLlus four days before his ' death. Q. What was the charafIer of Ti,b·illl r .//. He was a very good prince. hut feigned only three years and ten months, dying Anno Domini five hundred and eighty two. . Q. Who fucceeded him? 4. Mauriel, to whom Tiberiul had given his daagh• ter ConjlallJina in marriage. He was a. valiant, and would have beena virtuous prince, bad he not fuilied his heft qualities by an inordinate love of money, which in the end was the occafion of his death. . ~ In what W'.us did Mallriee fignaliz.e hi. valour? A. In the wan againft the Perfians, who were tbeJ.t the fole enemies of the Eallern empire. Maurice van• qnifhed them in fevenl battle$, and. at length graneed them, in the year five hundred and eighty nine, a peace advantageou8 and gl~iou8 for the Roman empire. Q. Had not Maurice other wars to fuflain ? .if. He had one againft a nation of Huns, called the Avarii, ~ event or which proved fatal to him. Chat". PlUI, their King, havin~ vanquifhed and taken fome tho.• {and, of Roman foldlers prifoners, demanded a ctrtain fum for their ranfom, which Maurice not bei~g willin, to pay, the barbaroue wretch caufed them all to be mar. lacred. . ~ How did MIlflTiiI receive the. new. of-this inhu• man aa? A. He was deeply afBitted, and gaye orden that prayers thould be offered up in aU the churches through. Out hi~ dominions, imploring the Almighty to punifh !,Ii, j_585~18.:\ ...... -...._ / lQO A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. tin ratherin this life than in the next, It will be feen in 'he following century whether his prayer was granted. I What has juft been related happened Anno Domini fiE hundred. Q. Inform me sow what happened during this time in the,We-fiem empire? . A. The Lombards, headed by their King, .A/~Din, took: poffdIion of all Italy, except Rome and Ravenna. They gave their name to Lombardy, and continued to reign there till toward the end of the eighth century. Q. Did the reign of the Vifigoths in Spain continue lon~ ? A. In the year five hundred and eighty fin, one of their Kings, named Rttartda, was converted to the Or• thodox faith, and renounced Arianifm before LurnJ"t " ArchbHhcp of Seville, all the nobility and people foUc>w.. ing the example of their King. . .Q. Did the Anglo Saxons remain in poffeffion of Great Britain l A. Yes; they had till this 'time been pagans, but GngQrY, furnamed the' Great, rent thither fome monks, the chief of whom, was one named AuguJIint to preach the ChrifHan religion, This took place Anno Domini five hundred and ninety-fix. . .. SEYEN..TH ,CENTURT., " ~ What was tbe end of the Emperor Mariel P .d. In the beginning of the twentieth year of hia reign, Anno Domini fi~ hundred and two, Pbocas, who was only captain of one of his bands, illfiig:lted the army to revolt, and having rendered hirnfelf mafter of the Empercr's .perfon, beheaded him at Chalcedon, after having eanfed his five {ODS to be murdered before hie face, the:unfortu, nate Maurice at each firoke repeating t"'is pious ejacula• tion, ~' Lord thou art jufl , and thy judgmens art: right- eous" " ~ •. What became of his wife, the Emprefa ConJlattti. "4 ? A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR'. 101' A. The tyrant PhoclU canfed her to be murdered, three yeal'8 ~fter, with her three daughters, who were the fole remaining children of the Emperor MflMrtee. .. Q. Did PhoCQJ reign peaceably? .A. He rendered himfelf odious by his crimes, and afterwards by his diffolute conduct. .Tn the year fix hun• dred and eleven, which was the eighth of his reign, {"e. ral nobles eonfpired ilgainR:him, and having feize d his perfon carried him prifeaer to Heroclilus,'whom they had proclaimed Emperor, and who having caufed hi' hands, feet, and afterwards his head to be cut off, com. manded the foldiers to burn the refl of his body in the pub- lic fquare at ConR:antinople.', ' ~ Was Hl'rac/iIUl aft Emperor deCerving of com. mendation ~ .,', .A.' He diftinguifhed himfelf in war, and vanquifhe4 Chofr"ei, King 'Of Perfia, who had feized Paleftine and Egypt; but he was by no means approved by the eecle• fiaftics, from having favoured the herefies of the Mo,,", othJittJ, a rea which arofe in his time. - . ~, In what did this herefey eonfifl ? A. In teaching that there was but one will ,in Jefus ChriA:. It began in fix hundred and thirty, and was eon .. dernnedin fix hundred and eighty in' a council aifembled at Conflantinople, , ~ Q. Was not the reign of 'H~racl;tul, fignaliftd ~ fome other great event? . . :..- . , .. )(~ A. It was in his time that Mahomet began· to pcte3:~ his f.alfe religion .. The tenets of this de~iver. are '90n• rained in the Koran, which is a confufed mi:s:tore of iQrne of the truths of Judaifm and Chl'iftianity, with a vatieay of abfurd fables. ' "• ~ Who was Mahomd 1 _. .. ' ' ., .A~ He was a native of Meeca in Arabia, a man 'd~f~ l.itute of education, but a-mbitiou9and fanatic; and-wan~ ing ,neither' abilities nor addrefs to afinuate his dogmai, which he did partly 'by force, and partly by peTf(la~on. The unhappy divifions which at: that time prevaJ,led among tb.r ChriLtians, contributed greatly 'to the eftabhth.. ment of hia religion." ' ~ Inwhat year did it begin. 19 Imt h H1STDJUCAL GRAMMAl. - .4 1. the year fix hundred aJKl twenty two, whicll it called the lira of the Hezirll, or flight of MtJx.d, when he was driven from Mecca by his fellOW' citizen •• Mahomet died Anno - Domini fix bundred anel thirty tJle• . Q. By what means w~ thefe fatal dptttiDes propa· gat~d after the death of Ma/',,.t#' . A. By means of the Caliphs, hiB fucce-ffors, who in a. fhon time made verYJTeat conqu,e'b. They were fove• ~gns, both in tempor and Ipiritual matters, and preach• ed and recited prayen in the public mofqnes, holding a .. ~ {word in the right hand. ~ Who were the firft Calipkt ? A. AinJ,t~t:r, Mahomet'. uncle, who reigned little - more than two years, and made the conqueft ofaU 8Jria ; V."r, who reigned ten yean and fi:l months, and con• quered Perna and Egypt; AIt, Mahomet'sfon in law, :who feigned twelve yeara. Abnoft all the fa~eediDJ Caliphs came t9 a tragical ad. ~ How long did the Callphat Cubfiil 1 ' A. It was abolifhed in the thirt~ntll centw'J, by the Tartan, at wiJ,l \le feen in itl due place. ~ In 1Ih~ yQr did the Emperor Ra'Q&/ibu die i .. 4... 'In fa, hUJldred and forty one, after ~ reign 0{ twenty years and four months. He was fucceeded b1 l:KJ,yJO,dili' iti, fonJ wl.om Ile had by hi' tirO: wife. This poor prince was poifoned the fourth ·month of ~ Rip ley! tlle Empms MJutUuz, hi. ftep mother. Q. Who Cw:ceededmill i ",.J. Henule,nal, fon of.MIU1ibM" whQ ~e4 jointlr -.with !ai, mother. Theil" rfipcOI,1tiDued oGly4iUDonths. H~ra&ktmalbeing condemned to the amputation q£hiJ nofe, and his,mother to that. of h~ tong~. The ~tDate then pros:laimed C~, the fon ot CfIfIl-litu, anel ,raodfon 0{ the ·Emperor HerMIit'I.,. in their ~ He begaa to ~ip. AslM DomiDi C~ huwlred aad fQrtJ two, and, like his gra.ndfather, ~i a .... MIiu. Q. WN llis reign fortun~te 1 ..ti. Na •• "' .. VaMuiftle4 ~. f.ea eJl~ ., the Saraeens, who took poffeBion offev.eA}- pIpv .ofthe Roman empire. ~4a ~ j,nto ~1 ·"ith : ' A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. lOS }M A 'HISTOlttCAt GItAMMAll. '" , Q. Did this Emperor reign long P 4. Only three years: having fent an army into Af• rica to conquer Carthage, the expedition proving unfue• cefsful, the' foldiers fearing his difpleafure, elel!ed anoth• er 'Emperor, named APfirttar, who alfumed the name of TrIiri.,. This '!lew Emperor arriving at ConLlantinople, caufedLt_lII;,u' nofe to be cut oft', and confined him in a mon.aftery for the reR:of his days. Q. Did no revolution happen in the Netherlands dU4 ring this century ?. ,.Lt. Dago6trl I.' King of France, rendered himfelf maller of the greater part. of thefe provinces, drove the Frifi· out of the ancient city of Utrecht, and founded there a church or chapel. This happened l>etween the rears fix hundred and twenty two and {ix hundred and thirty. In fix hundred and ninety, Wtl/ijroJ, an Englifh monk, preached the Gofpel in thefe countries. , ~ Did the Frifi embrace Cbriftianity ? ' A. No; at leaft not generally, while their princes were infidels, which continued till the end of the eighth centuTY·· ,',' ' Q.' In. what ftate 'Wasthe republicof Venice ? A. That republic, which had been eftabliflaed about ,t.wo centuries, and, .}rich Wa& conftderably extended by ita'oommeree and induftry, was at this time in imminent danger from the ill,government of it. magiftrates, who were called rrihtmu: the authority with which the pee• ple had in.eRe • ...A people or Germany inthe DeipboarbocMl OhM 1UUne.; PAR TIll • .. BIGHTH CENTURr • .t W,HAT became of the Emperor J'!1i"ia Rhi. nommll , A. Having efcaped from hi. exile in Chenone{u5, h. had recourfe to the Bulgarians, who furnifhed him with troops, by means of which he recovered the empire in the I year feven hundred and five, after an exile of ten yean. Q. How did he aB: after his reeflablithment ~ . A. He crue11y put to death Apfimar and Leonatul J betides which he maffacred 411 the inhabitants of Cherfone• fus, and committed feveral ether inhuman aaions. . Q. Did they continue nnpunifhed ? ... A. No; the principal nobles of Conftantinople reeol• ted, and in {even hundred and eleven elected Emperor / Bardanul Phi/ippinu!,who put to death Jrylinian, and a fon which he had that bore the' name of Tiberiu«: ~ What was the fate of this new Emperor? A. He was a man of very depraved chataCler, and reigned only two years and fome months, being killed .by a b~d1 of confpirators, the chief of wbom was A,.tem;UI, one of the fecretaries of flate. This happened Anno Domini feven hundred and thirteen. Q. Wftat was the confequence of this alfaffination? A. .Arttm;'!1 was elected Emperor, and took the na~ .r.dtUlj/afiUI; be preferved bit new dignity but a fbort JOI A HISTORICAL GItAMMAlt.' , time, (or his foldiers having revolted, he abdicated the empire, and turned monk.after a reign 0{ two years. ~ Q. Who {u~ceeded him 1 A. One TheoJojru. a man of little merit, who waa de• clared Emperor by the foldien, Anno Domini {even Itan• dred and fifteen. Feeling his inability to ·reign, in feven hundred and fe"enteeD he ceded the empire to lAo the I· &urian. ~. Let ua now return to the Wei. What confidera• hIe event. took place there ? A. Of France we will fpeakheteafter. Spain was at I this time conquered by the Saracens, who having" invaded I that kingdom, kept poifeffion of it till the fifteenth, and even till the fixteenth century• .t: How aDd at what time WaJ _thit eonquefl made 1 A. The Arabs, 1\Jcccdforsof Mahtmld, having feized upon the whole coaft of Africa, in the year feven hun• dred tweln laptJed a" numerous army in Spain, WB~ after feveral engagements, they at length, in t.wen .hun• Wed-4 feuteeD, gave battle to Rot/nic, the 1~ King fIf til. Vifigf)th$, whom they defeated and Idlled, and thus "ame .aaen of the whole of that great kingdom_ Q. Wu ell. Chrillian religion entirely ~nnihilated. in Spain 1 .II. Not eatiRly. The Saracens granted the Qrif• tiaPa che earcife of th.er religion; and a remnant of the Goths haYing efcaped to the mountains of Auftria aad Bifcay, preferved their kidgdom and faith • .e. What was the name of their chief ? 4. He was ~alledDon PJagifll' and was fucc:eeded by DQn Fa.,u.. It is conje8:ured they both bore the ti• tle of King, though the country that Wal fubje8 to them was of ve.lY{mallextent: thefe two princes may be caBed the reioren of the Spauilh nation. . Q. Let UI DOW return to the Eaftern empire. What 4av. yQU to ohfene of L~.the Ifaurian 1 .4. He was a prince of great abm1ije.. In the begin• ning of hi, reign he defeated the Saracens, who came to be6egtt COfl_ftantinople. He perfonned other S'ftt ae• tioas. an~ reellablifhed peace throughout Euro~ • .~ 1>9 Illl hi~~" agree illc:owm~ing hiJD ? • A HISTOlUCAL GIlAMMA&. loa; A. 1'~e lIOI'Odhip of imaget:., rhemuins 'of pagaaifia, was ellabli1hed almoft in every part of the Eaftena em. pire. This abufe the Emperor endeavoured to preftJlt, by caufing then1 to be·taken eut of the churches from the year feven hundred Md twenty fix, and by '_ohibitiDl the ufe of them ia {even hundred and chirty by a foleum edi&. . Thi.. drew upoa him the hatred aad pedecutioa of the ignorant and fuperftitious ecclefiallicl, and eeea• fioned- the lef~ of aU that 1he empire d:aen P9i'eB"ed .. It• aly. Q. How did this happea 1 A. Gr~.I'" 1.1. Pope of ROIhe, uBdertook the ... fence &f the images, and in a conncil of Bifilopa 4~ ent on him, condemned the edi& of the Emperor. B, virtue of this feditious condemnation, be cauCed R.ome and the rea: otltaly to revolt, baving forbade the people tbeneeforth- to acknowledge the Emperor of ROde, OJ' to pay him any tribute. , Q. Did not ~e Emperor endeavour to bring tbel'~ infurgenta to reafon ? A. He atrempted it, but in vain. A ftMt which lie had {eftt iato Italy for this purpofe in fevetl hundred· an. thirty two,- peJfifhedby a ionn in the Adriatic: Gtdf; and the fury of the worfhip of images was fo violent in Ital; anJ. in the Eaft, that all thoCe.ere treated as heretics ..mehad reli«ion and ceun:ge enough to GOBdemn it. ~ :Did lit)the lfaorian peffefa the empire long 1 ~. He reign~dtwenty four 't,.n, and died of a drop.. fy in the years kYen hundred and forty one. Q. Who·fucceede" him? . A. His Con C.'!1IMt;IU, fumamed C.prMlY"''''. It mu4 be obfenred that the laft name, which is ignominious, was given bim by bie eaemies the cler~y. ~ On what account were they bl' enemies ? ~ A. Becaufe,purfuing the meafures of his father; he continued to profcribe the worfhip of images. . .t, Was hi. reign,in other tefpea& proCperout l A. The fuperftitioul ecclefiaftic. lined up nuaer. OM trOUble. and dueORtenti to diRurb it. C..}ltlllliu, it mull aeverthelefs be acknowledged, wae- a _onIt" Empe- 198 A' HISTORICAL GRAMMAR.. ror, beloved by the wifer part of the nation, and zeab:.:. for the purity of religion. _ ' Q. What proofs did he give of this? A. In the year {even hundred and forty four be af. fembled at Conflantinople a council of three hundred -aDd thirty eight Bifhops, in which the lVorlliip of im• ages was' declared -contrary to the word/of God, and ah. folutely forbidden throughout the empire. Q. Was the we of images in the church eJFeaua11y abolifhed? 4. It would have ceafed had it not been for the obfti· nacyof the infatuated monks, who. fopported by certain Bilhopa and the ignorant populace, in fecret continued it, and thus kept up one of the firft fources of corruption in I the church. ~ Did the Emperor Cotif/anlinereign tong ? I A. .He reigned thirty four years, .and died, Anno Domini feven hundred and feventy five" in the fifty ninth year of his age, Q. Who fucceeded him? .II. His fon, named Leo, at the age of twenty fix. I He continued to forbid the worfhip of images, and died, , Anno Domini: (even hundred and eighty,after a reign of five years. ~ In what nate was the kingdom of France ? 4 It mull: be obferved, that in the throne of France three diftinCt families fucceeded each other. The MerD" tJingian,the Car1fJ,,;ns;a"tand the Capttian. Q. Whence did they derive their names l ~. The Merovingian race from M~roue, whore pof• terrty reigned till Pi-pin the Short, the father of Charko mtlgne. The Car_lovingian from C~arlmJflKne,whore de. fcendants w_ereKmgs Dr EmperDrs till Hugh Captl, who began t.o re1gn, Anno l~o~ini nine hundred and eighty {even, and from whom ongmated the Capetian line whidt Continued till Louis the Sixtrmth. ' ~. Can .you enumerate the Kings of the lirll race l I • • ClolI(}It,who has been already mentioned, as alfo hi~ four pre~ecelfors, .w~ fucceeded by Childekrt, CID• ~i.'e .I. Cl,arlbert, Ch,lperreI. Clolaire II. D.-gol", l fJ I its place. Cbarltmagne began his reign, Anno Domini feven bundred and fatj eight,· and died Anno Domini- eight hundred and fourteen. · '.' ~. What were the firft exp\Qits ofthis prince l .~ Detfier, King of the Lombardi, giving fome diC. turbance to Adrian, Bifhop of Rome, Chark",agne enter• ed Italy with an army, defeated Dedier, and having be~ fieged' him in; Poola, feized his perfon and carried him. prifoner: to France, Anno Domini feven hundred and fev• enty four. Thus ended the reign of the Lombardi i-. Italy. . .. Q.. Had Char!tmagru no other war. to fupport ~ A. He fubdued the Sa:rons, and obliged 'WittlinJ. their prince, to embrace the Chriftian religion, Ann. Domini {even hundred eighty .five. . ~ ..Di4 be not treat the Frafi in the fame. RlaDneT\ r / It no, A HlBTORlCAL G'RAMMAR• .4:. Yet; having entiftly fubdue~ them in..{even hundred and .ninety four, he ftipulat~ that. they fhould embrace Chriftianity, in which cafe he penQittea thelDto preferve the tide of a· free people, and e~empted them from paying any tribute. From that time the Gofpel was lfCJlerallyreceived' among them. :.. ~. Did thi~:pJ'pcure the Frili a lafti.g~.l 4. At the e114of fo~e.year8 they were' elpofed to the irruptione of the NOI'Dlan$ .and Danes; who pm6ted by the debility of the empire when divided'· among the fuc:c~lf()rsof C/)arlemagp~.. ~ ~. In what Itate were aftitirs.in the Eafiem empire l A. Leo•.Ion of C""jatlti,e. CoJlYnI:pn• .I, dying: young.. as already obferved, his fon Crmfianti"e, who was only ten, years of age fucceed~. him. Anno Domini feven .bun• dr-ecl.and,eighty, anet, on,accoUllt of his youth" temaiaed unde" the: tutelage ofhitt mother,. the Emprefs I",... .L Did any tbiDg:·tnemombM happen iQ 'this ragn~ .t£. Irmlt who W4l$. a veey wicked princefs, and· ee• tremdy fuperftitious,in tbetyear,fevenhundred'udeighty feven, alI"embled at Nice a council of two hundred and eighty very ignorant Bilhops. In this the worihip of im• ~s, was eflablifhed, the council of ConA:antiaople" held. under COIIjJa"tirteCfJ/'YJIIl"'fI',; condemned, and thofe who refufed;adoration: to the·images, declared heretics, aDd iUlIIltBernatized, ~ Waa this c.ouncjJ.univerfaUy·,received? ,,' ..4. No; in the' year feven: hundred, and ninety fOttr, .the Em,erori Ohmrl""t1f'W' ~bled another at Frankfort, wtter., the council held· by JrlM,..and the 'fl~ip.of ima• ges, were condemned. Q~ How did, Irnu proce~,after this. ? , J. attempting to·ufutp too great-an- authority,over her fOIl CIJ'!#onJiw" the young' prince obliged berr to re .. -nou®t;· the empint in:the yearfeyen hundred' and ninety; but in feven hundred and ninety {even Ir,,,e having brought over a great' party· to he- intereft:, ma.de herfeif miftrefi of J,i& perron, and caufed his .eJa to be put OUt with kclt ~elty,: thatrhe died:,fi.,-e days after. The end of this wicked woman win be .feen' in: the, beginning of. the next C'enttt.,.__· ".' ,,"I' .. A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR.. IU THIRD PERIOD. FItOM THB ·CORONATION OF 'CHAR.LEMAGNE to 'rift -&ElGN OF !UNR.Y TilE FOWLIR..-120.YiAU. NINTH CENTURT. ~. By what means did Charkmagttt attain to the im.. perial dignity ?. A. ../.,eo Ill. Bitbop ~ Rome, being dillurbed by the Ro,uaDtt, folicited the aid of Charla, then King of France, who reeftablilhed him in his dignity. Leo, in retu.J:n £Or this fervice, crowned Chatletntlgtat Emperor of the Weft, OIl ClttiQuaaa Eve~ AlUlO Domini eight hufldred. . ~ What becameof the Emprefa/rnu after the1deetlh of her fon COIIjlantint1 A. Her crime having rendered ber univertany OclioUI~ a Lord, named Nice;Por'lI, defpoiled her of the empire, baniOaeclher to the me of Lelbos, and feized the ·reias of :government himfelf, Anno Domini eight hundred and two, Irme died in gree.t mifery the ·fame year in ·me place of her exile. fl. Did ChtlrlttlU#l"t long enjoy the empire ?. .tI. He died tM twenty eighth of Ja1luary, ~ight hundred and fourteen, at the age ()f (eventy one, the for.. ty feventh year of his reign, aDd the fourteendl·of -his iml- ~~ - . ~ Where did he.ie ? A. At Aix la Chapelle. Q. To whom did he le~ve the ·empire ? .A. . To hi$ fon UtwU I. furnamed Dtbomtairt, wllbm' he had before ais death made a partner in'the go'f'elll• menL ~ . Was the reign of Le'Wi, /, DJm.(laire fortllnace ? A. No; it was difturbed by the rebellion of his. chil• dret), Lolh""t, Letmi", ·and P~'" who 'proceeded to the tail- extremities. - . . Q. What pretence di~ they make for" theiT miquitou..~ I conaua 1 .... ) \ lit A HliTORICAL GRAMMAR. I A. Tbel'e three princes were the children of Lt.Di, by .hi! firft ·...ife, the princefs ErwullzarJa: when this lady 4i~ he married Jru6IIJ, a beautiful young woman, by \ whom he bad a {on. named Char/~l. who was afterwardl Empes-or. LDlJ,aire, z.".,u, and P~, who {aid that the empire was detbnedto their half brother, made war upon their father, and aceufed their Rep mother of incon• tinence. This revolt created many troubles in the reign of Le.is k D&fJllnllir~,and rendered that prince very un• happy- Q. Did he reign long l . 4 He died in the year eight hundred and forty, the twenty feventh year of his reign, and the ~ fourth of hi. age. Q. Who Cucceeded him ? .. A. LolhtUn, his eldeft fon, who baving deprived his two brothers of their portion, drew upon himfelf a fan- pinary war. . Q. Recount the particulars , A. Pep;. dying in the year eight hundred and thirty feven, there remained only Lt'IIIu and Chor/u, who uni. ting their forces, gave battle to. L()thaire, and defeated him, Anno Domini eight hundred and forty one. . .t. What were the confequences of this a&ion ? .A. Lotha;r~, bein~ again defeated by his brothers, was ebliged, in the year eight hundred and forty four, to' con• rent to a divifion. Lothoire, with the title of Emperor, preferved Rome, Italy, Belgic (iaul, Provence, and Bur .. IUndy. Lewis had Germany, and ChorJ~/tFrance. ~ Did Lothaire preferve the empire-long ? A. He abdicated it, Anno Domini eight hundred and ~fty five, and retired into a monaflery, after having di• . ~ided the empire between his three fon«, LAthaire, Le'U/il, and Charltl.. He left the empire of all Italy to his eldeft fon LtW;I; Lorraine fell to Lothaire; and Charkl had . for his portion Provence. .' O. What was the refult of'thi» divifion ? A. Charltl died the firft year without j(flle j Lothairt f~"ived till towards the year eight hundred and fixtT . ~Ine. J and the Emperor Lt'Uli1 II. having reunited all A H'ISTORICA~ GIlAMMAR. Ill' ~ete ftatett, ended his day., Anno Domini eight hundred' and fe{.enty five. e. Recount nowwhat was paffing in the EaftefB em• pire? A. N"lCephorus,who has been already mentioned, per. - ilhed in an engagement with the Bulgarians, Anno Dom• ini eight hundred and eleven, the ninth year of his reign. ~ Who fucceeded him r JI. MichaJ Curopo/atus, a prince little formed to gov• ern. Being vanquilhed by the Bulgarian8, Anno Domini eight hundred and thirteen, he willingly ceded the empire to Leo the Armenian. Q. What was the charader of this prince ? .A. He was valiant and pious, and during the whole of hisreign laboured to explode the wor1hip of images. which Irene had eflablifhed' in her corrupt council' at Nice. Q. How did he end his daya ? A. On Chriftmas day, in the year eiglit &undred and twenty, he was murdered while at church by Michael the Slo"'!'lertr, who alfumed the imperial dignity. ' Q. What isfaid of this Emperor? . A. He is accufed, and. there is reafon to believe de-• feTVedly, of great cruelty; he was not, however, 'more favourable to the worfhip of images than his predecelfor. He died, Anno Domini eight hundred and. twenty nine, in the ninth year of his reign. Q•. Who fucceeded him ~ A. His fon ThefJlhilus, a prime or a well regulated life, a ftriet obferven of the laws of juftice, and an enemy to the wortaip. of images, _ Q~ How many-years did'lie reign r .A. Tw.eIvet and three months, and died', .Anno Dom• ini eight hundred and forty, one, a' year after tewis k D~· II(JIIllaire. . , I ~ Have you. nothing to fay of Pope JiJa". ",lio iJ Te-, ported to have lived' in this century ? A. Thofe wlio mention her far that the filled the- pa• pal chail' from the year. eight. hundred and fiftr fin- 'to eight hundred and: fifty., feven, and place. her' '6etween. POJ?9'LIfJ IY; lDd IJ'MIeJlIlIIII. but itmuft &e ~ ~.2. ~1' A HISTOalCALa,AKMAl\. the loty C~BOt be {upported by.y fatis£a&ory authori• ty, and mull be confidered as an illimagi~d fiaion. Q. . What Emperor fllcceeded .l.JtGJu JI. I . - A. Charlel, fumamed the BaIJ, the foD -of .u.m , n."noire by the Emprefs J"tlith. He began. to reign J.\nno Domini eight hundred ~d {eventy five, an~ died. Anno Domini eight hundred and {eventy {even. The Normans, a Itarbarous nation, ravaged fe,era} pro'Vincea of France during the reign of this Emperor • . Q. Who fucc:eeded him I A. "There are authors who reckon hie fon L_ Iht SllIIIImereramong the Emperors, but he was merely King of France, -He died in eight hundred and {eve~ty nine, pd W~S fneceeded in the ~ingdom of France by his two fens, Lewu and CarlfJlIIo". Lewu died Anno Domini eight hundred and eighty two,and CtU"Iowa~t Anno DOIll- I ini eight hundred and eighty four. A third {on, whom he left an infant, was afterwards King of France, aQd is bOWD by the name of Charletthe' Si",ple. Q. Was there no other prince in the Wel\ who bore the title of Emperor I . A. Chinl# the Fat was invefted with that dignity. He was the fon of Lew th. Ge1Ylll8, the fecond fon of LewU Ie De6Q."aire. He took the title of Emperor from the year eight.hundred and eighty, and attained the king• dom Anno Domini eight hunored eighty five. , .Q. Did he long-enjoy there. honors 1 ' A. He was forced to abdicate them in eight -hu~ aiee bU'lldred to nine hundred' a~d eleven, which 'Was that ef hi. death. The race of Charinnal"t in Germany ended with him. - ~ Who fucceeded him l 4. The Emperor Conrad, Duke 0{ Franconia, who teigned only feven years, and died Anno Domini nine 'undred and nineteen. I F 0 U R T H r E RIO D. PROM TH,1i RIIGH OF HENRY THI FOWLE~ TO THE ELECTION OF RODOLPHUS, COUNT OE HAPSBURG". 868 YEAllS. Q. What Emperor fucceeded ConrllJ1 A. Henry, furnamed -the Fowler, on acceunz of hi. rove of falconry. This prince was the fon of Otbo, Duke 9f Saxony, defcended, as it is conjectured, from Wileli"J. He began his reign in the year nine hundred and twenty. Q. ,Did lie e1fea any thing remarkable ?- A. He vanquilhed the Huns, or Hungarians, whQ bad committed great diforders in the empire, and granted them a peace, after- reftTaining them to the limits of the country they now occupy. This war Iafted till the year nine hundred and thirty four, and was renewed at difFerent times. 'The Hungarians were at this time pagans . .t; What other a8iona did Hen,,_ the FO'IIJier per- fu~~ , A. About the year nine' hundred' and' twentt fix or - aine hundred and twenty feven, he made war on the yj• ntdi, a people of Sdavonia who inhabited that part of Saxony, afterwards called tile Magra'Viate·and, Eleaorate .f Brandenburg. . ~ Did he entirely fubdue them ?' A. He began the conquefl by taking the city or :BrandenbuTg; "hich was called in the Selavoruc tens11e' 'I1ra""16or"QJ' the Defmtl iftin Fflr!fL. _ .. " '" 'p , ~ 1., • •• · . A prillet; was teamed, ·but was unfortunate. too.1DUch in- luenced by the feveral tutors .under whom he had been ,1a.cN. He died, Anno Domini nine hundred and fifty nine, at the age of 6fty four, and is thought to have __ poifoned by RtIIIUUJIU.hit fonand fucceifore Q. Did RfnIIIl,"u reign long ? A. He reipd from the year Dine hundlJMl and ifty aine to nine hundred aad fixty three, when he died at. 'the ~ge of twenty tour. He waa.a princ;e of .cry depra- ved morals. . ~ Who fucceeded him? A. Ntr~Gr.l,JI Phllt&DI(' a valiant prince, who retook. (everal cities; among others Antioch. which had ,l,eea Ieized by the Saracens. He died, Ano DomiRi aiae 1wndred and fixty nine, by Ue perfidy of his wife. the Eruprtfs Thcopluur.o, and one of biJ ·officer$, aamM J_ Zim!fte/, who fucceeded him. He reign \)ut .fix 'yean, being poifoaed, Ann9 Domini nine hundred .. feftnr.y• Jive,Dy one of hi.Chamberlain., named ~jiI. ~ Who fueeeeded him ? A. Bafiland Co'lfJll"';~, :who reigaed jointl,.. Ther were the llJlI of Ro""""tu, and had been made c:olleagaes in the empire by JolJ" z;,.;/~. They bolb died ill the eleventh century. ~ Q. Give fome account of the King_ of France l A. 'Char{u the Simple reigned at the beginning of thiI century -. He was obliged to cede to the Normans that province of France which Hill bears their name. R.u., .Duke of Normandy, embraced ChriftianitYt and married Grifdda, the daughter of Ch.k,the Si.pl" Anno Domini nine hundred and twelve, This King, after many vexa• tions, died, Anno Domini nine huw;Jred and. tWeDty Diae, ~ving reigned twenty five yearl.. The la'l fix yean of -his life is not reckoned, as he was depofed in the year nine hundred and twenty threebj' RmJ./plHu, Duke oLDurgun- dy, who ufurped the crown. . ~. Did RoJolpInu reign ~oDB? . .L He reigned till the year nine hundred and thir. tJ fix. and was fueceeded by U-U, {omamed Trill/_tie ri",. ..' , ~. How. did he acquire this fw"uamt ? A HISTOIUCAL GllAMMAR.- 119· J. .From taking refuge in .England, aftttr hi' father' was depofed and made prifoner. On the death of RoJJ. thul he 'WaS recalled, He died, Anno Domini nine hun• Ired and 6fty four, and WM facceeded by LDlhaire, his on, who died, Anno Domini nine hundred and eighty fix, ,ea ving the kmgdom to his' son Lt_u, who died without ffue in nine hundred and eighty feven. With him ended he rue-or Chtw~ in France. t: fl.. To whom'wal the crown of Pranee ~Iferred ? A. To NUlh Capel, ·who, with the univerfal confent of the-no&ilky, began ee reign; IAnnC?Domini nine hun.' dr.ed and_ eighty 'feven, and dying' Anno" Dmini nine• hundred and ninety feven, left the kingdom to his iOn, RoIJerI. . (lJ Conclude -this c.mtttry' With fdme aeeeunt: 'of the .Bnlpctro~' ·of'6«mafty. Who ·{uccceded. qilxl IhI ~? . .A: 'Mf" ·{nb· fhbo II.: nit prinee· having entered' Italy to defend Calabria and Apulia againR: the Greeks, who, aided by the Saracens. attempted to ·take p_offeffion of it, after defeating,them, .dled at Rome'u~~verHllly- re· gretted'toward. the-end· of the' year -nine hunclred and} eighty three. ' : . - . .. ~ Who fuceeeded hiM ? -.. At. ·Otho' Ill. hi, fon, whO' began to reign Annd Domini nine hundred and eighty fotn', anddied at. begidlling of the-- eleventh' centor1~ . . . . , ~ What was the ftate of the Netherland.\ in tbit- century· ~. '. ' - . , . .A. TIle Counts of Holland and'Zea1amt'fhared the p.J'iftci~l authority." , .", ;;', fl.d Ho'W·man-t fllmHte8:ofthe(e:,Cbuftts' ~ there, A. Five, anciently called the Houfe ~ofHo/laritJ, that of Hai!l~ulr, th;it~o{'l!ilVaria,-that Of Bllrgtindy,a~d that of'·.A~ltl. ." ': I•' " . ,: ,. I.,' . Q. Hbw min;' Counts defcertc!ed from the ~nclent Houfe' of Holkln'i ?, • " ," A Seventeen: Thiem I. Thierri It..Arnold. Thi~ erri III. Thiem IV.: Florent I. '11HetTiV. FlbTendl. 'Vhi«rt. vt.: Plor.ellt'·UL Thiem VU~ Ada·. William' I. ~.·W~· WiiUiwnlflb.lorettt' .~. and;.Jobn:l.: TbtIr rso A HISTOR.ICAL ,GRAMMAR. \ we~ almoft all 'e~gaged in ~ with the Bi1hops' of Utrecllt, and the Frifi. ," " . @', Is any thing memorable ...ecot:C1eclof 01110Ill. ? , ',44. When he began, to r.igll·, in nu,e hundred and oighty four, he .'was ftill a minor. -He -died'in .rhe year Qne thoufand aad two, poifoned, it i.~onJeaureJ, by his fecond wife; whofe hu{ba~d he had put to death in order tp mar,y her., ., ', , Q. Wha.t was the name of his 6rA:wife? .d. Mary; .the .W~8. dau,gh.. to the Kidg of! Am. IOn,. and ;was, by _he E'1tperp,~~order, J>uJfled,alive at Modena for an atrocious crime, of which {he was COB.. viaed. Otho had DO .(:~ild~enby'·his ,ftrd or fecond mar- riage, .' - , ,~ Who f~cceeded hi~.? , . . "A. H'1'ry tif.. lJ.fJtUlrw,. furnapled the La,.. The church of Rome h~s a:an~d him, as well ai'his .Emprefs Cunegtlnda, among the number of her faints ... He ·~ed, Anno Domini one thoufand aad tl'-enty..,feurt and was ipterred ..at Bam~r$.,.,."h6te.. his tomb is 4\ill fhown, as *thatof CJmtg,!,,;Ja~ . ",,: 'I" , , ~ To whom did the"empjr;e faU ·a~er the death of Qmry.l/ , . , / . ',.. .' : ': A. To Conrad. furnamed the Salie. In his, time R.btrl, ..f~ of 1("14., CaJul, reigned in -France j Flrm• fItlnJ I. in Spain; and Skphen, who has been already. ~entioned, .in Hungarjv The latter died towards ,~ Y:t:at;ene.rhoufand .~l~ tl~irty eight. ,. ,Q.' How ~~~gdid';t1)~E;m~r Conrlll/ reign ~ . A. H,: reigned fifteen years. In one thoufan9 an4 I ~y niae h~ fOIl f/mry II I. afeenaed· ~he ·thntne, and dying in one thoufand and fifty fix, was; fucc.dacf br Henry/Y. hisfon.' ;' . ; . " . IJ.... In what Ilate was the church l ': ..: : . ,~'" The Bi~ps.·of .R.~t,. 'a'Yailing t1Jem{e1y~ of the ~sligen~e of ~lt~ E~s, ·3Jld,Gi!:. f!ItOp!Q'. ".'" A HISTORICAL GltAMMA1. 121 ranee, began to creel themfelves into primates and fove• reigns of all Chriflendom. Having ruled defpotic in the fpiritual, they: now prefujned to extend their authority over the temporal affairs of Emperors and Kingd. Q. What Popes then occupied the fee of Rome ? A. Gr_ego,yIT1/. is the moft famous. He was elc&• ed Pope Anno 'Domini one thoufand and feventy three, and before his election bore the name of Hiltkbra"J. He .was a man of obfcure birth, violent in his temper, and fo ftrongly attached to his chimerical pretenfions, that he ftopped at nothing to fupport them. , Q. What were his 6rft decrees ?. A In the year one thoufand and {eventy four he prohibited the marriage of priefts , and although at 6rft he found difficulties in eflablifhing this decree, in the end he prevailed, and his fucceflor finifhed what he had be• gun. ~ How was the Emperor lIen,y If/'. employed du- , ring this time ,? ' .A Aware of the irritable and ambitious temper of the Pope, he entered into an accomodation with iim, but could not afterwards avoid coming to an open rup• ture. Q. Howfo? .A. The Emperors had hitherto enjoyed the right of invd/ilure, that is, of putting the eccleflaftics in .poifcffion of thelr dignities. Of this right Gregory, who refolved to be mafler in all things, attempted to deprive the Em• peror; and not finding him fo docile as he wifhed, ex• communicated him, declared he had forfeited the em• pire, and that his' fubjeCl:swere abfolved from their oath of fidelity. Q What were the confequences of this ? .d. The Pope, having fuborned {evet'al perfons in Ger• many. caufed them to eled: for Emperor RoJolphul~ Duke of Suabia, who took up arms a.~ainll: his fovereign, He even gained fome advantages over him" hut was at length defeated in a battle, where he loft his hand, and. died foon after. ~. Did he exprefs any eontrkioa-Ior his crime ? A. Yes. a ihofuime before hi. death, :tot MarfeboUJ. I.. 122 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. to which he had retired after hi8 defeat, he turned to• wards the Bifhops who had fubomed him, and pointing to the hand that was fevered from his body, "Ther~JJ {aid he, "is th~ hand with which 1 fwore fideliry to the Emperor, my fo\tereign-confider it, and fee whither YQurevil counfels have conducted me." " Q. Did this'produce any good effeB:on the Pope? A. On the contrary, it incenfed him frill more a• gainft the Emperor, whom he again excommunicated, exhorting all his fubjeB:s to revolt from him. ' Q. What courfedid Hmry take. l . A. He made war upon the Pope, and after baving befieged him in the came of St. Angelo, obliged him to retire to Salerno, where he died of chagrin. The end of the biftory of the reign of Henry /r. will be feen in the twelfth century. . Q. Who reigned in the Eaft? ' ' A. The two brothers, Bqfil and Co'!flanline. .Baj/ rendered himfelf mailer of Bulgaria, and after that expe• dition turned monk. He died Anno Domini, one thou• fand and twenty five, and his brother Conjlantine, a prince of little merit, died Anno Domini one thoufand and twenty eight. ~ Who was jheir fucceflor ? A. RomanUJ .Agyrus, who had married Zoe, the daugh• ter of Co'!flantine. This wicked princefs caufed her huf• band to be alfaffinated, Anno Domini one thoufand and thirty four, by Michael, the Paphlagonian, whom the raif• ed to the empire, and afterwards married. ~. Did he enjoy the empire long? A. Only feven years, during which his confcience 'Was continually harrafled by remorfe. A t length, to corn• pofe his mind, he 'retired to a monaftery, tbat he might at leifure lament his crime. He died, a thort time after, Anno Domini one tho'lffand and forty one. ll. What became of the Emprefs Zo~·~ A. She married Conjll1nlitk Monoma,.cui, under whom the empire fuflained great lofles, and was confiderably weakened in all parts, The Normans polfelfed .them• frlves of A pulia, and the Turks became formidable in the '- A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 123 EaR. This Emperor died' Anno Domini one thoafand and fifty four. ' Q. Who fucceeded him r .A. Michael Slral;oticu,r, who had married Theodora. the fifter of Zoe. The grandes of Conftantin~le having adjudged him unworthy of the empire, in hisillace elect• ed IJaac Ilomnenus; Anno Domini one thoutand anl fifty {even He reigned only two years; at the enJ of which he withdrew to a monadery, having nominated C,Jn}a11- tine Ducal his fucceffor, Anno Domini one thoufand and fifty nine. ~ What was the character of this Emperor? A. He was jull. and meant well. bat p:1lfl.:,fd very moderate abilities, Under his reign the empire conrinu• ed to grow weaker by the conqu nls of the Turks and Saracens. He died, Anno Domini one thoufand and fix• ty feven, and left three fons, Michael, ,A",{ronicul, and Co'!flantine, furnamed PorphyrogfnetlJs. ~ Who fucceeded him? I . A. Dioge,zes, who married his widow Eudoxia., He was a Taliant prince, but had the misfortune in an en· gagement to be taken prifoner by the Turks. .Q What were the confequences of thig accident? 2. The Gr~eks confined Eudoxia to a monaLlery,· and eleaed Michael, the fon of Co'!f/antine Ducal, Empe• rOT. DJoK~tI having been re'eafed from prifon returned to Conftantinople ; but Michael caufed his eyes to be put out, and banifbed him to one of the Iflands, where a fhort time after he died. This happened Anno Domini one tboufand and feventy one. ' . ~ What was the fate of Michael' A. MIChael,fumamed Parap;naciUl, was a prince 'of no abilities, The Turks every day making a progrefs .he was unable ~ oppofe, he was banifhed to a monaftery, and Nicephorul BotanialUl electedinhis Read Anno Delli- ini one tlioufan~ and feventy eight. He reigned till, one thoufand and eIghty one, when he alfo was confined an a monaftery. . ' Q. Who occupied bis place ~ . A. Ale:cil Comnmul, a prince of abilities, > who a little revived the drooping ftate of the Eaftern empire. . Tlie 124 A HISTORIC.:\L GR.AMMA~ life of this Emperor has been written in Greek with gr~at elegance by his daughter An", a princefs of great' merit. We shall {peak of .A/e,";1 COtnRenUI again in the fucceed- ingcentury. - , Q. 'Who reigned at this time in France ?, . A. Rokrt, fon of Hugh Capel,who died Anno Dom• inione thoufand and thirty three. He was fucceeded by Henry,l. his fon, who died Anno Domini one thoufand and fixty. To him fucceeded Philip I. who lived till 'the twelfth century • .Q.. Did no great revolutions occur in the eleventh century? . . A. Yes, two '; the conquefl of England by lVI/hom, Duke of Normandy, and the taking of Jerufalem by the crufaders, headed by Godfrey de Boudlo», , ~ In what year did the conquefl of England take ~~e? ' JI. In the year one thoufand and fixty fix. The Anglo Saxon Kings had enjoyed the peaceable poll'effion of the Ifland till the arrival of the Danes, to whofe fupe .. rior prowefs they ':iere forced to yield ; but upon the death of their laft king Hart/ictUlute, the Saxon Iine was -again reftored in Edward, furnamed the C01llfffor~the Iaa legitimate King. of the Saxons. EJ'Wart! Q}'OD his death nominated WzUialll, Duke of Normandy, hi. fue• ceifor, who landed at the head of a large army of French ~d Normans to take patreffion' of his inheritance. At the battle of Railings he defeated and flew Harold, who . had afcended the throne, aud thus aflured the crown .to hiimfelf c!lld his poA:erity. ~ Give me ROW an account of the conqueR of Je- nlfaTem? , . .II. From the :Ceventhcentury, that city had been fub• je& to the Ma~ometans •. Pope U,./Jan!l. ha,!in~ caufed a: crufade againfl them to be preached rn all the kingdoms .cf ChrHtencI,?Jil, feveral powerful nobles took the crofs, and haying raifed an arrny of two hundred and fixty thou• land men in France; Oerfnany, and other countries" in the year one thoufand and ninety fix went into Palefline, .her~they did not arrive till the yeat one thoufand and .ty nine.' The Chriftians took JerufaIem that A mSTORICAL GRAMMAR. 12'5 yeaT, and having erected it into a kingdom. proclaim• ed GodfrtJ tie Bouillon 6rl King of Jerufalem and Palef• tine. Q. VI:\s Godfrey crowned ? A. He refufed that honor. cc God forbid," faid he, as they approached to put the diadem on his head, " that I fhould appear crowned with gold in a place where Jefus Chrift, my maf\er, wore a crown of thorne." T IVELF THe E NT U R T. ~ How did the reign of the Emperor Hmrl IY.- conclude? . A. Pope Pafoal II. in the ·year one thoufand. one' hundred and two, again excommunicated him, and infti. I gated hi. fon, who was afterwards Henr, Y. to declare wa.I a~nft. his father, whom he vanquifhed and defpoll• ed of the empire in the year one thoufand one hnadred and fix• ..t What af'terwards became of Hem"lY.l· A. He died in prifon at Liege the fi£ty fourtH year' of his empire, and was fucceeded by his fon Hm",- Y • . Anno Domini one thoufand one ,hundred and eight. . Q. What was the fate of this Emperor+ A. He was greatly difquieted by' tbe Popes, and \r.l' even excommunicated by Pafcal I], At length, having accommodated matters with the {eta of: Rome, he died \Vithout iKue at Utretcht, in the year one. thoufand one. hundred and twenty five, after a reign of nineteen. years. ~ What remrkable event. happened in the empire. during the reign of Hm,.,Y•." .d. Otha, BHhop of Bam6erg; converted the' Pom• eranians, who had been till. then Pagans, ..to Chriftian .. ity... ~ Did the Chriftian9, continue in ~ifemon. ot the kingdom of Jerufalem'?: . . A. Yes l they: retained 'poifeSion of it eighty eight L2 I. A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. yean. at the end of whichit was retaken by SaloJill. "G"dlrey de Bouillon died, Anno Domini one thonfand one hundred, and was fueceeded by his brother Balthui" .. ~ Who reigned at this time in France? . A. Philip I. dying, Lewis V]. furnamed Le Gros, fucceeded him in the year one thoufand one hundred and eight; and by his deceafe in one thoufand one hundred and thirty feven, left" the crown to uwu rII. farnamed the Toung. ~. Who fucceeded the Emperor,Henr, Y.? A~ Letbair« Ll, Duke of Saxony, a religious and jufl prince, who reigned from the year one thoufand one hun• dred and twenty four to one thoufand ooe hundred and thirty feven, . Q. To whomdid the empire afterwards fall 1 .d. To Conrad Ill. Duke of Suabia, the fon of a {iller of Henry r. He began to reign Anno Domini one thoufand one hundred and thirty nine, and died at Bamberg in one thoufand one hundred and 6fty two, in the fourteenth year of his reign. Q... In what fiate waa the Margravia.te of Braadea- burg? . A. In the yeaT'one thoufand one hundred and forty two, it fen under the power of .AlDert the Beer, prince of Anhalt, who may be confidered as the firll: Margrave of the. MaT'graviate, which he tranfmitted to his pofteritYt who retained polfeffion of it till late in the fourteenth century . . ~ Give me now fome account of the Kings of Eng. land? A. If'i!liam the C(Jnqurror was fucceeded by: 'his {on William 11•. furnamed RuflU, who dying without ilfue, was fncceeded by his brother Henr, I. whofe only fur• viving child, Matilda, took for ~er fecond hu~d Giof.• fre] Plantagentt, Duke of AllJou. The fruit· of thIS marriage was Henr] II. who, after the ufurpa.tion of Stephm, which continued 'eighteen year., afcended tbe throne of England one thoufand one hundred and four. HF married Eleonora,Duehefs of Guyenne, who ~d been iivorced'from her 'firft hufi>and, LewilllH r""'g, .King ~f. Fran~. - . A HISTORICAl. GI.AMMAIU. )11 ~. . Who C.c:et:ded tb!.&npmxo CtmvzJ, ..d. Frederic Barllarqffo, hie nephew, one of the great -. eft princes that e...er reign&d.in Germany. He, a. weD as his predeceffors, was difturbed by the Popee, with WRODl, after a long war, he was forcee to elttet i.to an irk'*• treaty, Anno Demini one tho1iW.ndone hundrall and IW. enty feven. Oae of the conditions of this tntaty '.'MII, that he flaoold engage in the crufade. - Q. And did he catty the war ~o Paleftil12 ? A. Yes; but on his arrival, in dle year one !boa.. rand one hundred and eighty [even, be learnt that lerufa• )em bad been l".taken by the famoos SIlltM/;.", SUltall of Egypt. This, howev«, ~ n4ft prevent hi); performmr many gallaat aCtions in that COUfttry, wbere .e· ccd:inued tin the year ORe thottfaad "ODe hutllirei ad mktT* wflid!' wa8bi ofhw dead.. . . '. Q.. How lIid he die l A. Being in Silicia during the intenfe heatI of &11110 mer, be impl'udentl, hathecl in tAt!' riftr Cydn", whkb flows near the city of Tarfua.,aad the toldnels of de water took fuch an deB: on him, that he was feized wida a fever, of which he expired in the .thirty ei8ihth year.of his reigD. . ." .. .(2. Name the C.hriftian Kings whft reigned in Jetu.fiI,.. lem from. the year oae tIboofu4 and ninety nine to one" thoufand one hundred anti eighty Leven'? JI. Godfrey de Bouillon, Baldwin I. J3aldwin n.· Baldwin .III. Almeric B~~wiD IV. Baldwin Y. and GUf de LlUignom, d~ri~ wbof~ re!gn the ~ity was tabtn by SalII""', .Uncewhica It bas :remamedSubjea tI) m. MaIlOlJl. etans. ; ~ Who fucceeded the Empet'OJ" lbmol'oliz I· ; ., 4. His wa H,nr:/ Y I. in tbe year'one uU>1aCind one hundred ~ wnetyone.. .. - . ~ What is faid of thi. Emperor ?.\. .II... Author! fpeak or him ddferatly J kit it' is W.· . erallyagreed that he wae naturally cruel and'iniuu ••• · He died at Mefiaa iB rBe yter erae -thoufaJlG'0_ 'hundt'ed and nhlet.J ni~, 'alid left by his wife 'COI!fIace-,Queen of . Sicily, a »u, w•. i. d:e. did ...... ·tbt .eaapire, . ,..t .. :.",', r; .,( 1M A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. \ though he \VaS not his immedi~ fucceffor, as win ap- pear in the fucceeding century. " \ Q. Whofucceeded Hmry II. King of England? 4. Richa,d, furnamed GIU' dti LiD;'. This prince, returning from Paleftine, wu feized by LropolJ, Duke of Auftria, who detained him in captivity till one thoufand oae hundred and ninety four, when an immenfe ,fum was paid for his ranfom, His brother and fucceB'or John, furnamed .Ltu1/a.J, we will mention in the fucceeding CeDlttry. , Q. Who reigned in France? .LI. LHuil llie rtlUng,.ho died at Paris in the year one thoufand one hundred and eighty t in the forty fourth year -of his reign. He was fueceeded by his fon Philip, fumamed .AuguJlw, who died in the twelfth century . .t: Did no great event take place in this centnry? A. Yes; the foundation of the empire of the Tartars by Gmgbjjllln. / _ . ~ Ii now only remains to (peak of the Emperon of the ·Eaft. Did A/til;' C,.nmw live late in this cen.. tmy? - . "...4. He died in the year one thoufand one "hundred and~eighteen, and was fucceeded by his fon John Cf)~ rup. furnamed .CMloJelln, a Vf!ry ...aliant prince. He" di• ed, Anno Domini one tboufand one hundred and forty three, in the twenty fifth year of hit reign, in confequence of a wound he reeeived in hunting; He was fucceeded by hit wn M'tIIJueJ ComnmUI, an unfortunate" and eon• temptible prince, whO', towards the end of his- reign, en• tertained the :defip "f emltracing and etlabli1lriag the Mahometan religion in his dominions. Q. What was die "endof dii. Emperor r A. " He died.a natural death m the year one thoufand one hundred and eighty, and was- fucceeded by his {on .tIIeIlU. This prince, who was only twtlve years of age, _at married to .ligna, daughter of Ll'IIIiI the rormg, wllo \Vas only eight. ', '. ;.Q. Was the reign cl true prince happy? A. Ne; ,it continued bat three yean. .A.tlrtmiaJr C."",tfItU, mi .coufia"to .hi. father" MdtlUtl,feized upon ~the empire, and cruell,'put .die., to death, at the age of 'A H1STOlU<;!AL GR.A,""Ajt. ·Us fifteen; bdides whic:l!t h~ caole4 all, the r~h,. who bad ~~ to ConilaDtUlople in the {\lice of ~f _ young Empre{s, to be ~c:red. Thi. happeaed in _ year one tlwuCaud one hoDdred ud eighty three. Q. Did A.dronkUl long enjoy the fruit of.is crime i 4. At dle end of two yean a geaerai infurreCliOll 'of tU people took place,and be WM tom in pief:es by the coraged multitude. Q. Who reigned after him l A. 4.leJW ..4ngelu" who polIe1fed the empire only nine year.., being, ill one thoufand me h.ndred and ninety D,e, dethroned by his own brother, AIe~;1A"geIUl~wbQ ... caufed his eyesto be put oat. . ~ What happened afterw2rda ? J. -LIb;,. .AIIgt'ru feized the imperial dignity, b1lt trollbles loon after followed, which occafioaed the min of the empire of C01lftanlinople, as will be inn in che fucceeding century. ' , TH JRT~ENTH CENTU R r. Q. In what Jlatt was tbe empire ef Germany at the aegiuing of thisuntury l 4. Upon the death of HtJIII'J r/. the candidates for the empis:e.w~r~ nu;", rhe fan of F,._,.;~~&rJJ.f'!!!fo, _ ~o~erof Hett? rI. and Otbo, D",ke of S.uony. ~ Which waspreferred? 4.. PJJilip, who had me ftroagell claim, made war up• GD OtlJo J but an a~ret"mentwas at length made. lhac ~ .. ter the death of Philip. the empire fhould devole \0 OdJ., who, till that period, thould neither a6'WJJe tire title, DOl' fxerclfe the funaion'i of EmpttrGt". -t. Did Pbi/iplivf:long after this? . 4. He was killed. Anno Domini one thoufand two hundred and ~jght, at Bamberg, through t~ ~acberJ of one 01110~ WitelfolUh J upon whkh Otho, Duke of Saa. ony' took poife8ion of the empire. . ~. .Dicl aRr importaaleYeRt take place in 1M. reip efOlhol 190 A HISTORICAL G1tAMMAR • .A. ·In the year aile m6ufand two hundred and fif• teen Pope I"noemlll[. held at Rome a council, in' which, 1>1order of that Pontiff, Tranfubtlantiation was ranked among the articles of the church of R.ome', faith. 'This was called the Council of Lateran. ~ Was this the only wound the church received 1 A. It received another nry pernicious in the etlab- ~lifbment of two orders of mendicant friars, which filled the world with errors and fuperflitions. Thefe were the Cord,/;erl and D(Jminico,.,; the mil founded t>yFrond, D' "'J!rfi, and die fecond by Domin", a Spanifh Preben- clary. - Q. Was the reign of Olh" 11". profperous ? .iI. By no mea1'l:s. Having declared war againfl the French, he was defeated at Bovines by Philip Aug~pul, King of France, Anno Domini one thoufand two hun• dred and fourteen, and died of grief, univerfally abandon• ed, Anno Domini one thoufand two hundred and fixteen. (2. Inwhat Rate were affairs at Conftantinople l A .> Alex;s .Anit/ul having nfurped the empire, one of I hi, nephews, named alfo .AJexu, took' refuge with the Emperor Philip, who had married one of-his fillers, the uughter of lfaac Co"",mul. fl. What was the confeqnence of this? . .it. Philip, not being in a condition to aRia him, rec• ommended him to the Venetians and French, who had at this time undertaken a crufade to the Holy Land. Q. Did thefe crufaders ei'ea any thing in favour of .Alex;, , .A. HaTing paired the fea, they tn.ok Conftantinople in the year dne thoufand two hundred and three, aad hav• ing driven out Alex;, Comnmu/, reeftablifhed qlllJ& bge/u, and Alex;1 his fon upon the throne. , Q. Did they maintain poffeflion of it ? I .A. No; a quarrel happening between the lather and fon, one ..Alerm Muif'!/k, after baving murdered them, rei~ed upon the empire. This attempt recalled the eru• faders, who put Mutff!1/le to death, and pillaged ConGan• tinople, where they eretted B.IJ'IIIin, Count of Flanders, we of the chiefs of their expedition, Emperor. This A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. isr ,- happened Anno Domini one thoufand two hundred and four. ~ What C?ther great events occurred at the begin- ning of this century ? . , .A The inroad cf the Tartars, fubjet1:sof Gelll'Jjftllll, in E3rope, where after having fubdued almod all Alia, they in a fhort time conquered Rufia, Hungary, Silefia, and divers other countries. Nothing ever equalled the rapidity of their conquefls, which were only put an end to in Europe by the death of Gmghi/loll: This happen .. ed Anno Domini one thoufand two hundred and twenty fix. ~ Who reigned in France at thi. time ? .A., Philip AUgujlUl, who died in the year one thou• fand two hundred and eighteen. He wall fucc:eeded by his fon Le'Wil YUI. who died Anno Domini one thou• fand twd hundred and twenty fix. LetIUU IX. otherwife caned $1. LewU, afcended the throne of hi, father the fame year, at the early age of twelve. I ~ Who fucceeded the Emperor OthoJP. I A. FreJeric1II. the fon of HmrJ PI and Conjlance, Queen of Sicily. He was a prince of fingular ,merit•.. though his reign was by no means profperous, It W",S in ; his time that Italy was divided into two fat1:ions, thatof the Gue/ftl and Gme/ens: the former efpoufed the caufe of the Popes, and the latter that of the Emperors. Q. What was the end of Frederu~II. r .A. After a life replete with troubles and vexations, he died in A palia, Anno Domini one thoufand two hun• dred and fixty, at the age of fifty feven, in the thirty third year of his reign. Q. Who fl1Cceededhim ? A. C'i;,radJY. his {on, who was poifoned in the year one thoufand two hundred _and fifty four by Man/rea, 01" Ma;njro;, hi.natural brother. . I • Q. Was there no other Emperor after this l . I .4. Wilf",,,, II Count of Holland, had been eleele4- r upon the death 'of Frtder;c~II. but he bore the title on- ly till one thouiand two hundred and fifty fix, being kill• ed in an engage~ent with the Frifi." Q. What became of the empire afterward. ~ , / 152 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAIt. - A. It was reut by internal divifions, and a fort of ia- terregnUDl enfued.· One party offered the imperial dig. nity to AIJbMfo, King of Caftile. wbo accepted, but did not come into Germany to take poKeffion of it: the 0_ fteaed Rie!JlIrtJ, Duke of CprnwaH, the hrothv of RIMY III. King of England, who came to AiI, where be WaI crowned; but not having addrefs to preferve the frieadfhip ef the princes of the empire, he was held In no c0D6deratioa. He died Anno Domini one thoufand tw~ baadred and (ennt.,. one. ~ What became of the fuccell"ors of the Emperor F,etkridll? A. Mai,,/roi,his natural brother, reigned in Naples and SiciJlr in the year one thou {and two hundred and fix• ty one ; bat Pope Ur6an 117: given thefe kingdoms to Cb.Ia &f Anjou, brother of Lewis IX. King of France, that prince palkd into Italy, gave battle to Main/roi, WhORl he vanquifhed, and became fole polfe1for of the two kinJdoms~ Mainfroi perifhed in the attion. Q. Had not Charles of' Anjon other wars to fuftain ! ..4. ·Conrotfm, fon of C()1Jrod 11'. came into Italy with aD aJ'IIAYto eontefl ",th C"12rl~1the poifelion of his pa• temal fnberisance, He was defeated 'in an engagement that took place betwen them, and put to flight, but be• ing intercepted on his way, Charles, with favage barbari• ty, caufed his head to be Ilruck of by the public' erecu• tioner, Anno Domini one thoufand two hundred andfir- ty ·fix. " ~ Who infHgated him to this cruel afiion ? , A. Pope Clmu"t Ir. Urhan's fucceflor, who under• ftanding that Co"radi" had fallen into the hands of CharieJ of Anjou, wrote to him thus s " The life of CGII' ,.adin is the death of Charles, and the death of Conrtl. • is the life of Charlet." Q. Was ~'lVil IX. King of ''France, Rill alive? A. Yea I he lived till the year one thoufand two hun· dred and feventy. when he died at Tunis. whither he had marched with an army upon a crufade againft the Mahom· etans, He had undertaken a former expedition, inwhich be was made prifoner, and obliged to purchafe his free• dom at an' immenle ranfom. - - ·. .! A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 1 ! 'I I 'TROM THIl EL'lC'l"10~ OJ' RODOLPHUS, COU~,T ·Of HAPs,Bulle.1f, TQ 'THE R£1GlI. ~F I-'REDflUCK I.. I.• .LEC1·OR.OF BRAND~N.BVIlG)H.-.-I4·~ ,YEA.U. , ' ~ How did the divifi~n8 'and the interregnum in the empire terminate ?, , A. They ended by the elettion o,f Roaolp'hus, Count -of Hapffiurgh, the firft Emperor of the houfe of Auflria. He began to reign in the year one thoufand two hundred .and (eventy three, and proved a virtuous prinoevof whom piLlQ:r:ianshave univerfally fpoken in commendation, . Q. What were his principal exploirs ? .. ..d. He defeated Ottoacr« King of Bohemia, who'. was Oain in the battle, which be gave Rotloq,hu'-polfeffion of all Auflria, . . Q. 'Who reigned in France? '. . ' A. Philip the -Hardy, who had, Iuceeeded his father Lewis' JX. in one thoufand two hundred and feventy, He died at Perpignan in the year one thoufand two hun• dred and eighty five,_and was fucceeded by his fO!1 PhiliJ Jhe Fair. ~ What Kings reigned .at this time in England? A. J.()hn, furnamed. Lackland; who loft Normandy in the year one thoufand two hundred and foul". - He was fucceeded by his fan Henry lIf. at whofe death Edward I. afcended the throne. . Q. Ih what 'year (;id the Emperor RoJoljhuJ die?' A. In' one thoufand two' hundred and ninety ones and was fucceeded by Adolphus, Count of Nalfau. , ... Q. ' Did Adolphus remain in peaceable po1fefIion of the empire? .. A. No; having rendered himfelf univerfally detefled by his cruelty, Albert, Duke of Aufhia, .fon 0{ Rodo/~ ph'l,s, declared, war againft him', and lie perifhed in an en• gagement that took place bear the city of Worms, Ana no Domini one, thoufand two liUndred and ninety eight. - Alkrt afcended the throne in his ftead. ... M - .. 134- A. HISTORICAL ~RAMMAR, Q. Did the Tartars frill render thernfelves formicia.. ble t A. They continued their progrefs in Afia, wbere they became very powerful. 1n the y~clI" one thoufand two hundred and fifty eight they even conquered the empire of China. Hauiacon Ka«, grand fori of GenghiJfall,reno dered himfelf mailer of Bagdad, a city on the Tigris, which the Caliphs made the place of their refldence. He put to death Moujlrrjim Bi/lah, the laft of this race, Q. Who reigned at this time in Conllantinople -? ..• That city having. as already obferved, been takes hy the crufaders, Baldwin,. Count of Flanders, reigned there, and bore the title cf ~mpet6r of the Eatl , but the fecond year of his reign he was vanquifhed and made prifoner by Jvhn, ·King of Bulgatia, who put :him to - death. Hit fon HmrJ fucceeded him in the year one thoufand two hundred and fix, and reigned ten yean. He was fucceeded by Peter of Auxerre, who had mar• ried his filler. His fon RfJhcrt next nfcended the throne, and after him Baldwin, the brother of Roh"l, under whofe reign, in the year one thoufand two hundred and fixty one, the Greeks, commanded by Michael Pa/~(;/tJ• gUI, whom they bad. elected Emperor, retook Conflantl- -nople. . .. ~•. Did M:chael Pal~ologus/retain' pofi'effion of it ? ..d. Yes; he reigned till the year .one thoufand two hundred and eighty two, and was fucceeded by his fun Andronicul Pa/~ologul, who died in the fourteenth cen- tury. . ~ In what {late were the affairs·of Charlt'l of -"',you, King of. Naples.and of Scicily ? . _ A. He kept potfellion of the kingdom of Naples: but Scicily wys feized ~y Peter, King of Arragon, who had married Conjlatlce, the daughter of ~oi'!J~~i, .n~turOlI fon of Frtderitk II. . . • ~ How did this happen?,. .d. The King' of .A.rragon gained over to his party one John Prothyla, a Sicilian, who fecretly incited all Si• cily to revolt, and murder the French \\110 were in the ifland, without difiinCt.ionof age qr fex. This happened on Eafler Sunday, in the y~a.rone thoufand two, hundred • • • " ' ." I ~ ~ A HIS'roRICAL GRAMMAR. 135 and ~ighty two.. As the irll bell for vefpers walt the' fignal of execution throughout the i£land, this maflacre is. called The Sicilian ]I'eJpm. "Q. Is the city of Amflerdarn mention-ed in this cen• tury? A. Yes.; in one thoufand two hundred and feventy five. Floren: 1'. Count of Holland, exempted it from all toll, as an idemnification for feveral Iofles which it had fuf• tained from the Hollanders. Q W..1" not the firfl: race of the COUll.tS of Holland ex'tina a lhc{rt time after? A. In one thoufand two hundred and ninety nine, by the deat.. ,·f J-:hn I. the Houfe or Hainanlt fucceeded, and furuifhed four Counts; Jobn /1. WiD"". III. IV"• Iiam IY. and I1fartarel. FOURTEENTH CENTURr. "Q. What remarkable event happened ill this century under the reign of Alhert of A n{hia ? ./I. The T~V01t of the SW!Cc; againll this Emperor, their fovereign. The c.mtons of Uri, Schwitz , and Un• derwalden, were the &rft which in one thoufand three hun• deed and-three threw off the yoke, and took up arms. ~ Who were the chiefs of this confpiracy?, ' A. 'Three individualse Waltber Futjl, of Uri, Werner . ie Siml/fac!;" of Schwits, and Arnold de' Melcbthal, of Un• derwalden, who had the fole conduct of this revolution. The firft vietory, which 'they gained at Morgate, in the canton of Schwitz, gave to their country the name of Switzerland' whieh it frill bears. "~ .What were the' motives ~f their revolt? A. The tyrannical. government of the imperial bail• . iffs~which became infupportable to the three cantons . ._There tyrants committed the inhabitants to prifsn for the 'Poil: trifling offence, exacted without mercy the tribute due to the Emperor, and were deaf to the complaints of the people. The bailHFGriejkr went fo far as to place a ~a.t UpoD; C1: pole at Altorf, and exad the fame honors to. ~6' A HISTORICAL GKAMMA.R. be paid to it as to his own perfon. lVilliam .T,ll was the firO: who refufed to yield rlie preferibed honors to the hat, and was condemned to {hoot an apple off .the head of his only {on. He had the good luck to hit the apple with. _out killing his fon. The bailiff, feeing another -arrow under Tell's cloke, afked what that was for. "To have tho~ you to the heart," {aidTell, ,~if I had killed my fOll.n· Upon this the people took up arms. Q. Did -Alheri reign lorig ? A. He reigned till one thoufand three hundred and eight. This year, which was the tenth of his reign, he was killed by John of Auflria, his nephew, the fon of hi.- GWD brother. . ~ Who.fucceeded' him ?' . A. Belfr} of Luxembourg. a' wife and' magnanimous prince, mentioned in hiftory under, the name' of Hen,., Y11. He was crowned at Rome in the year one thou• {and three hundred and twelve. As be was preparing to fet out for N.aple,s, in order to .make war. on Robe", of Anjou, the fon of Charle:11. he was poifoned by a Domin• ican monk in the bread of the Eucharift, and died near Si• enne, in the year one thoufand thr.ee hundred and thirteen; - Q. Who was his fucceflor ?: .A~. Lt~;I, Duke of Bavaria, of whom .wetwill f~, hereafter. . ~ In what ftate was the church ?' A. The Popes laboured only to increafe their author• ity, and to corrupt the pure dodrines of ~ligion. Brmi.. ffUe IT'll. who was a deteflable character. eRablifhed the· I jubilee in th~ year one thoufand three hundred. ' .!2., What were the other atHons, of this Pope ? A~ Under falfe pretences fugge~ed by his ambition, he excommunicated Philip the Fair; .but that' prince fent tr-oops into Italy, and took him prifoner at Anania, from whence he was conducted to Rome, where be died of rage and defpair. The hiflorians of that time fay, that "Boniface entered upon the pontificate like a fox, that he reigned like lion, and that. he died like a dog," Hi~ , death happened in the year one,thoufand three hundred and three. o: What {-,ventsfollowed ~ • A. HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. .91 A. .Bt"(JilJ XI. fuceeeded him, and declared tlle e~.. comeaunication of Philip thl, Fair null. Q. What othet memorable actions did this Pope per- form? . A. He abolifhed the Ternplars, an order of k.night• hooJ which had been etlablifhed in the twelfth ce~lturl, for the pt!rpofe of making war upon the Infidels. ~ How was this etfeCted? . :A~ The Knights Ternplars being extremely rich, and po.Ifeffing f~veral convents in different parts of Europe, Pope CJn.esJ Y. who had fucceeded Beneditl Xli. enter• ed into an agreement with the King of France to deilroj' them, ;11 order to {hare their poffdIiQos. To this end, a• trocious accufations were produced againfl them. their Grand Maller, and the principal men of their order, who ",eri all perfons of r:ank, were burnt alive, and all their foundations in Europe utterly abolifhed e . . Q. Who fueeeeded Philip Ihl. Fair? A. His fon, Lewis Huli", who reigned only fixteen mOGthSt arid was, in one thoufand three hundred and fix.. teen, .fuceeeded by his brother Philip the Long. Upon his death, in one thoufand three hundred and twenty two, GhtUkl the Fair, his brother, afcended the throne, and reigqed. tiU th:e year one thoufand three hundred and twen• ty eight, when he died without iffue. Q. .Who reigned in France after there princes? A PbJip de j7.JOi" fon of Charlestit j7l1IQj/~ the broth. er Qf Philip 1.6, Fair. This fuecefllon caufed long and' fangnlnary wars in France, , ~ How fo ? .. .d. Edward I 1I•. Kin~ of England, who was the Ion of If®e/4l, daughter of Philip the Fair, laid claim to the crown of France. Tb e French oppofed to his preten• fi(i)fl~ the Salic law, which excludse females from the gov• ernment; but: Edward not. admitting this objectiou, af• fumed·the title of King of France, which his fucceflors have retained, and commenced a war, in which France baci greatly the difadvantage. Q. Let us now return to the Emperors, What have JOu to obferve.of Lewi .. of Bavaria? ",d. T.\le Emperor .uw:U,.Y. was elcctd in th-: M ~,-_ .' .. l~ar • 6ne' -thonfand three- hundred anC! Murteen, -and" diea -one thoufand. three hundred; and forryfeven, having rubned continued vexations from the Popes, who excommuaica• ted him, and, depofed him from the imperial dignity, in which, however, he had; notw:ithtbnding;, addr:efs to maintain himfelf. . . ~ Who fucceeded ~im-? - . .-A. Charlu of Luxemburg', caned Charlil 11'. {on of John, King of Bohemia. 'It W~ lIh.is·prtnce who. c:>onapo. ... fed the Golden Bull. He reigned till the year one thoa• fand three hundred and. fevmt1. eight, and was- fucceeded by his fon lYincllas, King of Bohemia. . I Q. In what ftare was the: Margraviate. ef Bmaden• 'llurg ~ A. OlBoI. fucceedecf.llia- fatller ~e1't lhe llmr, "'htl died in one thoufand one hundred and tiny nine.. He lived till one thoufand one hundred and; nin~ eight" ~hen OJhoII. afcended, the-throne, which ]le.'poffefRtd till his death, Anno. Domini one thonfand two hundred and fix. A/herrf H: his brother, fuceeeded- him,. and left two !lns, Mn and·()JhoIU. who reigned Jointly dwiDg forty years. John H. fon of John I.' died. in one thHfand two· , hundred and eighty five, and was. fueceeded by COftI"tlll, · who- lived till one thonfand three .hundred. ad four. John 1/1. his fon, nat afcende.d the throne, but died the' following year, when lVoldemar.· fucceeded.·him, and termi• . natcd his life in one thoufand.three hundred aad nineteen. · ;Hmr-y, his ron, furnamed Lack/ad,. next fRIed the throne, which. he left, by his death, to WoIdemQflII •.who, aa alfo' .....John Jr.. hili fucceflbr, died without c.hild~. All thefe• princes were of the hou~ of Saxony; ~ How was the_.. Margraviate difpefed' of' after• · .. ards ] A. The Emperor Lt"Wil"o£ Bavaria, ga...e it to··hi.iOn. I 'Liwfr, as a fief devolved- to the empire. . ~ . Did not this meet -.vith-fome·oppofidon ? • :J,. The princes of the h(lufes of Suony and Aahalt ,retendl!d that the' eletlorate belonged to them, aa. pro• duced: :r man . whom they affirmed to. be ·1I'DlJem.,. /I. re- · turned froJl,lll3l ~ng pilgrimage, whieh he-had tmdel'tum "''to npiate'hI$-1fns" 'agreeabIJ'~ tile fu~n ohhofe , I ·ji"l.mM"Q.R:IClAL"f)l{AMKA'R. 15g ~ ·.•• e iautlors; .t\.....''>tJlii 'm&d ..... tntUw•. . called Joint RehfNl, who bore a ref'emblance to "IIi... r ~II. •So","_ ... ma,.be, the ·pn.ce..of Anhalt, .who - {i.uppoi1:edhim, were obliged to delHi from their en.r. . pri~,ani the eltaorate' .CBlaiMa anneu4.to: th.e hoefe of Bavaria. .- ' .l Q.~ ,;IWa~'dte· reigaI; of .8' 'Empel'Ot' ~i.flal .rtu- ,nate 1 ~ :.' '.' ,. ',., ", ;. ;", 1 ,.A. No,;: he was a prince of no merit. In the:'.,.r one thoufand four' buttdt~ wlliclr was:the (cetond· of hi.. .reip, he w~ ~d by the commoft confeat flf the wb01~pi1'e. " ; . , ~ , Waa his tetgn ;1l'allY'reepeCt .memoJ'a61e'~ .iI_ .y~ 'r for ~ lll.t'elUWn ei.gUnP""d~,.b"lWtWt/· ScjtINI"",. a Gennan ... &I1kl I., ' ...,) ~ In what·~ear~.d.PI1iiiI44;/Aaloll, .King.of .l'nafe, dje r A. In one thollfatui-tfttoee.hundred and fifty. He was fucceeded by his fon JoJm., who was defeated by the. EnglHb. illan eagaiemenr, near ClIeiY, in :toilou, Anno Domini' one thoufand three hundred and fifty fix. Ei. lfIJari, ~ce·'of 'WUes, who commanded· the Engliih: ana~ took 'JoM-pribwr,':Iad, OIlrtitki hint· to··England, from wbence-he didno~ retum lilith' ·had'Paid a&immel1fe ' iUm for his f1IDfom,. ~ Who fucceeded him ~, " , " . '_, ,A.~,.,€b»,.., , ..-hiefem, fumamed the' Ftfi., _0 died' iil the year one thoufand three hundred and eighty,.-d was fucceeded by hi, f(m C/lorlel Y/. ~ 'In· what flate was the empire of. -cuilSllltino., pie".' " A. It wu on its 4toline. .AtrJt.fJtlk • .r, the {on··of ,~Mi(lIJel',PultnftJgUl,' Died- in '?_ tboufancf. tbtee htmdred' and thirty. two, leaving his two~, JbA" and .Mmlflel" unSer:ftheituttla,:e .of:·J~1m CfJlflt#fteM, who' re.zed the tlllpre. ,Htt'1vas difpo~' of ill bIteen' years ~. _ft; ./0_ !J>alM/rJgw afcendled: the- throne, which he fiKed 1ilhhe ,_.·0De tbeufand three hundred and eighty (O\lr., ... '. ·l~ N H.lSToaIC#t.L~~AfOlAll. •·HIIt"'. _etded bJ iM.-I, who, bed ·iIl.dae em.mg oc_twt·· ,. .' .•~. AI: .wha:t ti~ di" 'HeIland reJNr.t to tOe:boufe of ·Ia.aria? '...... : ~ .~, lndl" ,e'lume,~&Dd ~teIt.h~.:and fifty five. ' . . :Q. Ho.wlnatty. C:outs.,.ere tbere1)f.this.h~e l A. Four; Willia. Y. AI!Jert, Willilllll Y I. and. Jac· ·".,rlfll~' Ii· , .".: ;>1' ," ~" ; Q. W ~s their .g()Ternmeftt tranquil i .' : : .4., By no means ; the provincet;were. coatinuaU,. a prey to troubles-occafioned bytwo faaions, known by the · name of H«1fok and Ca/JkIj(JJJ"'/~, 'Whofe fnty ~afted , ,aearlyone huncDed aoG fifty 1~aJ"li•.. The province of Guelders was alfo divided jPlO ••ntro·,f.u9ioas, _bic:h in the t ~ litanper·made war IlpoD e*li QUle.r., ~:.'. F J FT EEN'I H·C E NTU R r...... 5!J .Did' the- Emperor of Bavf.l"ia,.e~ long l J~ 4.·' HAt r~igned, teo. JAMI,. ~ud died, Anno Domini " ~~~Jhtt.ui.nd . four. bundrt:.d .and ten, at Oppeohtim, whence his corpfe was carried to Heidelburg. Q. Who fucceeded him ~ .' · :.At ..&igYm()lj(/, tht .fon.of CJxw/".lY.. ad ~ of · ·lYitKt/ltU;. , . Q. Was Sigifmond a good Emperor? ..4, H~ h~ be.e~ commended bJ all biftoriaDs, though hi. civil virtues were not accompanied with thofe q~et n~lfaJ;t; to. conftittlt-: a warriQr. '.', . ; .Q..' .Did not the Twka"j towasds.. thi. ,tiJDf't ~ to make a. 6gute~iil Europe 1 . .:' .': . ':,A•• ·T~,.true beg~ing ..~£ .the ~re. Of tbe. Tar's may be ..dated.. from 011""..",. who reignal toward .. lhe ye,arone thoufand three hundred and one•. ..He .as "c- ' · eeeded by Orchaa his fon, about the year ~ dIowand · t~ree hundred and twenty feven; and UPOD his death, hiS fon Amuralh ! .afcended the throne, Anno Demint one thoufand three hundled ~ 6ftJ ~ht. It was thiS , , ~ HrSTO~ICAL.GM.AMM.\R. 1.41 prince 'who lirft entered Europe, .where he' made hitnfelf rriafber of Adrianople in .the year one thoufand three hun .. dred and .fi'xtv three. . ,. ~ Who fucceeded him '~ A.. Bajarztl/. his fon, in .the year one thoufand three. hundred and eighty nine. In one thoufand three hun .. dr~d and ninety eight he was defeated in a battle, and taken prifoner by Tllmeriane,a, Tarter prince, one of the• greatefl conquerors that ever appeared in the world. ~ Did Boja~t die in captivity? ' A. Yes; he died in the year one thoufand four .hun- , dred and two, in an iron cage, in which, by the order of Tamerlas»; he' was kept. confined. Tamer/~"t himf~lf died a fhort time after. Q. Do any of Tamer/allt'l poflerity remain? '. A. His defcendants reigned fome time. at ,.$amat-:eallt4 in the country now called Ulbeck T~ry ; but the race: ofTarrurUutl hasbeen pn:iened .with .the grt!~lteR: eclat. in Indoftan, in the perfon, 9£the .G~at: M.oguls, who jle• rive their origrn (ro~ th.is.cpnquer~ng Tartar, but .:who make no great figure. in our. time.• ' ..~ SIXTH ·P.E·R~OD. n.or.t Fa,E!lUllCIt I. ELECTO~ OF B&4J1I.D~_NB-RIlG, ;ro THE PH.ACE OF~ TISCM"''N,.CQ,..cLV,DED "AY )~, 1.719. 862 YE~llS, ! . it In ~hat a.ate 'were the ~frajrs of the ell)pjre ~d the church ? . A. . T9~ignorance and ambition of the .~d~(aamcs created a..,gener..t.difoTder. There 'Werea_ this time no IdS tn~n three Popes, who- ~\JtJlally e~(:QrIIlmuJ1iclf.~ed· each other, and who, fnpported by.. the l1rineer..of their feveral parties, :dined \IP ~~~d(~ I 4iff~~O~Sl ~l1d t!V~ble8 in all the 'fioatesof Europe. . A. What ~~edy was found fOf: tbefe diJ.or~rs ? Q. The Fmperor.Sififmond;. with the CQAfent· of ..the g_i)l~r:BriD~~ .~f~e ,t1l1}»rt_'~~ufed:~ RQUllcjl.to be ~atr~lth 144 A HISTiuiicAL GRAMMAK. ' Q. Did any thing' m~morable occur in the reign of this princefs ? .' • A. She granted, to the country and cities certain privileges, known oy -the mime of the Great CharIff, which was figned the fourteenth of March, one tho ufand four hundr~d and feventr feven, and which, among oth• ers, contained thefe articles : ',' That Mllr) fhould not marry without the consent of the Rates; that employ• ments would be giyen only to the natives of the coun• try; that lawftiits, the judgment of whichl belonged to the tribunals of the cities, fhould not be carried into a court of juftice at the Hague, but hy way of appeal ; that the inhabitants fhould not be fummoned to judg• ment out of the country ; that the ma,giftrates lhould I be reeflablifhed upon the ancient footing, &c.; that the cities 1h01.l1d not be obliged to fign any petition to which they bad not given their confent; that .they Ihould not be bound by any law or ordinance contrary to the privi• leges of the cities." It is from this time what is called the liberties and privileges of the Low Countries may be dated. , ~' To whom was this princefs married? ..A. To Maximilian.' Duke of Aull:ria; {he died iq the year ODe thoufand fOUT hundred and eighty two. Her only fon Philip IJ.' fucceeded to the throne, by which the fovereignty of thefe provinces palled to the houfe of Auflria. Q. Was the Emperor $igifmo"d Llillalive? A. No; he died towards the end of the year one thoufand (our hundred and thirty feven, at the age of feventy. His reign was' difturbed by' the wars of the HuShes, who, he.ided by John'·Zifia, a Boheamian gen• tleman, fcveral times defeated tbe imperial armies, and ftruck· terr~r Into all the neighbouring Ilates' ?ifla died in one thoufand four hundred and,' twenty four, but his I party vig-oroufly maintained the war after his death. ,~. Who attained tae imperial dignity after the death of SigifmDnd? ,.. A. A/herlof. AuLlria ,was .i~ve~e4 wiYt ·it. He was a very valiant 'prince,' but' died the 'fecond year of his reign, in the month of Nonmber, one thoufand [our A HI.iTtJRIOAL GRAMMaR. ..5 hundteCi and thirty nine.. His fuceefihr was FrNtmcJ, the fon of EmeflvDuke of Auflria; who reigned till me year one thoufand four hundred and ninety three. ~ Wbo reigned at this time in France ~ A. Charlu VI~ who h.utin·g· afcended the 'throne in one thoufand three hundred-and-eighty, died" in one thou• fand four hundred and twenty two, in the furty fecond year of his reign. This' Prince, whofe underftanding WQ~ deranged, was alrhof] Cdn(llaI1t1~ under the tutelage of his uncles, J:-htJ, Duke' of Berry, and POilip, Duk-e of Bl1rgundy, who :..bufed their authority, and reduced : the kingdom of France to the' greateft extremitie9. 1I~,,• ry of Lancafter, King of England, protitting by there' diforders, and fupported by the Duke of Burgundy, made himfelf rmttler of almoft the· whole kingdom of, France. Q. Bid this happen during the Ufe of Cliartn Y1. ? A; HMry IT. landedan army in Fr-ance, in the year one thoufand: four hundred and' fifteen, and married Cath. ariM; the daughter of l)/Jar/tl ITI. in one thoufand four hundred and eighteen, holdly carrying IHs views to the crown of France, in exclufion of the legitimate heir Chark.r /TIl. Death, however, difappointed his hopes, for he expired in one thoufand four hundred and twenty two, the fame year as-his fathel' in law. Q. What was the itlue of thefe troubles- ~ A. Charles ITI. being dead, the partifans of Charle, Pfl. proclaimed hirR King of France; but t'ie Engli1\ and Burgundian party, .which was the molt powerful. proclaimed Hmry PI the fon of Hem:y Y. whu was then an infant. -The Englifh. ever vi4ftorioli~, had reduced Chari,s PJI. to the laft extremities, when a fimple coun• try girl, called J'JQnof Arc, but more generall y fIR! Maid of Orleans, offered her fervices to Charier; and by her he• rotc exploits entirely changed the face of affairs. Q What was the end of this heroine? A. The EngHili having made her prifoner in an en. gagement, caufe 1 her to be burned altve for a witch, ill • the y~r one thoufand four hundred and thirty one. From this time their affairs in France took a different turn. In o.ie th~nl'tJ.nJ four hundred an'_tthirrt one they N . U6 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 10ft General Talbot, an officer equally illufirious for his valour and his virtues, and were driven out of Normandy and Guienne;. infomuch, that of all their polleffions in France they retained only Calais, which they preferved till late in the fixteenth century. . ~ In what year did Charles 1711.die? .. ,A. He died in one thoufand four hundred and ruty one, and was fucceeded by his fon Le'IIJu Xl. ~ Let, UB DOW return to the Margraviate of Bran• denbnrg, ,W~at have you to fay of the Elector F,etln·- ;cllJ. , ' .Lt. This Prince was born at Tarigermunde, in the year one thoufand four hundred and thirteen. He was 6rft only the Electoral prince, but the Emperor Sigijmond, in the year one thoufand four hundred and thirty two, made him Protector of the council of Bafle, though he was Only tWenty two yeal:J of age. In one thoufand four hundred and forty one, he married Cathari"" the daughter of FreJericl, Elector of Saxony. ~ Did not this prince ghre fon.e remarkable inftan• ces of his greatnefs of foul ? .A.. Yes, on feveral occafions j but t11atwhich merits particular attention is his refufal, from a principle of equity, of two crowns; that of Poland, 'Which was offer.. ed to him, and that of Bohemia, of which the Pope would bave defpoiled G~rge PoJirhrad" becaufe he favoured the party of the Huflites, ~ Did not Frederick fignalize himfelf alfo in war? .' A. He defeated the Poles and Pruflians, who had be• fieged the city of Frankfort, on the Oder. G~"gt· Po• p;elJ,.aJ, and Le'U);I, Duke of Bavaria, attempted to take polfefiion of Lower Lufatia, but he 'made a vigorous re• fillance. This war concluded in one thoufand four hun• dred and fixty two, by an agreement, which confirmed to the Ele8:or the po1feffion of Cothus, Peitz, Teupitz and Berenwald: the reft of Lufatia was ceded to George Po• J;eiJraJ. ~. Were thefe all the wars that the Eledor Frtikricl had to fuftain ? 4. He made war in Pomerania, in o_!'derto fupport A HISTOllICAL GRAMMAR. 147 hi",pretentions to that Dutehy, which upon the death' 'of O/hl) 111 .he claimed in virtue of a treaty, to which nothing could be objeCted; but although his right was inconteflable, he confented to an accommodation, by the! mediation of Caji",ir, King of Poland. - Q In what y.eardid he die? I .d. III one thoufand four hundred and {eventyone, the tenth of February. As he had no mate children, he ceded the Electorate to his brother Alhtrl, a year before his death. This ceffion was made with the confent of the Emperor. Q. Did Henry ,ITI. reign peaceahly in Enp:land? ,.d. No; his reign was long, but far from being hap• py. Edward, Earl of March., the fon of Rit'hard, Duke of Yorkt revolted 311d having Vanquifbed him in battle, and put him to death, afcended the throne. HenrJ YI. had reigned thirty nine years and fix months. , Q. How long did the reign of EJ'Wara continue? . A. It continued twenty three years, and ended by his death, in one thousand four hundred and thirty eight. Soon after, his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucefler, , caufed the two young Princes, Edward'.r fons, to be mur• dered. and afcended the throne. The third year of his reign, .Hm,." Duke of -RichlPond, ' the fon of Joh"t .brather of Henry of La",:qJler, declared war againft him, vanquifhed, and flew him in battle. Q. Did he reign in hi. Read? .A. Yes; and his reign proved very beneficial-to Eng .. land. He married Eli,..aheth, the daughter of Edward 1fT. and by this marriage united the Houfes of York and Lancafler, the difputes of which had occafioned all the troubles in this Century. ~. Did Louil Xl. King of France, reign long ~ J1. He reigned from the year one thoufand four hun• dred and fixty one to one thoufand four hundred and eighty three. He was a cruel, fufpicious, and perfidi• ous Prince, who neither loved nor \vas beloved by any one. Q. Who fuccceded him ? 4. ClHJrlll Yill.{on, his who by his maniage with Its A HISTORICAL GllAMMAlt. A"8, Dnchefs -of Bretagne, united that extenfive prov- ince to the kingdom of France. . ~ Did Cbarla rI II. dFeB: any thing memorable during his reign i A. In one thoufand four hundred and ninety four he entered Ital y \\ ith an army, and made himfelf mafjer of the kingdom of Naples, which, howeverv.he was unable I to preferve e the Venetians, the Emperor, the :Kin'gof ' Spain, and Pope Altxtlnd"r 17I. one of the.rnofl vicious charadt:rs of the age, uniting their forces again-ft him, they blocked up' the paffes in his return to France j but he furmounted every obliacle, and reentered his territories in triumph ~ Did he live long after ? .&. No; he died at Amboife, in Touraine, Anne Domini one thoufand four hundred and ninety eight, in ! the fifteenth year of his reign. Lr/Glil, Dukeof Gl'leanll, who married Ann of Bretagne, -hiswidQ.~,-fueceeded'him. ·His reign belongs .to the fixteenth Century. . Q. Let us now return to.the alfair.s of the tEaft. In what, frate were they at this time.i A. The power of the Turks became more and. more formidable. After the death of .Blijaztt, his fon S(}/imiln {uccceded him; .then followed Mahomet.l. wbo died An• no 'Domini one tbcusand four hundred ~nd twenty OBe. 4muratf II. his i hundred and eighty one, wAen his fon.:Bqja:ut afcended the throne, He died in the fixteenrh century. ~ Did Aikrl, Elector of Brandenburg, reign long? .. ". A. From the year one thoufand four. hundred and feventy one to one thoufand four hundred and feventy fix. Q. By what furname is Albert known in hillQry ? 4. Bythat of Achilles, which is given him on-account of his valour. Q. Ln what wars was he engaged? A. He commanded the auxiliary' troops of the Em. peror Albert, of 4I;.Jlria, who 'had declared war againfl· the Poles. He alfo fought fuccefsfully againLl the Ba• varians; but the war in which he more particularly dif. tinguifhed himfelf, was thar againft the city of Nurem• berg, the inhabitants uf which had burned the town of Win {bach, which belonged to him. Q. Was it of long continuance? A~ It continued two years, in the courfe of which nine different e.ngagements took place. Eight of thefe were in favour of Albert, who was feen in every. part of . the battle, and performed feveral heroic actions. Q. Had he other wars to fuflain ? A. He fuflained one againfl: the Pomeranians in fup. port of his claim to the Duchy of Stettin. This war ended by an accommodation. in one .thoufand four hun ... dred and feventy one. New and unforefeen differences, however, occuring, BOgiJIBI, Duke -of Pomerania, mar• ried Margaret" daughter of FrederiCkII.· and agreed that in cafe the Dukes of Pomerania died withqut male itfue, . the province Ihould belong to the EleCtor Albert, or to his defcendants. ~ Did A111L~rtappear again in the field of battle ~ .d. He had the chief command of the armies of the Emperor FrederiCkIll. againLl: Char/el, Duke of Burgun- - dy, who had befieged the city of Neultadj, iJl the Electo, rate of Cologne. . !l~ Where did he die? ' . ...tl At Frankfort on the Main, when he 'Was. at th~ . Diet, where Maximilian I. was eleded Emperor. . . N2 15) A HISTQRICAL GRAMMA:R. ~ Who was his fucceflor ? A. His fon John, furnarned Cjc~roJ on accou nt of his eloquence. He was born in the year one"thoufand four illJlldred and fifty five. His mother, a Princefs of the bOllfe of Baden, was called Margaret. Q. Did this Elector llgnalize himfelf only' by his elo- 'luence ? -" " 4 He made war upon Joh", Duke of Sajan, who rcfufed to cede to Barbara, the "E1t'aOl'S fifler, the Duchy of Croflen, which had been bequeathed to her by her hufband, Henry, Duke of "Glowgow and Croflen, After a contefl of fix years, this duchy was ceded- to, the Princefs, and has remained fince that time fubjea to the Eletiors of Brandenburg. ". " Q. Did this irince reign long? " _ ~ He reigned thirteen years, and died Anno Dom• ini one rhoufand four hundred and ninety nine, at the age of forty four. His extreme corpulency -incommoded )lim greatly. He employed various remidies to diminith . the weight of his body, but without fuccefs. !t. Who fucceeded him? A. Joachim I. his fon, of whom we will fpeak in the fucceeding centurv, " Q. It now cnly remains to fay fomething oftbe Em• perors of Germany. Did Fredfricl III. reign long? .A. He died the fifty third year of his reign, in the• rear one thoufand four hundred and ninety. three, and was fucceeded by his fon ltIaximiiiarl I. Q. What remarkable events relate to the fifteenth century ? A. Printing was invented about the year on~ thou• fand four hundred and forty, at Mayence, by Jo!Jn Got• tlnbcrg and Schlfifor. A merica was difcoved in ~e year one thoufand four hundred and ninety two, by "Clmj/opher CoJumz.us, a Genoefe. This difcovery was made under the aufpices of Fcr-fina"d and lfobella, who then reigned in Spain, and who, two years after, in one thoufand four hundred and ninety four, took from the Moors the city of C.d"enaJ.l.the only one tha,t the Mahometans then poffef• fed in Spain. 'A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 15t SIXTEENTH CENTURT. @. How were the Netherlands governed at the·. be- 0 ginning of this century ? A. By the Counts of Holland, of the houfe of Auf. tria; Philip II. Charlel II. and Philip III. ~ ~ What happened remarkable under the reign of Philip II. 1 A. Under hi. reign .the .faBions known by the name. of HfMllllle and of Cah!J~!ia'lJ)fch~,ceafed, after having, for near a hundred and fifty years, contended for chime• ras, ruined their country, and unmercifully filed the blood of their fellow citizens. The Hoelfche was at length' worfted, and entirely difperfed, after a naval combat near Bronwedhaven; the remnant of the fugitives, however, Rill in North Holland {upported the feuition of the low. er dafs. Philip II. died the twenty fifth of September, one thoufand five hundred and fix. ~ Who fucceeded him? A. His eldefl fon, Char/tl II. known by the titles of Charla I. King of Spain, and Char/II Y. Emperor of .Rome. ~ By what means did he render himfelf odious in the' Netherlands? , ~. By eftablifhing the Inquifirion, and by. the edid. which he iffued againft the doerrine of the reformers, which Wall at that time called herefy. We fhall prefent- 11 (peak of his refignation 'of the kingdom of Spain an4l 0 of his death . . Q. Who afcended the throne aftee him? ..4. Philip, the third of tiat name of the Counts of Holland, and ,the fecond of the Kings of Spain. It 'Was in his reign that the revolution. and "oars legsn, which ended in the eflablifhmene of the republic of the United oProvinces, which \\ ill be fpoken of hereafter. Q. In what Rate was the republic of Venice? A. It had rifen to a high degree of power by its in. duftry and the commerce. it carried on in Europe. alone. - ItI t\rength was fo much inereafed, as to excite tl:.e jeal .. 152 A 'HISTORICAL. GRAMMAR:. 8ufy of its neighbours, and of a. great part of Eu• rope.s Il. How long did the Emperor .lI(aximil;anreign? - .Lt. Tw.enty five years and five months. He died in ene thoufand five hundred. and nineteen, in his fi.x.teiJh y.ear. Q. Who fucceeded him? .4. His. grandfon Cbarlrl V. King-of Spain, as alrea.. dy obferved. , e. How. was he his grandfon? ' A. Maximilian had, in one thoufand four hundred and fev..entyfeven, married Mary, daughter and heirefs of the lafl. Duke of Burgundy, of the houfe of France. He had a fun called Philip, who married Jane, the daughter of Fe.rdinand, King of Arragon; and of /fabi'lIp, Queen of Ca!lile and-Leon : from this marriage {prung Charles Y. ~ Did. nothing remarkable happen. in Germany un• der the reign of rhefe Emperors? .Lt. No event can be mentioned I more celebrated' than the Refonmarion, begun by Martin LUlht,r, who' c.ourage• oufly oppofed the abufe of the church of Rome, and par• ticularly that of Indvlgencie», which Leo 1(. caufed to be ,publicly fold throughout -the cities of Europe; and efpe- ciall}~in y..ermany. I Q. What have you to fay of Joadim I. Elector of Brandenburg . .Lt_ He was a virtuous and learned prince, who in the yQar one, thoufand fi~a hundred and fix, founded the fa• mous Univerfity at Frankfort on the Oder. He marri• ed. Elizab.eth, the- only daughter of Job«, King of Dell• mark, ~ Did he in any refpetl contribute to the a~rall• dizernent of his flates ? A. He acquired the Earldom of Ruppin, which de• volved to the Margraviate by the death of W-IChma1l, Count of Lindau, the former polfeff'-or. ~ Did Joachim [.0 live long ?.. I A He lived fifty one years, and died the eleventh of • Venice with its territories was feized by the French, and deliv• ered tip to the.houfe of Auflria, by the treaty of CaD1J?QFannio, one. moufand fev.en. huadreclr and niu,,,ty.UK, A HfSTO.R:ICAL GRAMMAR. ISS July, one th~ufand five hundred and' tfJjrty'~~e': he ~jlS always Ilrongly attached to the 'Pope's partj, ,Q. Who reigned at this time in France ? A. Lewil XII who died Anno Domini' o~e thonfand five hundred and fifteen, leaving only two ,Ja~g;ltet8. He was fucceeded 'b.y FrmJeil tie Palo;l, Count of AllgO!l• leme, betterknown by the mme of /i'rapc;i I. He had mar• ried Claude, the eldefl daughjer of Lt'W;1 XII and of All" of Bretagoe; the other J~,ighter was married to the Duke ofFerrara in Italy, This princefs died.at Moutar- gis,. profeffing the proteflanr faith. , Q, Was the reign.of Franci» I. profperous ? .d. He h,..HJbeen competitor with CharlaP. for the empire, and almofl the whole of his reign was a feries of wars againft that Emperor, In one thoufand five hun• dred and twenty five, he was defeated at Pavia. by the Imperial army, and carried prifoner to Madrid, where he was kept ,till 'he entered into an eng~gement to pay ~ large fum' of mOHey for his ranfom. - ~ Succefs then attended the arms of.C~Cfrl~1P.'" , :A. Sis ~re"at power rendered .him formidable to Nt ·Europe. In one thoufand fiv.e hundred and twe~,ty fev• en his frP.OPII"too~and .facked the c~ty of Rome, .wpere they attacked the caflle of St. 4~geJo, and maintained _a lon~ ,.~eg~ ,y the Elector Jo~• (ihim J/. and in England m,any perfous fecr~tly embraced t. ~ Who r,e~g~e~in Ep'gl~~d ? / ;r. ,Iff,!!] fl 1.1. who hl one thoufand fiye .hundred apd nine fu_c,cEededhis father Henry rrr. who died at ~ ~geof fifty' two, after a r,eign of twenty four years, , ., . ~ '\\That was the character of HenrJ YI!J. ?. .iI. He cannot be ,9therwi~ than 'ranked among the 154 A HISTORICAL- GRAMMAR.. worft of princes : his memory is diCgraced by bit volup4 l'Uoufnefs, his divorces, and his cruelty. With no other -view than to effetl his purpofe of divorcing eatharine, aunt to the Emperor Charlts P. and of marrying Anne Bullen, he declared himfelf head of the church of Eng• land, and renounced all communion with the Pope, with• out, however, ceating to perfecute the Protefianta, whom he cruelly put to death. ~. Did he reign long? A. He died in the year one thoufand five hundred and forty {even, at the age of' fifty fix, after a reign of thirtY-eight yean. Q. Did he leave any children? A. Yes; a fon and two daughters. Edwara, who fucceeded him, was by one of his wives, names Jane &2- ",our; Mary, by Catharineof Arragon, .aunt, ali before mentioned, to .Charles P.; and Et;w.a6elh was by Anne Bullm.· Thefe two princelfes fucceeded each other as 'Queens of England. .! Q. Did Edward PI. reign long ; I .: A. Only fix years, and died at the age of fi.1teen.' 'Under his reign the Reformation was eft.wlilhed,. and .took deep root in Ellgland. . ~ Let us now fpeak of JOIlthim II. What' have 70\1 to fay .of that great prince? . A. He attained the Electorate in the year olle thou- : (and five hundred and thirty five, and was a wife, valiant and virtuous prince. He was twice- married ;, .firft Ie I M.gdalene, daughter of George,Duke of Saxony, and at· terwarda to Hed'IIJige, daughter of Sigifmond,. King of Po• Jand. e What were his moll memorable atlion. 1 A: In one thoufand five hundred and thirty nine he I introduced the Reformation into his flates. His mother, i Elizakth of Denmark, had privately inftrufted him in rhe principles of the Preteflant religion. fl. Did he not fignalize himfelf in war? A. As he had difplayed his valour on {everal occa .. fions, he was, with the confent of the Emperor and of the . ft,ates of the empire, ele-Bed general of the imperial army, I a,~nft the iDfide~sin Hungary. . A HISTORICAL GItAMMAR. J5li Q.. Was this expedition attended with fuccefs ] . ~. No; he was fuffered to want the neceflary fuc• conrs, money, and troop's: however, the terror of his arms intimidated the infidels, and prevented their entering the imperial ftates. ~ Did he make any new acquifitions? - A. He obtained the title of Duke of Croifen, and right of fueceffion to the!Dutchy of Pruffia.. Q. In what year did he die? c A. In one thoufand five hundred and feventy one. at the age of fixty fix. His fon J( hn George fucceeded him. Q. Let us now return to the Emperor Charlel. Y. Did he polfcfs the empire long? .J1. In the year one thoufand five hundred and fifty fix he voluntarily refigned it into the hands of the Elec• tors, and FerJinlltld, his brother, was elected Emperor in his ftead. Q.. Did he preferve the kingdom of Spain? A. No; he in the fame manner refigned that to his fon PhilipI1~ the Netherlands were comprehended iB this refiguation, which was made at Ghent. Charlel af• terwards retired into a monaftery at Eftramadura, called .St, Juft, where he died two yealS after in one thoufand . fivehundred fifty eight. Q. Did Franei« I. frill reign in France'? . A.. No; he died in the yeat one thoufand five hua• dred and forty feven, and bad left his kingdom to his foa Ht'nryII ",ho had married Catharine dt Medicu, niece t. Pope Clnnenl ITII. This prince was a cruel perfecutor of the Reformers throughout his dominions. ~ Did he reign long 1 A. He reigned thirteen years, and died at the age of forty one, Anno Domini ont; thoufand five hundred and fifty nine. . ~ . ~ How did he die? .A. In a -eournament which be celebrated at Paris he oblig~d the Earl of Montgom~y ~o break a lance wid. him; and the Earl's lance plercmg the armour of the King. gave him a wound 11\ the ere wbieh_proved.mOF- 156 A HISTORICAL. GRAMMAR. tal. He li~ed' ten days after, and expired in the grc:ateft agony. ' / ~ Who fuccceded him ? A. Francis II. the eldefl of his Ions, who reigned emt, a year and three months' He died at the age of eighteen, in the year one thoufand five hundred ,and fixty. This prince had married Mar,; Stuart, heirefs of the king'dom of Scotland: the fame who was imprifoned, and in the year oae thoufand five hundred and eighty fer• en put to death by. the order of Elizakth, Queen. of England. Q: Who afcendedthe throne after Francu 1I. ? A. CbarlesIX. who was only ten years of age; He was 'brought up under the tutelage of his mother, CiZllu• rim: de Medicis, who was a very bad woman, and infpired him with an invincible: hatred of the Reformed religion. ~ Did this hatred produce any bad effects? A. Yes; c.~(!r/e.rhaving attained a more advanced age, made a deceitful peace with, the Huguenots, and gave ~,isfitter Margaret in mar~iage to Henry, King ?f Navarre, who was afterwards Kmg of France: but this peace, 'and alfo the marriage, was only a pretence to draw the nobles and principal men of the party to Paris, in or• der to deflroy them ~~ Did .the plot fucceed '? . A Yes; a few days after the nuptials, the fourteendt of AUgllft, one thoufand five hundred and feventy two, the King, g,ave the fignal, and all the Reformers that were found at Paris were cruelly murdered. The flower of the nobility o( the kingdom perifhed in this butchery. THe King of Navarre and the prince .were fuffered to ef• cape with life, after they had been forced to embrace the Catholic faith,, ' . !t Did' this malfacre produce any other confequen- ces ] ' A. Th'e Pope caufed g"cat rejoiced to be made up• on the occafion at Rome, efpecially after he learns that this bloody execution was extended throughcmt the king• dom of France. In the meanwhile, the party of the Re• formers aK~in:took Up' arms iri defence of their caufe. ~ Dla Charla ix.live long after this ? A HISTbRICAL GRAMMAR. . 151 .tI. He died at the age of twenty four, in the year one thoufand five hundred and feventy four. It is faid ~'hathe fhed blood at all the pores of his body. He was {ucceeded by his brother Henry Ill. who had been eleCt. ed the preceding year, one thoufand five hundred and fev. ~nty three, King of Poland, and was then in that king. dem. Q. In what manner did he leave it ? -A. He.left it clandeftinely, and returned to France, where he was acknowledged King. His reign was un• fortunate, and his end tragical. ~ Give a fhort account of the events? Ie The princes of the houfe of Guife had infinuated themfelves, under the pretext of religion, into the affec• tions of the people, and endeavoured to dethrone the King. Henry III. in confequence of this, convoked the ftates at Blois, tn the year one thoufand five hundred and eighty nine, and there caufed Hen", Duke of Gui(e, and . the Cardinal of Lorraine, his brother, to be alfaffinated. Au infurredion of the people immediately enfued,' aDd ' the Pope excommunicated him. . . Q. What happened afterwards? .-1. Henry III. was obliged to have recourfe to the Reformers, who. under the command of Henry, King of Navarre, marched to his affillance. The King of France, having proceeded as far as St. Cloud, on his way to re• duce the city of Paris, a Jacobin monk, named Joh" Clnn• nat, wounded him mortally in the lower part of the bel. ly with a knife, in the year one thoufand five hundred and t;ighty nine, when he had only attained his thirty ei~~th y~~ ~ Q. Who fueceeded him f • A. Henry, King of Navarre, under the title of He",., J Y.. Of the four fons wlVch Henry -/1. left at his death, not one; nor any of their lineage, remained at the end fJf thirty years; a circumflance which may be regarded as a juft p~nithment for their cruel perfecutions of the Re• formers. Q. Who fucceeded EJ.w.a PI. in the throne of England? i!. Mar".hia ~fter, who had married Philip 1[. King 0, . ~~ A H~STO~ICAL' :riRAMMAR. ,"~(Spain. She attempted to reeflablifh Poperyy and'with . this vieW, committed unheard of 'barbarities. She reign• 'ed only five,years, and died at the age of forty two,--An. jho Domini one thoufand five hundred and fifty,eigllt. !i!. Who fucceeded her ? }I. Elii'ahefh, Iher fifter, wHo reeflablifhed die 'Re. formed religion, She was one of the moft illuftrious rove• reiKn¥ that ever fat o~ 'the Englifh throne, 'She, I how. ,~ever,difcovered a petfecutinR' fpiritvand committed 'many ·'a'tts 'of cruelty. Shediedin the 'heginnin~"of·-the·J{evtn. teenth century, aft~r a,l~ng and prdfperous+eign. , fl. Was the: reign of the Emperor FcyditlJhJ I.nap- "PY,? " ., :d. He'waa aprince eftimabltHor his virtties:and ,.'pie. 't'y:a:nd was no enemy' to the ~?teft~rits. 'He' reigned I " from the year one thoufand five hundred and ;fifty fix, to c ~ne'thoufand five hundred 'and fixty'four, and' died at "theage oflhty one. , ,'~. Did any thing m~motaBteJocc'nr during hi8'reign ? ;to The conclufion of the 'council of 'Trent, Anno - Domini one thoufand five hundred andIlxtythree, _ The Carbolic princes, in conjunction withthe Popes, h'd af· ,"(~mbled this'councd, in order 'to 'put an'endto all me re- ,:li~io?~ ~i~er~~ces ;' bt1~the'.intrigu~~ of' ~he ~ope~~caufed . ~1i~scouncil,, Inftead ofletrem-ng the ttoubles,' to maeafe Jth~m. .. " , "fl. ''Who:fu~c~~ded Ji'er"Jin'dnJ I.?' , 'I, A. His'{b~Y~xi~~/Ja~'11. 'arie~hment!Emjjetor;~ery -.r~v6urable to the Poteflants, 'and j'uR 'to 'all than kind•. ' }H-eJdied'aethe;age'bf'fiftyiiirie;'i.n.the year one. "thoufand five hundred and {eventy, fix, after a ~i,gn of 'twelve , le~ra;, ~eaving the empire to:h'is '{on~R'olJb'tphul 1/.' who "Ilie,d hi the feventeenth century. '. .~ 'What 'occafioned the tevolutitin, "which in -thi. t ',century ~rifranchi{ed' the 'Udited' Pr01rihces'frbnt'the do- , ..minion of Spain? .' , :A, ChQrles' Y' in' one ibdtirand '~five:hUrldred' and 1i£. I , ty five, ceded the ,Netherlands, and the year folldwihgt J S"pain, tohis fbn :"'hili; II. Thefevere and , tyrinnical conduCt of this' prince, who defig~ed to violate .'the,,'privi- ._. t .., ~' leg~s _oCc.the. Netherlands, ",pich. he' had fWQr~ to m~ .. tain, was the caufe of the revolution. Q. HQjoV. did he manifefl his intentions ? A: By the renewal of the edicts of Charlel P. ag~inft.: what was called herefy, by which was meant the dodrine, of the Reformers. ' ~ What rendered the noble-sof the Netherlands molt averfe to the government of Spain? . A. The conduct of Cardinal Granv!lle, who p~{felf~d the fole confidence of M~rgarn, Governefs of the lute.· Q. What rneafures did the nobles take? A. Th2Y' formed a confederacy, and ~~.one_thoufand. five hundred and fixty fix: prefented a 'petition for the prefervarion of their privileges, and the abolition of ~ .. Ipq~jfi~ion. . . ~ Wha.t name was .given. to this confederacy ? 4. 'That of the Beggarl, or, JJ(~ndicanl.t. . Q. To whom did Philip confide the care of, co~ppfinB~ th~e dHFerencelt?: ( '.A'_ To the D!llr;e of .Alva; th~ mo~ cruel of: ~,n,. w)lo eft,abli,fhe.q: acouncil, ~h~~ll: was foon:calle~itp.e Cll.ln• ci/_of ~Ioodl ii-om· ~f!. torrents of; b_lo9.4.Wj~ich.V!~e ~4 b..f. i~, decrees, Q. \¥bo. v{fm~.t~ chiefs. of tl;l~ mal~o~pt~ ? 4j. The. ~rm~e of Ora.nge,. ~th the Co~ntJ. of.:Ffg. t IhPnl:! a~ Hoorn, -t: Wh~t. wp,.~ the.fate.of tbti~.two, <;oun~s? A" They, 'fer.e. beheaded. at Bruxelles the. t¥!id of;.. June, one thoufand five hundred- and fixty eight. 'f:h~1 Prip~«1'of..0.:_ .apg~. and the. other nobles. or. ~ ~1JJe p~y "~e:~JlifiM:;d. a,r)4c their. eflates con~rc~e4. . Q. W~t ,,~ t~. confequences of this f~v~l'~Y?, . 4~ 1({J/ia,m. Prill~e: of: Orange, raifed troops ap:~.~~. gtlJ}; a, \\tar, w4j~h,cpnpnu~d till the tr.e~y 0.£ peace ~on-. eluded at Ghent, the eigh~ of. November, one th~ufan4; 1\y~ hun~~d~'~Jl~.feve:nty G~. At the, fame, time be infli• tuted the Univerfity at Leyden, which' was endowed. the,' e,ightb ofEe~r.u~r,*, ~. thoufllu4 five hundred.and feven• ty. f\vR ; ~ndt ten, Y!f~ aft~, that of Francker, which '!asj e~mfe4 the tfNen_ty,ni~~h oiJuJy"OlW: ~ou(~n4 fi~~ 4inlr ck'1d:.an9. ~B~tf: 'q.~; J.60 A HISTORrcAL GRAMMAR. ~ What was-the principal bafls of the Republic of the United Provinces ? _ A. The treaty of Union, concluded _at Utrecht the twenty third of January, one thoufand five hundred and feventy nine. ' ' Q. Did the Unit'ed States take no Ilep O:ill more cere emonious to confirm them in the poifeffion of their lib• erty? A. Yes; the twenty feventh of July, one thoufand five hundred and eighty one, they declared that King Philip had forfeited the fovereignty, and that all the in• habitants were difengaged from their oath of fidelity. ~ Was not the joy occafioned by this fuccefs al• layed ? A. Yes; by the atfaffination of the Prince of Orange, who was killed at Delf on the tenth of July, one thoufand five hundred and eighty four, by Balthafar Gerard, a Bur• gundian by hirth . . .t. In what {late were the affairs of the confederates after the death of the Prince of Orange ? , A. The Spaniards took Bruxelles and AnverR, and at the fame time infured Z utphen, Nimeguen, Dcelhurg, and other cities of Onelders. This obliged the frates to offer the fovereignty to France', 'who refufed it. They then made the fame offer to Elitr.akth, Queen of England, who refufed it alfo, but fent them a certain reinforcement -of troops; to infure the .payrnent of which, the confed- erates were obliged to cede Brille and Flufhing as a pledge. . ~ _ - !il:. 'Who had the command of the auxi1iary troops ? A. The Earl of Liecefler, who, a fhort time after his arrival, was declared Governor General of the United Provinces, and Prince Maurice, the fon of Willitml, Prince of-Orange, Stadtholder. In this quality he -aCtedunder the authority of the Earl of Leicefter. _ Q What was the conduct of the Earl with l"efpeB tea the government? A. He employed fuch violent meafures to extend his : authority, that he rendered himfelf' odious to the flates of Holland, the magiflrates of the cities, and the mer• .chants.' "He fufFered the miniflers and the people- to a& A HI-S·l'OlHCAL GRAMMA'R:' 161: without reftraint, and had formed the projea of alTefling . Prince Maurice, and John Oldmoarne.'Uelt4 Advocate ·'of' .' Holland, fo that there was danger of falling from' one t'1-' . 'ranny under another. 'The Earl, however, at length f threw up the government. and departed I for England," Anno Domini one thoufand five hundred and eighty. feven. ,. "'~ Q. What fuccefs had the arms of the ftates under the conduct of Prince Maurice? -- A. Their fuccefs was great;' Breda, Zutpben, Nime-: gnen, Steenwyk, Cowerdin, Gertruidenberg, Groningen;: Bee. were taken between the years one thoufand five hun• dred and ninety and .one thoufand nve hundred and ninety four. In one thoufand five hundred and. ninety, fix the• ftatc5 concluded. a treaty with France and England,',' which' is regarded as the fira public aa: by which their independence was acknowledged, and which was followed. by the truce of twelve years. ~ Let us DOW return to ' the Eleaor George, the fon and foccefi"or of Joachim II.? A. His mother, called Milgdelmtt was the daughtet-· of George, Duke of Saxony. He had three wives: So. phia, of the houfe of the Dukes- of 'Lignitz ;. Sabina" daughter of the Margrave George, of A~lfpach; !Uld E/~· abelh, daughter of Joachim ErTujlus, Prince' of Anhalt. Q. What was his character? . ' A. He was mild, polite, judicious, and ftrongly' at~ tached to religion. Although in the early part of his life lie had given proofs of valour, he endeavoured to culti-· vate peace throughout the Hates. He led a quiet. life; and enjoyed fo excellent a conftitution, that' he had{carcC'-· ly ever experienced any ficknefs.>: ': ~ . Did he make any acquifitions ? .d. He joined New Mat ck to his eftates, and obtained. from the ~mperor an hereditary claim on the domains of -Beefman and Storckau. _ .' ~.' Who fucceeded him? ' A. Joachim Frederitlt his fon by a former wife. 'W'e . win fpeak of him in the following century. '. Q. Can you name the EmperoR of the Turks whe reigned in this century ? . 02 162 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. JI. Bajastl JI. fTom the year one thoufand four hun• c1redand eighlY one to one thoufand five hundred and ~elve. Srli", from one rhoufand five hundred and twelve 10 one thoufand five hundred and twenty. Soliman. 1/. ODe of the greateft princes that reigned over the Turks. He rendered himfelf mafter of almofl all Hungary. and of the Bland of Rhodes; and in the year one thoufand five hundred and twenty nine befieged Vienna, though be was not able to take it. He died in the year one thou. :iand five hundred and fixty lilt at the age of fixty, ..after a reign of forty fix years. -. _ ~ Who fucceeded him .? A. His fon Se/;mII. who. in the years one thoufand ive hundred and fevt nty one and one thoufand five hun• dred and feventy two, took the Ifle of Cyprus from the Venetians.: and made other conqueO:s. He died, after a reign' of eight years,' in one thoufand five bundred and {eventy four, ""mural 1//. fucceeded him, and after a reign of twenty years died, Anno Domini one thoufand ave hundred and ninety five. He was fucceeded by Mao 'lnmet Ill. who lived till the followin_gcentury. - '• SE P ENTE E NT H- C E NTU R r. ~_ Was the r~ign of Rodolphul tranquil ?. .d. Yea; he was fond of letters and the mathematics, and patronized the celebrated Kepler. He palfed a life . ef celibacy, and died at Prague, which he made his ufual refidence, in one thoufand fix hundred and twelve, after a reign of thirty five years. ~ Who fucceeded him? .A. Mattf:.iol,his brother, who in the early part or his life had been Governor of the Netherlands. He fixed hiq refidence at Vienna, and died in one thoufand fix hun• dred and nineteen, after a reign of'feven years. His fuc• eeflorwas Ferdinand II. Archduke of Auftria, a prince 'Whobore an invincible hatred to the Proteflants, Q. _What was the ca-ufeof this hatred? A,; A very long and fatal war, which iff ufually call. I, A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 169. - e~ ,be ."ar oflhirlJ 1ta1"l. It 'began through I the king. dom of Bohemia, which in one thoufand fix hundred and uineteen refufed to acknowledge Ferdina"d II. for its King_ and, in hi. Read, chofe FrederH r. EleCtor Pala- tine. Q. Did the new fovereign fupport his dignity? A. No; he was crowned at Prague in the year one thoufand fix hundred and twenty, and the fame year, having been defeated h,.., the imperial troops, was forced to take _to Bight. This revolution caufed the annihila• tion of the proteftant religion throughout the kingdom of Bohemia. Q. What afterwards became of Frede,.;cl r.' A. He was deprived- of the Electorate, and retired tG Holland ; and died twelve years after at Maycmce, in the year one thoufand fix hundred and thirty two. His wife, EIi.aSelh, daugh ter of Jamu I. King of England, furvived him thirty 'years. ' Q. What was afterwards the fate of the ProteRant ftates of the empire ? ' . A. Their religion and their liberty mull have been ef• fectually extinguilhed, jf GujlQ'VUI .Adolphul. King of Swe• den, had Bot entered Germany with an army which checked the fury of the Imperialifts, whom they were no longer in a Rate to refill. This great prince, after a {ue• eeflion of glorious exploits, was killed in a battle at Lut• zen, in the year one thoufand fix hundred and thirty two. His troops, however t gained the vidory ,and continued the war with fuccefs after his death. Q. .Did Ferdinand II. live till the eoncluflon of this war? A. No; he died before the peace in one thoufand fix hundred and thirty feven, at the age fifty nine, the eigh .. teenth year of his reign. He was fucceeded by Ferdi"dfuJ /11. his fon. ~. In what llate were the United Provinces at the ~mning ef this eenmry ] A. Some difadvantages had attended their arms, which' led them to conclude a truce of twelve years with Spa,in, the ninth of April, one tho~fand fix hundred and nine, at Anvers. Jft· It HmTOIUCAI'. GllAMMAIt~ f. Didthey after ~ enjoy peace ? _ .A. No; theit internal government ~ diftur1Jed by ~ difputee- 01 the GO"'llrifo and of the -A,.",inmru, itt which polities had a greater influence than religion. ~ What fteps were taken to terminate thefe diJfer• _enees.] A. It. fmod wallaeld at Dordreeht, in whieh the dif• putants were eendemned, their meetings prohibited, and their miniften banithed; but after fome years they were reftored to the free exercife of their religion. In thefe troubles BartrotIt, Advocate of Holland, who had long diftinguifhed himfelf in the fervice of his country, loft his life. Q. In what year did Prince Mau,.ic, die ~ A. In one thoufand fix hundred and twenty five. The dignity of Stadtholder was transferred to hie brother Jlhtlerirl Henry, who carried on the war with fneceM. by land, while Admir.u Y'!n Tromp beat the Spanifh fleet to me Downs, the twenty firft of'October, one tboufand fu: hundred and thirty two. . . ~ How far did the career of :PretfeNcI H-enrJ extend ~ .A. To the year one thoufand fix hundred and forty kftn. Wi/Ram II. his fen, a prince much inclined eo war, fucceeded him. . Q.. Wal the war then continued ?' A- No; it was concluded .bythe famous tTeaty, known by the name of the peace of Weftphalia.. This treatJ 'mIS figned at Mtlnfter, October. the twenty fourth, one thoufand fix hundred and forty eight, and was given and received throughout Europe a'S a fundamental and per• petual Jaw. It changed the face of politics, and ought ~en to rene as a bafis to the imperial capitulations. By this treaty Philip lY. acknowledged the ftares of the feven United Provinces independent jlattl' &Olmlrin,and /O'I)ereigru. Such was the confirmation of a liberty which was the fruit 'of a war of eighty yean. ~ How did the 'Stadtholder aa afterwards? .A. He was endeavouring to rekindle the flames of war, ~hen the fmall pox carried him of',' in the year oae thou. fknd fix hundred and fifty. fl. Did he leave a iuc,cBOr ? A HISTOrUCAL CRAMMAlt.. 168 i ..tI. He left a poilhumous fon, whom two 0( tbe· Prov. inces acknowledged Stadtholder, whiHl: the other fiVe, in the mean while, remained without" a chief of that" Dame. ~ Had Holland wars to maintain during the minor- i~y of this prince? " A. Yes; with England during the adminiftration of Cro"''llIeO; with Portugal on the fUbjeB of Brazil; with j England under CharlelII.; with the Bifhop of MunGer; . and with France in one tlioufand fix hundred and feventy, .wo. "', Q. "\:Vhat was the confequence or this lall war ? ' , A. The elevation of fYi/Ii"",III. Prince of Orange, to the Stadtholdelihip, and to all the dignities which his predecetTor. had tioR"efi'ed. Thefe, in one thoufand fix r: laondred and feventy four, were proclaimed hereditary in the male line. 12. Did not this produce other eonfequenees , A. Yes; the brothers De Wilt,wbo had had the prin..; cipal authority in the flate, were Brll unworthily calum •.. aiaterl, and afterward. cruelly murdered by the populace, in the month of Auguft in the fame year. ". oQ .. How did William employ himfelf ? " ~. He was continually occupied in war agaiftft the French; and having, in one thoufand fix hundred and ~venty feven, married J,fary, daughter of the Duke of York, in one thoufand fix hundred and eighty eight 'he "4etbroned his father in law, who, by the death of his broth- er Charlelll. was become king of England. " ~ Let U8 now refume the hiA:)ry of France. Did 'Dot HenrJIY. experience {orne difficulty" in attaining the crown ~ A. Almotl the whole of the Catholic party had entee-' ed into a league againll him and his predeceffor; the P1'o-. teflantl (uppnrted him; but they were not the' moil pow- " erful. &nry was umble to refill- the temptation, and in . erdcr to afcend the throne, embraced the Roman Catho• lic r~1igion; but notwithftandin~ this conceffion, it Was with great difficulty he obtained hillabfolution of the POpe. At length, however,' after lOng oppo6tion, he ~ ~• {elf in peaceful pofCeftionof the kingdom. la A. mS'l'O.R.lC_t\1J,. <J\MHtAlt -, Q.. Did ~ reign lo11l'? AI FJ'QUI theJyear.one thoufand .fiv~hundred and eigh• tyJnbae to on~ thpu~ud fiz- hun~ed; aP:d..~n,. w~n: he died at the age of fif~y fix. ~. I,p:whf\t manner did he die.? A. He was nabbed at Paris, the fourteentq. of May. b, a."main named Frtllfci, Rp'fJa;lIac. It cannot be do~bt. ed' that ,the .blow was {u~ge~ by rome oth$- ~; ~lJt the iniquitous myft~ry. watt n,v,a, .d,:v~o~":. Q; Who.fllcc~ded him? • A. Lewil XIII. his {on, by Ma,., de MuJicil, whQmr hehad maftlie.d.after hav.ing divon:ed· NlVgflrti: 4 rEI/oil, thedflUgbt~'o£ H",ey 1/: Tbefeeble!clla,a¢\'~.of Le'U(u XJII 'wd1o, all hit life(utFt)!ed bj~lk tP; be: J.ov.~ if. WID bown" It was n,vc:rtlhelc;f$ llod" h"i ~ UtaJr Fnlnce laid·the fQUndl\tiQn·oftb~(: greaJP.fl~~ct 'YPi~.lk, .. as elevated under his fuccelfor. Q. To. who .. lP.aJ; it;dll~ 1, A, 'P.o. JtJfIAIrd· d.. ~If/Jt,_ C~lnd. lWIuli~ on~.of tbe mol able- politio~ ~ wpr14 eNell p~~dl. ~W.I; •. r.a1iered.himfdfno,lctff ilhdbioD.5-. ~·tlMt;~~Pr. he afForded to the·fetenc",.~:~ ~ ~~'t. ~ isttCb him that the Frencb~ &:a~ if i1\sM_4 f.Qr.:i~l efl:t'" Jia.n~ This·.gt!eIlt.1IIIli\Wl~ 4i¢JJr at: Ba~t. ar,. the ~e ~.r·fift)t eightl. OTb the MurUt. ot;De~ttf, Q$et_a~~~. _dad and fortyot.. .f2' 1>id,not LM Xill die:f~Q~~·l~ 4 Ytee; in t_ y.eaD fqIJfflIYiJtgH QJJ," fAur,Ul ol;~. Thill monarch w... in tlle.f_'-i*_ '_J".,qf~, ag~ aJ14: )lad. reignedt .tliil1ly. tbr~ "ea.s) ~. kind, ~I:h oughll jutiy to I ... n4c,f.~ OJlA Q£'. ~ l)tinc~R~ epaclw af'um"e~: hiOtory. Wtt·fl¥llJ IJPt e~~ jn~ aJJYi derail on,t:his.f~, U JWloricMtof~ JMTciPd.~It, ip.:~ ~,oklne~ 084. . .~ ·I..... ~.y .. l ~( .. ~ Q~Jt,Q#(~ ~JM. dIe ." . ,11. 'in tHe tar' one thotlhnd fix 'hundred ~d' three, -at"the ~ge of feyellty, after' a reign 'o.f forty ,iduT 7ears. ' .l~. 'Who fueeeeded 'her l ' :it. :Jd"'~,i$tuaH, 'King of 'Sc~land, the-fan' Of Mbr}, whom 'Elitiaheth'had beheaded. .~ , ~ Whence did he derive 1h1s'claim ;to'the:th~e of "Erigl!t'nd. \ '::.4•. 7roin 'Mlirgat1et, 'his "grandhlother, "daugHter 10f ~W~nrJ'PlI. , .~ 'What\tas the eharAaer''Of Jtz";~11.r? ''A. 'He was,"a prince' of erudition, !wno tti~ddletf ~th 'to.btro~rfial diVinity, andJc6mpoied 'lome 1;)Obb 'On'\he '';fnbjec!l: ;'1~ut he-was 'little formed to govetn' a~~at"peo • .pIe. 'He-aba'ddOn~ ,his {on in law,' ttie 'EleBor ' Pala~_ tine, to his enemies. and'is -accufedof h.i'"mg 'eattied1he misiorftfn'es .which 'happened to 'his I roo and fuceeffor. 'Chtirlt.t;/./by I etld~avouring to exctllpate the' Catholics -',concerned in the cbn{plracy, cailed'the·'GunpowderPlbt. l'tbe j ol1jeEH>f which was 'to: blo'tv up li\e 'Parliament '~d .the 1}{ing on'the 'fifth of NO"Vember,.one-thoufand':exl b'6n• "dre:dJarid live;' but benever 'ltttemptedito extend,'thiS'~R. 'j~l.to theJefu,ites, be"au~e th~y.had been jurididallY'cOn- •"Vlft'ed~s!the alltho'rs -ofihe bottle:!' plot., . ·'ll.' 'In 'Wli~t year (tid ;/amll I. die? ,: , -1jI. In tine ~hotifat1d fix hundred I a"d ':twenty ·fix, at It-he 'ag~of" lfiffy t'1i1'1e, 'ClJlrrlel I. -his ~fu:&elfor;tdjttiecl. twenty three yearl',~ana'loft "hill heaod'o~' 'tHel{cifFO~ at Whitehall, February nine, one thotH1lnd1iix'l1'tlndr.W ancl I fdrty tilne, (by.' die tebellitin tif'his own·ftrb~s. .fie was "tb-eti'lorty 'nine' years 'ofoage. . ,'.t, 'Into 'whore hands''did 'the,'fo.;etergn '~r'.t(an '~et thedeath'o(ClJaril1 I., ":JI. .Qlhltr' C,.fJ'/1ItztJdl,' a prlvlte' geinttem'lln Jbf'.RnlfEd. , re-duced the whdleikingddm beneath hi, pd*er,.tl1td1gov. emed it "with an' abfbhite 11lutbcritr, u'tlder tlle fitle of Pro/tHor,~hieh' 'was ~iven h?m by'a '~arUaff1ent"'wb~llJ ....;tt"his' l:l~"otion. 'He 'wasm\"elled ' wtth ..it.Jiri- ou thou.. '{arid' fix hurHfted and fifty th~ee, land p'r~ved it"till hi. dea~h;whith \ftappen~d in' 6ne'\t!1d\1fi.1\dAttM~d>zb. !'tiftt' eigllt. " ll. Who waa hi. fuc~ ~ 168 A: HISTORICAL GRAMMAL J. His {on, Richard CromtUJcll,who being incapable of the high pofl, gave place to the recall of Charles 11. the 10n of Chari.I 1. wbo began to reign Anno Domini one thouiand fix hundred and fixty, and died one thou. fad fix huadred and eighty five, aged fifty.five years. Q. Who fucceeded him ? A. His brother Jamfl 11. Duke of York. who, re• figning himfelf to evil counfels, made an attempt upoa tho! contbtution of the realm, and endeavoured to intro• duce the Roman Catholic religion, which he profea-ed, This occafioned a revolution, and JlAmu II. being oblige ed t.o By the kingdom, the crown was jointly poffelfed by 11'Jtiam, Prince of Orange, and Ma" his wife, (laughter of Jamel. Jalllc6 II. died in France in the year one thoufand feven hundred and one. Q. Wai the reign of William JlI. prof~ou8? . .: .if. He was conftantly employed in wars agatnft France. His authority was much abridged in England, J.ut he polfeifed more in Holland, where he w~ Stadt• holder, He loft his Queen in one thoufand fix hundred and ninety five; his death will be feen in the fucceeding century. ~. Let us now return to the Elet'torate of Branden. burg. Did Joa&himFreJeric~ live late in this century ? 4. He died in the 'yecir one thoufand fix hundred and ~~bt, at the age of fixty two 'fears and iU_months, after a tranquil and profpercus reign. . I Q. Who fucceeded him ~ . .AI" John Sigifmond, his eldeLl font who was bom iD the year one thoufand five hundred and' feventy two, ancl whc;.,in one thoufand five hundred and ninety four, mar• ried &."e, daughter of A/herl Frederid, Duke of Pmffia, ;pld- preiumptive heirefa of' the Dutchies of Cleves and . Julier~ Thefe ftares had, after this marriage, devolved to .".J- Sigi/mo"a, by the death of the 141ftDuke, Job. . Wi/lia,., in the year one thoufand fix hundred and nine. , Q.. Did John Sigijmrmd make no other acquifitions P ~. .Inthe year one thoufand fix hundred and eleven I' be fucceeded AJlJerI Fretkricl, the laft Duke of Pruffia, and was folemnly ii'lVefted. with that Dutchy bT the King,. l' • SeutOl'lt mel btel of Polmd. . . A H1STORICAL GRAMMAR. ~-69 ~ ~ Was his govemment ilgnalized on any oth~l" ac• count? A. In the year one thoufand fix hundred and four• teen he introduced into his nates the exercife of the Re• formed religion, which he embraced -himtelf w.itli great zeal. He died -in the year one. thoufand fix hundred and nineteen .. ~ Who fucceeded him ? A. George ·William;his eld~ fon, who in -one thou• (and fixhundred and fixteen married Eli'UJ./Jeth ChiJrlotk, the dallghter of Frederi~lIV. Elector Palatiae, ; . ~ _ Did he make any acquifitions ~ . A. The fucceflion of the Dutchy of Pomenaaia in the year. one thoufand Iix hundred and 'thirty feven fell to him by the death of B()gif/ol XIV. Duke of that prov• -inee; but the Swedes feised it, .and the houfe of Braa, de.nbllrg obtained only-a part ..after the 'peace of Mwlfter. ~, In-what year was_Get1rge William born ? A. In one thoufand fix: hundred and ,twenty. His . ~()ther has been already mentioned. _ ~ Can. you enter into a detail of -the a&i9Bs of this great .prince ? A. It is impoffible in fa fhort an abridgment. 4U that can be-faid is, that .he -aug~nt¢d. his fl~tes qy~ the ArcRbithoptiek c>f M~eburg ; the Bithopricks of Min• den and Halbertbdt ; -the Earldoms of Ravenftein asd Hebenfiein, 'Pomerania, the Bil1\opr.ick of Caznin, tile fovereignty of Pi'uffia. and- by feveral other countries, .. .Q. In what year did.he die ? .d. In one thoufand fix huadred rand ~ig4ty eight, aged fixty -eight -years, two ~, -and ~~ell~Y:.three days.· _ _. ~ Who fueeeeded him ~ . _.' i . .. '~ ./I. Fredtric-J,~the founder of .the kipgdQm of Prw- fiat of whom-we {hall fpeak in the ~Jtt ~enntJy., ' Q. Let u, now return to the E~perora. Wfw -bore the imperial title after Fer"i"""J, 1/ ? _ . I , A. His Ion -Ferdinand III. who .attaiaed the empire in one thoufand fu. hundred and tbirty feven, and u.ed bue thoufand-{tx. huodre forty nine. In his reign the peace of MunGer, which reftored tranquillity to all Europe, was concluded. Q. Who fucceeded FrNlerid III. 1 A. UoptJltI I. who lived till the mcceeding century, and whofe reign was difturbed by continual wars, feme• time. againft the Turks, and fometimet againft France. Q. We left Spain with Pl1ilipII. When did he die? .A. In one thoufand five hundred and ninety eight, at . the age of feventy one, and was fucceeded by PhilipIII. In one thoufand five hundred and ten this prince drove all the Moon, amoullting to the number of nine hun• dred thoufand, out of Spain. From that time the popu. lation of Spain hal been much lefs. Q. In what year did Philip Ill. die? _ A. In one thoufand fix hundred and twenty one, at the a~ of (orty three His fllccelfor W'.lS Philip IV. who died one thoufand fl.X hundred and, fifty five, at the age of fixty. He was fucceeded by' Ch«rksLl, his {on, who died without i1fue, in one thoufand feven hundred, at the age of thirty nine. " - ~ Let us conclude this century with the Emperors of the Turks. ' A. MahometIll. died, Anno Domini one thoufand fix hnncred and three,"and was fucceeded by Aclmut I .. '~ho died one thoufand fix hundred and feventeen ,M"1- 'IIP'"', the brother of .A,hmd, fucceeded 'him, and was ~ -depofed by the Janizaries, Anno Domini one thoufand I fix hundred and eighteen. 0/";011, fon of Acbnu, reigned ~.,after' him, and was firangled ~y the Janizaries in the -yeai one theufand iix hundred and twenty two. MuJln• p'~'awas reeflablifhed on the throne, and the fame year ~pi~depofed. He was afterwards flraDg'led. in prifon, -Anno Domini one thoufand- fix hundred and thirty nine. Am~,at~~:I'Y. reigned from theyear 'one Izhoufand fix hundred and twenty three to one _thoufand fix hundred and forty. Ibrahim, hh brother who fucceeded i11m,' was Ih'angled by the Janizaries, in the year one thoufand lit 'I 'hundred artd eighty! four. .After him fucceeded Ala• homel JY. hii· fon~ 'who died one- thouianti fix hundred " , and ninety three. His Atcee(foTS to the end of the eentu• rr were SolimanIll. Achmd II. and M'1fJapha11. EJGHTE~Nr-H CENTURr . .<:!: Did the Emperor Lt%M live late in this cen- tl.1ry ?.\ A- H~ died in one thoufand feven hundred and five, - ..4.- This Monarch, after having experienced an un- I interrupted courfe of profperity, and the mod brilliant I fncceflee, lhftained a reverfe equally grievous, and morti• fyillg; a reverfe, however, ill which he difplayed great firength of mind. He accomplifhed his defign of e8:ab. lifhing his grandfon upon the throne or Spain. The continual wars which he fullained had eshaufbed the finances of the kingdom, and reduced it to a Gate of ,reat debility, in which he left it at his death, which happened Anno Domini one thoufand feven hundred and fifteen, in the feventy feventh year of his age, and the {ev. enty third year c,f his reign. Q.. To whom did he leave .rhe kingdom-? A. To his great grandion, LtCflU XY. who "'a,the. ."ly five years of age.. , 12· How were the Sri years of hi.reign paired? ..4. Under the regency of Philip, Dule of Orleans, which was rendered memorable by one of the moll lingu. Jar occurrences. I allude to the datI' of the. K!II!Ippi, which occafioned fucb grea~ revolutions in the fortunes of nltlividuals, and in the finances of the ftate. . Q•. What fuceeeded this regency? - .A. The feign of Lmiu·xy. which, I whether during the miJriAry. of CardiMl FIiu,." or from die time the Iing took the weight of go~ern.rilentupon him{elf, was 'lignalized by events that contributed to the glory and pro(perity of France. But in the courfe of the laft war, from the real' one, thoufand fe.ven.hundred.and fifty live to one thoufand {even hundred and {uty two, tlut face of tliings changed, France ful\ained confiderable Joifu, ad was reduced to 'a Rateof great debility. The ret1llll of peace furnifiled Lcv,it with the means of reeAablUhing his affairs, and of putting his marise upon a formidable footing • .Q. ~ow l~n~ did Le'Wis XT!•.reign. ? A. Flfty rune years, he expired the lentil of: May, oae thoufaud feven hundred fev.enty. four. in. tJae· rut,· A UlsT6~ICAL GltAMMAtt. {'is fifth year of his age. His grandfon, Lew;, .Aui'!.flul,' fucceeded him, under the title of Lew;, X PIt at the age of twenty. ~ Q. Whom did he marry ?, , ./I. Maria Anne Anloi"elle, Archduchefs of Auftria, the _ fourteenth of May,. one thoufand feven hundred and fixty eight. By their marriage there were two Princes and two Princefles. . ~ Wh~t happened in Spain during this century? .A After the death of Charlel 11. the war for the fuc• ceffion of Spain broke out between Philip, grandfon of Le~il XIV and Charlcl, afterwards Emperor, under the title of Char/u PI. ' Ii. How did it terminate? A. P~ilip P. remained. peaceable poa'effi)r of the throne, and after his death, which happened in one thou .. fand feven hundred and forty nine, left it to Ferdinand Pl. his fon. Q. How long did the reign of Ferdinand continue? ..A. Till the year one -c,thoufand feven hundred and . fifty nine, in which that prince dying, was fucceeded by I his brother Char/~4Ill. who was before King of the two Sicilies.s . • Q.. Who fucceeded Charla Ill. in the.kingdom of. the two Sicilies ? .d. Ferdinand AntoTI;f!, the third of hia'fons, then only - eight years old, the eldefl being incapable of reigning, and the fecond fucceeding hi; father in the throne of Spain. A Regency adminiflered aH'airs during the mi. nority of the, King of, the two Sicilies, The thirteenth of AuguR, one thoufand -feven hundred and fixry "eight,. he married the Archduchefs Maria Louifa Caroline,daugh• ter ·of the Emperor Francis 1. and by this marriage had- fix children, .,' .'. Q. What European ftate borders upon Sp'Hn towards .the Weft i .' , .d. Portugal, known formerly by the "Dameof Lufi, tania, an,tl the. country of the anci-nt Calciques. It was afterwards inhabited by the Moors; ,but. for a century ••• , ~; !' 1 • Sicily-and Naples,..fot t6.aiiy~ages-{taief 'the 1~~.~icilies. P2 1"4 A HISTORlCAL Gl\AMMAR .. pan it has belonged to the Spaniards, and is now an hf.. • reditary kingdom. ~ By whom is it governed ? .A.. After the death of Jofeph Emanuel, the fifth K.in~ ofthehoufe of Bragansa, which happenedthetwenty fourth of February, one rhoufand feven hundredandfeventyfeven, Lj~ daughter Mary Fruncir Ifal'elia fucceeded him; lhe afcended the throne of Portugal with her hufband Pe« Ill. her father's brother, who died the twenty fourth of May, one thoufand feven hundre-d and eighty fir; the fruit of this marria~e is three cMldren. Jvj;.ph Francis, Prince of Brazil, prefumptive ht'ip to the crown, born Auguft twenty firft, one thoufand {even hundred and fil· tyone, February twenty firft.. one thoufand feven bun. dred and (eventy feven, married hit aunt, Maria Fratlcit Berte4t8i"fl, born July twenty fourth, one thoufand {even hundred and forty fix .. ~ Give fome account: of the Popes? . )f. In one thoufand fever, hundred and feventy five, G;fJ't)a",.AngJ. Bracbi, under .the name of Piul Y I. fuc• ceeded (}angant.11, or ClementXIV. who rendered bim{f If .celebrated lJy the abolition of the order of Monks, who were become formidable. under tlle name of Jefnits, in the four quarters of the world. Piul PI. died in the beginning of the year one th oufand eight hundred. Q. Who occupies thefee of Rome at dils time? A. Cardinal G. B. Chiaramonti, wro was ela!ed at Venice by the conclave of Cardinals, and now &lls the papal.chair under the name, of Piu« I'll. ~ Does the prefent Pope polfefs equal pOwer wfi:h his predeceffors ?.-. A. No; his temporal Power has been ~ng on the -decline, and is now but little more than nominal. Q. Let us now return to England. In WAnt year did "iJ'iatN II/, die ? ,d. In one thoufand {even 'h undred and two. He • Thi, prince died without i1fue in one tbou1lmd ~ bDbflred ano eighty eight.. H~sbrother, Pr ince .Jeho of Bri.zil, it now pre• {umptive·heir to the throne. and h as the chief adminiftratioD01at• f was fueeeeded by Queen . .AlIfte. his ftfte'r in law, who reigned till one thoufand feven hundred and fourteen. :ki. this reign England gained many brilliant viaories, for whic!h {he was indebted to the Duke of Marlborough, one of the greatefl generals of modern times. . Q. Who furceeded Queen Anne? ' A. George~;$. Elector of Hanover, fon of the Priricefa'SDjJliia, the daughter of the Princefs E[i,:.abelh. who married Fl'eJentl Y. King of Bohemia, and EleBor Pal. ~~. . . . Q. How long did this prince reign ~ A. Till one thottfand feven hundred and twenty fev• en, when he was fucceeded by GeotgiII. his fon, who died Oaober tlWenty fifth, one thoufand' feven hundred and frxty, aged feventy feven yearg. Q. Who fncceeded Grorgtfl. ? A. The prince of Wales, his grand'fon, under the name of GeorgelIf. In one thoufand feven hundred and fixty one, he married Sephia Cha,./otlt, Princefs of Meek• lenburgh Strelitz; by whom he bas twelve children dill, living.- . . '. ~ ~ What happened in the United Provinces alter the. death df King ~illia* 1/1. the Stadtholder? . A. .,New dif~tei arofe concerning the Stad~holder. Drrp', and tlI'e Princes of the houfe of Naffau Dietz ob, fcrinectit only from the province of Frielland, Groniug\eD 2I1d t'he Omelands. ¥ Ofihtre Oeot'ge, Pfillce of "aiel, hom Gilt thooWad re._. hlJiafcire1l aM idlyt~, in tilt y. one thoufaDd fevell hdrecJ- anet mDl!ty,.,five, ~d Ga!tmiDe,. daughter of .t.I]e D~e of ~wi •. aad ~e to his prefent 'Dlajen1. B!' thi. mamage there II-ODe daughter, the Princef. Charlotte Augulh,. born January feventh, OAe thoufand (even hundred .d ninety hL, . . . Frederick. Duke of York, bom.Auguti tiXteenth, one tboafandlev-·· eD huil~ _d tixry tbm; Sept. ntenty ninth, one tbOltfaiadfrim hJJlldred aDd .hiety dIIe, d1arrieclFrederica Charlotte Ulrica. eJdeft dau~tet of the late King of Pruffia, by hil fira co.Dfwt,Elizabeda , Ulrxa, of Bnmfivick Wolfenbutde. Charlotte Augu{ta Matilda, Princeta Royal, born -sept, twenty Rindt, Oil~thoufand feven I'lundredand fhty fix, in one tltouland fev• en huDdted and',Wott1 RTea 1ntS married .ft) ·the het'ediiu 1. PtiIa-e• or WinemtJerc., 170 A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. ()_. Did the war of the aliiel againll France, in whicb HOlland took a part, continue? A. Till one thoufand feven hundred and twelve, when a change of aft'airs in England paved the way to the peace concluded at Utrecht. !to Did any alterations happen afterwards in the in. terior government of the United States ? A. Young Prince Wiiliam Charles Henry Frifo, hered• itary Stadtholder of Friefland, whofe father was in one thoufand feven hundred and eleven drowned in paffing the Sujen Sal, was elected Stadtholder of the country of Drenre, and fome time after, he wa'>raifed to the fame dignity by the Rates of the province of Gueldera, ~ Whom did this prince marry ? A. Ann, Princefs Royal of Great Britain. From this marriage fprung Prince William P. and the Princefa Caroline, jnarried to .Charlel Chrjfliall, the reigning Prince of Nalfau Weilbourg. Q.. At what time was WilliamI Y. raifed to the dig• nity of Stadtholder of the Seven United Provinceaf A. fIe was proclaimed May fourth, one thoufand fev. en hundred and forty feven, when the French had taken Dutch Flanders, and threatened Zealand with an inva• fion . that province then' declared him Stadtholder, and their example was followed by Holland, Utrecht; and Qverylrd: Iometime after the poll was declared heredi• tCiTY in the male and female line of the house of Orange. The peace of A.ixla Chapelle was ligned Gaober eigh• teenth, one thoufand feven hundred and forty eight, by which the flates were put in polfeffion of the places they bad loft. Thia prince died Oaober twenty fecond, one thoufand feven hundred and 6fty one, and his wife one thoufa'lld feven hundred and fifty eig_ht... ~ Who fucceeded to the Stadth~lde~£hip? .'..A. His fan -W iiiam Y. firft under the tutelage of hi. mother, and after her death, under that of the ita.tes and of the Duke of Brunfwic k. He affumed the dignity MOl y eighth. one thoufand feven hundred and feventy fiI, an~t in Angull, one thoufaud feven hundred and fixty Iev• ell, marrie_dSfJph;~Frederic« lViihelm;na,_Prinr.efs '0' Pruf. A. HISTOI"C'AL. vRAMMAR. ItT fi.. By.this. marnag{,-thefe are ·two.ptinc:es and two prin- ceffes.· . : .' ', Q. Does Holland continue under, the-fame ~1'ern .. ment i ~.',.". ' A. No J it.joined the allied powers againft: France, in one thoufand fevea hundred and ninety two'; and in one' thoufand ,{even hundred and ninety five, was oeerrtrn by the French ~ 'under whofe inftoence the people obliged: - the Scadtholder to abdieaee his authority, and cGablithed' a.repuslican government. It is now called the BattWiatl Rqmh/ie. . ...' . " Q. Say a fOW'W07d. SlOW On-the Ottoman Porte, A. Acltlllet 11I~in one thoufand feven hundred and', three. fucceeded M,!ftaph. 1I. He WQ& depofed in one• thoufand {even buDdred and -thirty, and MahtmulY. hi.,. f~t reigned tin one· thouiand'fneft hundred an4 fife ty,feaen.. lI!'!/Iaplia /11. next alfcended the threae, and' was fucceeded by: hts- brother -LNd41 Hllmlt,· who· wal, born' Mayeighteenth, one thoufand feVeA hund!!ed '3I\d twenty;tMee, and invefted with the drgnity.of·8nltan.one thoufasd.feveA hUOOT~dand kventyifo\1r. The' ~eigtlin!: fo:vereiJpl.is S41itnIll; born in one tbOQfaoo' (even hun• dred and fISty one, and fnlhroned in one tlloufand {enR bundntd.and eighty niM. _~ Whic:h are the. two p'inces who most att~" tile attention of Europe at·the beginnin~ afthi& CeRturrl, .. A. .Cja~/eI.X/J ..and ·PeIn"tht Gmd. ~ Who ·was-Chat-leiXlI. ~. _. it. He: wa~ Wing.f SWeden. He attended the ~ ill. one tlaMafan4 fix hundred and, ninety {even, afld 'w.. for' fome:years die, arbiteJl and terror of the North ; but' baviag imprndently, penetrated inte Rullia,·bi. almy waf., routed, and hej eonftrained' to- take refuge' in Turkey.· A.fter a- reries of extraordinary adventures, he: Teet1tered; }:is ftates, an' wualfaff»lated by one:Of' his offi~~ De~ eember eighteentIY, one thoufarid~fe\ten )lundroo'aiiil,e;~h,;) teen, at:die- fieg.e or Frederiefhall in',Norway, at- th'e ag~ ohhirty fix.' . I • ., '.. • .@. Who Ibcceeded him in the throne JSweden. : 4. His 'fi&« Ulrica EINNlOIYI, who afterwar-de resiga. tel 'the. C:~W4 to b. hu~. E~,.;d,I...ltere Prince of Helfe Cafrel, who. died without children in one thoufand feven hundred and fifty one, This prince .was fucceeded by Adolphru Fr~tI~r;cl, of Holftein Eutin, who married Louifa Ulrica, of Pruffia: he died February twelfth, one rhoufand feven hundred andfevenry ODe. His fon G'!fJa'fJlU Adolphul, bom January twenty four, one thoufand feven hundred and forty fix,. fucceeded him. The fourth of November, one thoufand feven hun• dred and fixty_ fix, this prince married .So/Intl MlIgJelenl, Princefs of Denmark, by whom there is a IOn. In the year one thoufand feven hundred and feventy two, Au• gua the fourth, he- efFetled fome alteration in the form of government, which was afterwards confirmed by the fout orders of the realm. At the diet of one thoufand feven hundred and feventy nine, the King and the {lates itfued a decree, by which liberty of confcience and the free, es- - ereife of. their religion was granted to all the difFereDt feat difperfed throughout the kingdem, : Q. What ftat~s are neighbours to the ~wede. ?', . A. Towards the Weft the kingdoms' of Denmark: and Norway, wbich are dl:e moll ancient. in Europe. Some hiftorians affirm that the kingdom of Denmark was foud• ed by NODh, and his' defceadanrs ; that Gom". Seeundru, great grandfon of Japhn, was the fira that governed 'it Uftder the name of Jllqge. It is now a mGnarc.~y.... . ~ Who governs Denmark and Norway at this nme l - A. Ch"!Jlian I'll. the .fourteenth .King of the honfe of Oldenburgh. .He is the.fon of. Fredtritl 1'. who ~d tbdll{iil)d ff;~~n hundred and fJf;ty -flX, and , of Lim.. V",,,.tl}e.~eda\tghter ·of GlorgeIJ. King· of Eng_d. He married ltbe Princefs Car:ohlft Mlllilda, lifter of Georgt Ill. King of' England. By this marriage there is-a {on and daughter, In the year one,thoufand feven hundred aod fev~Uttytwo, in- the night between menxteena:h ani feventeel\th of January, a revolution took place in the court, .by which the reigning Queen, with. the minifters Sl,.um/~""randt s .and other perfons, wert' artefted. The . Queen afterwards retired to Zell, where {he died of grief the tenth.of Ma.y, one thoufand {even hundred and tn• eq,~y four., T-he Princefs Louifa 4ugujla,. her daugh- • abe. died,OD~ tbaufaad !even hundred and. niuety ,fi"e•.· 1\- HISTORICAL- GRAMMAR. 179 ter at the age of fifteen, wall married May twenty' feventh, nne Hioufand :&evenhundred and eighty fix, to Fr(J~ricl Chrijlitm, 'of Holflein A ugufienburg, aged twenty one. - ~ By what means did Peter /. furnamed the Great, diUinguilh himfclf? . , A.. He had the glory of being, as it were. the creator of his nation. The death of his brother John, l\i. a«o• ciate in the empire, leaving him, in one'ttloufand fix hun• dred and eighty eight, fole matter of the extenfive territo• ries ~f Ruffia, he fOOD after formed the projea of civili• zing the barbarous manners that reigned there, and of , introducing the fciences, arts, and manners of more pol- ifhed nations. . ~ What mesfures did he take to compa:fs this great . defign?" .' , JI. ,He travell ..d through the principal Rates of En. rope, acquired a knowledge of every thing, brought into his empire perfons capable of forming his fubje8s, and in a fhort time raiied it to that high point of {plendor and of power it fiill retains. He died in the year one thou. , fand feven hundred and tw~nty five. ' . ll. 'Who were the fuccetTtlt's'of thie gt'eat prince ~ it By his laft will his oonfort, the emprefs C.,IJIf• rille, who died Anno Domini one thoufand feven hundred and twenty feven, fu<:ceeded him. She declared Pdw AI~JCi()VJit'Zt grandfon of P~ter /. the lad of-the race' of Czan. her fucce{l(,r, but he died at the age of fourteen. After the death of this prince, Ann, Duchefs of Cour• land, eldetl: daughter of the Czar John, .as called tathe throne. As fhe had no cHildren, the nominated- for' -her fuecei"or Prince JJJn, the fon of her niece Catharine, daugh~r of the Duke of Mec-klel1burgh,' married tV Prince 'An/o,,;j _Ulrie, Qf Brunfwick, This young En1.. peror WelS.OBly 'two months old when, be- was crowned. 'He -""as dethrened a year after, and imprifoned, as wer~ alfo hi,parents, 'The .y.eung prince was' brought up fep• aratdy, and at iengtL cruelty mvr~~l'ed in' onethoufsnd {evenhundred and {ility,four, at 6ch1ulrd~t'g. " '!;" • . '~ ,Who, ~thr0ae4 .this.uDf.;rnm,lde~ young-.lEmpe- "iJr"i~l ,r',.", i '.. !"T'~t I_ ~'" ': .\ L •• " , "~.;,, Eli"'~ ~Ilattr.·of Plllr 1. iriJo·a1tended', the ,-ISO A HISTORICAL·GRAMMMl. tbrone on the night between the 6fth and fi.th of Decem• ber, one thoufand feven hundred and furty·one, aDd died after a reign of twenty years, January fifth, one tboufand {even hundred and fixty two. She bad nominated the fon or her filler .An" Petrosona, married to Duke Chams Freileri&j, 9.f Holfleia Gotrorp, her fueceaol.", and he fnc- .ceeded her under the title of Pel" Ilf. This prince had fcarcely afcen~ the imperial throne, when a revolution precipitated him frpm it, and conducted him prematurely to the grave, in July, one thoufand {even hundred and fixty ·two. After his death Ruffia obeyed ColMrint ,A. "~AII1I4, his eonfort, born .Prince' of Anhalt ZerbLl. Her reign is celebrated by a number of inftitutions velY -beneficial to Ruflia I by the w.a.rwhich -fhe fuftained a• gaina,the Turks, and by the gloriolls peace, which was the tonfequence, concluded july tenth, ODe thouf.nd {even hundred and feventy four, and ratified aaeW April eigh• teenth, one thoufand feven hundred and {eventy nine. Clllhl1l"itte II. died in the rear one thon4hnd {even hundred and niBety fix, after a reign. of thirty n-. years ; and was fucceeded by her fon, P4t1' I. ilappy bad not her great qualities been fullied by crimes .which Dlud ner 'remain an indel.i81e{lain on ~r -memory ] for while I WQ,aredaasled by the.fplendorf>fber eonqueds, and ad• -mire the wif"m of her It'8iflation •. can we forget - the murder of Pder lJ'I; the aifaBinatton of the unfortunate IW(IIf, or the di(mensberment of-Polaad, in which f1te.had .fp large a fhare I. Q.. WhQ il~eJthe thrsne of Poland at this time? . .: tAo S,tmij/fiII,AUg,yJ111. Pi4fl.·~f the ancient hoWe-of .the Ccusts Poniatowfky. He. fuceeeded Aug".fl.....III. ~ing of Poland and. EleCtor of ,Saxony, who died one $ouf)laci feVeenhundred and fixty fpur •. Tllis houfo .:pof_ :felfed the ".oWD:,o(,P¢land lDQ~.than·6fty-O'aars. ! - .0.. Can you-give r.me account of ·the conduCt of Rnita, PrulIia,·~. ·,towntds P_lld l ' , A! .The late Entpre&'of '&utraa, ,the :King -ot Pruffia, :a!,d the E~perotl of GetlU;aBr, .:h.,\vinS .1roteredintoan al• .l11UlfA! to ,dtfmemher,·P,,-d,,· al ~, ?-tat+ I one thoufand [even hundr e4 and feventy two"availing themfelves of the 'Q(yillcllfor-cfbr., ~Mtich·wa'apptJ",«$.~4 \.~iw. detwd Ii HIS'tORICAL GRAMMAR. 181 I • country, at a time of profouad peace, entere4.it with two powerful armies, and fet up their refpeaive claime to fM• eral extenfive provinces. To. pz:e{ene a. least a.n appea~ ance of justice, they coavoked the Diet, who, furrouncl• ed by an armed force, were conLbained to accede to the partition, though Lb-.ngly OiPo{ed by &a.iJlaw A~ -Ius. In one thoufand feven hundred and ninety one, di(.. putes arifing among the Poles, concerning fome change in their confliturioa, the three allied powers agl\in took advantage of the reigning diforden, to e~ ~ ~OIQ• plete divifion of the kingd\JDle; ~ a melapcholy. witnefs of this fatal difmemberment,. which ~. had. ~ power to prevent, to Ipare aJ) eH'ufion of blond, abdKated the throne, by·an.atl, figned in one th~ feven hun• dred and ninety three; a fiep which gave great umbrage to many zealoua 'Poles, who took up arms, ua4er tl;le c{)ndud 'of the brave Kr;/illfio, p~ prodigies o£ val• our, and gained feveraI viaories '; but th.ir eWorn were ineffectual, the numerous armie~ aad fuperiol' dlkipliae of.their enemies prevailed, and ,the al~d powefs, by aft aCt figned at Peterfburgh, one thoufan4 feven h'llll4red and ninety five, guaranteed to 4acb other the limir, that were to bound their refp,aive polfe6ioo~.. The cOUJt of Peterfburgh fettled a penfion of two huDdred d~oWaacl, ducats on the unfortunate Stani/JalU, with the refiioratioa I of his patrimonial inheritance. He waa invited to Pe• terlburgh by the late Emperor of RuBia, where he died, one thoufand feven hundred .and ninety eig.ht. . Q. When was the' dutahy of Pruiia changed into a Kmgdom? . A. In GDe thoufand feven hundred and one. Fr•• ici .I .. was proclaimed King of Pruaia, at Koninglburg, January fifteenth" or that, year. -. . ' . .t: How long, did he tei~ 1 \.. A. Till.one thoufand. feven hundred and thirteen .. lie left the kingdom to his Ion, F,eJdid lViI/ism. !t What have you to obfuve of this Monarch 1 - .~~.. He ccmfiderably i~l'eafed the llnngth ~ powet • Thie Princ~ was the {«ond EJ.r r;tl 9£that &Wa.e, thouth the fidt lGog of PruSa.·· Br~IU'"'''' ,. .Q 112 A HISTOllICAL GRAMMAR... of hi' dominiODl, and formed one of the beft difcip1ined annie. that had ever been feen. This his fucceflor ren• dered three times more numerous, difciplined, and brought to the higheft poffible degree of perfeaion. I t was con• fidered by all Europe a8 a model inthe profeffion of arm .. .ts When did his life and reign terminate I . A. May thirty firft, one thoufand feven hundred and forty. ~ Who fucceeded him 1 A. Frttkrid II. or according to others, the III. This prince became very formidable to the houfe .of Auf. tria by the acquifition of many batdes; and diftinguifh. eel himfelf equally by 'his underR:anding, hi. love of jur• bee, and by the gfory of his arms. .!t. How m~y wars did he fuliain againft the; houfe of Auftria l A. Three; the firO:began in one thoufand {even hun. dred and forty, to fupport the claims which his honfe had to part of the dutchy of Si1efia·; this was terminated by the peace of Brefiau, one thoufand ieveJl hundred and fOrty two, when the _gre-.lter part of Silefm was ceded to him and his heirs for ever. The fecond began in one thoufand feven hundred and forty five, and was concluded by the peace of Drefden, in one thoufand feven hundred and for. ty ~ht. The laft and moR: glorious, which he fuRained nearly fevenyears againft: the moll powerful forces of En- .rope, was terminated by the peace of Hubertfburg, Febru• ary fifteenth, one thoufand feven hundred and 6xty three, when the treaties of Breflau and Drefden, were confirm• ed.: In this war the arn{y of the allies amounted to four hundred thoufand men, and the Pruffian only to eighty thoufand. - , ~ Was not the harmony eftablifhed betw een thefe two houfes interrupted after the peace of .Huber.dburg l ,A. Yes; by the death of Mllx;";/ian Joseph, the laft Ele&>r of Bavaria, of the line of W.ilhelmina. Difticul- - ties arofe with refpea to the fucceffion, but the love of juItice and .humanity engaged the Emprefs Maria Tkr'./iJ, and the King of Pruffia, by a eongrefs held at Tefchen, to reeftablifh the peace, figned May thirteenth, one thoufand feTen ~undred. and {eventy nine, whtre "very· thing Will - A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 18S~ arranged to the fatisfaClion of all the parties interefled, and the treaties of Breflau, Drefden, and Hnbertfburg, a~in ratified and guaranteed ~y RuBia and France. Q. ,Was not this treaty made void by the congrefs of Teicben? . , A. It was thought to' be entirely fettled; lJut the houfe of Auftria, it is faid, endeavoured underhand to znake the acquifition of Bavaria, by an exchange for the ten provinces of the Netherlands ; but this defign was op• pofed in Germany by a formidable confederacy which was Ggned at Berlin, July twenty third, one thoufand fev• en hundred and eighty five, between the King of Pruffia, the King of England, as EleB-or of Hanover, the Elec .. tor of Sa:Jony, the ElE'Bor of Mayence, the Duke or• Deux Ponts, the Duke of Brunfwick, the 'Land grave of Meffe: Call1e. the Dukes of Saxe Gotha and Saxe Wey• mer, the 'Bi!hops, ofWutzburg and Bamburg, the Abbe of Flude, &c. to maintain tlle liberties and privileges of the German Empire. It is affirmed, that a fimilar ecn-. federacy would alfo have been fet on foot in Italy, head. ' ed by the King of Sardinia. Q. When did FretkrieJ III die? - I .J AuguR: feventeenth, one tboufand feven hundred and eighty fix, after a reign of forty fix years. He' left his kingdom to his nephew, FredericJ William I. who made many wife regulations for the good of his fubJea~ and died in December, one thoufand feven hundred and ninety feven. He was fucceeded by the prefent fove.. reign, Frttkricle WiUiam Ill. his Ion by Louifo of Hef .. re Darmfladt, his fecond wife. ~. What other event in this century merits a place in univerfal hiflory ?- A. In one thoufand feven hundred and feventy five, a war broke out between Great Britain and her Ameri• can colonies, in confequence of certain oppreffive meaf; urea of the former ; which terminated in one thoufand {even hundred and eighty three, in favour of the latter. fl. Did the Colonies become independent in conCe.. quence of this rupture with the mother country? A. Yes; on the fourth of July, one thoufand feven b1Jn~re4aDd (event}' fix, the Congrefs declared the thir-, . \ (' 1M A HISTORICALGRAMMAlt. teen Cotoniel free and independent States ; arid ~entua1lJ tIIley were fo acknowledged by Great Britain and the other powers. - ~ Who commanded the American armies daring thi. war? , .A. Georl' IVa.fomgtow. a native of Virginia ; who proved himfelf to be one of the moft fkilful generals the world ever produced. He, with 'his copatriots in the _Id and the cabinet, endured indefcribable hardfhips fuf. fared many defeats, till, with undiminHhed zeal in the "Ure oflihel'ty, they finally 'triumphed. Q. Did any 'foreign nation affift the Americans in this tlf!lggle for their liberties 1 A. A, their canfe was juil. they had many friends _in Europe ; flie French particularly a4'arded thens. lbu& dilbnee, 'b(>th by fea and land. Q. Wh1lt is the form 'of the govemDlent Of 'the -Uui. ted ;St:nes Q{ America? '. A. Republican. Their conftitution 1Vai- adopted Qa' con..enti~ of the Ceveral A:ates, in one thonfand fevtll hundred and eighty nine. -General IVqj1J;ngtOlJ was unan .. imouQy!el«led the 6rft prefident; and four yean afttr, was reeleded with equal unanimity. He declined ,. third elec!l:ion. This great and ,good man died December four• teenth, one tboufand (even hundred and ninety nine, aged fi~ty eight years. The whole nation vol1int~y went in• ~ nlouroing for their. irreparable Iofs, . Perhaps no na• tion were ever more indebted to anyone 'man, than the . America';.)! were to thn hero ; and no doubt hiAory will· do juftice to his merits. 'Hewas fucceeded in the prefidenc:y by John Admtu, another patriot, who had done eminent fertices for his country, and who ·was.vice prefident during the whole time of W'ffoington'.r adminif• tratron. Q. What other great .events occurred in the eigh• teenth century ? ~. Iri one' thouCand Ceven hundred and eighty 'nine, a revolution commenced in France, which involved in its confequences events of the greateR magnitude. 'Q.. Win you give a fhort iketc'h of this revolution ? ,4· 15 :,f'-OT one bun~l'<'d ~Q (eventy reara "ef~~e A HISTORtCAL aRA~MAR. '185 ,) , revolution, hillory ~ffords no intlance of a country, ~ Vlhicsh• defpotif.JIl was reduced to fo complete a fyftem as in Ftanoe., T'he Killg levied tues, by !lis fole .~thorit1. t6 ~ gr • ., er amount, than are raifed b:r the whole of thof. iuuutnfe territories which co.poCe the Germani~ boay." 10 ..... Iieve the nation from the infupportable burdenof i~t ~ an' all6mbly was called, which fOOD began the· wpr-Ii of revolution. They curtailed the authority, of the K,i.., deftr@yed the orders of nobility, confifcated the eflates of the clergy, and granted fl free toleration of religion. ~ Wall the King an idle fpectator of thefe proceed- ings? . ' A. No j he affeCled to comply with ~e '\II7ill of the people, till he foand means to efcape, when he declared all his pall compliance involuntary and not binding. He was taken, tried by the national alfembly, and by a ma• jority of 6ve out of upwards of feven hundred, condemned to death. He was beheaded on the twenty firA:of January, one thou.fand feven hundred and ninety three. .His queen, who was accnfed of having been the greateft canfe of the i nation's diftrefs, fhared the fame fate, about ten months afterwards. On the fourth of September, one thoufand {even .hundred and ninety two, royalty W..la abolilhed, and republicanifm adopted. . Q. Did IWt fo great a revolution eaufe much dlfor• der among the people? - A. Yes; the greatefl. At 6rA:, it was attended with '_ut little bloodlhed ; but eventually, numerous fs:enes of the moll horrid cruelty rook place. . Q Was the nation involved in external, as well as, in• ternal .ars ? A. Yes, almoA: all Europe was combined againft France; 'and nothing but. enthufiafiic .zeal for liberty could have faved her from ruin. Her armies, command. ed by ~e br weft generals, performed unexampled feat. of valour, They overran Italy, Switzerland, Holland, .te. and fhe even rent a large force into Egypt. In the autumn of one thoufand {even Hundred and ninety nine, General Bo"apart~, who commanded the army in Egypt, and whofe ruae1~in arms was ui-rivalled, abruptly quit• ted hi. itation, and returned to France, where, fOOD after, . Q2 186 A HISTOJtICAL GllAMMAR. on the eighth of November , a revolution took place, which put him at the head of the government, under the title of 6rtl Conful. Soonafter he affumedthe com.. mand, he made overtures for peace, which were rejeited by the combined powers. The eighteenth century, how• eYer'. left no power in conteft with Bonaparte, but Great Britain. A general peace did not take place till. the commencement of the nineteenth century, which is be:• yoad the limit. of the prefeDt edition of tbii wort. AX ABRIDGED CHRONOLOGY M THE MOlT IlKM.... ABLI: t>ISCOVERI~ AND INVENTIONS, JutLATIVI: TO TilE ART S .A ND.- SCI E N-C E S, WITH THEIl. OaIG1N, E!J&. HE firLland moft important of all the ana and lei. - ences i~undoubtedly agricullure. It is perhaps f.af thisT reafon that the ancients have affigned it a divine ori. gin. They affirm that Ojirul or Bacchul, the {on of Ju• liter, taught it to the Egyptians. He was the fira, ac.. cording to them, who planted the vine, and invented the brewing. of barley into beer, in favo~r ?f thofe nations \.. whore foil was not proper for the cultivation of the vme •. He lived jn the time of Noah. Before Chrift, 2300 _ The art of fiu/pture is of the remotefi antiquity. The Egyptians and the Greeks contend for the hoper of the invention. .h t'Le latter had a \ivel, imagination, they. afcribed it to love. A 'potter of Scycion had a daughter, fay they, who, on the point of being for a time feprrated from ~ lover, drew his profile by tracing on a wall the Ihadow .produced by a lamp The father, on viewing the performance of his daughter, was ftruck with the thought of applying cl.ly to the outline; this 11e did. and moulded an exact copy, which he put to bake in his kiln, and thus acquired the honor of being the inventor _of fculpture. He is faid to_have live in the lime of Abra-, ham, . 2000 . Orpht'ul, the ron of ./E'Jgfr. of Thrace, or {If Apdo, and the mufe Calliope. is confidered as the inventor of mu.. fico It is rlid that the notes of'.Lis lvre were fo lrarmo-: nious, ,that they animated rocks, trees, and £lowe':!'I 188 A HISTOR[CAL GRAMMAR. tamed the beans of the forefl, and foftened even the in• fernal divinities. The Egyptians arrogate to themfelves the iriventiol of the art of writing, and tell us that their Het1IW or Mercur, invented the charaeters, From them itpalfed to the Pheenetians. and from them to the Greeks. It is thought that the firtl book wail written in the time of Job. 1500 Dldal", was the lirft ftatuary and architeB: known in Greece. 1200 Homer was aft ancient Greek poet, whore works have been preferved to the prefent time. Temples and datues I were erected to him after his death, though during hi, life he was .defiitute of a houle to lodge in 950 Phidon, one of the defcendants of HlrcuJer, introduced weights and meafures, and caufed money to be coined in Greece, towards 900 Lyturgru gave laws to Lacedemon, his native country, about the fame time. The invention of .fculpture in marble, about. ' 770 ',Archi/(J(us, a Greek poet, has palled for the Inventor 01 Iambic Verfe ; fte lived towards the fame time. Tbale« WaQ [he tirft who diftinguifhed himfelfby aRro. nomical difcoveriei : he predicted eclipfes ; fixed the fol• flicial points, and found the proportion of the fU:D'. di. I ameter to the circle he defcribes round r.he earth. He was born at Miletu8 about the year ,640 I .Soppho, a celebrated Greek poetefs, excelled in J yric 1 ,oetry. Of her produa~on8 tWQfhort pieces ate all that remain. She lived I GOO . .Ana&reon, a celebrated poet, ftourifhed fome time after. I A few f7~ment! of his-works are Rill extant. SO/fm gave laws to the Athenians, his fellow citizens. towards the fame. time, He was alfo a poet, and has left us fome precepts ill verfe, and fome epigrams. It i, thought that the celebrated . Ef~, author of the Fables, 'Wascotemporary with Solon. C"·,,juC;tJI, a celebrated philofopher, taught his morals to-the Chinefe; towards 550 Ana~;ma"der, a difciple of Tholel, 6rlt aiferted that . lhe moon borrows her li!,ht from the' fun; whica he ))elie,- ...... ,. A HISTORICAL GRAMMAIt. UJ , - ed to be a mafs of Me, and that Iheis much lar'ger than the earth, He conflructed Ipheres, made sun dials, laW down geographical tQaps, and was acquainted with the obliquity of the ecliptic. He was born at Mileto.. about ·S.t;O PylhagorQl taught, about or near the fame timet. that the planets revolveround the fun; that the earth pes- \ forms the' fame revolution '; and that, befides 'his .peri• odical motion, it has, another rotation on its axis, which ~ught to be confidered as the caufe of the daily motion of the fun and Ilars, which in confequence is but appar• ent. lie made obfervations, 'by which the year Wal .divided 'into 365 days and fome hours. Betides thit. he reaiiied the .pz:evailing errors ·inphilo{oph:y, 'geometry, mufic, Ite. ,. ..' 6SO E(chy1t.U, the brtl .tr~ic ,poet, rctlormed 'the U1eai~e..it Athens, about· 580 Gophocles and &iri;idll' fome time after, cor-retted the errors of l1fthylru, and made impro.vements in ·\be Gr. theatre. . . . Socrptes taught 'hi, moral philofophy to .the Athe!Uanlt with the view, as be himfelf £aiJ, of beiag ·ufdul to au' He was calumniated and put to death 4070 Ar#PQphoNeJ, the moll ancient comic author knowa. Of fitty dramatic pieces which he compofed, el"eD .only are extant, He was .a cotemporary of Socratu. . , Pbidia, carried the art of feulptnre to the highetl:de. gree of perfection. He fiourifhedtowards 40JjQ . Melon, a celebrated Athenian aA:ronomer,publifiled hi. lunar cycle, by which he pretedded to- add the courfe of the fan to that of the moon.- He lived.about 4069 Ary/olle made obfervations on the courfe of a comet. which appeared in his time. He alfo obferved that the planet Mars was eclipfed by the moon, a phenomenon which has neveroccurred unce We are indebted to tbN learned man for many other difoovories. .A {mall part'of • ·H... aintaiaed that t'e lUtu' and lunar yean tould ·regularly ~ from the famepoint in the hea,.... T~.~ calledby.~ a~1\ODl~r. the G91den ~um~~. .. , 198 A HIS1'ORICAL- GltAMM:\R. his works are handed down to us. He was born at Sta• gyra in the year' 384- Eudomllof Cnidus limited the folar year to S65 days and fil hours. He alfo determined the precife time in which the other planets mull: revolve round the fun. 370 Hippocr¢tl was the moft ancient phyfician whofe writ• ings have been preferved. It is conjectured that he un• derftood the circulation of the blood. He W HipparchuJ,the moll celebrated aftronomer of' antiqnl« ty, compofed his aftrenomical works. He was the firit after Thales anJ Ganus who difcovered the exa.Cttime of eclipfes, and made a calculation of all that could happen of the fun and moon for ilx hundred years. He was the nrfl: 'Whoundertook to number the frars, and who marked their Iituation and magnitude. He obferved further. that the tl:arshad a motion from Weft to Eaft roundthe poles of [he ecliptic. He was born at Nice, and flouriib. ed towards 11-0 Proxilelu made the firll filver mirrors, t0wards 70 Pfidoniul was the inventor of an artificial fphere, which fhowed all the noCturnal and diurnal motions ot the fun, moon, and five other planets.' He lived in the year , , 60 .ilr~/aul, a famous phyficlan of his time, was the firft who employed cantharides for bliflers, After the hirth of CIJrjJJ,60 ClauJiul PM''''J, a native of Pelufium, invented a fyr.. tern of aflronorny, which, though it could not be fup• ported upon any r folid grounds, was adopted. by all the philofophers and aLl:ronomers who fucceeded him till CQ" pernicul. He arranged the moll: conjiderable {tars under , fony eight confiellations, of which twelve are round '" the ecliptic, 'twenty one in the Northern, and fifteen in the Southern hemifphere. He fiourilhed at Alexandria , about 258 Ojfta"~an 'ancient Britifh poet, whofe works are handed down to us.' . 250 Clocks were invented in Italy near Rome towards 400. Before this time the performance of divine fervice was , announced by Ll:riking on certain boards, which were on this account calledfa,red. The-nfage Waf introduced in France in 550, at Conftantinople in 871, and into Swit- zerland . 1030, &c..' '(he eggs of the {ilk worm were firlt brought from Afia into Europe, about 527 . ..Waler milll were- inrented in the year 555, and wind. mills 144 years later. _ ,The invention of BiO, oj Exchange originated with, the Jew. at the tittle they were exiled from France br ·91 A HISTOIUCAL GRAMMAR.. King. Datbhm. It wat the method they devifed to draw their poffe6iens out of the hands of their perfecutors, 640 The fit'Ll Organ wa$ rent from Conflanrinople into France by C""jlantine Copr.",mul, as a preferit to King I l P~. 757 'rile Arabs apply to the atidy of the fciences which S.urilh· among them. Caliph Amamoun diflinguifhed himfelf by his aftronomical obfervations, towards 850 ,Gil! .tIrmr.Q inyented the notes of mufic. He firft . thought of marking ,the (ounds by points on -different lille&, -and invented the clii'~, the gamut, and the fn: fyl. lables, w, re; ml,,fa, fll, la, which are the firft of the bymll Ut, fueanr,- Ia:tril, &.c. 1025; In 1330 John tk Mtwl, a Parman, fubftit\lted for the points the notes we now ufe ; and in the laIr ~entury. the feventh f,lIable,}" '\1O'aa added to the others by one Le Maitre. The invention of the game of chefs and tric trac I iD 1110 The. ~rt of nr.aking. paper' originates with the Egyp• tians; they employed for this purpofe the plant called Ptifynll, from which' it derive!' its name. Some work. wntten upon this paper are fti11preferved ; among others a colledion of St. :.tIugujline'1 letters. Towards the eighth or ninth century, paper began to be fabricated in Afia of pounded cotton, which dirninifhed the ufe of the Egyptian paper~ At length, towards the thirteenth centt11j', the Europeans difcovered the art of making }:»aper of varioul qualities and colours, of cotton and linen rags. \ 1200 An Englifh minor, who had left his country in difgull, and retired into Germany, eflablifhed the firft tin mines there. /' l266 .I1ltxanJtr Spina, a Spani£h monk, is acknowledged for the inventor of fpettac1es towatds the year 12!:S5 To R'Iger Baeon, a learned monk of the Francifcan order, we owe the invention of the camera obfeura, He gave alfo in his time a defcription of .different forts of mirrors. Some make him the inventor of fpeftacles and. . of gunpowder. He wasborn at Ilchefter inthe year 1216, I and diecl . " 1~ ,~ ftlnORICAL OllAMMAL J9S . Joh. ~i-uillt or l;tI.'J(I; b~n at Melphey in the kingdom of Naples, is celebrated for haying conllruaed the firi mariner'" &fmJHJfi., towardslSOO ; he ornameated the poillt of the needle with a jitfW ill IiI, which was the .~a Qt the Duke of Anjou, then King of Nap~s. It is from thi. invention that the navigation of the modems i.Co greatly fuperior to that of the ancieats, • Tbeiavention bf gunpowder ia prior to tbe monk Ber• thold $&h~'/Z, lYh.o, according to tradition, accide~tally made the difcovery in 1880. It was employed in the twelfth centory in the mines of litameUberg, near Gofiar. ~ Henry, count Palatine of the Rhine, fon of Ht",,'M Lioll,.lll __d(' it in 1200 to blow up the walla of a callIe nea.1' Trev". Tile life tha~ has beenmade of it in battle. is not more remote than the thirteenth or fourteentb' century.,. .'. -'. . Plaii~ cards were invented in France, as iJ:. ~ faid, by a pai_r It named Ja&fJUllRin <;Trig"""",, t()wards the yeat 1388 ; but they were known in Germany pl"ior to lb. ti~. .\ The Venetians were the fira in Europe who blew gla(. for mirrors. In the thirteenth century they were the only people who were polfelfed. of the fecret ; but towards , the 6fteenth century l~king glalfes were fabricated bJ other nations, and began to be generally ufed.... -r: The invention of Painting in Oil, whi4' is generally attnputed to John Yan EJ~' born at Mafeyk in 1410,.• much more ancient ; it was known in the thirteenth cen• tury. At Bohemia, in the came of Carlftien, the front . of an altar was found painted in oil on a gilt ground by M_a in !297. It i.now to be fe:en in the ga11a-y _ Vienn~ where fimilar productions are likewife ihewn, b, Nido/tU WurmJer of Straiburg, and by T1Jeodori&,of Prague, of the fourteenth. c~ntwy. . William B()t~tlt a Dutch fiiherman, invented the art of curil1g herrings, .. branch of commerce which has proved very advantageous to his country.. 1416 EIIg"trD;"g on WooJ preceded ~e invention of printing with moveahw types. M. de H,m, difcoverec1, in the CIIIII'Itnfo of B~heim, one of the moLl ancieut C~yents ~ 1M A 'HlSTOIUCAL GRAMMAR. -of Germany, a leafengnaved in wood, reprefentiug a, St. Chriftopber, with the (late of 1402S The art of Printing with moveable types was invented .. in 1+S()by Joint G"tm!JI:rz at Mayence. The ira proofs were done at Stra{burg, and afterwards perfeaed at MaJ. enee iu 1+40. The Dutch and Germane have to this day contended for the honor of _theinvention. -- Z.l'"ll'f1itrl.,;n, " firtIfJW i. nearly of the fame date. It was invented by IftMi Y (JfI Mt#ehJ. at Botkholt, ia the BUhoprick of Munfter, " 1450 . The origin of coaches i.Dot more remote than the fif.. teenth centtn"y; the lira. feen at Pari, was that whicb Latliftal, King of Hungary and of Bohemia, fent to the Queen of France, comort of Charlel I'll. towards that time. , John M_"Der, better known by the name of -RegifnlrOtl .. til".,bord at Kohg/krg, a little city of Franconia, is the firG: who, afte!" the reviv~ of the belles-lettres, applied himfelf to the making of aaronomical obfervations. He introduced the ufe of tangent8 in trigonometry, and Wal the firft. who added the courfe of the fun, moon, and planets to the almanaek, wh~ch, before his time, contained , only church kA:ivals and the names of' the -.faints. He was alfo the inventor of decimal arithmetic. He died at Rome in the year U76 The moll ancient book, with cuts in wood, is that of Tita-Crijli, printed at Augfburg tn 1476 The firft Pao,,,lwoIJrf,, or Mo""t of Puty, as it Wal then called, was eflablifhed at Peroufe by fome charitable citizens for the relief of the diftreffeO. Jt was imitated 'by Pope -Bt:ctUs JYo 'who· inftituted one at Savona i ' ~ndfimilar eflbalifhments are now commen throughout Europe. . " "14i9 • Barlholoflle'W Diaz, a Portugue{e, &tft difcovered the cape of Good Hope. , J486 CbriJlopher Col.mIN" a Genoe{e, 'is ufually c:onfidered as having difeovered .the fourth quarter, of our globe in 1492. The family of BOt·he;"" at,'Nuremoorg, however, difpute the honor with him, and pretend lhat the difcov• ~ was made by one of their -anceflors, aamed MIITti. 11.ejJ~m. :hey fupport their alfertion on the ~etlimony of A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 195. PlgapMltll, a Spaniih author ·who was eotemporary. Un .. grateful pollerity has named the difcoveredcountry after Am~riclU YifpUC;UI, a Florentine, and has alluded neither to Boeheim nor Columbut. Yafto de GamiJ,a Portuguefe, is the fira: who doubled the Cape of Good Hope; he landed in the Eaft Indies in . 14097 , . The firft pocket watches, with springs, were made by Ptt~ Htlt," at" Nuremberg. in 1500; they w~re called Nurtmkrg Eggl, on account. of their. form, which was oval. Seventy years after t they were firft brought into England. Ptter of Na"arre, a Spanifh general, invented mines lor the attack and defence of towns in . 15M The firft who made and puhlifbed a colleClion_ of. an• I eient infcriptions is CotWaJ Pelll;nglr, of Auglburg, to.- wards the fame time. ' Sebajlian Munjkr, bom at lngclheim in the Palatinate, at the beginning of the. fi.teenth century reeiabldhed the I 'lifeof f.n-dial.. 1510 Rtching is an invention of the celebrated Alht:rl Durtr, I who died in 1526 His portrait of St. Jerome, engraved in this manner, was done in 1512 The ToIlI«Dplant, ,!,hich the Spaniards found in Yu• eataa in 1520, was not introduced into Europe till fome .years after. Sir /Valid Raleigh 'Wasthe firft, who, .on biS' return from Virginia, introduced the praetice of fmoking ~bac<" into England.; and fome young Englifhrnen, who Went to purfue their ftudies at. Leyden, taught it after• ward. to the Dutch. Mage/Ian is the' lirft who, in the year 1519" failed 1'ound the world in the fpace of 1124 days. .Fifty t:igh • years after, Sir Franc;' Drale did the.fame in 1056 days t and twenty yean after him, ThomtU Cawndj/h made the fame voyage in 777 days. In our days the celebrated Captain Cot>l and otheorj have performed it in lefs time, The cullom of wearing powder in the hair is not more rem~ th:m the middle 0'£the fixteenth century. Before ~at time It was eonfined to the comedi aDS, who only ufed .. It when at the theatre; and toOk great care to comb it ,.t~~ ~ey ~hi~ .1619 196 A HfSTOR.ICAL GkAMMAR. Nie601lU C.ptnIitul. a native or Thorn in PmfHa, ani a canon of Worms, is the father of aGronomy among the modems, and the author of a fyftem of the world, which. by the obfervations and experience of more than two centuries, has 'been found true. He died in 15+3 .The firll pinl made of' brafs wire were fabricated ia 15..8. The ladies beforethat time lQade nfe of woodell Itewers. The machine now U{ed for ftamping money was in• , vented in Germany towards 1559, but did not appear in France till {eventy yeah, after. . The anatomy of the human frame was not generatty pratlifad in Europe till the 6:rte.enth, century. jamtl ClJl'/t!lfis,or Bamlg~' tie Ca,pi, and Atulreu YaIJ, Of Bruffeli9 greatly contribated toirs eftablifinnent. The kience of anatomy was alrilcfi. unknown among the an• eients, aJld was confidered as a facrilige, even in the time ef Cj",1n Y. _0 canted'the theotogians o.f Salamallca to be ccmlulted, whethft. with a fale conf~iencet a, ha.mu _,cty misht be di6eaed, in ot'der to diftoYer the eoe• -aruaion. , ' 'J 5.10 , Stamped paper iIa Spanifll inftDtion, and was fome time after introduced into the Netherlands toWardt I55S SikrUr, though a part of the Continent, w-. Dot diCcov• ered till the middle of the fixteeDth century, in the . reign of the Czar I",o#" B'!fi[iMI by one A"M",. who livecl in the environs of Archangel towanls the year 1560 Letmtt,d FfH1Jl, Profefi"ot' at Tubingen, reaiwecl the ..ftudyofbotany in Europe. He died in 1565 John Keplir, aftronomer to' the Emperor RoJJp/n#, • may be regarded with reafon as the reDorer of modem aGronomy. It w~ he who firft gave the tn1e theory of vifion; as well as of &he flux and reflux, of the {ea. He dtought of enipfis for the orbits of the ce1eftial bodies, and accounted for the motion of the univerfe by the law of gravity, which Sir /f1M# Nt«JItm demonftrated aft. him. He Wal born at Wall In Suabia the ~ of De• cember, 1571. It was Ktpler alfo ~ inveated'the a{.. tronotnical tube with two convex gla&s, anti obfenei the fexal\gUlu ,form of the Bakes of {now aiwa1"s ccmel.. _pondiDi to the ~gle of 60 or 1~ defl"eft~ . ~ & Ikrf'" a "iJrahaJtt61ft ~letnftn;, b6ti1 at: Bruges, 6.rft int~oduce4 the practice of cuttil1g dicnDonds~ leWaMS _ ~il4 of the 'fixtl>,ettth cent~r.y. Hating ~~e. l'kMced tbat tWQ'dial'flbfttis, rubbed together pretty oardJYl ~in to aft upon ~a<:h other, tae ic.tea lhuck him' 6t' I foPmblg bY,t1iis:meana regular facets. He then thought of iron 'WheelSto giVe the diamonds an entire polilh, hi lheans of tbe ~wcle!' tltat feU from them. ' of 84S ~a.tols de1ilv~ their origin ftom A'bIenca. The ~ Downed Sir Francil ./)rlilt brbl'tglit them firft inr<) England in the yt!ar 1586; but the Germans wefe tib-acquainted with ~em tiD 1650. They were firLl cultivated in Voigdandt ht 'Wetenot IhlOwn in Holland till the beginning of the eighteenth centu1")'. ' I Frtfltth Yielt _as .the lirA: who einplo~d letters in aJ;.: te&rlical eaJcttlatkmi. ) 590- Tile OpUI Mllllei, or method of e~r,aving upon copper at!ftieahS of a pomted hammer, ",jib whith the thong or faint te~ are ilrutlt: a~cM ,I 'is A HISTOAICAL GtAMMAL ctmcaye &Del coayex IeDt, a third glafa to reaiff -the objeds. . Nieboltu BrioI, a Frenchman, was the inHDtor of die coining balance. He prefented it to the mint at PariIf With the pre6, cutter, and fiaeting engine. Hit in• vention wa. nol at that time, 1617, approved b, hie oountr,., which obliged him to carry.his machine to Eng• land, where.he was well received andrewarded. Tairt, Jean after,. the maehine was fubilitute4-in FraDCefor the hammer. which had.been before wed. . JfllJ,., Baron de-N'}tt', whQ died in Scotland, hia native country, in 1618, invented the logarithms.. •. The French and Englifh contend for the mventlOll 01 embolfed papers, The French attribute it to one F,IIImJis. by proteaion a 'heath maker, who invented it to_arda 1629 The invention of peruque8 belongs to the }rench ; the .lrft was made at Pari.in. li20 The art of printing 01£ eogravings in diiferent colours was thought of by ODe Lo.Jltu., and brought to perfeaion ~1 .Chrjj/oJ!w"I~B'-J, a Dative of .¥iankfort OIl the Kabl, 1~26 . Crmuilk DrJ.Wr/, a peatant of North Holland, iuvented .the double reSeaing microfcope.. He u the iaa:De who ·inventedthe thermameter in the year 1627 IVilullIII_ Hw.." an EDgltfh phl'fician. difcowered the circulatioD of the blood towards 1628 'Tlwlphr'!fbu RtfIIlfIIi.t, a phyficiu, iuyentecl newfpa- perl : he publi£he~ tbe fira at Paris in . 1681 .~e Spania~& brought the QJlitUju;u, or bark,. from p~ into E~rope towards the year 1~4(). The Jefuiu at irllgaYe il) the~r name, and fet a hi~ price on it~ The ,£ngIifh firlllearnt the art of properly prepari~1 It, aDd· dre court of Spain bopght..a" pani~uhz pre~tioD of .-'it from Sir W. To/lot. ...:. .' .Polls were fira t;ftablithed iii .permany bJ L".orrJJ- T~;" towards I 1661 Gillileo, celebrated for the invention ~ofthe tele!cope. and. liill more for the misfortune.in which it myolftd him. difcovp-ed the fQUr {atellites of. Jup.ter, aDd the (Aotl.i~ fv,Q. He.~ itom&:t~~.ipJ~~~ :;~m . .: : 1m. .. HISTORICAL GRAMMA& , '. ,...... , phy6c_ ·to the pat Duke ofTufcany, in: .ented the tubet ealled after him Torrieellian tubes, to• warda the year '16+8 The &ail CG6e came iato,Europe by Mmeilles in 16M Sir glftt/", Digh" a native of Ireland, was the fira wbo made kaOlin the' fJ,;,pathdie ptJlfllJer for the ft~ppage of haDorrhages.· He" bought the preparation' of the vi.. trioI of a DlO1llt at Rome. 16+1 Joh. H,.",lifll a Burgo_ler at Dantzick, made the 'rit felenograpbkal lllap.. . 16407 The IIIItbo4of engraYing caUed MotA, was the iny_ . tion of a LielltellaDt Cotonel of Hefi"e,named D, S;trm. . J648 The Dutch ira initiated the Englifh intO tile .Chin. taie of dri.kdag 1M. The lirft tea was brought into En- " rope in the ,cal: . . . ISS' Aihatlll.J1U Kirew, ~Jefuit, was the bweator fIf··tit.. fpeakiag trDdlpet: he.it faid to be- the ·author Of the ca...... oblcma 9bic:h is auribated &0 Roger Bacon. 1659 011» GruiVU, Burgoma1\e1: at MKgdttburg, .& th• .... tor of the tUr 1-1, by me~ of which he e~ibitecl ftry Cano.. pIanOmena before the'Diet. of a.tiibon.; he J~v~ aJ» the W i4ea of ekdrieity bymeans of. baU. Of '~Ur, ,which he employ_ to .make -Gis e:rperitntlltl~ He'aKo was dae.filft who thought of employing the Tor. riceUian tubes,for obfenring the weight of the air and the variations inthe weadlet which are the.reialt... 16&0 The' art of weaviag tlockin,. wat, iQveated in EDgland, w~ it paWed iDto Fraac:e :. the firft ioekiDg manufaes tory was eftabllihedby Joh" Hi"dmJ ia 16. . iJlJrijlia HIi"_', born at the Hague. April] 40, ,I S2& was the firtl whQ difcoYtftd the four fiatelliteloof S~ in.l665. W.:are indebted. to him alfo for 'the, UlftlltioA of clocks with penduluu.. 'in 1667;. and the fame yea. far·the ~v.cry of Satum'. ring. '}Je alfo,invented the "crofcope with. lingle len..· - . .1668 . The ~ Ji,M waa firft diftovered ill EnJIand by Dr. Chi/dwl ia . 1668 ~ ~"' __ of .: bloGcl.of ~ animal intoanoth. -.... cbovght of by Sir CJwi~ IV";", pfiE $.'__ .. A HISTORICAL GIt.AIDIA1l. 0af0l'lL He JJIOPo1W die DId:hocl. &be celelw..a Sir T-'" B..,Ieia . . 16419 The uniform drefs of military men was _it introda~ amoog tM FNDdI rn.p. uncler.. nip u .u.;.Xl Y. about . , J660 c;,;..14 a Jer.it. tiye to the fpotS ia .. '111008 tile 4monUPatioa wlHdl is liD in uSe uaoD~ aftrOllOllleh, ia pefereftce to that which,HlWli., ba4 gnea dlem Iotae Jean preY"" '. 1660 The:.Ro"tJ Sot"" of London was eft:abiihed in 1610 ht J;J".I;I II. The &0'" Academ, of the Sdmces at Pa• ,. ... eiab&iBled ill I'll byLt.u XIY. G'Iwcr, a peafant of Nuremberg, 'Was the iD.entor of ., air g.a,a.. ' " . I l66i .. Tile _thor ei tIM 6rft" Joarnal ,.. SaY.b" was aamed H~: he publio.ed the 6rit •• Iume of tm. ~cal ... " lti60 . OIM. Rtnw. botn _ Az.hus ia Detuaart the t6th of . Se~mber, 16K, .as tk _ft wile ~Idivect tIlat light laM a JIIOSd- mado... He caInlated that it thI.erfed • (pace of foar million. of _pes ill onemiRute. 1878- . Fr.tri../&,-, a'aatiYe _:rhlDcif' tbe ,. whi» tIi-¥~ that bodies haft Wi va , UDder tile Efj'ltatot I , .. ita e~ ·plltts of the eeta ; that a-ptU1Jfl'weight af lW-is •. lelatlaan a pouDii at Cayelllle ; tbH a' pendula. which·beag the feconds at Pari, md be fhot1en«fd to do die"me at C.-p*Ime. 'Plai. difoo.es, ..... mM. in 1671' . e_.-cWeadr diNo1'8l'eti • pbeaoJbeneD M the I ~c: ...... N a, aDd: fonIe time afttlr .&.rwtltI6 . '-ought it to perfeaion. . ~br .tile llettwlie ,.~ we ... BrdeMect, to C. A• .-.w.fnp ._ilHf at Haflliehen. in 8.1OAy~ . .Bn..:4 a (lenni. chymift, iU¥eIlted t. ~ial bDhl.. iDg pbufpbo" towante tle fame time. , 1/tIriJw mad... fira' ftpeatiag ntchea· .. pmcm. ... in England in the year 1616 I . ~~, rif "'hf:1;. "'ilCo~ '.e-(~ c6lS1eacb• ~ ihe. bones ufed for fkeletcns towara, thi' titne. • ~ iIt_./»'''· tiIe .. ~~ ...... -, ," ' .J ..' A HtS'rOlttcAL OItAMMAA. ' .. The Abbe GadMItJ GuiNo ZomItJ, ~ Sicilian, is die kf .. ventor of anatomies in wax. ' Baron de Tjchi,."hauflfl, born at Liffingwell. in Lufatil, ~be 14t~ of April, 1651, was the inventor of "',."ing 11#1,and large concaee minors, which were not un• knoWn to ~rchim~tkl. He made ethem public in 16m> Gorgl Samwl ·Drm-/al, a Lutheran pallor at, Plauten in Voigtland, was the firfi: who demonftrated the patabol .. kal orbit of the comets, .in a Tre-atise publifhed in the ~r ,1680 J. D. ClIjJitU, in obfer.ing the planet Venu~ in the ye"4ir 1672and 168i, obCerved near its body a luminous fpeel, .&ieh h~ took for ita {atenite. In 17+0 Schrot obfened the fame 'phenomenon at London at different times. la t761 MOII'digne raw this fatellite' at Monrpe1iel\ more dif• tinaly. -RlJtt!litr at Copenha~ difcerned it again tlie Sd,AOth, and 11th of March, 176.... Noth'fritbaandin., .' all there otKenation.a. the cetebfa~ attroftOftlft, Ifil,. .;' confiders it ooly as' an optiCal delufion. ' . .. CIJr!1Mj Leihilt;, born lit Leipzic the tI4 ""Jo_, lM6, mv.ted diil'erenti.l' calculation, and gave a de. xription of it in . 16840 . SiT /fatie NeeJtMl dilcovtred·it abQut the. "me time: befides which, we are indebted to Kim 101'the theory Of . light aRd c:oieura, the deTelopement of the law1'of g'Jav.~.". ity, for the in\-ention or impr&veJbent of thp.refJeaing teJe(cope, arid for feveral other importaht difcoveries it.. aftrooC?my,atc. He was bom the 25th of Deeembes, 16401,and died at London the 20th of March 179.1_ The 6rR:' landfcapes in pat\il were drawn by .A1nN TbiJ, an artift born at Erfurt, and afterwards fettl~d at Drefden in " , I 168i The art-of making falfe pe:trls of a filvery matter, eX'- . trafled from the fcale. of a little fifh .called lI,d, was 'difcovered by a Frenchman natned Ja""i". 1686 Papin invented the digefter, a velel- which is made uA of by cbymi(ts to foften bones, which it win do in the {paceof a few feconds. He gave the defctiption in .681 The large flat·bottomed boare wllieh are employed to tow the largeR: {hips over the fand bank called Pam~ , .1." ~ pon. Awfterdam or.elfewlaere,were jj.. , .. A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR.. wated by M",., .Jf,;"tkrtc B«Iw, a citizen of Am... I fterdam, who had a penfion granted him for life by the ~~~ l~ F.,rtUllil TIwwwt, • native of France, invented the coJl• .., or ,,,,,,,;,,g large looking glass plates, by means of which mirron are formed of twice the dilllellfions of any made in the V~etiRn way of blowing. He made the I fir,ft towards this time. \ Tbeo.oI A,wtlll, a dancing maft:er at Paris, invented a Vle&hod of writing or noting down all the ftepa and mo. tiolls of a' dance, as the Coundsof a fong are {co1'eClill mufic. . Clade BntlfU.1ra8 the 6,ft wAo engraved on the dia- .ond., " . Tile manner of painting in water coloUf',{oabd in oil, was in.en~d by one Yill&mI of Mont Petit. GniJ, of Norem burg, was the ,i1\ventorof the caik with two bottom .. one for water, the other for gunpowder, for the purpo(eof extinguifhjagfire. PjQllllta Sch",iJ,a goldfrtlith at Quedlinbllrg, invented the art of refinwg gold by means of the cuttle nOt• .8".1;"!Jlw was difcovered at the beginning 'of this cen• tu•• by one J. ~Dippel. For {ornetime it remained a Jecret, but i.now made every where., _ _ The pOl'celaiu of 8a:lon1 was inventedby an apothecary'. bOYt named BDlllicher, who difcovered the fecret by endea- "I'o~ins to find a compofition to make crucibles. The liril porcelain was.brown; but' white was made in 1709 , 'Barlbo/()metuI Gil/mao, a Jefuit, in J 729, at Lilbon. caWed an aeroftatic maehiae, in the form of a bird, to he conftruCled, and made it to afcend, by me~ of a fire ,lighted, in the prefence of the King, Queen, and a great number of fpedaton. Unfortunately, in rifing, it ftruck ;againfi:a_conlifh, wal tol'ltt and fell to the ground, The inventor purpofed renewing his experiment, but the peo• ple had announced him to the Inquifition at a {orcerer, and h~ withdrew into Spain, ~ere be died in an hot; pitaL . . D« Fa,. of the academy at Paris, wal the firi who ,-erceived ~e aGoniihing phenomenoll Qf the tic"'" which ~ 4~f~~ fall. profllfel1 Qll Ilaft. pon~~,.jate. ucI A HISTOI(ICAL GRAMMAR. '_ bumt or rafted iron, but neither on gold, filver gilt, nor burnifhed nor red copper. He publifhed the memoir of this difcovery in 1786 The lirft Soein! of lnjurtlllet for fires, was eftabli1hed in the 'Eleeborare of Hanover. Thofe of London and Paris do not bear date till about the year 1740; but the true founders of there inftitutiODs were the Jews, feveral cen• turies before, at the time when the Chriftians Iletd aU pe• cuniary intereft in abhorrence. How are we degenera• ted! In 1628 Infurance Policies were iKued at Florence. It is about forty years fince the method of converting turf into coals, was found out in Germany, and the fur.. naces employed for this purpofe, were invented in the ,county of Wernigirode fome time after - 17.{.8 We are indebted to Dr. JatIIU n,.adleJ, born at Sllirbona in Gloucefterfliire,for the difcovtry of the aberration or 'irregular variation of the fixed ftss. He gave the theory' in 17'i.7 and 1737. He alfo dif.covered the variation of the axis of the earth from the plane of the ecliptic, the period of wkich is nine y.ears. - The' Solar }!icrojeope was invented by Doctor Liee",._ luhn, at Berlin in 1740. James ~,.egorJ reaifi~ Sir /jaac Ne'Wlon'l telefeope. ' ,', ~ , The phenomenon of the eledric {bock was difcovered tty CUtr$I at Leyden, the beginning, of -the year 1749. The (ame experiment was prtyiou11y made in Germany, iin 1745, by KldJl. we'~ay, fee, lib, ii. that PM" ~4 r even then a knowledge of the eledric fire. ::-. Dr. Benjamin Franll;n,1bora at Bolton, New England, 1706, made great improvement in elearicity, and invent'-* ed lightning rods, about ': '. 1750 411jpeiolloadj/ontl was an invention of an·,Engl~man; Damed Can/on, who made it public in :",, ' 115' An Eoglithman named DobmJ, upon, a pian de~ irated by profeifor EII/er, made great, _impro'femeil1!8ia fpeClacles .. . ' . • -1768 The compofitiOil of the, perfpeaive, glafs which lIlat~': llers ufe at rea, when' the- weather is hazy, iiattributed t. the fame. ' , A Frenchman named Pie... di{covered the. art df .. . A H]JTOJUCAL GRAM¥A.tt. ·prefem~ old paint.ings, by removing them without in. JOT>" from the old canvafs to the new. The famous naturalift Linnlltll, difcovered the method of feeding the Pearl Oyt\er, fo aa to incrcafe the fize of ~e pearls. He prefented a -pearl of an extraordinary fize to the Queen of S~eden, i~ I 1;60 The art of engraving plans, in the ta(le of. wathing. was the invention of /Jarahl, a Parifian, in 1761 Profgfor~"laeh, at Vienna" a {1;&orttimefince, invent• ed a balance. by means of which, the, force of the moll; impetuous ~ind might be eftimated with the gt"eateft laicety. Mr. JohtJ Harrif.,a,moll: accurate mechanic, invented • pendulum, called a Time keeper, to afeertain the Ion• litu~e when at {ea. Th.e united labour of himfelf and i9n had b\en bellowed 01\ it during forty yean. It was prove" .y the Tartar !pan of war, in a voyage from fortfmouth to the Ifle of Barbadoes .an4 back again; 2:I.ldin its pajfage, iJi every refpect performed what the- aa of parliament required. Half of the promifed. premium w.u paid to Mr. Harrifon" Ion, in' . 1764 : Toh{lu M"Jcr" born at- Ulm, in Swabia, is the author · of that immortal work and chef ~rort of precifion, the ~.1 Talla. now made ufe of Py aflronomers and mar• i.n~, in their calculations of longitude. A reward of lhree thQufand pounds ",as granted to his heira by the ·J~liaJnfrnt of Ellgland, in' . 1765 The property of the bark "of the oak to tan leathee _ w:aa difcovered in England: in Ireland a flAliLar property v,r prCtPilting it was difcovered in heath 1766 - .The means of rendering falt ~ter freAl, for the advan .. ~.I~ QhnaJ;jn,.-e, Ita. been long fought. By experiments -dJat have been repeatedly made for fome yean pail, it ~ ~, tha\ if the df..fired end bas not been wholly, it has Mep ~early attaiped. Tbe machine which M. PojJ'tmnier la~~invented for this purpofe, has already proved very ben. · et1~iN tc) two French frigates 'Which have employe« it. 1/ Enjouie, dpring a voyage of five months experienced no ficknefs, and the velfel in which M. BOllgan'UiJ/~made .• V()J.age round. the ",odd; in two year:s and a half, w.hich the voyage continued, loll only feven mea. l'his extraor- A HISTORICAL GRAMMAIt. goi _ dinary prefervation of the crew is attributed to the quin. tity of frefh water with which they- were fupplyed by the - machine _ 176t The Englifh parliament, in 1772, granted to Mr. -Jrvia a premium of five thoufand pounds fierling"for the ~me iinventon, which is faid to approach very near M. Poif• fonnier'/. While we are boafting of thefe inventions, and even paying premiums for them, we are ignorant whether or not the effeCtcorrefponds to the end propofed. , Kleinfchmidt, geometrician to the Landgrave of -Heffe• Caffel, is the inventor of a very uCeful inftruement for meafuring, from one ftation, a piece of land of three leagues extent, and layin~ it .down, by means of the fame inflrument, on paper with the gr.ateLl: exaCtnefs. The co~O:ruction of this inflrnment is fo fimple, that a man without any experience in laud furveying is' able, with little inllruction, to make ufe of it lvith all the exaCtnefs requifite This invention may be of great 'utility ~ land furveyors, engineers, to thofe who lay down geo• g~phical maps, Bee. Inftruments of this kind are. !lOW t{)nQruaed after the model of the original. 1770 . Mr. F. X. Htdfmo"",a native of Bavaria, is the in-, ventor of rules and principles, .faid-to be inconteflible, by Whichchildren may be tau~ht to read in the fpace of thirty hours ; and a perfon of riper age in lef~ time, as he proved before commiffioners appointed to judge from the ~xamples. It is a pity, for the fake of fodety, that thi. mvention is not more known. 1772 In the war between England and America, and during the laft between En!land and France, a new fort of can• n<;nwas invented, called CQro"Qde,~which fired balls from 60 to 103 pounds weight; whereas, before, the moll. weighty were only +8 pounds; and it is affirmed that thefe caronades are as eafy to move-as cannon which fire ball. of only 24 pounds. . _ M. de KemJltr, a Hungarian, was the inventor of a machine or automaton, which played at chefs with any ~iving perfon, and anfwered all kinds of'quflione put to It by letters. properly arranged. This ingenious invention he exhibited to the curious in di1Ferent parts of Ew:ope. 178~ s .. A ,HISTORICAL GltAMMAR. I .. II , IIWIJII/f!" is the myentor of a neWly con(kuBed I ma'll for * purpo" of cwifting filk IDOR equally than it "" done in Piedmont"3lld oilier cities of I~al,., before tbel'e mill. were eftablifhed at Aubenas; Iince that time France bat difpenfed...with the uee'of foreigtt twifted filt, _hicb baa rayed that ~untry maBy !houfand. yearly. M. tk y....rIM baa a1(0 invented a loom for the. Cabri. ticaag of filt Ids, which requires the band of a child only to work it. He died a filort time fiDc:eat NOreQl• berg. _ ' 1789 . Mefh. "._ ad J.Jepb 1M MQIlIzofIier m'fente4 or Jftim the itweatioa of the tlIr~ lHIII«nt. The 6rft pablic eKperimeat was made at Anonay, the fifth of JUDe, 1788 ; aad the ira aerial jour&ey was perform6d, at Mu• ette, near pan., N0gem~ the 21a, of the fame year. The remal of this curious e~m~t is due to. the brothft'l 1I-lofIw.'· Me6'rs. CIHJrM' and J. Rosier contributed,.uCh toward, bringing it to perfeaioD; aad n.It"".,. and Rolm were the firll lacrificea, 15th of JUDe, 1786. II. BlaeiIMd, of Boulope, larpalfed all Eonnet' adyen~. He, in company with Dr. J#W. an American. crofl"eclthe channel' from England to France, in his balloon, and made m"!y other aerial excurfiona. , The celebrated aftronomer and philosopher Ruler has obferv'ed that nery Cucceeding year will be fome minutel . ftlor.ter than the preceeding. This faa feems to be con• finned 'by the anoft esKt atbonomical e.perime~ts, and appears to demo~ftrate that the earth, from &ne year '• another, makee its re.volution rouDd the fUD in lefs'time. . 'I' ,.178+ Mr. Hetftlnl, the celebTated astronomer., hal"difcovered a new'planet in our {olar fyftem. It at firft bore hi. Damt;, bat is now called, in, Europe, the Georgium SidUSt in honOr of his prefent'majefty, GeorgeIII Mr. Her:fchel, has alfo difcoverea JSOOnebulous &an, and has determined their fitil,atit'n: he is of opinioa that tbey are fixed Rars, and fo many folar fyftems. - The fame celebrated obCerver has alfo remarked on the dark -fide of the moon a lum.iDo~ f,ec~ which he a,e~ _- lieves to be the fire of a volcano. B~ thinb he ~ ~ecllightQipg in the mOOD. A HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. 207 Bidttdi affirms that he bas difcovered a light that paffes over the (pot calledplalo, and take. it far the rays of the fua falling apon" ~llYity' ODthe fideof' the faid fpot. ])0" UUo!" obfened a cavity which patfes acrofs the body of this fatellite. Other learned men tell us that, it i, a frozen body, on which there are no org~ized tieiags. , From thete ebfenoBtions it appears that we are better• acquainted with our fatellite and near neighbom' the mooD than with the other planets and fired ftan. In 1788, M. ChtlttPe,a FrencJunan, conftnafied a Tel.. egraph, which was the firLt ever applied to ufeful,purpc{es, th!>ugh be cannot be called the original inventor. ~_ Greeks undoubtedly had a method of cODnying iateUi• gEmce immediately to a great dillance. In 1665, the Marquis of Worc:eller aB"erted that he had difcovered tlle an' ofholdiJlg eonverfation witla aperfeD, atfar oI'as" eye eonld difcover him ; and in 1709, M. AI.,."" in- -YeDted, 'a telegraph, with .wch hegave a fpeciJll~ of his I £kill before feveral perf01l8 of r.mk in lhe court ~f F~. It is pretty certain, ho.eve!', tb;.t the Te~aph, ineot• -ed •by JOItIIIIM" .(JNIId of Ma«a,hufetts, m 1799, IIld now in operation' between Boflon aad Martba~a Vine• yard, is upon a planntirely di&reot from, udfar- {ope• rior to. slI,"evet\Ired in Europe. Wida tb. Mr. 6,..", -hu'aJked a queftion, aDd received an anfwer frolP a di£. - tant:e of 90 miles, in teo minutes. ' J 800 The WOt'l~'isindebted to Dr• .8J'IIJIIrfl J",." aa FAag• Hfhman, fonlle aD importaDt.di{covet')' of iaocuJating with the li_l!!*, ia 1'T!)9. Dr. ~ W~., 'M~dica1 Profejfor at Hanal'd uuivafity, inttocluced .it into Amcric. HeD1Ide. his irLl e~, Qil hie fon.. -JuDe 8th, 1800· • I I EMINENT AND 'R.EMAR.KABLE"PERSONS. ARON, the 61'ft lrigh prieR: of the Jews, born 157~ died I+5S before Chrifl:. Aaron-ben-afel"t;lA rabbi, flourifhed 475. Abbadie, theRev, James, born 1658, died 1727. Abdalla, {Oil ofO£mar, flourifhed 625. Abel, bom in ~ of the wot ld, killed by Cain 129 ditto. Abernethy, John, the Divine, born 1680; died 1740. Abraham entertained three Angels, 1897; offered up Ifaat ]81I I died 1"821before ehriG, aged 175. Abu, Bela, died 62+, aged 68. Achilles, died 11M before ChriA:. Achmet Ill. Empero. of the Turks, who "enct)uraged prillting in Conftantinople, died 1780.' , Adam, died S0740before Chri{t Addifon, Jofeph, born 1672. died June 17, 1 719 Adrian, the Emperor, ~fited Britain, and built a ftTong rampart, and died 188,aged 72.' " ..iEfchylus; the poet, died 456 before ChriA:, aged 69. Africallus, Julius, the hiftorian,~d~d !S9- Agamemnon, died about 9M before Chrif\. - Aglionby, John, one of the tranflat. of our Bible, died 1609' Agrippa. King of Judea, died 91, aged 5+. Ahab, died 897 before Chrift. Ahaz, died 726- before Chrift. Akenfide, Dr. Mark, born 1721, died June i~, 1770. ~iceus, the lyric poet, flourifhed 607 before ChriR:. - Alcibiades, the Athenian, died 404 before Chrift, aged 46- Al~ander the Great, born 856 ; fucceeded Philip 886; (ollnded the Grecian empire SSI ; died at Babylon, Marc~ 21, 823 before Chrifl, aged 82. Alexander III: Pope compelled the Kings of ~n,land PJlhdf~n~~ t~ hg.ld_ hi$ ltirrups. died ~lS.J., _ Al&~ the <;;reat, Saxen King of England, lawgiver aJMI, hiftorian, died 901, aged 52. . ..', Alva, Duke of, died 1582, aged 74•.. Ambrofe;· St. Bifhop of Milan, .374, died 897. / Americus VefpUGius,difcoverei' of' the continent of A. merica,' died 15~. . Amea..Jbfeph. typographical hiftOrian, died 1759. Anadiarfn, the· Scythianphilofopher, lived 554 before C. ADac~~, died 474 befere Chrltl:; age4 SS. . AnaLllafius, died 518, aged ·S7. Anaxagora8, died -428 before Ch,tift, aged 70~' . Anderfon, Sir Edmund, a law··author, died' 1605. Anderfo~ James; a commercial writer, died 176+. Andra, Major, hanged. b.,.the Americans for a fpT, Olt.' 2, 1-780.. . Annibal, Carthaginian -Get1er3l, died 260 before Chrift. Anthony, Mark, Roman orator, ftountbed 100 before Ci' Anthony·, St. of Padua, ~d 1281. AntiOchua,died 1&+ before Chrift. Antipater, died ·821 before ChriR:. Antonini Pius, Emperor· of the Romans, died 161. Apollonius, the geometrician, lived 242 before Chrii. Abuthnot, Drc- bom 1611, died 1785. Archelaua, of~Macedon, patron of learning, 440 before C. Archimedes, ..the' mathemat,ician, inventor· of the fphere, killed· at S)'TMufe 208 before Chrift. . Archytaa, the inventor of the vice and pulley, ftMpwreck. ed 408 betble ChriR:. Argyle, Kafq1lis of, beheaded May 27; 1661. Arion, the muficiaD, iouri1hed 620 before Chrift. Ariofto, the Italian poet, bom It74, died 15M. AriGidee, the Grecian orator, lived 488 before Chrift. Ariftotle, died at Calcide 822 before Cbrift. aged 6S. AriUlt the heretic, died SSG. Arminiua, James, founder of a rea; died 1609. ,. Armftrong, Dr, bom 1-75z, died J779. Arne, Dr. ThOPl(4S Augutline, died lfi8. Arne, Michael, the mufician, died·'178&'· Arrowfinith, JOhD, mathematician; tour.;. in the 17th. ceDt. Artaxeuet, king of Perna, died M before Chrift. Arelle, Aaoe, b1ll'Al fw herefy 1644. . S i .A IlISTOltfCA:f. ORA:MMAR.- I Afh, Dr. authQl' of the Englith gram~, &ic. died age4 I 55, April 1775. Athanafius, St. died 971, aged 7~ • A ttalu8; founder of the monarchy. of Pergam.s, and in. .ventor of parchment, died 193 before ·Chriff. Atterbury, BiLhop of Rochefter, committed· to the Tower, Aug. 240,1722; exiled May 27, 1728.; died Feb.22, I' ).731.2, aged 69. Aubrey, John, the antiquarian born, 1626, died 1700. ~ ~ ugu£lin, St. father of the latin Church, born 3540,.bap- tized 387, died 491. •. A-uguftin, St. landed on the HIe of Thanet 697, made the ira Archbi{hop of Canterbury, died 694 • . A'urelian, the Roman Emperor, the firft who 'Wore a dia- dem, .alfaffinated 27 5. Bacon; Roger, born 121+, died 129+. _ Bajazet,. Sultan, conquered by TamerIane, died 1413- Barbaroifa, the famous Corfair, died 1517, aged ~4S. Barclay, Robert, the" Quaker, bom 16~S, died 1690. Bartholomew, St. martyred Aug. 24, 71. Baxter., Rev. Richard, born 1615, died 1691. Beaument, Fr.mcis, the poet, born 1555, died 1615. Bede, Venemble, died 735, aged 70• . Bellarmin, born in Italy; 1542, died, 1621. BelithritH deprived of all his dignities 561, died 565. Benedict, St. fO'l:ludel'of the Bendidines, died 546, aged 66. Bmtham, Edward, Englilh divine, and writer of the Hii. tory of Ely, Cathedral, died 1776. . Bertboldus, who difcovered gunpowdeT, died 1S40. Bidloo, the anaeomifb, born 1649, died 1713. . Blackmore, Sir Richard, died 172Y. Blaekfione, Judge, author. of the-Law Commentaries, born 172S, died Feb. 140, rzso; , Blair, Dr. died 1732 .'. Blake, Admiral, born 1589, died 1657. Boadicea, Queen of the Britons, burnt London, and kill· ed 70,.Q()()of the inhabitants; poifoned herfelf, 61. Boerhaave, Dr. died Sept. 23, 1738, aged· 69. ~letius, the hiftorian, died about 1450. Boileau, tbe French poet, born 1630, died 1'11%. Bulingbroke, Lord. died 17S1, aged 73.' . Ii 'HISTORICAL GR.AMMAR: £11 . Bonner.,.Bnbop of ;London, born 151,2; deprived; May ',155ft; died in the Marihalfea,_Sept. 5, 1569. Bofcawen, Admiral, died 1761, aged 50. Bolfuet, Bifhop of -Meaux, born 1627, died 1704<. Bougainville, t!tenavigat. was killed in P~ris, Aug. 10 :t7!J2; Boyer, the lexicographer, born '1664, died 1729. Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, born 1566, died 1632. Boyle, Roger, inventor of'theOrrery.b. 1621, died 1679. - Boyle, Robert, the philofopher, died 1691, aged 65. Brahe, Tycho, born 1546, died 1601. Bray, Thomas, devifor of propagating the Gofpel in for- ei$n parts, born 1{)p6, died 1730.. . ~ro~, R. founder of the Brownifts, died 1630, aged 80. Bruce, Robert, Scotch Gen. and King, 1306, died 1319. Bruyere, died 1696, aged 56. f • Buchaaan, George, born ) 506, died 1582. - Buckingham,George Villiers, Duke ot; b."'1627, d. 168a. Bunyan, John, born 1628, died 1688. . _ Burgh, James, ingenious Scotch author, died 1775 •. Burke, Edmund, died July 8, 1797,aged '68. Burkitt, Rev. Wm. born 1650, died 1703. , Burnet, Bifhop of Sarum, horn 1643, died 1715. :Buiby, R.ev. Dr. Richard, born 1606, died 1695. Butler, Samuel, born 1612, died 1680. Byram, John, inventor 8£ fhort hand, born 1691; d. 1768. Cabot, Sebaftian, died l557, aged '70. ' Cadmus. firll,King of Thebes, 1094 before Chrift. ' CrefalpinuI, And. the fira fyftematic writer of botany, born 1519, died 1'03. . . Otfar, after fighting 6ft'y pitched battles, and flaying' a. bove i,19~,OOO men, was killed in the Senate Houfe, -M before Chrill. ': Calligula, died 41, aged!S. - Calmer, the learned Benedictine, died in France,Otl. 25, 1757, aged 86. Calvert, Bernard, of Andover, went from Southwark to Calait, July 17~17~O,-in one day, and returned !he- fame evening., ., Calviu, died at Geneva, May 27, 1864, aged 4oS. Cunbtay, Fenelon, arcbbithop, of, died 1716. ~d 6+• .• <;ambdeD, the hiiorlan, died Nov. 2, 1625, a.ged 791 Sit A HIS'tO~lI1ALGJtA1tJII(k1L Can-, ,John Ja.mee, who be. his 'J.ett.t at 15 months old, and ~t 7 yean was maier of ~' Gnak. He. brew, Bec. died 1726, ~d but 7.. . Carew, Thomas, died 16S9- Catherine de Medici&,died 1589- Cato killed himfelf, Feb. 5,45 befot,e Chrift, aged 4& Caverly, Sir Hugh, the firtl perfon who Wed gWlJ f. the fervice of England, died 1389. Cuto", William, the lira printer in Englaatl, 147+' diei 1491, aged 70. . _ ' cecro,., the firft Kiag of Athens, i556 before CIuif,l. Celcus, a great phyfician, Bonrjlheci 150. Cervantes, Mich. de, hem at Madrid. died 16s) apd .9 •. ~baud, Mr. Lewis, died Sept. 22, 1776. ' Chambers, Ephraim, author of the Diaionary. died 17ta. Charlemagne,.died SIS, aged 74.' . Cbarl~tont Walter, phytician, died 1'707. Charlevoix, Peter, hitiQrian, died 1761. ,_ Charl~ XlI. of Sweden, killed at Frederi~ in Nor. ~ way, Noy. SO,1718, ~d 86. ' Chatterton, ThoJQaI, poet, born 1762, .died 1770- Chaucer, QeQf., born lS~8, died I~ Chefelden, Wi11i~1Jl, the anatomift, died 175& Cheyne, George, the pyhfician, died 17408- ChryUlftom. St. made Biihop 0{ Conftaotiaople - i banifhed 404, aged 6S. Chub, fhom_, Engli1b philofopher, died 1747. ChlU'Chill, i.e.,.· Charlet, born 1731, died 1766. Cibber, Mrs.,the .aBrefs, died 1766, aged 57. Ci.bber, CoUey, born 1674-, made Poet Laarear, Dcc. 1780, d~ 1758. ' Cicero, born 107,made an orati()D agaiall Vemtl 70, hi. Cecond oratiell againft the Agrarian "law, ani baDithecI April, 58, put to death 4J before Chrift, aged 6.f.. Cincinnatu., QuinB:ius" made Diaator of .K.omefrom the plough, born 4;6 before ehriQ. " Cl"rendon, Hyde, Earl of, hom. J6u;. baDiWDec. 12, .667'; died Dec. 7, 16'4- Clarke, Rey. Dr. Samuel, bom 1-67J ; d. May. 11, 1719. v , Cl"o~~, Qqeep of Egypt, So,killcG lledelf ao IIefere @rift/~~ .• I. ' "A HISTOIUCAL ORAMMAIt. ·~lj. dark, John le, died I,36 aged 79; , , Clive, Lord, defeated the Nahob, June 26, 175'1 ; ere- , ated a peer, 1762; killed himfelfNov 1774, aged 49. Coke, Lord Chief Juflice, born 1549, died 163.... - . Columbus, Chriflopher, died 1506. ' Confucius, the Chinefe phi lofopher, born $15 before C. Congreve, William, born 1672, died 1729. Conftantine the Great, died 337, aged 66. Cook, Capt. James, the navigator, killed Feb. 14, 1779- Copernicus, of Thorn, in Pruffia, died 1543~ aged 70. Corneille, Peter, dram. poet, died 1684, aged ,8. - Cornelius, Nepos, died about 25 before Chrift. Cortes, Ferdinand, died 1547, aged 62. Cox, bifhop, traflator of the Bible, died 1581.... Cranmer, ArcflbHhop of Canterbury, introduced to Hen.. ry VIII. ]S29 ; burnt ar Oxford March 21, 155.6. r Cromwell, Oliver, made protector of England, r649. died 1657.' - , Curtius, Quintus, lived in 64- Cyprian, ~t. martyred 258. Cyrus died 529 'before Chrift. ' Dacier, Mad. born 1651, died Aug. 6, 1720. Dampier, Wm. the navigator.died 1699' , Daniel, fent captive to Babylon 606, interpreted Nebu. chadnezzar's dream 603'; call into the lion's' den 518 J predicted the Perflan empire 534 before Chrift. - ~ Darci, Count, philofopher, died 1779. Darius, the Mede, King of Affyria, 538 before Chrift. Davies, Rev. Dr. John, born 1679, died l73z. Day, John, printer, the firft introducer of the Ureek and Saxon characters into England, died 1584- Democritus, died 361 before Chri ll, aged 109. Demoflhenes, recalled from banithinent 822; poooneci himfelf 313 before,'chrift, aged 60- Derham, Dr. Wm. born 1657, died April 1798. Defcartea, born at Tauraine )556, died 1660. Deucalian, died 1500 before Cbrift. . De Wit, John, Statesman, born I6iS, died 1672. Diodorus, Siculus, lived 45 before ehrift .• Diogenes, tbe cynic, died 324 before Cht.-ift,aged 89. llionyfiu8, Tyrant of S1ra.;ufe, died 3i8 before. c'b.ri.(l, --~I Dodcl,ReY. Dr. exCDted for -forgery June ~7J-1777. Doddridge Dr. died oa. 26, "',,I aged ·So. DodOey, Roben., poet, died 17'-tt aged 61. - Domitiau, died 96 after ChriJl, aged 4S. Draco Souiihed 624 before ChrHI. -Drake, Sir Francis, fet fail on his voyage I'01IBCl the world 157'1 ; died Jan. 28, 1595, ag~ So. Dryden, John, born 1618, died May 1, 1700. EaChard, Rev. Dr. John, born 1615, died 1696. Eachard, Rev Lawr. the hiftorim, born 1671, died 1'790. Edwards, Dr. Jonadlan, Prendent of N. J. College, _I'D 1703, died 1758. . Eli, the eleventh- Judge of Ifrael, broke Jiia neck at Shi- loh, 1116 before Chrift, aged 98. _ Elijah, prophefied 911 J (uppaned 1.1 the Wiiow of Sa- tepta 8W. taken up 'iuto heaven 896 before Chritl. EIHha, died 88O,bcfore ChriLl, having prophefied 6O',ean, Eliot, Sir John, the Eng li1h phyfician, died 1787. Eliaa,Mr. W. died at Liverpool, Aug. 1780, aRCd 1-.f. EDeu, the Trojan Gen, died ) 177 before Chrit£. Enoch, tranflat. into hea'VeD9'W1 l:f the wer1~, aged MS. I Ephminondas, Tlaeban·Oen. fiaiu S6S before Chi-ill. ,I Epiaetus lived in 940. . " Epic_DI, born Stet, died i70'M{ore ChriL EphimethJust Uavent.earthen vei'eli, died 171 WereChrifto/: Erafmul, born at Rotterdam 1467, di!d J6J6. Efop, died 556 before Chrift. Eaelid -died aboot 280 before Chrift, aged '14- Eugene, Prince, commanded at .the battle of Hcchfte Aug. 5, 17-04;vi&orillS. at Turin" -Sept. 7, 17fJ6 yiaorioul .at Oudenaude 17Q8; W01lllded before L' 1708; defeated the -Grand Vizier at Petarwufl ~u".S. ~7.6; died April ~ J73S, aged n. Euripides died 407befOJe CIarift,ased 'III. Eufebiu.l 80uNhed 3 lS• Eutropius 8ollrio.ed ..,8. Ezra, iouriihed 447 Wore ChriA. ' Fairbrother, Mr. died at WigaD. ia I..aacaGIft... IJ in MaT, 1710- - FaidiD, ..sir '1acaaa, die....., tIW -16". 1 "A -Hl~TOR.ICAL GRAMMAR. US Fancourt, Samuel, the 6rft promoter of circulating libra• ries. died J ,68. Fauft, or Fauftu~ John, claimant of the inventiQn of printing. died 1466. "aux, Guy, executed in_Parliameqt-yarcJ ..Jan. 31, 1606. Fenelon, Arcbbifhop 9fCambray, died 1,16. FenWick, Sir John, beheaded on Tower-hill 169,. . Fergufon, James, the af.\ronomer, died Nov, 16. )776. Ferrar, BifhopofSt. Dayid'" bumtat Caermarthen.I565. Fingal, the Caledonian, died 289. , Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, executed as a rebel under 'martial law in DubJi8. May 1718. . Fit.zheibert, Sir ADth. eminent Eng. judge, died 1588. F1~mftead, John, aftronomer, born 164-6, died J 719. Fleet-GOd, William, Biihop of St. Afaph, antiquarian, tljitd .1725. . Fo4taitie~·.John de la, born 1621. died 169-'. F~ '.samuel, the Englifh Ariltophanea, died Oi!. It.. ard 59. . P, J.)ayid, pro~tror Of pru1ofophy. died 1785. F ..• -':>hn. bumt ill Smithfield, for denying the King'1 A~ilCy,May 22, 1538,agecl 402. Sir John, died 1461.' . F_~Fi~ ~old, navigator, died 9~lm, J. Jan. F~:'~~·J.J.~ the Anabaptift, born 1696,died 1759. F~ir~,'Dr. died Dee. ~~, 1780, aged 69. F;'u~~~~ Sir And. Eng. antiquarian,. die~ 175&, . . ' ~Gf,1~iJ;'t£1 fonnd.'i!f"ot t:b.e,Qua:kerlJ, Iived In 165q. I .. martyr?]o~]R:j ~o~ un7? died 1?87. • , Dr" BeoJamw; died. ~n Philadelphia, ApnJ. 17., 13,4. at P:e:rgamo&Jaboll' .t un, di~d ~1. ' " ~f,lt1.~efjr:;;m.11:t:b:~en:,II'tn":r : aE in~rumeDt: maker', born in Italy, . mG4& - the' Eng'~~£bR, o'dul, died Jan. ic), 1779, . •'111-<1 t'emmontbs ; u:rR: a~ared' on the Lon- 17411.. '.' see, imvcfI[or ortele:O:opic' fights, died 16405 r Will. judge, who, committed the Prince of l.11:olt),Mi'm.p'IWoul'tiRg him dc! dte bench, clied 1+1to •••••.. t' .• ;,:: :': . 216 A HISTOJUCAL GRAMMAR. GeDghi&an, the illoftrious warrior, cfied 17.0. Geoftery, of Monmouth, Britilh hiftorian, died J 1S'. Gibbon, EJward, hiiorian, died Jan, 16, 17% aged S6. Gii"ord, Andrew, eminent diifenting divine, died J7841 ~ed 84- • . '. Gilpm, Bernard, died, March 4t IS85, aged 65. Gioia, Flavie, a Neapolitan, inve~tor of the EuropelD eompafs, died 1606. Glauber, the chemin, died 1660. Goldfmith, Dr Oliver, died April 4, .1774, aged 46. Gordon, Lord George, died ill Newgate, NO¥. I, 17". Gray, Thomas, the poet, died July 30, 1771, aged _S ... Crotius, Hugo, born at Delft, 158S, died 164S. GruteT, Janus, the philologer, born ]S60, died 1627. Goicc:iardini, Italian hlftorian,died 1540,aged S8. Gunter, Rev. Edmund, mathemat. died 1726, aged +6. Guriey, Wm. the Ihort-hand writer, died 17'10. . Guflarus, Adolphus, King.of Sweden, killed ill battle, Nov. 6, 1631..' . Guftavu8 HI. King of Sweden,.fIlotat a ma{qUerad~ by a difcontented officer,March 16, I 792. - ':, ,. Guftavus Vafa, died ~s6e, aged 10. .' Guy, Thomas, bookfeller, died Dec, 27, 1724, aged- ;9; and left 200,0.001. for maintaining his hofpital •.•. - Hale, Sir Mathew, died Dec. 25. 1676, aged 66. '. • Haller t Dr. of Berne, Switzerland, died Dec, 0'17tj, aged 7S' '. ,•. r HaUey, Edmund, born 1656,died 1742..1 .• - • Haman, hanged. by order of Ahafuerus, 509 b6"we:C Hancock, John, American patriot, died 1793, a~5f: Handel, Geo. Frederick, died April 12, 17$9, age4 ?~ Hannibal, died 162 before Chrift. . . •J Harding, John, the cronologer.died 1....61. ...•. Harp, Fr~derick, ,4!ed at ~Fifh-hill, Cumberland, i~ -Fe~. 2792, aged 120. " ,. Hams, James, the celebratedwriter, died Dec...... , 17.&0; Harrifon, Mr. John, i~ventor of the watch for difcov9r'. ing the longitude, died March 24, 1776, aged 8+•..~'ii: • Harvey, Dr, William, who difcovered the circulation of the-blo~d. bo~n 1578, died J657, aged 79. .... ". natton, ~lr ~hriftopher. m~~ Lord Chance~er~ bti~g A HISTORICAL Ql.AMMAll. 21', . 'the firft, who was ueither pried ROI' lawyer, that· he~i I . that office; laSS, died 1591. , I Hay, Wm. EngliQa poet and mifcell. writer, died 1755. I Haye. Sienr de fa, died Feb. 2, 177", aged 120. Hayes, Char~, Eng lifh Jhathematwn, died 1760- , Hayward, Sir John, tbe biftoriaa, -- ===-=---- 21-9 . - lulai Cerar, bom -July 10, 100:; la~ded at Deal, Aug. 26, 55 ; kitled Marth 15, 44 before Chrift . ..Juftln Martyr, flourifhed 140._ Juvenal, born 45, died 127. -Keil; J Lyturp. the SpartaD.laWgi ..er. &om 9'J6, eLtabliftaed IUs laws 88t, died in Crete 872 before Chrift. Lyttletou, Lord, born 1100, married 1742, created " peer 1756, died Aug. 25, J 77g. Macaulayt Graham, Mrs. the hiftor. died June 2S. 1791. Machia..el, died l.iso. Mac:keDlie, George, born 1636, died 1691~ Magellan, Ferd. the navigator, died 1520. Mahomet, hom at Mecca, May the 5, 57,0; began hiser- ron 612; therea commenced 622. died June 18,631. Maittaire, Michael, eminent writer, died 1741. Manning, C'I"omwell'. fpy, executed abroad 16S5. Mans6eld, Earl of, died Iwfarch 15, 1793,. aged 89- :Mark, St. died in 68. . Marlborough, J. Duke of, died June 16,) 722, aged 7i. Man~l, Andrew, the patriot, hom 1620, died 1678. Mary de Medicis,Queen-mother of France, vif. Eng. 16S8• . Mary, Gother of COriR, died m 45,.aged 60. . Mary, Queen vf Scots, Bed to Eng. May 16, 1568, be.. headed Feb. I,1589, aged 404. Mafo, of Florence, inventor of engraving, died 1+5Q. ·.\fa.tthew,St. died in 65. .' Matthew, ofWeftminfter, Eng. hiftorian, d~d.lS79. ~ Maximilian, the Emperor, enlitled all a,Capt_in and.fab-, jeClunder Henry VIII •.whea he invaded France, 15IS.. Mayerlbach, the celebrated water doctor, died ~an. 1798.. Maynwaring, Arthur, born 1668, died 1712. Mazarine, Cardinal. died 1661, aged 5.9.. !dead, Dr.. Richard, bora, 16.7i; died 1':754. Melancthon, Philip. died 1560, aged 65. Metaflaflo, the Italian poet, died 1782, aged Me Methufelah, died 1656 of the Ylorld"aged 969. Metius, James, of Antw. invent. of telefcopea,died 16Hl. Milton, John, bom 1608, died blind 16'14. Minos, the law-giver, reigned a.t Crete ]+89 before C. Mirabeau, the French {tatefma1l,died 1791. Moliere, born 16~ died 1672. . Monk, General. arbiter of England', fat~ 1659, R)ade Duke of Albemarle, July is, 1666,d. "Jan... , 1670. ManTo, Dr. John, died Oec.27, ]791, aged 77• .~tague,.La.dy ~1. 'YOI~el' ele~antwriter.....die.':l1.1U .. ... ~ HISTORICAL GR.AMMAR. 221 'MOIlteCquieu,Charles;Secondat. Baicn,boTn 1689, d.1765. MoCes. born 157 J; Cent the ten plagues of Egypt. 1492 • received the tablet or done on Mount Sinai, May •• 1491 J died 1451 before Chrift. Novat, Mr. a furgeon at Dumfries, in Scotland, died Feb. 21, 1776. aged "186. ' . MOUDt, Mr. John, of Langholm, Dumflies,' Scotland. died in March 1176,-aged 186. < Muntzer, Thomas;" founder of the rea of AnabaptiLb, put to death 1525. . Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, died 1622, aged 67. ' Naylor, the Quaker, whipped, &e. Dec. 4,1656. Nero, murdered his mother !j5, died 68, aged 82. Newman, Thomas, of BriaiDgtOD,near Briflol, died }'540" aged Mi. , , ., '. N~wton, Sir Irg!:l"~bornDecember 25, 1642, died March 20, 1727. -, I Noah, cUretted to build the Ark 1536 .ofthe world, 120, before the Sood; died 19.98 before ChriG, aged 950, Norden, Fred. emi2nt de1igne, and engraver, died 1742- occleve, Thomas, Englilli -poet, {ueccifor to Chaucer, ftourifhed 1"~. ~lbJ' John, the geographer, born 1600, died 1676. ' Ogle, John. Englifllpoet, the modern Chaucer, died 1746. Oldcaftle, Sk John, hanged and burnt without Temple-. bar ]418; -the fira proteftant martyr. Oldmi:ron, John, born in the reign of George I. OligeR, died 25+, aged 69. , ()rlando, Furiofo, died 1772. Orpheus, the poet, flourifhed 576 before ChriLl. -Olhorn and his wife, murdered at Tring, HaruordChire, . for fuppoCed witchcraCt, April 22, 1751. ' Oman, Bourifhedas a poet in SOO. Ottoman, 6rft Empet'OI' of the Turks, 1398. _ ' Otway, Thomas, Englifh poet, born 165', died 1685. Ovid, born at Sul .. o 403before Chrifi:, died IS after. Owen, Ree, Dr. John~ died 1,68S, aged 66. Par, Thomas, d 1635, aged 152. He lived 10 10 reigns, Pamell, Thomas, Englifh.divine and poet, died 1718. Patrick, St. firft Bifhop in Ireland, di-d 4091,agc·d 122, Patrick, Simoo, Bifhop of Ely, e~ioent writct, died 1701. , T,2 , Paul, St. converted S8. caught inn> We 9d Hel.Yt!n (of ; vifite,d Athens and Corinth, 50; died June ~. 67. reoa, Wxp. fettler ofPenn.fylvani~ born 16+4, cijed 1718.• Penant, 1 bomas, the tourif], d, Dec, ~6t 1798, ag, 73- Peter I. of Ruflia, vifited England 1697; .dtftnheritH his eldeft fon, Feb. 1717; ,(~:ul~~d, ,him to.death June 26, 1717 j took the-title of ErDp. Od:.-li~l. Petrarch, Francis, born at Areuo UJQ4,died 187... Phoedrns, born S7 before Chrifl, died 31 after.. Ficus, Prince of Mirandola, memorable {or his eztraotdi .. nary genius and memory in languages, died 1+9+. _ - Pilkington. Letitia, born 1712, died Aug. 20, 19.50. Pindar, the poet, died 434 before Chrift, aged so. - Pitt, Wm, Earl Chatham, died M~1 II •. 1778, ag~ 70, and buried, at tile public ~xpenfe in Weft~J' .Ab.. bey, June 9 following. .' , Plato, died 384 before Chrif], aged 80~. Plaut us, died} S-. before Chtiil, -: . ' . Pliny, the elder, died in 79, aged 56. Pliny, the youager, lived in 90.' _ Piutarch, died 119, agfd ~9. Pococke, Dr. Richard, Bifhop o'f M~ath, the traMMer, died li65. . poggins, the leviverofGreek&Latin literature. 4it%l14l;9. Pole, Cardinal, died Nov, 18, lq58. aged 51;. '; Polignac, Cardinal, French. writer. died l741. Pollio, a Roman orator and poet, who occafioned ,til. £irft library being opened .at Roaie for publick 1Ifei died in 42; , Polybiua.bom at Megelopolis, 205 befere ehril\. ' pomfret, Rev. Mr, the poet, died young.1709 .. Pompey, killed in Egypt 4-8 before. Chrift, aged 6&. Pope, Alexander, died .,4.." aged ~5. Prideaux, -Humphrey, hiflorian ~d critie, ~ra-.l6H, died 17-24. Prior, ~att~ew, died Sept. 18, 1721, ~ed 56. Prynne, Wm, born le90; tried by the· S\ar ChamIIer 1633 ; (lood in the pillory May 163"'; again 1637 , took his feat in the l..~na rfWli~me'nt, Nov, ~e,liW- j died Od. ~4, 1669. ' f~~omr, p~,_I1g\lJU1w" ~+ before Chrlft, . A 'HISTOIUeAL GltAMMAIt.'. _ftS Pufett4orf, died 169+, aged 68.' ~. Purcell, Henry, the celebrated mufician, died 1695. Pythagoras. died 472 before Chrift, aged 71. QUin, James, the comedian, died l766~ aged 73. - Quincy, Dr.,.JGhn, eminent En~ifh phyfician; died 1721. Quintilian died about 94. ' . l{aleigh, Sir Wak:er, beheaded Oct. 29,1618, aged 65. . Rapin, de Thoyras, Englifh hiftorian, died May l~ 1725, aged '41. '. ,_'.' . " Ra}1lal, AbBe, the hiftOl"ian~died. March 1796; aged S'. Read, an Alderman of London, fent as a common foldiet, for re{ufing the king an arbitrary benevolence, 1544. Reaumer, M. de, the French philofopher, b. 1683, d. 1787. Ricllardfon. Samuel, moral writer, died 1761, aged 72- R.ichli~ C.at'dinal, died 164ti!~ aged 57. : . Ridley, Bifhop of l.ondon, burnt at Sloane,Sir Hans, bom J660, died Jan. 11, 175S. 1 Smellie, Dr. WiUiam, eminent anatomift, died 1768. "I Smith, Sir Thomas, hiiorian, born IS.+, died J671. ' Smith, ReT pro 'Thomas, biographer, born 1688, died I 1710., " 8mollet, Dr, Tobias, the hiioriaD, died Sept. 17, 1771. Snell, Hannah, the fclntillefoldi~r,had a penfiOD fettletl on her, JUDe 1780. ' ' 80cratel put to death 401before Chrift, aged 70. 8olander, Dr, naturalrft. died May IS~ 1782- Solon, the lawgiver. born 5.9 beforeChrifl, died aged SO. Bopbcclel, died +06 before Chrift, age4-90. South, Rev. Dr Robert, born 1638, died 1716. 8pellm~, Sir Henry. the antiquarian, d. 16401,aged 80. 'Spencers, fat~~r, fon, and.gJandfon; the father washang• . ed at Brifbol, aged 96, in Cll. 1829; the fon WIJ l:aanged at Hereford. NOll. 24 followiDg; the graadfOD was beMacled· ~ Briftol 1400. A HIS TOR-icAt CUMM.Ai. 125- Spencer, the poet, 1510, d~ UI98. .' . Spinoza, Bened, born at the Hague, 1617, died aged 4+. I Spooner, Mr. ~t Tamworth, Wanvicldhlre, died aged S7. - who weighed 569 lb. and meafured 40feet 8 inches acrofs the fhoulders, April So, 1775.' . Stac:~oufe, Thom~s, Englifh diyine andhillorian, d.17S; ~tanlflaUS, the abdicated King of Sweden, burnt by ace,,", dent, Feb. 6, 1768, aged 89. Staniilaus, Poniatowiky,. the lall'King of Poland who was. deprived of his kingdom 179$, died Feb. s r, 17¢' aged 65, at Peterlburg. ' .. Stanley, George; of 'Hamington, near Sali~ul'Yt dial. 17 '9, aged J S I years.. . Steele, Sir Richard, died Sept. I, 1739, aged 53. Stephen the Martyr, died Sept. 2l', !!. Sternhold, Thomas, tIM: poet, died 1541. Sterne, Rev. Lawrence, celebrated writer, died 1761• \ Stillingfleet, BHhop of Worcefte~, died 1699- 8trabo, 8ouri1hed about 30 before Cbrift .• Suetonius, the hiiorian, flourilhed 1I0~ died 118. 8uidas"the learned lexicographm-; Jived in 1087.• Sully, Duke de, died 164J, aged 82•. Swift, Dean of St. Patrid:'" d. Oa.·17+S, aged 78•. Swieten, Baron Van, died June' J 712. - Sydenham, Dr. ~ died Dec. 19, 1689t aged '5" Syfigambis, mother of.' barms, on hearing the- death . Alennder, ftarved herSelf, 324 befon. Chrifl. '. ./ Tacitus, liyed in '10. Tamerlane, conqueror of ACta, bom 13!~ died s.oS ~ TaIro, eFland. m'Gician, died 159+'. ~ate, N~um" poet laureat, diid 1116. TeU, Wm. fhot Grifier, tlae Auftrian Ooftnlor, 131.7. Te~ple, Sir Wm. died Januar-y, 1.669, aged 69. Themiftocles, the Athetlian Gea. d: 449. Mfore Chrit. Theocritul, fJoarifhed rats·before· Chrift. - Theodore, King of CorfJCa, altdlc:ate4 bie Kin~om 1757... died in an obfcere Iodgiag i. SObo, London, 11S6•. Th!ve,not, ltfe1chifedec, the.Fl'e1lcb trneller, died 1692. - Thomfon~ James, died Aug. 27, 1741, aged 46. ~OD"Hn. Dtar llublm, ~ ISS, oa. J·7i6- .. Thompion, Thomas, ~IJeDt Englifu ·watGbmaker, ~ 166j. . . . . Ti,kel. Tho,maa, Englilh poet, died,J 74"- Tiu,Mr. died at Hai1ey, Worceftedhire.:Feb. &6,11741 aged 125.' _ Tich .. Bra.be, of Denmark, born 1$46, died 1601. TillotfoD, Archbifiwp, died r69..., aged 63' Timoleon, of Syracufe, died S37 before Chrift. TiQdale. Dr. Nwlaew, born 16n, died 1735. Trap, -Rev. Dr. Jo£ born 1679, died Noy. 17.7. Trump, Van, the Dutch Admial, kiUed July 29, 1653' T~ll, Jethro, emineJlt in hulbandry, died 1741. Turner, Dr. Wm. the fira Englifh bot~nift, &boat 1550. Tyler, Wat, thf Rbel, killed 13~h. Uly«. ftourifhed J 149 before Chrift.· _ U fher, James, Archbilllop of Arm.ga. leaf1led wn.,_ b. 'SSI, died. 1656. Van Swietea, u.e phtikian. died 177-S. - Vafeo di Gama, • Pl>rt-uguefe, diUover.r oi tJte Eaft. h· ' dies, 15~+. Vernon, A.<:\miral, died ~'S7,aged 7~' . Vertot, French hiftQrical wri~er, .died I731. Ve{putiu.. A~erifAls, a florenUw,. c!i(cGvern of the Wd. Indies, died' after .4'''- ViFgil, oorJi at Aedes. ne8l:. l'wMua_ itr 63 ; diecI at Bruadufium, in Italy, 18 bt.(o~Chrill. Virgin ius, ~w IUs daughte~. ~'fhe -gf\t not &11a. fa- orifice to the luft of Appiul Clauditta,.446·befoee-& Vohai)let)d 4e.:-4ie.i.• '78; ageo 85'. . Wakeley, William, of SbiffDal,Pied '71...,. aged J:24- Walker, the Rev; Mr.. defended Lonoondeuy, 1'689; &in ,t the "..rd.of the IOJae,.:l~ _ Wanace, Sir William, em,inent 8eoteh General. died 1304- W~w, E.dmund. EDllith poet, died:J6S" aged' S·I. WaJpole, Sir Robert, Earl of 0¥£ors, born 167+ ;. com- .itted ttt-tlw T.1Vctr, J7 sa j. took hia,{cat in.me. Hou~ ..., Qt· P¢r.i. r_. II" J'1'43; died 174S:. .'- WaltJlri. 8(ion. ~p of Chefter.;~ditOl' of the Polyglot Bible, dicd 1661. Warb.""teQ, Jii.OlOP:o(Glollccler, &liedAUor 11,.I m• WafhlDiton, Gen. George, died Dec. J., 1799, aged ~j. - A HISTdRICAL GllAMMAR. !l21 Watts, Dr. Ifaac, bom 1675, died 1j48. Wedg~wood, Jonah, the celebrated potter, d~ed Jan. _ S, J795. . W eA:~ Mr. Gilbert, died 1756. , Weftley, Rev~ Mr. John, died March 28, 1791, aged 88. Wharton, John, Fnglifh divine and hiflorian, died 1694. Wheelock, ,Eleazer, founder of Dart. College, died l779~ Whifton, Wm. the aflronomer, born 1667, died 1752. Whitefield, Rev. George, preached in the fields, 1735; ex.. eluded the church, May 10,1739; d. 1770 ; aged 56. Whittington, Sir Richard, Lord Mayor of London, 1377. Whyt, Dr. Robert, Eng. phylician and writer, died 1766. Wickliffe, oppofed the Pope's fUFemacy, 1377; died 1385 ; and 40 years after burnt for being a heretic. Wilkes, John, the patriot, died Dec. 26, 1797, aged 70. Willoughby, ,Francis, Englifh natural hiflorian, died 1672- Wilfon, Arthur, the hiflorian, born 1596, died 1652. Wilfon, Samuel, of London, bequeathed 20,0001. to be lent ont in fmall fums to induftrious tradefmen, 1771•. Winchelfea, Ann Kingfmill, Countefs of, Englifh poet• efs, died 1720. Wit, John de, murdered at the Hague, Aug. 10, 1672. ,Wolfe, General, killed before Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759, aged 33. - . W ollallon,"Rev, William, bom 16.1>2,died 1724. Wolfey .., Minifter to Henry VIII. 1513, Archbifhop of York 1514, Cardinal 1515, Chancellor Dec. 24 fol. lowing, Legate 1518, religned the feals OClobt?r 18, _1529, ftripped of all his polfeffions, and died Nov. 18, 1530, aged 59. ' Wren, Sir Chriftopher, died 1725, aged 91. Wyat, Sir Thomas, the poet, died 1541. aged 37. Wykeham, Wm. of, eminent Engli£h prelate, Bilhop of Winchefler, died 1404. Xavier. Sir Francis, died 15.52. Xenophon, died at Corinth 359 before ChriG, aged 90. Ximenes, Cardinal de, died 1517, aged ~O. Yalden, Thomas, Englifh divine and poet, died 1736. Yates. Mrs. Mary, of Shiffnall, died Aug. 1776, aged 1~8. ' Young, Dr. Edward, died 1,65, aged 81. 228 A HISTOR.ICAL GRAMMAR. 1 Zeao 'died t64 before Chrift, aged 98- j ZinzendonF,Count Nich,)lasLewis, founder of the Her. rinhunters~or Moravians, died June 9, 1760, aged7•• Zorotfter. ftoorifhed 1066. _ Zuinglius, killed ia the Swils 'WaI' ISS), aged 4+. \ FIN I&'. , ." I '.. - I ! J