Clase 4 Gymnospermas I 201

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Clase 4 Gymnospermas I 201 “Gymnospermas” Progymnospermopsidas † Pinopsidas Gynkgopsidas Dra. Susana E. Freire Prof. Adjunto - Botánica Sistemática II Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Museo, UNLP Filogenia de las Embryophyta Filogenia de las Tracheophyta Progymnospermopsidas Progymnospermopsidas † (Devónico – Carbonífero inf) Leño secundario + Reproducción peridofítica • Homosporados • Leño manoxílico • Prefrondes sin planación ni • Heterosporados laminación • Leño picnoxílico • Frondes con planación y foliación Aneurophytales Archaeopteridales Filogenia de las Tracheophyta Progymnospermopsidas semilla Cladograma modificado de Bowe et al., 2000; Chaw et al., 2000; Frohlich et al., 2000; and Samigullin et al., 1999. Evolución de la Semilla Evolución de la Semilla Teoría telomática: Origen del tegumento integumento integumento integumento megasporangio Semillas de simetría radial Filogenia de las Espermatofitas Radiospérmicas (semillas con simetria radial) Platispérmicas (semillas con simetria bilateral) Espermatófitas = Embriophytas sifonogamas • tubo polínico • gametofito masculino endospórico Gimnospermas Angiospermas Progymnospermopsidas semilla Cladograma modificado de Bowe et al., 2000; Chaw et al., 2000; Frohlich et al., 2000; and Samigullin et al., 1999. Gimnospermas Progymnospermopsida † Cordaitales † Pinopsida = Coniferophyta Cono masculino Cono femenino Voltziales † Cono simple masculino Cono compuesto femenino Cono femenino Cono masculino Pinopsidas (Carbonífero – Pérmico) Cordaitales † - Voltziales † Cordaitales † bráctea microsporofilo apical con escamas microsporangios † fértiles bráctea 30 m micrópila Cámara polinica integ Cordaites Semillas platispérmicas Pinopsidas Voltziales † brote fértil = escama ovulifera con 1 ovulo microsporofilo bráctea estéril cono microsporangios Utrechtia Emporia Pinopsidas Progimnospermopsidas (+) – Pinopsidas - Gynkgopsidas 1.- Cuál es la novedad evolutiva de las Lygnophytas? 2.- Cuáles son las 4 novedades evolutivas de l as Espermatophytas? 3.- Señale cuáles de los sigientes cambios evolutivos pertmitió la aparición de las plantas con semillas: retención de la cigota - retención de la espora - recubrimiento del esporangio- retraso de la meiosis - reducción del número de esporas 4.- Empezando por la heterosporía, cuáles son los 4 pasos evolutivos siguientes que ocurrieron para la formación de la semilla? 5.- ¿Qué teoría explica la formación del tegumento de las semillas? Explique brevemente. 6.- ¿Qué ordenes incluye la clase Progimnospermopsidas? Qué tipo de tallos y reproducción presentaban? 7.- Las Archaeopteridales y las Aneurophytales tinen en común: reproducción pteridofítica - tallos picnoxílicos - xilema secundario - frondes planadas sin laminación 8.- Las Archaeopteridales se diferencian de las Aneurophytales por: leño picnoxílico / manoxílico - reproducción libre de esporas / semillas - apéndices foliares laminados / no laminados 9.- Esquematice el cono femenino de Cordaitales, Voltziales. Explique brevemente las semejanzas con el orden Pinales. 10.- Esquematice el cono masculino de Cordaitales, Voltziales. Explique brevemente las semejanzas con el orden Pinales. Gimnospermas Progymnospermopsida † Cordaitales † Voltziales † Pinopsida Pinaceae = Araucariaceae Coniferophytas Pinales Cupresaceae ca. 500 spp Taxodiaceae Podocarpaceae Pinaceae cultivadas: Hojas en braquiblastos más de 5 hojas 1-5 hojas por por braquiblasto braquiblasto de de menos de 5 más de 5 cm long cm long Cedrus Pinus Pinaceae: 2 óvulos por escama ovulífera Pinaceae cultivadas: Hojas solitarias brácteas trífidas Pseudotsuga menziesii “Pino Oregón” Pinaceae: 2 óvulos por escama ovulífera Pinaceae cultivadas: Hojas solitarias Ápice de las hojas emarginado Ápice de las hojas punzante Picea Abies Pinaceae: 2 óvulos por escama ovulífera Araucariaceae nativas Araucaria angustifolia “pino paraná” – Prov. Paranaense MI Araucariaceae: 1 óvulo por escama ovulífera Araucariaceae nativas AraucariaAraucaria araucanaaraucana “pehuén”“pehuén” –– Prov.Prov. SubantárticaSubantártica NE Araucariaceae: 1 óvulo por escama ovulífera Araucariaceae cultivadas Araucaria heterophylla - Australia Araucaria bidwilii- Australia Araucariaceae: 1 óvulo por escama ovulífera Araucariaceae cultivadas óvulo no soldado a la escama Agathis robusta - Hojas no punzantes Australia aparentemente alternas Araucariaceae: 1 óvulo por escama ovulífera Araucariaceae: “fósil viviente” 1994 - Australia Wollemia nobilis Araucariaceae: 1 óvulo por escama ovulífera Cupressaceae cutivadas Cupressus Thuja Cupressaceae: 2-inf. ovulos x escama ovulifera, hojas opuestas o verticiladas Cupressaceae cultivadas Juniperus estróbilos carnosos “gálbulos” Cupressaceae: 2-inf. ovulos x escama ovulifera, hojas opuestas o verticiladas Cupressaceae nativas Fitzroya cupressoides “alerce” - Prov. Subantártica Semillas con 2-3 alas Hoja en verticilos trímeros Cupressaceae: 2-inf. ovulos x escama ovulifera, hojas opuestas o verticiladas Cupressaceae nativas - Hojas dimórficas Austrocedrus chilensis “cipres de la cordillera” -Prov. Subantártica Cupressaceae: 2-inf. ovulos x escama ovulifera, hojas opuestas o verticiladas Cupressaceae nativas Pilgerodendron uviferum “cipres de las guaitecas” -Prov. Subantártica -Hojas isomórficas -Bráctea femenina mucronada Cupressaceae: 2-inf. ovulos x escama ovulifera, hojas opuestas o verticiladas Podocarpaceae nativas Saxegothaea conspicua “maniu hembra”-Prov. Subantártica Cono con numerosas escamas ovulíferas Podocarpaceae: 1 óvulo x escama ovulífera, semillas con epimacio Podocarpaceae nativas Prumnopitys andina “lleuque” -Prov. Subantártica Conos con 3-5 escamas ovulíferas fértiles Podocarpaceae: 1 óvulo x escama ovulífera, semillas con epimacio Podocarpaceae nativas Lepidothamnus fonkii “cipres enano” – Prov. Subantártica Conos con 1 escama ovulífera fértil Podocarpaceae: 1 óvulo x escama ovulífera, semillas con epimacio Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus Pie carnoso Conos con 1 escama ovulífera Podocarpaceae: 1 óvulo x escama ovulífera, semillas con epimacio Podocarpaceae nativas Podocarpus parlatorei “pino del cerro” – Prov. de las Yungas Podocarpaceae: 1 óvulo x escama ovulífera, semillas con epimacio Podocarpaceae nativas Podocarpus lambertii “pinheirinho” Prov. Paranaense Podocarpus nubigenus “maniu macho” Prov. Subantártica Podocarpaceae: 1 óvulo x escama ovulífera, semillas con epimacio Taxodiaceae cultivadas Taxodium distichum “cipres calvo” Pl. con neumatóforos Hojas caducas Taxodiaceae: 2-inf.óvulos x escama, hojas espiraladas Taxodiaceae cultivadas Cryptomeria japonica “criptomeria” Taxodiaceae: 2-inf.óvulos x escama, hojas espiraladas Taxodiaceae exóticas Sequoia sempervirens “sequoia” Taxodiaceae: 2-inf.óvulos x escama, hojas espiraladas Taxodiaceae: “fósil viviente” SO China - 1944 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Taxodiaceae: 2-inf.óvulos x escama, hojas espiraladas Gimnospermas Progymnospermopsida † Cordaitales † Voltziales † Araucariaceae Pinopsida Pinales Pinaceae Cupresaceae = “coniferas” = Taxodiaceae Coniferophytas Podocarpaceae Taxales Taxaceae Sin conos, semillas con cubierta carnosa Pinopsidas: Taxales semilla Cladograma modificado de Bowe et al., 2000; Chaw et al., 2000; Frohlich et al., 2000; and Samigullin et al., 1999. Taxaceae: semillas con cubierta carnosa Taxus baccata “tejo” Pinopsidas: Taxales Taxus Pinus bráctea Escama ovulífera Cono uniovulado (una sola escama fértil) Según Bell & Hemsley, Cono pluriovulado 2000 11.- Indicar a qué familias corresponden las siguientes características - hojas aciculares y escamas con 2 óvulos: - hojas opuestas o verticiladas y escamas con 2 o más óvulos: - bráctea y escama ovulífera soldadas, 1 óvulo por escama: - hojas espiraladas y escamas con 2 o más óvulos: - escama ovulífera (epimacio) con 1 óvulo: 12.- Cite con nombre científico y vulgar las Araucariaceas argentinas. Diferéncielas por sus hojas e indique la/s provincias fitogeográgicas de cada una. 13.- Cite una Podocarpácea indígena de cada una de las 3 provincias fitogeográficas. 14.- Indique para cada uno de los siguientes géneros: Podocarpus – Saxegothea – Lepidothamnus – Prumnopitys el/los carácteres diagnósticos correspondientes: semillas reunidas en conos – semillas solitarias – semillas con epimacio – pie carnoso – plantas enanas – escamas uniovuladas- hojas escamiformes – semillas reunidas en racimos. 15.- El género Agathis se diferencia del género Araucaria por: conos 1-ovulados / conos 2-ovulados - hojas no punzantes / hojas punzantes - óvulo no soldado a la escama / óvulo soldado a la escama 16.- Indique en qué hemisferio/s se encuentran cada una de las familias del orden Pinales. 17.- Realice una clave dicotómica para diferenciar los géneros Pinus – Cedrus – Abies y Picea. 18.- Diferencie por sus ramas y por sus conos los géneros Thuja y Cupresus. 19.- Cite las Cupresáseas argentinas e indique la provincia fitogeográfica. 20.- Señale los caracteres pertenecientes a Fitzroya cupressoides, Pilgerodendron uviferum y Austrocedrus chilensis: bráctea femenina mucronada – verticilos de hojas trímeros – hojas isomóficas – hojas dimórficas. 21.- ¿Qué tipo de conos presenta el género Juniperus? 22.- Indique el nombre científico del “ciprés calvo”. ¿A qué familia pertenece y a qué se debe el nombre vulgar? 23.- ¿Por qué la familia Taxáceas se ubica por algunos autores fuera del orden Pinales? Esquematice y exprese qué relación existe entre las escamas basales que sostienen el óvulo y el cono de una conífera. semilla Cladograma modificado de Bowe et al., 2000; Chaw et al., 2000; Frohlich et al., 2000; and Samigullin et al., 1999. Gimnospermas Progymnospermopsida
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