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Download Full Article 6.9MB .Pdf File Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 52(2): 1 37-262 ( 1 990) ISSN 08 1 4- 1 827 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1991.52.02 30 September 1991 AUSTRALASIAN SPECIES OF LIMNORIIDAE (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA) By Laurie J. Cookson CSIRO Division of Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Abstract Cookson, L.J., 1991. Australasian species of Limnoriidae (Crustacea: Isopoda). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 52: 137-262. Some members of the Limnoriidae are important marine wood-borers. The taxonomy of the family was studied with emphasis on species from the Australasian region. The Lim- noriidae are reduced to two genera: Limnoria Leach and Paralimnoria Menzies. The genus Phycolimnoria is synonymised with Limnoria. Species from Australia are redescribed: Limnoria indica Becker and Kampf, L. insulae Menzies, L. multipunctata Menzies, L. nonsegnis Menzies, L. pfefferi Stebbing, L. plaiy- cauda Menzies, L. quadripunctata Holthuis, L. rugosissima Menzies, L. sublittorale Menzies, L. tripunctata Menzies and L. unicornis Menzies. New species from Australia are: L. agrostisa, L. echidna, L. gibbera, L. glaucinosa, L. orbellum, L. poorei, L. raruslima, L. torquisa and L. uncapedis. The new species L. loricata and L. convexa are also described from The Snares, New Zealand. Species from Papua New Guinea are: Paralimnoria andrewsi (Caiman), P. asterosa Cook- son and Cragg, L. andamanensis Rao and Ganapati, L. indica, L. insulae, L. kautensis Cookson and Cragg, L. multipunctata, L. pfefferi, L. tripunctata and L. unicornis. L. antarctica Pfeffer and L. stephenseni Menzies from Macquarie Island are redes- cribed. Although not found near Australia, L. tuberculata Sowinsky is also redescribed to distin- guish it from L. tripunctata. Of the above species, 1 5 are wood-borers, 1 2 algal-borers or dwellers, and 2 seagrass- borers. Commensal crustaceans found with limnoriids, such as harpacticoid copepods, ostracods, and amphipods of the family Cheluridae are noted. Tropichelura insulae (Caiman) (Amphipoda) is recorded from Australia for the first time. Contents Introduction 138 Ecology 138 Commensals 139 Taxonomy 1 40 Specimen sources 1 43 Examination of specimens 144 Terminology 1 44 Useful systematic characters 147 Systematics 153 Limnoriidae 153 Keys 153 Paralimnoria 159 P. andrewsi 159 P. asterosa 1 60 Limnoria 163 L. agrostisa 166 L. andamanensis 1 69 L. antarctica 171 L. convexa 173 L. echidna 177 L. gibbera 179 L. glaucinosa 181 L. indica 182 137 1 138 L. J. COOKSON L. insulae 193 L. kautensis 1 96 L. loricata 197 L. multipunctata 197 L. nonsegnis 204 L. orbellum 206 L.pfefferi 211 L. platycauda 214 L. poorei 217 L. quadripunctata 217 L. raruslima 224 L. rugosissima 227 L. stephenseni 230 L. sublittorale 232 L. torquisa 233 L. tripunctata 238 L. tubercuiata 24 L. uncapedis 243 L. unicornis 248 Acknowledgements 250 References 251 Plates 261 Introduction Cookson and Barnacle, 1987a); bamboo (Richardson, 1909), dead Isopod crustacean marine borers in the family and decaying wood from live mangroves (Kensley Limnoriidae, commonly called "gribble", have and Schotte, 1987); live soft received a great deal of attention from wood uncorticated mangrove roots (Ellison and Farnsworth, preservationists because of the damage they can 1990); holdfasts of brown algal kelps from the order Laminariales, cause to marine timber structures. They are one such as Macrocystis of four main groups of marine borers which can (Pfeffer. 1887; Chilton, 1914a; Hale. 1937; Menzies, 1957; Paternoster substantially damage timber in the sea. The and Elias, 1980; present three other groups are isopods of the genus study), Egregia, Eise- nia, Laminaria, Postelsia, Sphaeroma, and molluscs of the families Phola- Nereocystis (Menzies, 1957), Pelagophycus didae (piddocks) and Teredinidae (shipworms). (Jones, 1971), Lessonia (Stephensen, Studies on Limnoriidae have increased drama- 1927; present study), Ecklonia (present study); kelps from the tically since Menzies (1951a) correlated the pre- order Fucales, such as Sargassum (Pillai, 1957; Jones. mature failure of creosote-treated softwoods in 1971), Durvillaea, Cystophora, possibly Acrocarpia the USA due to the presence of Limnoria tri- (present study); on the Fucales punctata Menzies. This species, and L. quadri- brown alga Hor- mosira (present study); Corallina punctata Holthuis and L. lignorum (Rathke), are (Menzies, 1957) and the three most studied species. other red algae (present study); pos- sibly green algae Algal- and seagrass-boring species of Limno- (present study); on Galeolaria tube-worm colonies (present riidae have received much less attention. The study); under algal covered stones (Pfeffer, algal-borers can cause seaweeds to come adrift 1887; present study); algal epifauna in rock pools (present by boring into holdfasts (Jones, 1971). The study); under encrusting and importance of seagrass-borers to the erosion of coralline algae (present study); and in the seagrasses seagrass meadows is not known. Phyllospadix (Kussakin, 1979), Thalassia (Miiller, 1988), Ecology Posidonia, Heterozostera, Zostera and Amphi- bolis (present study). Limnoria has also been Habitats in which limnoriids have been found found in gutta-percha (insulating latex) from old include dead wood (e.g., Menzies, 1957); pre- submarine cables (Chilton, 1916), and can pro- servative treated wood (e.g., Menzies, 1951a; duce shallow pits in materials made from a com- AUSTRALASIAN SPECIES OF L1MNORIIDAE (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA) 139 bination of certain plastics and ground wood Jones, 1958, 1962). Seven more donseilline spe- (Griffin and Turner. 1980). cies have been found recently, including three In Australia, the greatest depth where algae collected from the Australian limnoriid material are likely to be found growing is 75 m (Rochford, (Hicks, 1988, 1990). 1980), while seagrasses are mostly within 35 m, Other harpacticoid copepods associated with although some have been found at 68 m Limnoria include Harrietella simulans (Scott) (Lanyon, 1986). The deepest algal-borers are L. (Laophontidae) (Coull and Lindgren, 1969; rugosissima Menzies and L. nonsegnis Menzies Boer, 1971). This species was also associated at 30 m, and L. uncapedis sp. nov. at 21 m (pre- with some wood-boring Limnoria from Aus- sent study). The deepest seagrass-borer is L. tralia (Hicks, 1988). The Australian specimens raruslima nov. sp. at 12 m (present studv). L. of H. simulans were mostly associated with torquisa sp. nov. appears to be largely restricted burrows of Limnoria, but were also collected to the tidal zone. Most known species of wood- when they became caught on setae of collected boring Limnoria are found in comparatively Limnoria. However, most of the donsielline shallow water. However, some species appear to specimens were found in the brood pouch and be restricted to deeper water. These species are: on the sternum of Limnoria. The specimens L. japonica Richardson at 300 m (Richardson, found in the brood pouches did not appear to 1909), L. septima Barnard (probably a wood- have damaged the limnoriid eggs, as broken eggs borer) at 340-460 m (Barnard, 1936), L. sub- or egg pieces were very rarely found. liitorale Menzies at 110 m (Menzies, 1957), L. Aspidoconcha limnoriae De Vos (Ostracoda: reniculus Schotte at 520 m (Schotte. 1989), L. Podocopida: Paradoxostomatidae) was found foveolata Menzies (may be a wood-borer) at 52 on the dorsal surface of the pleotelson of L. lig- m (Menzies, 1957), L. borealis Kussakin at 18- norum (De Vos, 1953). At least four species of 230 m (Kussakin. 1963), L. emarginata ostracods were collected from the brood pouch, Kussakin and Malyutina at 1050 m (Kussakin pleotelson and sternum of Limnoria from Aus- and Malyutina, 1 989) and L. hicksi Schotte at tralia. 1 100 (Schotte, m 1989). Paralimnoha asterosa Caecijaera borealis Kussakin (Isopoda: Asel- Cookson and Cragg and L. kautensis Cookson lota: Janiridae) was found in association with L. and Cragg have so far been found only at 8-9 m borealis (Kussakin, 1962; Svavarsson, 1982), depths, despite collections from several more while C. horvalhi Menzies was found with L. tri- shallow locations in Papua New Guinea (Cook- punctata (Cooke, 1977). Asellotans were also son and Cragg, 1988). The deepest occurring found in the current study with L. stephenseni limnoriid species appears to those be boring into from Macquarie Island, and L. pfefferi and L. wood at 1514m (Hicks. 1988). indiea from Green Island, Queensland. Species of Corophium (Amphipoda: Coro- Commensals phiidae) and Tanaidacea were often found in old Limnoria burrows which were overgrown with a A large variety of commensals has been found film of algae. on the Limnoriidae and in their burrows. These The amphipod family Cheluridae appears to include various microorganisms such as bacteria be found only in association with Limnoriidae. (Boyle and Mitchell, 1981), protozoans (Mohr, It contains three species: Chelura terebrans 1959; Sleeter and Couli, 1973) and diatoms Phillippi. Tropichelura insulae (Caiman) and (Sleeter and Coull, 1973). On several occasions Nippoebelura brevicauda (Shiino) (Barnard, numerous strands of filamentous algae were 1959). Chelura terebrans is unable to produce found on the antennae, mouthparts and body of tunnels of its own (Johnson and McNeill, 1941), certain algal feeding Limnoria such as L. although it is able to produce furrows in stephenseni, L. anlarctica and L. rugosissima. softwood and widen the exterior ends of Lim- Nematodes and polychaetes may also be found noria burrows (Barnard,
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