DOCSLIB.ORG

Nomenclature Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nomenclature Notes Rules of Nomenclature for Binary Compounds There are three types of binary compounds: Type I. A metal of fixed charge and a nonmetal; Type II. A metal of variable charge and a nonmetal; and Type III. Two nonmetals Metals of ‘variable charge’ tend to be transition elements with some exceptions; metals of fixed charge tend to be the alkali metals and the alkaline earths, along with zinc, cadmium and silver. Nonmetals are those compounds to the right of the bold zig-zag line (see Periodic Table attached) The rules for naming binary compounds are then as follows: • Rule 1. When writing a formula or naming a compound: a). For Type I and Type II compounds, first list the metal then the nonmetal; b) For Type III compounds always list the electropositive species first (the element furthest left in the periodic table) and then the electronegative species. Type III species tend to be exclusively covalently bound compounds. NOTE: It becomes very important that you KNOW YOUR IONS AND THEIR CHARGES (especially the anions, since any given element anion does not have varying charges)!!! • Rule 2. All compound must be neutral UNLESS indicated otherwise. • Rule 3. When naming binary compounds: a). For compounds of Type I and Type II, always use the FULL name of the metal and add the suffix -ide to the root name of the nonmetal (i.e. Metal Nonmetide); b). Type II compounds are handled the same as Type I except the charge on the metal is indicated by using a roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the metal (i.e. copper(I) chloride); c). Compounds of Type III use a prefix to indicate the number of atoms present; HOWEVER the prefix mono- is never used to name the first element! To illustrate 3a, take for example Na2Se. This is a Type I compound. The metal is Sodium (we use its full name) and the nonmetal comes from selenium; the root of this is selen-; we add -ide to this and we get selenide, so this compound is Sodium selenide. For you own information, here is some other generally useful information: Roman Numerals I = 1; II = 2; III = 3; IV = 4; V = 5; VI = 6; VII = 7. Prefixes: mono = 1; di = 2; tri = 3; tetra = 4; penta = 5; hexa = 6; hepta = 7; octa = 8. Greek letters: = alpha; = beta; or = delta; = gamma = epsilon; = sigma; = pi; = nu Periodic Table of the Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 IA VIIIA 1 2 H He 1.008 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.002 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.30 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII VIII VIII IB IIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.70 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (99) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ?? (223) 226.0 227.0 (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 Actinide series 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260) TYPE TYPE TYPE I II III Common Cationsc Ionic Charge +1 Ionic Charge +2 Ionic Charge +3 Alkali Metals (Group 1A) Alkaline Earths (Group 2A) Group 3A Li+ Lithium Be+2 Beryllium Al+3 Aluminum Na+ Sodium Mg+2 Magnesium Ga+3 Gallium K+ Potassium Ca+2 Calcium Transition Elements Rb+ Rubidium Sr+2 Strontium + +2 Cs Cesium Ba Barium Cr-+3 Chromium(III) +3 Transition Elements Transition Elements Mn Manganese(III) Fe+3 Iron(III) Cu+ Copper(I) Cr+2 Chromium(II) Co+3 Cobalt(III) Ag+ Silver Mn+2 Manganese(II) Fe+2 Iron(II) Polyatomic Ions Co+2 Cobalt(II) +2 + Ni Nickel NH4 Ammonium Cu+2 Copper(II) Others Zn+2 Zinc Cd+2 Cadmium H+ Hydrogen +2 Hg2 Mercury(I)b + a H3O Hydronium Hg+2 Mercury(II) Others Sn+2 Tin(II) Pb+2 Lead(II) a: this is the species that actually exists when H+ is present in water; b: mercury(I) ions always occur bound toegether to form Hg2+2 ions; c: Not included in the table are two common +4 ions: Pb+4 = Lead(IV) and Sn+4 = Tin(IV) Common Anions Ionic Charge -1 Ionic Charge -2 Ionic Charge -3 Halogens (Group 7A) Oxyanions Group 6A Group 5A - - -2 -3 F Fluoride ClO4 Perchlorate O Oxide N Nitride - - -2 -3 Cl Chloride ClO3 Chlorate S Sulfide P Phosphide - - Br Bromide ClO2 Chlorite - Oxyanions Oxyanion I Iodide ClO- Hypochlorite BrO - Bromate -2 -3 Acid Anions 3 CO3 Carbonate PO4 Phosphate - -2 BrO2 Bromite SO4 Sulfate - a - -2 HCO3 Hydrogen carbonate BrO Hypobromite SO3 Sulfite - IO - Periodate -2 HS Hydrogen sulfide 4 C2O4 Oxalate - IO - Iodate -2 HSO4 Hydrogen sulfate 3 CrO4 Chromate - NO - Nitrate -2 HSO3 Hydrogen sulfite 3 Cr2O7 Dichromate - - H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate NO2 Nitrite OH- Hydroxide Acid Anion Other Anions - C2H3O2 Acetate -2 - HPO4 Hydrogen Phosphate SCN- Thiocyanate MnO4 Permanganate CN- Cyanide Diatomic Elemental - H Hydride -2 O2 Peroxide a: Commonly referred to as Bicarbonate Chemical Nomenclature Practice A. Give the names or formulas of the following compounds: 2 Lead(II) nitrate 1 NaCl 3 BaCrO4 4 Ammonium hydroxide 5 ZnSO4 6 Cobalt(II) oxide 7 Al2O3 8 Copper(II) sulfate 9 NH4NO2 10 Iron(III) chloride 11 Zn3(PO4)2 12 Copper(I) sulfide 13 CaS 14 Cadmium hypochlorite 15 CO2 16 Sodium bicarbonate 17 H2O2 18 Nickel(II) phosphate 19 Ni(MnO4)2 20 Sodium oxalate 21 Co3(AsO4)2 22 Zinc nitrite 23 KCN 24 Potassium permanganate 25 H2SO3 26 Sodium arsenate 27 SnS2 28 Acetic acid 29 HgC2O4 30 Bismuth(III) arsenate 31 Pb(HCO3)2 32 Cobalt(II) chloride.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IR-3 Elements and Groups of Elements (March 04)
    1 IR-3 Elements and Groups of Elements (March 04) CONTENTS IR-3.1 Names and symbols of atoms IR-3.1.1 Systematic nomenclature and symbols for new elements IR-3.2 Indication of mass, charge and atomic number using indexes (subscripts and superscripts) IR-3.3 Isotopes IR-3.3.1 Isotopes of an element IR-3.3.2 Isotopes of hydrogen IR-3.4 Elements (or elementary substances) IR-3.4.1 Name of an element of infinite or indefinite molecular formula or structure IR-3.4.2 Name of allotropes of definite molecular formula IR-3.5 Allotropic modifications IR-3.5.1 Allotropes IR-3.5.2 Allotropic modifications constituted of discrete molecules IR-3.5.3 Crystalline allotropic modifications of an element IR-3.5.4 Solid amorphous modifications and commonly recognized allotropes of indefinite structure IR-3.6 Groups of elements IR-3.6.1 Groups of elements in the Periodic Table and their subdivisions IR-3.6.2 Collective names of groups of like elements IR-3.7 References IR-3.1 NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF ATOMS The origins of the names of some chemical elements, for example antimony, are lost in antiquity. Other elements recognised (or discovered) during the past three centuries were named according to various associations of origin, physical or chemical properties, etc., and more recently to commemorate the names of eminent scientists. In the past, some elements were given two names because two groups claimed to have discovered them. To avoid such confusion it was decided in 1947 that after the existence of a new element had been proved beyond reasonable doubt, discoverers had the right to IUPACsuggest a nameProvisional to IUPAC, but that only Recommendations the Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC) could make a recommendation to the IUPAC Council to make the final Page 1 of 9 DRAFT 2 April 2004 2 decision.
    [Show full text]
  • Diffraction of Selenium with Sulfide Solution and of Sulfur With
    LFIDE SOL UTI01 UTIONS 1- known that selenium dissolves in solutions of alkali and alkaline-earth sulfides to form com- \yith niixed anions [I]. The solubility of seleniunl in sodium sulfide solutions is utilized in tech- -, . or example, sodium sulfide is used for extraction of selenium from sludge by-products in the . acid and pulp and paper industries (21. Several variants have been devised for smelting of dusts .~d-nianufacturingplants with formation of polysulfide slags containing selenium, which are then cd to further hydrometallurgical treatment [8, 41. There are also other possibiIities for effective ion of the properties of solutions of sodium selenosulfides. This makes it all the more necessary %, v.2,!y the interaction of selenium with sodium sulfides and of sulfur with solutions of sodium selenides, .kc. Information on the subject in the literature is very limited. abl le 1 contains data on the solubility of selenium in solutions of sodium mono- and polysulfides, ts! n the niain reactions occurring in the dissolution process. selenium and sulfur were dissolved in the various solutions in closed flasks, agitated by magnetic ,'.~:,.I*s.In order to avoid oxidation of the sulfides and selenides, the samples were withdrawn with the s c ! rubber bulb in a mechanical sampling device through an inverted Schott funnel contained in the reac- ;l.isk. Control experiments were conducted in an atmosphere of technical nitrogen additionally treated pyrogallol to remove oxygen. Sodium sulfide of analytical grade, sulfur containing 99.9% S, and selenium containing 99.99% Se were :W i in the experiments. The potentials were measured with an R-300 potentiometer with the aid of a platinum electrode, 11 .t 0.001 Q.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Nomenclature
    Chemical Nomenclature Many everyday and historically important chemical compounds have common names. For example, water is the common name for H2O, baking soda is the common name for NaHCO3 and KNO3, an important component of gunpowder, is known as saltpeter. However, since there are over 50 million known chemical compounds, learning a common name for each one would be very difficult. Chemical nomenclature is a systematic method of naming chemical compounds. Having a system for naming means that we don’t have to learn 50 million names, we only have to learn the rules for naming. It also allows scientists who speak different languages to communicate effectively. The rules for chemical nomenclature come from the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), a group made up of chemists from all over the world. In this exercise you will learn rules for naming ionic and covalent compounds and learn to predict the ratios that chemicals combine in based on their ionic charge. A. Naming Type I Binary Ionic Compounds Type I binary ionic compounds are made of (1) a metal that can only have one possible charge and (2) a nonmetal. The metal is the cation, or positively charged ion and the nonmetal is the anion, or negatively charged ion. In the chemical formula, the cation is always written first and the anion is written second. Cations that fall under Type I naming include Group 1A alkali metals, which always form 1+ cations and Group 2A alkaline earth metals which always form 2+ cations. Most transition metals fall under Type II naming, discussed below, but the exceptions are silver (Ag), which always forms 1+ cations and zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd), which always form 2+ cations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1/2 Toxic Compound Data Sheet Name: Indene CAS Number: 00095
    1/2 Toxic Compound Data Sheet Name: Indene CAS Number: 00095-13-6 Justification: This compound is listed in Ohio Administrative Code 3745 - 114 - 01 because it fulfills one or more of the following criteria: substances that are known to be, or may reasonably be anticipated to be, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or neurotoxic, causes reproductive dysfunction, is acutely or chronically toxic, or causes the threat of adverse environmental effects through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, or atmospheric deposition. lndene is acutely toxic with effects on the upper respiratory system (mucous membranes), pulmonary irritation, liver and kidney effects. Molecular Weight (g/mol): 116.15 Synonyms: Indonaphthene U.S. EPA Carcinogenic Classification (IRIS): Not listed on IRIS. PBT: Not listed as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. NTP: Not listed by the National Toxicology Program. HAP: Not listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) by U.S. EPA. 112r: Not listed under Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act. ACGIH: TLV: 10 ppm or 47,505 µg/m3. Critical effects include upper respiratory irritation or damage, pulmonary irritation, and liver and kidney effects. HSDB: Listed in the Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Inhalation of indene vapors is expected to cause irritation of mucous membranes. International IARC: Not listed by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). ATSDR (MRL): Not listed by ATSDR. DataSheet Indene.wpd 2/2 Reference Material 1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 2006. TLVs and BEIs:
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Nomenclature for an Introductory Chemistry Course: a Tutorial Rules & Drills with Answers
    Chemical Nomenclature for an Introductory Chemistry Course: A Tutorial Rules & Drills with Answers Table of Contents Unit I: Chemical Symbols of Some Common Elements (Drill A)…………………… 2 Unit II: Nomenclature of Pure Elements (Drill B)…………………………………… 4 Unit III: Nomenclature of Monatomic Ions (Simple Ions) ………………………….. 5 Unit IIIA: Nomenclature of Monatomic Anions ………………………………….. 5 Unit IIIB: Nomenclature of Monatomic Cations of Fixed Charges ………………. 6 Unit IIIC: Nomenclature of Monatomic Cations of Variable Charges (Drill C)….. 6 Unit IV: Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds of Monatomic Ions …………………... 7 Unit IVA: Writing Formulas from a Given Name (Drill D)………………………. 8 Unit IVB: Writing Names from a Given Formula (Drills E thru H)………………. 9 Unit V: Nomenclature of Polyatomic Ions …………………………………………... 11 Unit VA: The "Basic Eight" Polyatomic Ions (Drills I-1 thru I-4)………………... 11 Unit VB: Polyatomic Ions with "- ite" Ending ……………………………………. 14 Unit VC: Nomenclature of "- ate" and "- ite" Compounds (Drill I-5)……………... 14 Unit VD: Nomenclature of Oxohaloanions (Drills J & K)………………………… 15 Unit VI: Nomenclature of Acids (Drill L)……………………………………………. 17 Unit VII: Nomenclature of Acid Anions (Drill M)…………………………………… 20 Unit VIII: Nomenclature of Molecular Binary Compounds (Drill N & O)……….…. 22 Unit IX: Nomenclature of Hydrates (Drill P)……………………………………….... 23 Answers to Drill A…………………………………………………………………. 25 Answers to Drill B…………………………………………………………………. 25 Answers to Drill C…………………………………………………………………. 25 Answers to Drill D………………………………………………………………… 26 Answers to Drill E…………………………………………………………………. 26 Answers to Drill F…………………………………………………………………. 26 Answers to Drill G…………………………………………………………………. 27 Answers to Drill H………………………………………………………………… 27 Answers to Drill I-1, I-2, I-3………………………………………………………. 28 Answers to Drill I-4, I-5…………………………………………………………… 29 Answers to Drill J………………………………………………………………….. 30 Answers to Drill K………………………………………………………………… 30 Answers to Drill L………………………………………………………………....
    [Show full text]
  • Chem T2, U5 Covalent Bonds and Nomenclature ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
    Chem T2, U5 Covalent Bonds and Nomenclature ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Chemistry: Term 2: Unit 5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Topic: Covalent Bonds and Nomenclature ​ ​​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Duration: Traditional (50 minute periods) : 11-13 days (adjust to student needs using professional discretion) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Block Schedule (90 minute periods) : 5-7 days (adjust to student needs using professional discretion) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Eligible Content ​ ​ This is what the State of Pennsylvania wants your students to know and be able to do by the end of the unit. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CHEM.A.1.2.5 Describe how chemical bonding can affect whether a substance dissolves in a given liquid. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CHEM.B.1.4.2 Utilize Lewis dot structures to predict the structure and bonding in simple compounds. ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CHEM.B.1.4.2 Utilize Lewis dot structures to predict the structure and bonding in simple compounds. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Performance Objectives ​ ​ These are examples, created by SDP teachers, of how you may translate the eligible content into learning goals for ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ your classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • A Book Collector's View of the Periodic Table: Key Documents
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia A Book Collector’s View of the Periodic Table: Key Documents before Mendeleev’s Citation: G. S. Girolami (2019) A Book Collector’s View of the Periodic Table: Contributions of 1869 Key Documents before Mendeleev’s Contributions of 1869. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 109-124. doi: 10.13128/Sub- stantia-592 Gregory S. Girolami Copyright: © 2019 G. S. Girolami. School of Chemical Sciences, 600 S. Mathews Ave., University of Illinois at Urbana- This is an open access, peer-reviewed Champaign, Urbana, 61801, US article published by Firenze University E-mail: [email protected] Press (http://www.fupress.com/substan- tia) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Abstract. The present article identifies and discusses some of the books and scientif- License, which permits unrestricted ic articles that played important roles in the development of the periodic law, before use, distribution, and reproduction Mendeleev published his Periodic System in 1869. For each book, information is giv- in any medium, provided the original en about the edition in which the discovery was made, and for each scientific article, author and source are credited. information is given about the form in which it was issued, such as whether offprints Data Availability Statement: All rel- were printed in addition to the journal appearance. Some observations of interest to evant data are within the paper and its book collectors are included, such as assessments of the availability of these documents Supporting Information files. on the rare book market. This paper may also be of use to those who wish to learn about (or to teach) the history of the periodic law from the original documents that Competing Interests: The Author(s) first announced important advances toward its creation.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Chemistry of Hydrogen Selenide
    antioxidants Review Biological Chemistry of Hydrogen Selenide Kellye A. Cupp-Sutton † and Michael T. Ashby *,† Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-405-325-2924 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editors: Claus Jacob and Gregory Ian Giles Received: 18 October 2016; Accepted: 8 November 2016; Published: 22 November 2016 Abstract: There are no two main-group elements that exhibit more similar physical and chemical properties than sulfur and selenium. Nonetheless, Nature has deemed both essential for life and has found a way to exploit the subtle unique properties of selenium to include it in biochemistry despite its congener sulfur being 10,000 times more abundant. Selenium is more easily oxidized and it is kinetically more labile, so all selenium compounds could be considered to be “Reactive Selenium Compounds” relative to their sulfur analogues. What is furthermore remarkable is that one of the most reactive forms of selenium, hydrogen selenide (HSe− at physiologic pH), is proposed to be the starting point for the biosynthesis of selenium-containing molecules. This review contrasts the chemical properties of sulfur and selenium and critically assesses the role of hydrogen selenide in biological chemistry. Keywords: biological reactive selenium species; hydrogen selenide; selenocysteine; selenomethionine; selenosugars; selenophosphate; selenocyanate; selenophosphate synthetase thioredoxin reductase 1. Overview of Chalcogens in Biology Chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group, which is also known as the oxygen family, consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive element polonium (Po).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10. Chemical Nomenclature
    Chapter 10. Chemical Nomenclature 10.1. Chemical Language Each society of people has its own language, and it is necessary to learn the language of the society to communicate effectively with it. Imagine, for example, what a foreigner might envision the first time theyheard a sports announcer on a radio use terminology like‘‘steal- ing’’, ‘‘sacrifice’’, and ‘‘high fly’’. The subjects of naming chemical substances, or chemical nomenclature,and writing chemical ‘‘equations’’are basic to communication in the society of chemists. Language communicates information and the language of chemistry has ev olved and improvedwith the understanding of chemical principles. Forthis reason, an understanding of chemical language in not only useful for communicating, but reflects an underlying understanding of the concepts of chemistry. Unfortunately,partly due to historical precedent and partly due to conceptual limita- tions, there is no ultimate chemical language which describes uniquely everything known about a material, including molecular structure and chemical properties, and it may be assumed that chemical concepts yet to be discovered will lead to newways of describing that knowledge.1 Forthis reason, several different systems of terminology areinuse today,each with advantages and disadvantages. It is assumed that somewhere along the career of the chemist, mentioning something likehydrogen sulfide will conjure up memories of rotten eggs and bent bonds the way the mention of the word water connotes a cool liquid that satisfies thirst and the symbols H2O. The best we can do here is to introduce a fewcommunication methods students are likely to encounter in introductory courses. Chemical language is similar to other human languages, with element symbols forming the alphabet, chemical formulas the words, chemical equations the sentences and multistep chemical processes the paragraphs.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Jan
    2,729,676 United States Patent Office Patented Jan. 3, 1956 1. In order that those skilled in the art may better under stand how the present invention may be carried into 2,729,676 effect, the following methods are provided by way of illustration.To prepare g,6'-diselenodipropionic acid, an alkali PREPARATION OF fSELENODIPROPIONICCD s Selenide such as sodium, potassium, or ammonium selen Donald L. MacPeek, Charleston, W. Va., and William H. ide and the like is slowly reacted with beta propiono Rauscher, Brunswick, N. Y., assignors to the United lactone in aqueous solution to form the addition product. States of America as represented by the Secretary of The product is acidified with a suitable acid such as hydro the Army 0. chloric acid, etc. and the desired product is obtained by No Drawing. Application April 29, 1953, a suitable method such as extraction. The following Serial No. 352,053 examples are illustrative of preferred embodiments of the foregoing method. 1 Claim. (C. 260-537) EXAMPLE This invention relates to fungicidal compounds and 5 A quantity of 38 grams (0.25 mole) of sodium selenide more particularly to new compositions of matter having is dissolved as completely as possible in 50 ml. of water pronounced fungicidal activity. contained in a 500 ml. 3 necked flask having standard Electronic equipment in use may be exposed in many . taper joints. The flask is fitted with a dropping funnel instances to a combination of severe climatic conditions and motor stirrer. The mixture is stirred for about 10 Such as extremes of heat, cold, and humidity.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • The Basic Elements of Life's
    American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Original Research Paper The Basic Elements of Life's 1Raffaella Aversa, 2Victoria Petrescu, 1Antonio Apicella and 2Ion Tiberiu Petrescu 1University of Naples, Italy 2University of Bucharest Polytechnic, Romania Article history Abstract: The four basic elements of life are: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen Received: 01-12-2016 and phosphorus. These four elements are found in abundance in both the Revised: 09-12-2016 human body and in animals. There are other elements that compose the Accepted: 17-12-2016 human body, but the four we've highlighted participate in all life processes. Besides, these four elements make up ATP chains (molecule), which Corresponding Author: Florian Ion T. Petrescu governs and controls the body entirely energy processes and physiological University of Bucharest and pathological processes of the human body. Oxygen is the pivot, which Polytechnic, Romania produces water and air and it is indispensable to the life. Hydrogen Email: [email protected] participates with oxygen to produce water, without which life would not be possible. Nitrogen with oxygen constitutes basic elements of air that compose the Earth's atmosphere. Phosphorus is the last element of human energy chain. It is the fire and light. In other words, human energy chain consists of four basic elements, or three compounds: Water, air and fire (light). In genetics, all cellular energy processes are driven and controlled by ATP molecule type. If we consider the chain of human genes, account must also be taken of the element carbon. In this mode, the four elements of life become the five elements of life: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon.
    [Show full text]