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The Basic Elements of Life's American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Original Research Paper The Basic Elements of Life's 1Raffaella Aversa, 2Victoria Petrescu, 1Antonio Apicella and 2Ion Tiberiu Petrescu 1University of Naples, Italy 2University of Bucharest Polytechnic, Romania Article history Abstract: The four basic elements of life are: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen Received: 01-12-2016 and phosphorus. These four elements are found in abundance in both the Revised: 09-12-2016 human body and in animals. There are other elements that compose the Accepted: 17-12-2016 human body, but the four we've highlighted participate in all life processes. Besides, these four elements make up ATP chains (molecule), which Corresponding Author: Florian Ion T. Petrescu governs and controls the body entirely energy processes and physiological University of Bucharest and pathological processes of the human body. Oxygen is the pivot, which Polytechnic, Romania produces water and air and it is indispensable to the life. Hydrogen Email: [email protected] participates with oxygen to produce water, without which life would not be possible. Nitrogen with oxygen constitutes basic elements of air that compose the Earth's atmosphere. Phosphorus is the last element of human energy chain. It is the fire and light. In other words, human energy chain consists of four basic elements, or three compounds: Water, air and fire (light). In genetics, all cellular energy processes are driven and controlled by ATP molecule type. If we consider the chain of human genes, account must also be taken of the element carbon. In this mode, the four elements of life become the five elements of life: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Keywords: Bioengineering, Biotechnologies, Biochemical Processes, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Basic Elements, Life Basic Elements, Genetic Chain Introduction often Metamerism and built specialized bodies). She often uses models to study species of the organism Genetics (from the Greek genos γεννώ, "give birth") formation mechanisms (Drosophila, the nematode is the science that studies heredity and genes, is a Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, a plant of the genus biology sub-discipline. One of its branches, formal Arabidopsis). Medical genetics studies the heredity of genetics, or Mendelian, is interested in the transmission human genetic diseases, their segregation in families of of hereditary characteristics between sires and progeny. patients. It seeks to identify in this way the mutations The invention of "genetic" term returns to the English responsible for diseases to develop treatments to cure biologist William Bateson (1861-1926), who uses it for them. Genomics studies the structure, composition and the first time in 1905. Modern genetics is often dated to evolution of genomes (the entire DNA, three billion the detection of the double helix structure of DNA done base pairs in humans, organized into chromosomes) by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. DNA was and tries to identify patterns in the DNA may have a previously a concept which it had not demonstrated the biological sense (genes, untranslated transcribed units, existence of a real referent. Developmental genetics miRNAs, regulation units, developers, CNGS, etc; studies the molecular actors (and the genes that encode Buzea et al ., 2015; Butterfield, 2009; Chaplin, 2008; them) involved in the formation of the body from the David, 2006; Petrescu et al ., 2015). fertilized egg cell stage. It particularly focuses on the In genetics, all cellular energy processes are driven and development of bilateral symmetry and mechanisms to controlled by ATP molecules type. ATP drives endergonic move from a simple biological system (unicellular, reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate radial symmetry) in a complex organism (multicellular, group to some other molecule, such as a reactant. © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Victoria Petrescu, Antonio Apicella and Ion Tiberiu Petrescu. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Raffaella Aversa et al . / American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2016, 9 (4): 1189.1197 DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2016.1189.1197 Materials and Methods the oceans there are about 475 million years. In normal conditions of temperature and pressure, oxygen is in the The Oxigen form of odorless, colorless gas, oxygen, chemical Oxygen is the chemical element of atomic number 8 formula O 2. Within the molecule, the two oxygen atoms to symbol O. It is the Group's holding of the chalcogen are chemically bonded to each other in a triplet state group, called group of oxygen. It was independently (David, 2006). This bond, having an order of 2, is often discovered in 1772 by Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele in represented schematically by a double bond or by a Uppsala and in 1774 by the British Joseph Priestley in combination of binding to two electrons and two bonds Wiltshire (Shimizu et al ., 1998). to three electrons. The triplet state of oxygen is the ground state of the oxygen molecule. The electron A molecule having the chemical formula O 2, commonly called "oxygen" and chemists, dioxygen configuration of the molecule has two unpaired consists of two oxygen atoms connected by covalent electrons occupying two degenerate molecular orbitals. bond: The standard conditions for temperature and These orbitals are called antibonding and depress the pressure, the oxygen is a gas, which is 20.8% of the bond order from three to two, so that the binding of volume of Earth's atmosphere at the sea (Butterfield, oxygen is lower than the triple bond of dinitrogen to 2009; Krupenie, 1972). which all bonding orbitals are filled but many Oxygen is a non-metal which forms very easily antibonding orbitals are not. compounds, in particular oxides, with virtually all other In its normal triplet state, the oxygen molecule is chemical elements; this facility translates into high paramagnetic, that is to say, it acquires a magnetization formation constants, but kinetically dioxygen is often under the effect of a magnetic field. This is due to very reactive at room temperature. Thus a mixture of magnetic moment of spin of unpaired electrons of the oxygen and hydrogen, or iron, or sulfur, etc. evolves molecule and to the negative exchange interaction extremely slowly. That is, by mass, the third most between neighboring molecules of O 2. Liquid oxygen abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and can be attracted by a magnet so that in laboratory helium and the most abundant crustal elements experiments, liquid oxygen can be kept in balance (Shimizu et al ., 1998); oxygen and is on Terre: 86% of against its own weight between the two poles of a strong the mass of the oceans as water; 46.4% of the mass of magnet (Shimizu et al ., 1998). the Earth's crust, particularly in the form of oxides and Singlet oxygen is the name given to various excited silicates; 23.1% of the mass of air in the form of oxygen species of the oxygen molecule wherein all the spins or ozone, or 1.2×1015 tonnes, nearly 21% of the total are paired. It is also produced in the troposphere by the volume of the atmosphere; 62.5% of the mass of the photolysis of ozone by light rays of short wavelength human body; up to 88% of the mass of marine animals. and by the immune system as a source of active Earth was originally devoid of oxygen. This one is oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms formed through photosynthesis performed by plants, (Hirayama et al ., 1994) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to its algae and cyanobacteria, the latter appeared there may ground state de-energized before it can harm tissues have 2.8 billion years. The O oxygen is toxic to 2 (Buzea et al ., 2015; Petrescu et al ., 2015). anaerobic organisms, which included the first forms of Oxygen is highly electronegative. He easily forms life emerged on Earth, but is essential for the respiration many ionic compounds with metals (oxides, hydroxides) of aerobic organisms, which constitute the vast majority (Shimizu et al ., 1998). It also forms ionocovalents of living species (Butterfield, 2009). Cellular respiration compounds with non-metals (e.g., carbon dioxide, sulfur is the set of metabolic pathways, such as the Krebs cycle trioxide) and enters into the composition of many classes and respiratory chain, powered, for example by of organic molecules, for example, alcohols (R-OH), glycolysis and the β-oxidation, through which one cell carbonyl R-CHO or R 2CO and carboxylic acids (R- produces energy in form of ATP and reducing power as COOH). Dissociation energy of diatomic molecules O-X NADH + H + and FADH2. o at 25°C given on kJ/mol D298 . By accumulating in Earth's atmosphere, the O 2 oxygen from photosynthesis formed an ozone layer at Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element from the base of the stratosphere under the influence of solar the perspective of the mass in the biosphere, air, water radiation. Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen chemical and terrestrial rocks. It is also the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and formula O 3 more oxidant than oxygen-making it an undesirable contaminant when present in the troposphere represents about 0.9% of the mass of the sun. It at ground level - but which has the characteristic of represents 49.2% of the mass of the Earth's crust and is absorbing ultraviolet rays from the Sun and thus protect the main constituent of our oceans (88.8% of their mass). the biosphere of this harmful radiation: The ozone layer The oxygen is the second most important component of was the shield that allowed the first land plants to leave the Earth's atmosphere, representing 20.8% of volume 1190 Raffaella Aversa et al .
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