DOCSLIB.ORG

Language Transmission in France in the Course of the 20Th Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language Transmission in France in the Course of the 20Th Century https://archined.ined.fr Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century François Héran, Alexandra Filhon et Christine Deprez Version Libre accès Licence / License CC Attribution - Pas d'Œuvre dérivée 4.0 International (CC BY- ND) POUR CITER CETTE VERSION / TO CITE THIS VERSION François Héran, Alexandra Filhon et Christine Deprez, 2002, "Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century", Population & Societies: 1-4. Disponible sur / Availabe at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12204/AXCwcStFDxhNsJusqTx6 POPU TTIION &SOCIÉTTÉÉS No.FEBRU ARY37 20062 Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century François Héran *, Alexandra Filhon ** and Christine Deprez *** “French shall be the only language of education”, pro- Institute of Linguistics’ languages of the world data- claimed the Ministerial Order of 7 June 1880 laying base [4]. The ten most frequently recalled childhood down the model primary school regulations. “The lan- languages are cited by two thirds of the respondents, guage of the Republic is French”, recently added arti- while a much larger number are recalled by a bare cle 2 of the Constitution (1992). But do families follow handful. the strictures of state education and institutions? What The Families Survey distinguishes languages were the real linguistic practices of the population of “usually” spoken by parents with their children (fig- France in the last century? Sandwiched between the ure 1A) from those which they “also” spoke to them, monopoly of the national language and the spread of i.e., occasionally-used languages (figure 1B). This English, what has become of French regional dialects, and what is happening to the languages introduced by immigration? The linguistic strand of the Families survey Hundreds of languages known The Families survey linked to the March 1999 census, to a quarter of the adult population entitled “Family History Survey”, was carried out by INSEE and co-designed with INED [1]; the results are The exceptionally large sample (380,000 people) of the being used by both institutes [2]. The strand on linguis- Families Survey means that an answer can be given to tic practices received funding from the National these questions (box). The most striking thing is the Commission for the French Language and the rich mix of languages known. On being asked “in Languages of France (DGLFLF). which language, dialect or patois” their father and Preceded by an exploratory survey conducted mother in that order “usually” spoke to them at about in 1992 on a sample of 5,300 parents of schoolchil- age 5, a high percentage of respondents —26% of the dren [3], this strand breaks new ground in French adults now living in metropolitan France, or 11.5 mil- public statistics collection. Never has such a consistent lion people—recalled that their parents spoke to them picture been constructed of all the languages spoken in in another language as well as or instead of French. In six out of ten cases, that language was transmitted the country from such a large national sample. The concurrently with French. Half of the cases were questionnaires were completed at the same time as the regional or frontier languages; the other half were lan- census returns by 380,000 adults living in metropolitan guages of immigration, and were learned before or France, the oldest of whom were born before World after resettlement in France. No less than 6,700 lan- War One. The sample was made more representative guage and dialect descriptions were reported, match- by deliberately over-representing certain areas ing nearly 400 languages identified in the Summer (Flanders, Alsace, Moselle, Corsica, the Catalan Region, the Basque Region, Brittany), then rectifying * INED. the results for publication. ** INED and University of Versailles–Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. BULLETIN MENSUEL D’INFORMATION DE L’INSTITUT NATIONAL D’ÉTUDES DÉMOGRAPHIQUES NATIONAL DE L’INSTITUT BULLETIN MENSUEL D’INFORMATION *** University of Paris-V, Laboratory of Sociolinguistics. Editorial – Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century • Hundreds of languages known to a quarter of the adult population - p. 1 • A one-in-three parent-child transmission rate - p. 3 • Reversing the shift? - p. 4 CONTENTS 2 Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century contrast between the two practices is informative. The fication of immigration flows has led to the appear- transmission of languages of immigration in child- ance of new African and Asian language families hood was more often usual than occasional: 940,000 whose method of transmission — almost always adults living in metropolitan France recall that their usual—reflects more recent arrival: they have gener- parents initially spoke Arabic to them in their earliest ally been acquired from both parents in the country of childhood, against only 230,000 who recall occasional origin pre-immigration. Turkish is a similar case in transmission, generally secondary to French. Likewise point. Portuguese, which was handed on to 580,000 adults Unlike foreign languages, most regional lan- on a usual basis, versus 100,000 on a purely occasion- guages were transmitted only on an occasional basis, al basis. Spanish and Italian — both languages of secondarily to French, and more often by one parent longer-established immigration—had a higher fre- only. This was particularly so for the langue d’oc and quency of secondary transmission. Lastly, the diversi- the langues d’oïl, already being rapidly lost among the Figure 1 - Main languages other than French received in childhood and transmitted to the next generation Number of adults living in metropolitan France reporting that their parents C - Number of adults 1 - Regional languages, spoke to them at around 5 years of age in a language other than French who handed languages of A - Usually spoken B - No more than these languages on frontier departments by father or mother occasionally spoken to their own children Alsatian langue d'oc langues d'oïl Breton Creole languages Platt Lorraine Catalan Franco-Provençal Corsican Basque Flemish 2 - Languages of immigration Arabic Portuguese Spanish Italian German Polish Berber languages Turkish English Italian dialects Vietnamese Both parents Both parents Other African languages usually spoke this language to them only spoke this language Usually Khmer, Lao occasionally to them Only one parent Bantu languages usually spoke Only one parent Serbo-Croat this language to them, spoke this language Occasionally the other spoke it occasionally to them Indo-Iranian languages occasionally or not at all Pulaar, Wolof, Serer Chinese languages INED Tamil, Telugu 021A02 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 Thousands of adults Thousands of adults Coverage: adults living in metropolitan France. Interpretation: 660,000 adults reported that their father and/or mother usually spoke Alsatian to them when they were 5 years old (including 600,000 both parents). A further 240,000 said that their parents only spoke Alsatian to them occasionally (these two figures are additive and cover a period from 1905 to approximately 1985). 410,000 of these adults handed on Alsatian to their children in turn. Source: INSEE, Families survey 1999. Population et Sociétés, 376, February 2002 INED Language transmission in France in the course of the 20th century 3 older generation. That notwithstanding, both lan- the share of adults who have inherited a foreign lan- guages were recalled from the childhoods of very guage from their parents has increased in France with many still-living adults: 610,000 usually and 1,060,000 rising immigration. Since the late Sixties, for example, on a purely secondary basis for the langue d’oc (Occitan Arabic has become the linguistic heritage of 3% rather and its variants: Nissart, Provençal, Languedocien, than 1% of adults living in France. But over time, set- Rouergat, Limousin, Gascon), 570,000 and 850,000 for tled immigrants have tended to shift towards the use the langues d’oïl (Picard, chtimi or “Northern patois”, of French in the family. The transmission of Arabic as Lorraine Romance, Norman, Gallo-Breton, Vendeen, a usual language has declined by over half in the span Bourbonnais, etc.). of a generation, in the same way as Berber and 280,000 people recall frequently having had Breton Portuguese, to a comparable extent with that of spoken to them in childhood, and another 400,000 had Basque or Alsatian. So the share of the monolingual it transmitted secondarily to French. Alongside French-speaking community has risen steadily for a Corsican, Catalan and the Creole languages (bearing century (figure 3). But a new factor has now been in mind that the survey was confined to metropolitan added to the scene—English, often transmitted to France), Breton is one of the languages whose trans- children but not forming part of the family linguistic mission was even then more often occasional than heritage. usual, although the shift was less acute than for the The fact is that when the survey adults were ques- langues d’oïl and langue d’oc. Not so Alsatian, which tioned on the languages spoken in non-parent/child even a generation ago was still the best-transmitted regional language, being transmitted more usually (660,000 people) than occasionally (240,000). Likewise, Figure 2 - Language loss in a generation: proportion of fathers who did not usually speak across most of nearby Moselle, families still usually to their 5-year-old children in the language communicated in a Frankish dialect, Platt Lorraine. that their own father usually spoke Elsewhere in France, only Basque was in a similar sit- in to them at the same age uation. Franco-Provençal A one-in-three parent-child Breton transmission rate Flemish langue d’oc Is the linguistic heritage of childhood being passed on Polish to the next generation? The Families survey asked Creole languages adults currently living in metropolitan France in Italian (incl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Gascon Énonciatif System: Past, Present, and Future. A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12v9d1gx Author Marcus, Nicole Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Gascon Énonciatif System: Past, Present, and Future A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance by Nicole Elise Marcus A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Gary Holland, Chair Professor Leanne Hinton Professor Johanna Nichols Fall 2010 The Gascon Énonciatif System: Past, Present, and Future A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance © 2010 by Nicole Elise Marcus Abstract The Gascon Énonciatif System: Past, Present, and Future A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance by Nicole Elise Marcus Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Gary Holland, Chair The énonciatif system is a defining linguistic feature of Gascon, an endangered Romance language spoken primarily in southwestern France, separating it not only from its neighboring Occitan languages, but from the entire Romance language family. This study examines this preverbal particle system from a diachronic and synchronic perspective to shed light on issues of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance. The diachronic source of this system has important implications regarding its current and future status. My research indicates that this system is an ancient feature of the language, deriving from contact between the original inhabitants of Gascony, who spoke Basque or an ancestral form of the language, and the Romans who conquered the region in 56 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing France's Regional Languages
    MANAGING FRANCE’S REGIONAL LANGUAGES: LANGUAGE POLICY IN BILINGUAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN ALSACE Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Michelle Anne Harrison September 2012 Abstract The introduction of regional language bilingual education in France dates back to the late 1960s in the private education system and to the 1980s in the public system. Before this time the extensive use of regional languages was forbidden in French schools, which served as ‘local centres for the gallicisation of France’ (Blackwood 2008, 28). France began to pursue a French-only language policy from the time of the 1789 Revolution, with Jacobin ideology proposing that to be French, one must speak French. Thus began the shaping of France into a nation-state. As the result of the official language policy that imposed French in all public domains, as well as extra-linguistic factors such as the Industrial Revolution and the two World Wars, a significant language shift occurred in France during the twentieth century, as an increasing number of parents chose not to pass on their regional language to the next generation. In light of the decline in intergenerational transmission of the regional languages, Judge (2007, 233) concludes that ‘in the short term, everything depends on education in the [regional languages]’. This thesis analyses the development of language policy in bilingual education programmes in Alsace; Spolsky’s tripartite language policy model (2004), which focuses on language management, language practices and language beliefs, will be employed. In spite of the efforts of the State to impose the French language, in Alsace the traditionally non-standard spoken regional language variety, Alsatian, continued to be used widely until the mid-twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King's Research Portal At
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ English-Medium Instruction in French Higher Education Competing Ideologies, Policies and Practices Blattes, Marianne Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 English-Medium Instruction in French Higher Education Competing Ideologies, Policies and Practices Marianne Blattès Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Education, Communication and Society Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy King’s College London January 2018 To my parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Partitive Article
    Book Disentangling bare nouns and nominals introduced by a partitive article IHSANE, Tabea (Ed.) Abstract The volume Disentangling Bare Nouns and Nominals Introduced by a Partitive Article, edited by Tabea Ihsane, focuses on different aspects of the distribution, semantics, and internal structure of nominal constituents with a “partitive article” in its indefinite interpretation and of potentially corresponding bare nouns. It further deals with diachronic issues, such as grammaticalization and evolution in the use of “partitive articles”. The outcome is a snapshot of current research into “partitive articles” and the way they relate to bare nouns, in a cross-linguistic perspective and on new data: the research covers noteworthy data (fieldwork data and corpora) from Standard languages - like French and Italian, but also German - to dialectal and regional varieties, including endangered ones like Francoprovençal. Reference IHSANE, Tabea (Ed.). Disentangling bare nouns and nominals introduced by a partitive article. Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020 DOI : 10.1163/9789004437500 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:145202 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Disentangling Bare Nouns and Nominals Introduced by a Partitive Article - 978-90-04-43750-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 10/29/2020 05:18:23PM via Bibliotheque de Geneve, Bibliotheque de Geneve, University of Geneva and Universite de Geneve Syntax & Semantics Series Editor Keir Moulton (University of Toronto, Canada) Editorial Board Judith Aissen (University of California, Santa Cruz) – Peter Culicover (The Ohio State University) – Elisabet Engdahl (University of Gothenburg) – Janet Fodor (City University of New York) – Erhard Hinrichs (University of Tubingen) – Paul M.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France Michel Bert, Costa James
    What counts as a linguistic border, for whom, and with what implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France Michel Bert, Costa James To cite this version: Michel Bert, Costa James. What counts as a linguistic border, for whom, and with what implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France. Dominic Watt; Carmen Llamas. Language, Borders and Identity, Edinburgh University Press, 2014, Language, Borders and Identity, 0748669779. halshs-01413325 HAL Id: halshs-01413325 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01413325 Submitted on 9 Dec 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. What counts as a linguistic border, for whom, and with what implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France Michel Bert (DDL, Université Lumière/Lyon2) [email protected] James Costa (ICAR, Institut français de l’éducation/ENS de Lyon) [email protected] 1. Introduction Debates on the limits of the numerous Romance varieties spoken in what was once the western part of the Roman Empire have been rife for over a century (e.g. Bergounioux, 1989), and generally arose in the context of heated discussions over the constitution and legitimation of Nation-states.
    [Show full text]
  • Authentic Language
    ! " " #$% " $&'( ')*&& + + ,'-* # . / 0 1 *# $& " * # " " " * 2 *3 " 4 *# 4 55 5 * " " * *6 " " 77 .'%%)8'9:&0 * 7 4 "; 7 * *6 *# 2 .* * 0* " *6 1 " " *6 *# " *3 " *# " " *# 2 " " *! "; 4* $&'( <==* "* = >?<"< <<'-:@-$ 6 A9(%9'(@-99-@( 6 A9(%9'(@-99-(- 6A'-&&:9$' ! '&@9' Authentic Language Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market David Karlander Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation, 2017 Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Copyright © David Budyński Karlander Printed and bound by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm Correspondence: SE 106 91 Stockholm www.biling.su.se ISBN 978-91-7649-946-7 ISSN 1400-5921 Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this work without the support and encouragement from a number of people. I owe them all my humble thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Rémi Pach the LINGUISTIC MINORITIES of FRANCE France Is
    ISSN 0258-2279 = Literator 7 (1986) Rémi Pach THE LINGUISTIC MINORITIES OF FRANCE ABSTRACT Although France is one of the most centralized countries in Europe, its ap­ parent unity must not conceal that it is made up of many linguistic groups, and that French has only in recent years succeeded in becoming the com­ mon language of all the French. The situation of each one of the seven non­ official languages of France is at first examined. The problem is then situ­ ated in its historical context, with the emphasis falling on why and how the French state tried to destroy them. Although the monarchy did not go much further than to impose French as the language of the administration, the revolutionary period was the beginning of a deliberate attempt to substi­ tute French for the regional languages even in informal and oral usage. This was really made possible when education became compulsory: the school system was then the means of spreading French throughout the country. Nowadays the unity of France is no longer at stake, but its very identity is being threatened by the demographic weight, on French soil, of the im­ migrants from the Third-World. France is without any possible doubt the most heterogeneous country in Western Europe, as it includes no less than seven linguistic minori­ ties : Corsicans, Basques, Catalans, Occitans, Alsatians, Flemish and 85 THE LANGUAGES OF FRANCE i?|n.niviANnl NON-ROMANnS IDinMS H I^^CO H SrCA H ^g] CATAWH DIAI.CCT8 o r OCCITAN 86 Bretons.' Most of these were conquered by means of wars.
    [Show full text]
  • A Speaking Atlas of the Regional Languages of France
    A Speaking Atlas of the Regional Languages of France Philippe Boula de Mareüil1, Frédéric Vernier1, Albert Rilliard1,2 1LIMSI, CNRS & Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France; 2 Univ. Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil {philippe.boula.de.mareuil, frederic.vernier, albert.rilliard}@limsi.fr Abstract The aim is to show and promote the linguistic diversity of France, through field recordings, a computer program (which allows us to visualise dialectal areas) and an orthographic transcription (which represents an object of research in itself). A website is presented (https://atlas.limsi.fr), displaying an interactive map of France from which Aesop’s fable “The North Wind and the Sun” can be listened to and read in French and in 140 varieties of regional languages. There is thus both a scientific dimension and a heritage dimension in this work, insofar as a number of regional or minority languages are in a critical situation. Keywords: geolinguistics, dialectology, speaking atlas However, the Internet, which now makes it possible to 1. Introduction contact a number of associations for the protection and Even if the modern Western world appears to be domina- promotion of minority language, was less developed at that time, as were the means of collecting and storing ted by just a few widespread languages dialectologists in large quantities of recordings. Since most of these dialects the field quickly observe a great deal of diversity. The idea of reporting this diversity on maps is not novel (Le and languages are now endangered, we describe here a speaking linguistic atlas that aims to preserve them. This Dû et al., 2005): from 1897 to 1901, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Délégation Générale À La Langue Française Et Aux Langues De France
    The languages of France What are we talking about? Defi nitions A number of languages have always been spoken in France — a fact recognized by an article in the French Constitution — that “regional languages are part of the heritage of France.” “The languages of France” refers not only to French, but to regional languages as well as minority languages — that have been spoken by French citizens within the borders of France long enough to count as part of the country’s cultural heritage, without being the offi cial language of any state. Regional languages Regional languages are languages that have been spoken in some parts of the country longer than French. Non-territorial languages This refers to languages associated with immigration, but long in use by signifi cant numbers of French people. They include in particular dialects of Arabic, western Armenian, Berber, Judeo-Spanish, Romani and Yiddish. In addition to these, there is LSF or French sign language. To be recognized as “languages of France”, these non-territorial languages must not have any offi cial status in any other country. Transmission are regional; the other half are languages of immigrants. According to the 1999 census, 26% of adults living in France learned Scarcely 35% of these adults have passed this second language a language other than French from their parents (often at the same on to their own children: the languages of France are only rarely time as French). In half of these cases, the languages concerned transmitted through families today. Transmission of these languages now depends primarily on formal teaching, on their cultural vitality, and on their presence in the media.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguicide Or Linguistic Suicide?: a Case Study of Indigenous Minority Languages in France"
    "Linguicide or Linguistic Suicide?: A Case Study of Indigenous Minority Languages in France" Exam Number: B108952 Word Count: 14,000 Dissertation submitted for the degree of: Master of Science in Applied Linguistics University of Edinburgh 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 List of Figures and Tables 5 Abstract 6 1. Introduction 7 2. Murder or Suicide?: Conceptualising Language Death 8 2.1 Linguistic Suicide 8 2.2 Linguicide 10 2.2.1 “Active” Linguicide 11 2.2.2 “Passive” Linguicide 12 2.3 An integrated approach 14 2.4 Examples 19 3. Critical Language Policy 21 4. Sociolinguistic Context 22 4.1 The French Linguicide-Linguistic Suicide Process at a Glance 23 5. The Emergence of Linguicism 25 6. Active Linguicide 27 6.1 The Role of the Education System 31 6.2 Effects 35 7. Passive Linguicide 36 7.1 Folklorisation 36 7.2 Marginalisation 39 7.3 Attitude Shift 42 8. Signs of Change? 43 9. Concluding Discussion 47 2 Appendix 11: Original versions of French texts translated in the main body of the dissertation 50 Appendix 2: Language transmission statistics from the “Enquête education” national survey 56 conducted in 1992. Bibliography Works Cited 58 Other Works Consulted 68 Cover image source: http://riding.eusu.ed.ac.uk/?attachment_id=1505 1 Note that references to the extracts in Appendix 1 will be made throughout the dissertation in the form A1.X, where X is the number of the corresponding French text in Appendix 1. 3 Acknowledgements I am truly blessed to even be in a position to submit a Master’s dissertation, and to know, and have worked with, so many incredible people to whom I am indebted for being able to reach this stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Practices and Perceptions Around Breton As a Regional Language Of
    New speaker language and identity: Practices and perceptions around Breton as a regional language of France Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Merryn Davies-Deacon B.A., M.A. February, 2020 School of Arts, English, and Languages Abstract This thesis focuses on the lexicon of Breton, a minoritised Celtic language traditionally spoken in western Brittany, in north-west France. For the past thirty years, much work on Breton has highlighted various apparent differences between two groups of speak- ers, roughly equivalent to the categories of new speakers and traditional speakers that have emerged more universally in more recent work. In the case of Breton, the concep- tualisation of these two categories entails a number of linguistic and non-linguistic ste- reotypes; one of the most salient concerns the lexicon, specifically issues around newer and more technical vocabulary. Traditional speakers are said to use French borrowings in such cases, influenced by the dominance of French in the wider environment, while new speakers are portrayed as eschewing these in favour of a “purer” form of Breton, which instead more closely reflects the language’s membership of the Celtic family, in- volving in particular the use of neologisms based on existing Breton roots. This thesis interrogates this stereotypical divide by focusing on the language of new speakers in particular, examining language used in the media, a context where new speakers are likely to be highly represented. The bulk of the analysis presented in this work refers to a corpus of Breton gathered from media sources, comprising radio broadcasts, social media and print publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Actes Des 2Èmes Journées Scientifiques Du Groupement De Recherche Linguistique Informatique Formelle Et De Terrain (LIFT)
    Actes des 2èmes journées scientifiques du Groupement de Recherche Linguistique Informatique Formelle et de Terrain (LIFT). Thierry Poibeau, Yannick Parmentier, Emmanuel Schang To cite this version: Thierry Poibeau, Yannick Parmentier, Emmanuel Schang. Actes des 2èmes journées scientifiques du Groupement de Recherche Linguistique Informatique Formelle et de Terrain (LIFT).. Poibeau, Thierry and Parmentier, Yannick and Schang, Emmanuel. Dec 2020, Montrouge, France. CNRS, 2020. hal-03066031 HAL Id: hal-03066031 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03066031 Submitted on 3 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LIFT 2020 Actes des 2èmes journées scientifiques du Groupement de Recherche Linguistique Informatique Formelle et de Terrain (LIFT) Thierry Poibeau, Yannick Parmentier, Emmanuel Schang (Éds.) 10-11 décembre 2020 Montrouge, France (Virtuel) Comités Comité d’organisation Thierry Poibeau, LATTICE/CNRS Yannick Parmentier, LORIA/Université de Lorraine Emmanuel Schang, LLL/Université d’Orléans Comité de programme Angélique Amelot LPP/CNRS
    [Show full text]