DOCSLIB.ORG

The Interaction Between CASK and the Tumour Suppressor Dlg1 Regulates Mitotic Spindle Orientation in Mammalian Epithelia Andrew P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Interaction Between CASK and the Tumour Suppressor Dlg1 Regulates Mitotic Spindle Orientation in Mammalian Epithelia Andrew P © 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2019) 132, jcs230086. doi:10.1242/jcs.230086 RESEARCH ARTICLE The interaction between CASK and the tumour suppressor Dlg1 regulates mitotic spindle orientation in mammalian epithelia Andrew P. Porter‡, Gavin R. M. White, Natalie A. Mack* and Angeliki Malliri‡ ABSTRACT orientation in symmetrically dividing epithelial cells is less well Oriented cell divisions are important for the formation of normal understood. Epithelial cells tend to divide in the plane of the epithelial structures. Dlg1, a tumour suppressor, is required for mitotic epithelium, which is important to integrate daughter cells within the spindle orientation in Drosophila epithelia and chick neuroepithelia, epithelium and thereby maintain barrier function (Bergstralh et al., but how Dlg1 is localised to the membrane and its importance in 2013a). These oriented divisions are hypothesised to have a tumour- mammalian epithelia are unknown. We show that Dlg1 is required in suppressive function (Pease and Tirnauer, 2011), although direct non-transformed mammalian epithelial cells for oriented cell divisions evidence of its importance for tumourigenesis is limited at this point. and normal lumen formation. We demonstrate that the MAGUK protein A conserved set of proteins has been identified that regulate CASK, a membrane-associated scaffold, is the factor responsible spindle orientation across a range of organisms and tissue types for Dlg1 membrane localisation during spindle orientation, thereby by defining membrane domains for the attachment of astral identifying a new cellular function for CASK. Depletion of CASK leads microtubules, which in turn orient the mitotic spindle (di Pietro α to misoriented divisions in 3D, and to the formation of multilumen et al., 2016). These include G i, which is involved in the localisation structures in cultured kidney and breast epithelial cells. Blocking of leucine-glycine-asparagine (LGN, also known as GPSM2) and the CASK–Dlg1 interaction with an interfering peptide, or by deletion of subsequently nuclear and mitotic apparatus (NuMA, also known as the CASK-interaction domain of Dlg1, disrupts spindle orientation NUMA1) proteins to the plasma membrane (reviewed in Lu and and causes multilumen formation. We show that the CASK–Dlg1 Johnston, 2013). In turn, NuMA binds to and stabilises astral interaction is important for localisation of the canonical LGN–NuMA microtubules, and recruits the microtubule-binding motor protein complex known to be required for spindle orientation. These results dynein (Du et al., 2002). In mammalian cells, pulling forces at the cell establish the importance of the CASK–Dlg1 interaction in oriented cell cortex are transmitted along astral microtubules which then act to division and epithelial integrity. correctly position the mitotic spindle (Bergstralh et al., 2017). In planar divisions of HeLa cells on L-shaped micropatterns, This article has an associated First Person interview with the first and in chick neuroepithelial cells, LGN localisation is regulated author of the paper. in part by interaction with discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1); LGN membrane localisation is reduced following Dlg1 depletion KEY WORDS: CASK, Dlg1, Mitosis, Mitotic spindle orientation, (Saadaoui et al., 2014), while in Drosophila follicular epithelia Oriented cell division, Lumen formation Dlg1 loss leads to redistribution of Pins (the Drosophila orthologue of LGN) (Bergstralh et al., 2013b). However, in other systems, INTRODUCTION interaction with E-cadherin is required for localisation of LGN Control of the orientation of cell division – via correct positioning of (Gloerich et al., 2017). Whether Dlg1 plays a role in orienting the the mitotic spindle – plays an important role in developing and mitotic spindle along the apical–basal axis in non-transformed maintaining tissue architecture in both embryonic and adult tissues mammalian epithelial cells has not been determined, and the factor (Bergstralh et al., 2017). Oriented divisions have been observed in a regulating Dlg1 membrane localisation in the context of spindle diverse range of organisms and cell types, including yeast, the fruit orientation has yet to be identified (Bergstralh et al., 2017). fly Drosophila, chick neuroepithelial and mammalian epithelial In this report we show that Dlg1 is required for spindle orientation systems, and occur in both stem cells and differentiated tissues (di in 3D cultures of untransformed mammalian epithelial cells, and Pietro et al., 2016). Regulated changes in spindle orientation can identify the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) control the balance between proliferation and differentiation in protein CASK as the protein responsible for Dlg1 membrane stratified epithelia (Bergstralh et al., 2013a). The role of spindle localisation in the context of spindle orientation. By blocking CASK–Dlg1 binding we show that this protein–protein interaction is required for Dlg1 localisation, and subsequently the localisation Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University – of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK. of the LGN NuMA complex, which binds the astral microtubules *Present address: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton that ultimately orient the mitotic spindle. We also show that Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK. blocking the CASK–Dlg1 interaction leads to the formation of ‡Authors for correspondence ([email protected]; multilumen structures. [email protected]) RESULTS A.P.P., 0000-0002-3353-7002; A.M., 0000-0001-6848-090X Dlg1 regulates spindle orientation and epithelial lumen This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution formation in mammalian cells License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. MDCKII cells seeded onto Matrigel have the capacity to grow as cysts, reminiscent of those found in the mammalian kidney, with a Received 18 January 2019; Accepted 14 June 2019 hollow lumen surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells. We Journal of Cell Science 1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Journal of Cell Science (2019) 132, jcs230086. doi:10.1242/jcs.230086 Fig. 1. Dlg1 regulates epithelial lumen formation and mitotic spindle orientation. (A) Western blot showing depletion of Dlg1 following transfection with two distinct siRNAs. (B) Confocal images of MDCKII cysts transfected with non-targeting siRNA (siControl), or siRNA targeting Dlg1 (siKD#1 and siKD#2), grown in 2% Matrigel, showing multilumen structures, marked with strong actin staining, following Dlg1 depletion. (C) Quantification of single-lumen cysts from three independent Dlg1 knockdown experiments, n>40 cysts per experiment; ****P<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA). (D) Confocal images of MDCKII cysts grown in collagen I, constitutively expressing non-targeting shRNA (shControl) or shRNA targeting Dlg1 (Dlg1 shKD#1), stained for the indicated proteins to show lumens (upper panels) or Dlg1 levels (lower panels; heatmap of expression levels, arbitrary units), showing multilumen structures after Dlg1 depletion. (E) Quantification of single-lumen cysts from three independent Dlg1 knockdown experiments as in D, n>100 cysts per experiment; **P=0.0083 (unpaired Student’s t-test, two-tailed). (F) Schematic showing measurement of spindle orientation in MDCKII cysts, showing a normally oriented division (>80°) and a misoriented division (<30°). (G) Representative confocal images of MDCKII cysts grown in collagen I and expressing shControl or Dlg1 shKD#1. Mitotic cells are magnified in inserts (lower panels) and annotated to show mitotic spindle angles. (H) Quantification of spindle angles in constitutive knockdown experiments as in G, n=52 and 47 cells pooled from three independent experiments; ***P=0.0004. Data analysed using Mann–Whitney test. (I) Images of early cell divisions (metaphase, left panels; telophase, right panels) in developing MDCKII cysts grown in collagen I. Shown are representative images from shControl and Dlg1 shKD#1 cells, showing misoriented divisions following Dlg1 depletion. (J) Quantification of early cell divisions in MDCKII cysts from experiments as in I, n=95 and 78 from three independent experiments; ***P<0.0001 (Mann–Whitney test). Error bars show mean±s.e.m. Scale bars: 10 µm. knocked down Dlg1 using two independent siRNAs (Fig. 1A) and cells embedded in a pure collagen I matrix; the cells are entirely saw that this disrupted normal lumen formation in Matrigel 3D surrounded by collagen and so have no external polarity cues, unlike culture, giving rise to cysts with multiple lumens, as marked by Matrigel culture where they are seeded on a layer of Matrigel under strong apical actin staining (Fig. 1B, quantified in C). We next grew an upper layer of media supplemented with 2% Matrigel. Single Journal of Cell Science 2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Journal of Cell Science (2019) 132, jcs230086. doi:10.1242/jcs.230086 MDCKII cells grown for eight to 10 days embedded in this mental dysfunction and craniofacial abnormalities in humans anisotropic collagen I matrix produce cysts with a single lumen, as (Hackett et al., 2010). It is well-characterised in neurons (Hsueh, marked with apical actin and GP135 (podocalyxin) staining 2006) where it regulates both trafficking (Lin et al., 2013) and (Fig. 1D, top left panel).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
    Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Supporting Information for a Microrna Network Regulates
    Supporting Information for A microRNA Network Regulates Expression and Biosynthesis of CFTR and CFTR-ΔF508 Shyam Ramachandrana,b, Philip H. Karpc, Peng Jiangc, Lynda S. Ostedgaardc, Amy E. Walza, John T. Fishere, Shaf Keshavjeeh, Kim A. Lennoxi, Ashley M. Jacobii, Scott D. Rosei, Mark A. Behlkei, Michael J. Welshb,c,d,g, Yi Xingb,c,f, Paul B. McCray Jr.a,b,c Author Affiliations: Department of Pediatricsa, Interdisciplinary Program in Geneticsb, Departments of Internal Medicinec, Molecular Physiology and Biophysicsd, Anatomy and Cell Biologye, Biomedical Engineeringf, Howard Hughes Medical Instituteg, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA-52242 Division of Thoracic Surgeryh, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada-M5G 2C4 Integrated DNA Technologiesi, Coralville, IA-52241 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Email: [email protected] (M.J.W.); yi- [email protected] (Y.X.); Email: [email protected] (P.B.M.) This PDF file includes: Materials and Methods References Fig. S1. miR-138 regulates SIN3A in a dose-dependent and site-specific manner. Fig. S2. miR-138 regulates endogenous SIN3A protein expression. Fig. S3. miR-138 regulates endogenous CFTR protein expression in Calu-3 cells. Fig. S4. miR-138 regulates endogenous CFTR protein expression in primary human airway epithelia. Fig. S5. miR-138 regulates CFTR expression in HeLa cells. Fig. S6. miR-138 regulates CFTR expression in HEK293T cells. Fig. S7. HeLa cells exhibit CFTR channel activity. Fig. S8. miR-138 improves CFTR processing. Fig. S9. miR-138 improves CFTR-ΔF508 processing. Fig. S10. SIN3A inhibition yields partial rescue of Cl- transport in CF epithelia.
    [Show full text]
  • Individual Protomers of a G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dimer Integrate Distinct Functional Modules
    OPEN Citation: Cell Discovery (2015) 1, 15011; doi:10.1038/celldisc.2015.11 © 2015 SIBS, CAS All rights reserved 2056-5968/15 ARTICLE www.nature.com/celldisc Individual protomers of a G protein-coupled receptor dimer integrate distinct functional modules Nathan D Camp1, Kyung-Soon Lee2, Jennifer L Wacker-Mhyre2, Timothy S Kountz2, Ji-Min Park2, Dorathy-Ann Harris2, Marianne Estrada2, Aaron Stewart2, Alejandro Wolf-Yadlin1, Chris Hague2 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; 2Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA Recent advances in proteomic technology reveal G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are organized as large, macromolecular protein complexes in cell membranes, adding a new layer of intricacy to GPCR signaling. We previously reported the α1D-adrenergic receptor (ADRA1D)—a key regulator of cardiovascular, urinary and CNS function—binds the syntrophin family of PDZ domain proteins (SNTA, SNTB1, and SNTB2) through a C-terminal PDZ ligand inter- action, ensuring receptor plasma membrane localization and G-protein coupling. To assess the uniqueness of this novel GPCR complex, 23 human GPCRs containing Type I PDZ ligands were subjected to TAP/MS proteomic analysis. Syntrophins did not interact with any other GPCRs. Unexpectedly, a second PDZ domain protein, scribble (SCRIB), was detected in ADRA1D complexes. Biochemical, proteomic, and dynamic mass redistribution analyses indicate syntrophins and SCRIB compete for the PDZ ligand, simultaneously exist within an ADRA1D multimer, and impart divergent pharmacological properties to the complex. Our results reveal an unprecedented modular dimeric architecture for the ADRA1D in the cell membrane, providing unexpected opportunities for fine-tuning receptor function through novel protein interactions in vivo, and for intervening in signal transduction with small molecules that can stabilize or disrupt unique GPCR:PDZ protein interfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewed and Published Immediately Upon Acceptance Cited in Pubmed and Archived on Pubmed Central Yours — You Keep the Copyright
    BMC Genomics BioMed Central Research article Open Access Differential gene expression in ADAM10 and mutant ADAM10 transgenic mice Claudia Prinzen1, Dietrich Trümbach2, Wolfgang Wurst2, Kristina Endres1, Rolf Postina1 and Falk Fahrenholz*1 Address: 1Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute of Biochemistry, Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany and 2Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany Email: Claudia Prinzen - [email protected]; Dietrich Trümbach - [email protected]; Wolfgang Wurst - [email protected]; Kristina Endres - [email protected]; Rolf Postina - [email protected]; Falk Fahrenholz* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 5 February 2009 Received: 19 June 2008 Accepted: 5 February 2009 BMC Genomics 2009, 10:66 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-66 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/66 © 2009 Prinzen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: In a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease (AD), cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the α-secretase ADAM10 prevented amyloid plaque formation, and alleviated cognitive deficits. Furthermore, ADAM10 overexpression increased the cortical synaptogenesis. These results suggest that upregulation of ADAM10 in the brain has beneficial effects on AD pathology. Results: To assess the influence of ADAM10 on the gene expression profile in the brain, we performed a microarray analysis using RNA isolated from brains of five months old mice overexpressing either the α-secretase ADAM10, or a dominant-negative mutant (dn) of this enzyme.
    [Show full text]
  • Role and Regulation of the P53-Homolog P73 in the Transformation of Normal Human Fibroblasts
    Role and regulation of the p53-homolog p73 in the transformation of normal human fibroblasts Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Lars Hofmann aus Aschaffenburg Würzburg 2007 Eingereicht am Mitglieder der Promotionskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Dr. Martin J. Müller Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael P. Schön Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Georg Krohne Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig angefertigt und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Quellen verwendet habe. Diese Arbeit wurde weder in gleicher noch in ähnlicher Form in einem anderen Prüfungsverfahren vorgelegt. Ich habe früher, außer den mit dem Zulassungsgesuch urkundlichen Graden, keine weiteren akademischen Grade erworben und zu erwerben gesucht. Würzburg, Lars Hofmann Content SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ IV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................. V 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Molecular basics of cancer .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Early research on tumorigenesis ................................................................................. 3 1.3. Developing
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Manufactured for Therapeutic Applications
    Stem Cell Rev and Rep DOI 10.1007/s12015-016-9662-8 Detailed Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Manufactured for Therapeutic Applications Behnam Ahmadian Baghbaderani 1 & Adhikarla Syama2 & Renuka Sivapatham3 & Ying Pei4 & Odity Mukherjee2 & Thomas Fellner1 & Xianmin Zeng3,4 & Mahendra S. Rao5,6 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract We have recently described manufacturing of hu- help determine which set of tests will be most useful in mon- man induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) master cell banks itoring the cells and establishing criteria for discarding a line. (MCB) generated by a clinically compliant process using cord blood as a starting material (Baghbaderani et al. in Stem Cell Keywords Induced pluripotent stem cells . Embryonic stem Reports, 5(4), 647–659, 2015). In this manuscript, we de- cells . Manufacturing . cGMP . Consent . Markers scribe the detailed characterization of the two iPSC clones generated using this process, including whole genome se- quencing (WGS), microarray, and comparative genomic hy- Introduction bridization (aCGH) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. We compare their profiles with a proposed calibra- Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are akin to embryonic tion material and with a reporter subclone and lines made by a stem cells (ESC) [2] in their developmental potential, but dif- similar process from different donors. We believe that iPSCs fer from ESC in the starting cell used and the requirement of a are likely to be used to make multiple clinical products. We set of proteins to induce pluripotency [3]. Although function- further believe that the lines used as input material will be used ally identical, iPSCs may differ from ESC in subtle ways, at different sites and, given their immortal status, will be used including in their epigenetic profile, exposure to the environ- for many years or even decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Drosophila and Human Transcriptomic Data Mining Provides Evidence for Therapeutic
    Drosophila and human transcriptomic data mining provides evidence for therapeutic mechanism of pentylenetetrazole in Down syndrome Author Abhay Sharma Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Delhi University Campus, Mall Road Delhi 110007, India Tel: +91-11-27666156, Fax: +91-11-27662407 Email: [email protected] Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2010.4330.1 Posted 5 Apr 2010 Running head: Pentylenetetrazole mechanism in Down syndrome 1 Abstract Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) has recently been found to ameliorate cognitive impairment in rodent models of Down syndrome (DS). The mechanism underlying PTZ’s therapeutic effect is however not clear. Microarray profiling has previously reported differential expression of genes in DS. No mammalian transcriptomic data on PTZ treatment however exists. Nevertheless, a Drosophila model inspired by rodent models of PTZ induced kindling plasticity has recently been described. Microarray profiling has shown PTZ’s downregulatory effect on gene expression in fly heads. In a comparative transcriptomics approach, I have analyzed the available microarray data in order to identify potential mechanism of PTZ action in DS. I find that transcriptomic correlates of chronic PTZ in Drosophila and DS counteract each other. A significant enrichment is observed between PTZ downregulated and DS upregulated genes, and a significant depletion between PTZ downregulated and DS dowwnregulated genes. Further, the common genes in PTZ Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2010.4330.1 Posted 5 Apr 2010 downregulated and DS upregulated sets show enrichment for MAP kinase pathway. My analysis suggests that downregulation of MAP kinase pathway may mediate therapeutic effect of PTZ in DS. Existing evidence implicating MAP kinase pathway in DS supports this observation.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Supporting Information Vashishtha et al. 10.1073/pnas.1311323110 SI Materials and Methods events were identified using the genome positioning system algo- Mice Brain Tissue Preparation for ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq Experiments. rithm (4). For 12-wk samples, we used IgG-bound DNA as the At King’s College London, hemizygous R6/2 mice were bred control, and for 8-wk samples, we used a uniform background. We by backcrossing R6/2 males to (CBA × C57BL/6) F1 females used a calculated alignable genome size of 2.107 Gbp, a standard (B6CBAF1/OlaHsd; Harlan Olac) and maintained as previously expected ChIP-Seq read distribution, a multiple hypothesis cor- described (1). The CAG repeat was 204.7 ± 5.8. These mice were rected enrichment q-value cutoff of 1e-2, and a minimum α-value used for ChIP-PCR experiments. All experimental mice (Jack- of 30. Genes associated with binding events inferred from ChIP- fi son Laboratory) for ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq (∼120 CAG re- seq were identi ed using annotations from the refFlat (RefSeq fi peats) were housed five per cage in a colony maintained on a database) le from the UCSC mm9 tables on May 30, 2011. For fi 12-h light/12-h dark cycle (lights on from 0700 to 1900 h) at visualization of read density at speci c loci, ChIP-Seq aligned constant temperature (23 °C). Animals were provided with ad reads were shifted according to a peak shift model built by MACS libitum access to food and water. All animal protocols were ap- (5) and uploaded to the UCSC genome browser.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression of Periaxin (PRX) Specifically in the Human
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Expression of periaxin (PRX) specifcally in the human cerebrovascular system: PDZ Received: 6 November 2017 Accepted: 13 June 2018 domain-mediated strengthening Published: xx xx xxxx of endothelial barrier function Michael M. Wang1,2,3,4, Xiaojie Zhang1,2, Soo Jung Lee1,2, Snehaa Maripudi1,3, Richard F. Keep2,4,5, Allison M. Johnson4,6,7, Svetlana M. Stamatovic6,7 & Anuska V. Andjelkovic4,6,7 Regulation of cerebral endothelial cell function plays an essential role in changes in blood-brain barrier permeability. Proteins that are important for establishment of endothelial tight junctions have emerged as critical molecules, and PDZ domain containing-molecules are among the most important. We have discovered that the PDZ-domain containing protein periaxin (PRX) is expressed in human cerebral endothelial cells. Surprisingly, PRX protein is not detected in brain endothelium in other mammalian species, suggesting that it could confer human-specifc vascular properties. In endothelial cells, PRX is predominantly localized to the nucleus and not tight junctions. Transcriptome analysis shows that PRX expression suppresses, by at least 50%, a panel of infammatory markers, of which 70% are Type I interferon response genes; only four genes were signifcantly activated by PRX expression. When expressed in mouse endothelial cells, PRX strengthens barrier function, signifcantly increases transendothelial electrical resistance (~35%; p < 0.05), and reduces the permeability of a wide range of molecules. The PDZ domain of PRX is necessary and sufcient for its barrier enhancing properties, since a splice variant (S-PRX) that contains only the PDZ domain, also increases barrier function. PRX also attenuates the permeability enhancing efects of lipopolysaccharide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between the Tumour Suppressor Dlg1 and the MAGUK Protein CASK Is Required for Oriented Cell Division in Mammalian Epithelia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/482588; this version posted November 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The interaction between the tumour suppressor Dlg1 and the MAGUK protein CASK is required for oriented cell division in mammalian epithelia Andrew P. Porter1, Gavin White1, Natalie A. Mack1,2, Angeliki Malliri1* 1 Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK 2 Present address: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/482588; this version posted November 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Oriented cell divisions are important for the formation of normal epithelial structures. Dlg1, a tumour suppressor, is required for oriented cell division in Drosophila epithelia and chick neuroepithelia, but how Dlg1 is localised to the membrane and its importance in mammalian epithelia are unknown. Here we show that Dlg1 is required in non-transformed mammalian epithelial cells for oriented cell divisions, and for normal lumen formation in 3D culture. We demonstrate that CASK, a membrane-associated scaffold, is the factor responsible for Dlg1 membrane localisation during spindle orientation, and thereby identify a new cellular function for CASK.
    [Show full text]
  • Omaima Nasir1
    Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020 17(1): 327-346. OPEN ACCESS Exploring the Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of the Gum arabic ( Acacia senegal ) Based on Gene Expression Microarray Omaima Nasir1 1Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. *Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected] Received 22-01-2019, Revised: 16-02-2020, Accepted: 20- 02-2020 e-Published: 01-03-2020 To investigate the differential expression of genes after Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) administration by microarray study.The microarray was performed using colonic tissue of BALB/c s at 8 weeks of age treated with10% (w/w) GA dissolved in drinking water and control had a normal tap water for 4 days. A total 100 genes were analyzed by the pathway, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis, construction of target genes—miRNA interaction network, target and genes-transcription factor (TF) interaction. We discuss key issues pertaining to experimental design, data preprocessing, and gene selection methods. Common types of data representation are illustrated. A total of 100 differentially miRNAs were screened and identified by microarray according to fold change the top genes which were significantly 59 genes with up-regulation and 41 genes down regulation, after Gum Arabic administration for 4 days. The data may unravel the future molecular mechanisms of Gum arabic by applying various bio-informatical approaches, we have revealed top score upregulation genes were 23, and down regulated genes with top score were 38.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cardiac Stretch-Induced Transcriptomic Changes are Axis-Dependent Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m04f0b0 Author Buchholz, Kyle Stephen Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cardiac Stretch-Induced Transcriptomic Changes are Axis-Dependent A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Bioengineering by Kyle Stephen Buchholz Committee in Charge: Professor Jeffrey Omens, Chair Professor Andrew McCulloch, Co-Chair Professor Ju Chen Professor Karen Christman Professor Robert Ross Professor Alexander Zambon 2016 Copyright Kyle Stephen Buchholz, 2016 All rights reserved Signature Page The Dissertation of Kyle Stephen Buchholz is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii Dedication To my beautiful wife, Rhia. iv Table of Contents Signature Page ................................................................................................................... iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Figures ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]