Stochastic Bilevel Models for Revenue Management in the Hotel Industry

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Stochastic Bilevel Models for Revenue Management in the Hotel Industry UNIVERSITE´ DE MONTREAL´ STOCHASTIC BILEVEL MODELS FOR REVENUE MANAGEMENT IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY JULIO CESAR´ MONTECINOS MERY DEPARTEMENT´ DE MATHEMATIQUE´ ET DE GENIE´ INDUSTRIEL ECOLE´ POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL´ THESE` PRESENT´ EE´ EN VUE DE L'OBTENTION DU DIPLOME^ DE PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR (GENIE´ INDUSTRIEL) JANVIER 2014 c Julio C´esar Montecinos Mery, 2014. UNIVERSITE´ DE MONTREAL´ ECOLE´ POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL´ Cette th`eseintitul´ee : STOCHASTIC BILEVEL MODELS FOR REVENUE MANAGEMENT IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY pr´esent´ee par : MONTECINOS MERY Julio C´esar en vue de l'obtention du dipl^ome de : Philosophiæ Doctor a ´et´ed^ument accept´eepar le jury d'examen constitu´ede : M. ANJOS Miguel F., Ph.D., pr´esident M. SAVARD Gilles, Ph.D., membre et directeur de recherche M. MARCOTTE Patrice, Ph.D., membre et codirecteur de recherche Mme FREJINGER Emma, Doctorat, membre M. ANDERSON Christopher, Ph.D., membre iii This thesis is dedicated to Paulina & Francisca, You are always in my heart . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT The development of this thesis would have not been possible without the guidance of my supervisors, M. Gilles Savard and M. Patrice Marcotte. I am very grateful and indebted for all the time and effort expended on me during these years. I also want to express my gratitude to the committee that will review this thesis for any suggestion or questions that can improve or clarify any aspect of this research. Several people contributed to the advancement of this work through the discussion of theoretical and technical aspects. I am very grateful to all of them for sharing their skills, their precious comments and suggestions through all these years. I would also like to extend my gratitude to many teachers and faculty members from my first years in the school until now, from Chile, France and Quebec, for supporting my ambitions during so many years. My family, specially my wife and my daughter, were also the main force behind me and they will be always source of energy and inspiration. I also want to express my gratitude to the students and personnel of CIRRELT and to the Mathematics and Industrial Engineering Department at Ecole` Polytechnique. I want to recognize my admiration to the student members of this research team, to whom I had the privilege to exchange ideas from the MSc and PhD programs. Finally, I want to be thankful to all my friends here in Montreal and my family in Chile. v RESUM´ E´ La Gestion du Revenu consiste `amaximiser le revenu des compagnies. Cette technique est pratiqu´ee, entre autres, dans les secteurs de l'a´eronautique, des t´el´ecommunications et de l'h^otellerie. Dans cette th`ese, nous d´eveloppons et r´esolvons un mod`ele stochastique bi- niveau pour l'industrie h^oteli`ere qui est consid´er´ee,de nos jours, comme une industrie m^ure caract´eris´eepar une forte comp´etition et une gestion des inventaires compliqu´ee. Nous avons remarqu´eque durant ces trente derni`eres ann´ees, la recherche dans le domaine de la gestion du revenu dans l'industrie h^oteli`ere n'a pas propos´eou r´esolu de mod`eles qui consid`erent simultan´ement l'affectation des inventaires, le prix, la longueur du s´ejour, la qualit´ede ser- vice et l'incertitude. Par cons´equent, le but de cette th`eseest de d´evelopper un nouveau mod`ele de gestion du revenu dans l'industrie h^oteli`ere qui permet aux gestionnaires d'h^otels de prendre en compte certaines donn´ees pertinentes pour la prise des d´ecisions relatives `ala tarification et l'affectation des inventaires en se basant sur une meilleure compr´ehension du comportement des clients et de l'incertitude du march´e.Nous nous inspirons pour cela des mod`eles biniveau de tarification et des mod`eles stochastiques `adeux ´etapes. Dans le cas d´eterministe, le meneur (leader) de l'industrie essaie, au niveau sup´erieur, de fixer les prix de ses inventaires de fa¸con`amaximiser ses revenus. Puis, les usagers essaient, au niveau inf´erieur, de minimiser leurs d´epenses en fonction des diff´erentes alternatives. Dans le but d'introduire le facteur de l'incertitude, nous avons d´evelopp´eun mod`ele stochastique `adeux ´etapes : `ala premi`ere ´etape, le meneur, comme dans le cas d´eterministe, fixe ses prix en maximisant ses profits. Puis, chaque groupe d'utilisateurs choisit, au niveau inf´erieur, les inventaires les moins chers tout en consid´erant les attributs qu'ils ont pr´ealablement d´efinis (distance et qualit´ede service). A` la seconde ´etape, nous introduisons de l'incertitude sur le prix fix´epar les concurrents ainsi que sur la demande. En r´eaction, le meneur doit ajuster ses prix et ses affectations d'inventaires, ce qui implique des changements dans les distributions des groupes d'usagers aussi. Ces deux ´etapes sont li´eespar des contraintes absolues et proportionnelles relatives `ala variation du prix de chaque inventaire. Comme ce mod`ele est un mod`ele stochastique biniveau `adeux ´etapes, il h´erite la propri´et´eNP-Difficile du mod`ele biniveau d´eterministe. Dans ce mod`ele, nous consid´erons que l'incertitude peut ^etre mod´elis´eeen utilisant des vecteurs al´eatoires qui suivent une certaine distribution de probabilit´econnue. Cette infor- mation peut provenir des donn´ees historiques ou d'une connaissance empirique de la fonction de masse qui repr´esente fid`element la vraie distribution. Nous supposons que les vecteurs al´eatoires ont un nombre fini de r´ealisations qui, dans notre cas, correspondent aux sc´enarios. vi Afin de r´esoudre notre mod`ele, nous avons d´evelopp´enon seulement des strat´egies exactes, mais aussi des heuristiques. La strat´egie exacte consiste `atransformer le probl`eme de base en un probl`eme MIP (Mixed Integer Program), qui est standard pour ce type de probl`eme. La principale r´eussite en termes d'heuristiques est le d´eveloppement d'une heuristique gloutonne capable de r´esoudre le probl`eme de mani`ere efficace. Cette heuristique consiste `acopier les prix des concurrents et `ar´e-optimiser en faveur du meneur. Pour continuer avec une recherche globale, le processus d'exploration a ´et´esuivi par un probl`eme MIP restreint qui se base sur la solution fournie par notre heuristique. Finalement, la strat´egie exacte support´eepar les heuristiques consiste `aajouter au probl`eme MIP original une heuristique qui cherche les solutions enti`eres, par la proc´edure d'´evaluation et s´eparation progressive (B&B), et qui permet d'ajuster directement la borne inf´erieure. Une fois que les heuristiques et le mod`ele ont ´et´ed´evelopp´es,nous avons cr´e´eun processus de g´en´eration de donn´ees. Ce processus cherche non seulement `ag´en´erer des instances r´ealistes pour l'industrie, mais aussi `a´eviter les situations atypiques. Pour cela, nous avons mod´elis´e la fluctuation du prix et de la demande en utilisant des variables al´eatoires uniformes, et nous avons d´evelopp´eun processus analytique qui permet d'ignorer rapidement les situations atypiques. Les r´esultats num´eriques sont pr´esent´espour les trois strat´egies pr´ec´edentes. Le r´esultat le plus satisfaisant est celui bas´esur notre heuristique compl´et´eepar un probl`eme MIP restreint. De plus, les r´esultats obtenus sont en accord avec le comportement ´economique. Selon que le meneur a ou n'a pas d'avantage comp´etitif en ce qui concerne la localisation des h^otels, il aura un comportement plus ou moins pr´edateur face `ases concurrents. Dans le cas o`uil a un avantage comp´etitif, le meneur cherchera `aimiter le prix de ses concurrents afin d'attirer les groupes d'usagers offrant les revenus les plus importants. Lorsque le meneur n'est pas dans une position avantageuse, il fixera ses prix plus bas que ses concurrents pour attirer les groupes d'utilisateurs qui sont sensibles `ala distance, mais aussi ceux qui sont plus sensibles `ala qualit´edu service. Pour cela, il devra relocaliser ses inventaires en ignorant les groupes d'usagers qui lui procureront de faibles revenus. Finalement, un certain nombre d'analyses de sensibilit´eont ´et´er´ealis´ees pour ´evaluer la performance du mod`ele. Premi`erement, nous avons introduit la stochasticit´esimultan´ement sur le prix et la demande. Ensuite, nous avons complexifi´ele mod`ele en variant la capacit´e de l'industrie. Notre heuristique a permis d'obtenir un r´esultat conforme au comportement ´economique esp´er´e. vii Par cons´equent, les principales contributions de cette recherche sont : l'´elaboration d'un mod`ele complexe pour la gestion des revenus h^oteliers, la r´esolution de grands et de petits exemples en un temps de calcul raisonnable, l'obtention de bons r´esultats gr^ace `al'utilisa- tion de notre heuristique (m^eme si nous ne pouvons pas garantir qu'il s'agit de la solution optimale), et l'offre de r´esultats utiles pour la prise de d´ecision dans l'industrie h^oteli`ere. viii ABSTRACT Revenue Management consists in maximizing a company's revenue. This technique is applied in the airline, telecommunications, and hospitality industry, among others. In this thesis, we develop and solve a stochastic bilevel model for the hotel industry, which is nowa- days considered as a mature industry marked by an intense competition and by a complex inventory management. We noticed that over the last 30 years, Hotel Revenue Management research has not proposed and solved models that consider simultaneously inventory assign- ments, price, length of stay, quality of service and uncertainty.
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