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fascism 3 (2014) 117-151 brill.com/fasc Approaching the Social History of Romanian Fascism The Legionaries of Vâlcea County in the Interwar Period Oliver Jens Schmitt Professor, Institute of East European History, University of Vienna, Austria [email protected] Abstract This article explores fascist mobilization in Romania on a regional and local level. Focusing on the south-western Romanian county of Rîmnicu Vâlcea it combines quali- tative analysis with the quantitative analysis of approximately 1,350 members of the Legionary Movement. Vâlcea provides an example of a district which was not a fascist stronghold: the fascist leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu failed to establish a stable orga- nizational network. Only when the local bishop actively supported small circles of young village intellectuals did fascist mobilization gain momentum. The overwhelm- ing peasant majority of members joined the movement rather late (1937). This article concludes that there were differences between village intellectuals who believed in an ideological community of creed and peasant members who strove for social revolution. Keywords fascism – Romania – Legionary Movement – social history – Vâlcea Comparative studies of European fascism in the interwar period have obtained an impressive level of sophistication. Over the last twenty years special atten- tion has been paid to the analysis of fascist ideology and to theoretical inter- pretations of ‘generic fascism’. The field of fascist studies is dominated by the * This article was supported by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Vienna. © Oliver Jens Schmitt, 2014 | doi 10.1163/22116257-00302005 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 11:27:31AM via free access <UN> 118 Schmitt history of ideas and recent theories inspired by cultural studies.1 The gap between theoretical attempts at defining fascism and the negligence of docu- mentary material in archives has become so striking that scholars, such as Sven Reichardt or Constantin Iordachi have expressed regret at this state of research. As Iordachi has recently noted ‘theoretical debates on fascism were often divorced from empirical research; the definition of fascism became an aim in itself rather than a research tool.’2 Iordachi advocates a comparative entangled history of fascisms which does not exclusively rely on a German/Italian model and regional divergences from ‘ideal’ forms of fascism. He proposes studying fascism in East and South-East Europe without constant reference to a norma- tive model based on Western examples. Much ink has been spilt on the ideology of the Legionary Movement, the most important fascist phenomenon in South East Europe, and recently schol- ars have rightly pointed to its modern revolutionary character thereby over- coming orientalist ideas of a primitive rural Romania.3 One cannot but agree with approaches which de-orientalize the Legionary Movement and demon- strate the high degree of modernity contained in core elements of Legionary ideology.4 But still, scholars concentrate on propaganda texts and have so far, 1 For example, Roger Griffin, ‘The Primacy of Culture: The Current Growth (or Manufacture) of Consensus within Fascist Studies,’ Journal of Contemporary History 37 (2002): 21–43; Marius Turda, ‘Conservative Palingenesis and Cultural Modernism in Early Twentieth-century Romania,’ Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 9, no. 4 (2008): 437–53; Daniel Ursprung, ‘Faschismus in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa: Theorien, Ansätze, Fragestellungen,’ in Der Einfluss von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus auf Minderheiten in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa, ed. Harald Roth and Mariana Hausleitner (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2006), 9–52; Alessandra Tarquini, Storia della cultura fascista (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2011). 2 Constantin Iordachi, ‘Fascism on Southeastern Europe: A Comparison between Romania’s Legion of the Archangel Michael and Croatia’s Ustaša,’ in Entangled Histories of the Balkans. Vol. 2. Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions, ed. Roumen Daskalov and Diana Mishkova (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014), 355–68, here 365; Sven Reichardt, ‘Neue Wege der ver- gleichenden Faschismusforschung,’ Mittelweg 36 16, no. 1 (2007): 9–25; cf. Armin Heinen and Oliver Jens Schmitt, ‘Einführung,’ in Inszenierte Gegenmacht von rechts: Die ‘Legion Erzengel Michael’ in Rumänien 1918–1938, ed. Armin Heinen and Oliver Jens Schmitt (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2013), 7–12. 3 For an assessment of the state of the art in the field of Legionary studies see Armin Heinen and Oliver Jens Schmitt, ed., Inszenierte Gegengewalt von rechts: Die ‘Legion Erzengel Michael’ im Rumänien 1918–1938 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2013). 4 For the history of the Legionary movements see the classical works by: Armin Heinen, Die Legion ‘Erzengel Michael’ in Rumänien: Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1986); Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaţionalismului (Bucharest: Humanitas, 1993); among recent scholarship see Roland Downloadedfascism from Brill.com09/26/20213 (2014) 117-151 11:27:31AM via free access <UN> Approaching The Social History Of Romanian Fascism 119 with the notable exception of Irina Livezeanu,5 failed to produce a social his- tory of the Legionary intelligentsia. The huge number of students associations, fascist practices and rituals in the intelligentsia milieu and the emergence of fascist circles in major provincial towns as Iaşi, Cluj or Cernăuţi have only par- tially been subject to in-depth analysis.6 Studies on the Legionary Movement are still much characterized by extrapolations – from the core group of radical students and intellectuals to the rest of the members, from Bucharest to the rest of the country.7 Clark, European Fascists and Local Activists: Romania’s Legion of the Archangel, 1922–1928 (PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 2012), accessed March 18, 2014, http://d-scholarship.pitt .edu/11837/1/ETD_Thesis_-_Clark.pdf; for a thorough theoretical conceptualization see: Constantin Iordachi, ‘Charisma, religion, and ideology: Romania’s Interwar Legion of the Archangel Michael,’ in Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-Century Southeastern Europe, ed. John R. Lampe and Mark Mazower (Budapest, New York: ceu Press, 2004), 15–53. 5 Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building & Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). 6 There are however numerous works on the history of universities e.g. Istoria universităţii din Iaşi, ed. Gheorghe Iacob and Alexandru Florin Platon (Iaşi: Editura universităţii A.I. Cuza, 2010); the recent history of extreme right-wing extremism at universities is provided by the introduction to Lucian Năstasă, ed., Antisemitismul universitar în România, 1919–1939: Mărturii documentare (Cluj-Napoca: Kriterion, 2011); Lucian Năstasă, ‘Die Unmöglichkeit des Andersseins: Überlegungen zum universitären Antisemitismus in Rumänien, 1920–1940,’ Jahrbuch für Universitätsgeschichte 4 (2001): 54–67. 7 Leon Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s (Oxford: crc Pr. Inc., 1991); Zigu Ornea, The Romanian Extreme Right: The Nineteen Thirties (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1999); Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine, Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco: L’oubli du fascisme (Paris: puf, 2002); Florin Ţurcanu, Mircea Eliade: Le prison- nier de l’histoire (Paris: La découverte, 2003); Patrice Bollon, Cioran der Ketzer (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006); Sorin Lavric, Noica şi miscarea legionară (Bucharest: Humanitas, 2007); Marta Petreu, Diavolul şi ucenicul său: Nae Ionescu - Mihail Sebastian (Bucharest: Polirom, 2009); Marta Petreu, De la Junimea la Noica: Studii de cultură românească (Iaşi: Polirom, 2011); Mircea Platon, ‘The Iron Guard and the “Modern State”: Iron Guard Leaders Vasile Marin and Ion I. Moţa, and the “New European Order”,’ Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies 1 (2012): 65–90, accessed August 28, 2014, http://booksandjournals.brillonline .com/content/journals/10.1163/22116257-00201002; recent publications as Radu Harald Dinu, Faschismus, Religion und Gewalt in Südosteuropa: Die Legion Erzengel Michael und die Ustaša im historischen Vergleich (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2013) do not really offer new perspec- tives since they focus on comparison in a research discussion where at least the Romanian case has to be studied for its own sake before a thorough comparison relying on a firm empir- ical base can be conducted. fascism 3 (2014) 117-151 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 11:27:31AM via free access <UN> 120 Schmitt There are numerous reasons which justify small-scale approaches to South East European fascism – but the most striking one is the lack of methodologi- cally rigorous case studies. For the Legionary Movement we possess mono- graphs on Bucovina, the Dobruja and Bessarabia which are very descriptive in their narrative structure.8 Several rather short articles try to highlight cases on the level of the judeţ [county].9 Yet none of these studies operate with models of social history that have been introduced into studies of German and Italian fascisms. Indeed, apart from several fragmented pieces of evidence, we have no thorough statistical data on the social composition and social dynamics of the Legionary Movement.
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    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLIII 2013 RESEARCH ON THE IDENTIFICATION AND PROMOTION OF AGROTURISTIC POTENTIAL OF TERRITORY BETWEEN JIU AND OLT RIVER CĂLINA AUREL, CĂLINA JENICA, CROITORU CONSTANTIN ALIN University of Craiova, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture Keywords: agrotourism, agrotourism potential, agrotouristic services, rural area. ABSTRACT The idea of undertaking this research emerged in 1993, when was taking in study for doctoral thesis region between Jiu and Olt River. Starting this year, for over 20 years, I studied very thoroughly this area and concluded that it has a rich and diverse natural and anthropic tourism potential that is not exploited to its true value. Also scientific researches have shown that the area benefits of an environment with particular beauty and purity, of an ethnographic and folklore thesaurus of great originality and attractiveness represented by: specific architecture, traditional crafts, folk techniques, ancestral habits, religion, holidays, filled with historical and art monuments, archeological sites, museums etc.. All these natural and human tourism resources constitute a very favorable and stimulating factor in the implementation and sustained development of agritourism and rural tourism activities in the great and the unique land between Jiu and Olt River. INTRODUCTION Agritourism and rural tourism as economic and socio-cultural activities are part of protection rules for built and natural environment, namely tourism based on ecological principles, became parts of ecotourism, which as definition and content goes beyond protected areas (Grolleau H., 1988 and Annick Deshons, 2006).
  • Llachian Edicts in the Hilandar Monastery Library

    Llachian Edicts in the Hilandar Monastery Library

    A Philological Survey of Late 15th Century Wallachian Edicts in the Hilandar Monastery Library A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University j by I Jeffrey Scott Otto, B.A. l * * * * * I l The Ohio State University ~ 1994 I~. Master's Examination Committee: Approved by r:; Charles Gribble ~~r :J ($k_g il David Robinson ii ;j George Kalbouss Advisor !I 'i,, Lyubomira Parpulova Department of Slavic and East European f! ~~ /j td Languages and Literatures iJ :! 'i '; ~ i Ji jJ !! "ABpO~ U9A9 9W S9J!dSU! aouauaoxa ~o puewap 6U!S!WOJdwooun aso4M '?AO~UQW!S BA'BISOJ!V\1 0.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my heartfelt thanks and deepest appreciation to Dr. Predrag Matejic, Curator of the Hilandar Research Library and Director of the Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies. His invaluable assistance in the areas of medieval Slavic texts, Slavic paleography, Bible scholarship, Balkan history, and the Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian languages were of paramount significance in the course of my research. It was through his constant support and guidance that the initial idea for this research project saw its potential fully realized in this thesis. Special thanks go to my advisor Dr. Charles Gribble for his guidance in my thesis and overall graduate program. I acknowledge Dr. Rodica Botoman and Dr. Irina Livezeanu for their kind assistance in translating Romanian source material and locating bibliographic sources. Additional linguistic and paleographic assistance was provided by Dr. Daniel Collins, the Very Reverend Father Mateja Matejic, and Dr.