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Synopsis of Biological Data on the Pinfish, Lagodon Rhomboides

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Synopsis of Biological Data on the Pinfish, Lagodon Rhomboides Synopsis of Biological Data on the Pînfîsh, Lagodonrhomboides (Pisces: Sparídae) February 1985 FAÛ Fhere 5yiossNo. 141 SASTLQgothrn. rlìciiT'bcìid9s7O(:9)367,O1 US. DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE 'Nationat Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nationa3 Marine, Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS NMFS The ,aor wwponibt)ttir ( the tonat Marine r!nhrros Serka (NMPS) an. to atoffitor and en. the abundance and graphtc' dtwbotrnn of flhnry rceoirnxn, to undctstand and pandict fluotttattoas a the quanto and <hntrtbutton nf thn'c rnources. and to cetabliah lveh frit optiniton unethC reroutons, NMFS s airo çhaeed wfth ito- dese!opntnnt and impietnen- tattoo of pohotes for ni nCginnatioctit fish!ng grounds deseloptoent and entoroernent of domean. finherte'. aiion anccIlnof forcuja fishtre Mf United Stitica criOttiti oriels, anti the deoetriprnriat md cof rm.enIenl of titu.rnatirnat flshr ,tgrcenwn!s and poLicies. 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NOAA Technical Report NMFS 23 PfMOSF lo Synopsis of Biological Data (y o w on the Pinfish, Q z C- Lagodon rhomboides o MENT Of (Pisces: Sparidae) George H. Darcy February 1985 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 141 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration John V. Byrne, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recom- mend or endorse any propriety product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publica- tion furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised pro- duct to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction i 1 IDENTITY 1.1 Nomenclature 1.11 Validname 1.12 Objective synonymy 1 1.2 Taxonomy 1.21Affinities 1 1.22 Taxonomic status 2 1.23 Subspecies 2 1.24 Standard common names, vernacular names 2 1.3 Morphology 2 1.31External morphology 2 * 1.32 Cytomorphology *1.33Protein specificity 2 DISTRIBUTION 3 2.1 Totalarea 3 2.2 Differential distribution 3 2.21 Spawn, larvae, and juveniles 3 2.22 Adults 5 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes 5 *2.4 Hybridization 3 BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY 6 3.1 Reproduction 6 3.1 1Sexuality 6 3.12 Maturity 6 3.13 Mating 6 3.14 Fertilization 6 3.15 Gonads 6 3.16 Spawning 6 3.17 Spawn 7 3.2 Preadult phase 7 3.21 Embryonic phase 7 3.22 Larvae and adolescent phase 7 3.3 Adult phase 9 3.31 Longevity 9 3.32 Hardiness 10 3.33 Competitors 11 3.34 Predators 11 3.35Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities 12 3.36 Physiology, biochemistry, etc. 12 3.4 Nutrition and growth 13 3.41 Feeding 13 3.42 Food 15 3.43 Growth rate 17 3.44 Metabolism 18 3.5 Behavior 20 3.51 Migrations and local movements 20 3.52 Schooling 21 3.53 Responses to stimuli 21 4 POPULATION 21 4.1 Structure 21 4.11Sexratio 21 *4.12 Age composition 4.13 Size composition 21 *4 14 Subpopulations 4.2 Abundance and density 21 4.3 Natality and recruitment 23 4.31 Reproduction rates 23 4.32 Factors affecting reproduction 23 4.33 Recruitment 23 111 *44 Mortality and morbidity *45 Dynamics of population 4.6 The population in the community and the ecosystem 24 5 EXPLOITATION 25 5.1 Fishing equipment 25 5.2 Fishing areas 25 5.3 Fishing seasons 26 5.4 Fishing operations and results 26 5.41 Effort and intensity 26 5.42 Selectivity 26 5.43 Catches 27 *6 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT *6.1 Regulatory measures 7 POND FISH CULTURE 27 Acknowledgments 27 Literature cited 27 *No information available. iv Sympsis of Bi©ll Data on the Pinfish, Lagodon rhorboides (Pisces: Sparidae) GEORGE H. DARCY1 ABSTRACT Information on the biology and resources of the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides (Pisces: Sparidae), is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed in the FAO species synopsis style. INTRODUCTION Sparus rhomboides Linnaeus, 1766 Sargus rhomboides. Valenciennes, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, The pinfish, Lagodon rhombo ides, is one of the most common 1830 inshore fishes of the southern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts Lagodon rhomboides. Holbrook, 1855 of the United States and is also common on Campeche Bank off Diplodus rhomboides. Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. It occurs in a wide range of Lagodon rhomboidalis. Goode and Bean, 1886 habitats, but reaches peak abundance over vegetated bottoms. Salema arkinsoni Fowler, 1940 Although not of major commercial importance, the pinfish is a Lagodon mercaloris Delsman, 1941 common by-catch of commercial trawling operations and is some- times marketed as a panfish; it is a quality food fish, though usual- 1.2Taxonomy ly small. The pinfish is also used in pet food and as bait. It is one of the most commonly caught recreational species throughout its 1.21Affinities range and is important to subsistence fishermen. Because of its abundance, the pinfish is frequently mentioned in faunal surveys, Suprageneric environmental studies, and studies of estuarine and nearshore community ecology. It often comprises a major component of Phylum Chordata community respiration and production and has been shown to in- Class Osteichthyes fluence community structure through its food habits. As prey, the Superorder Acanthopterygïi pinfish is an important forage fish for other larger recreational and Order Perciformes commercial species. The pinfishisalso used extensively in Suborder Percoidei laboratory testing of pesticides and other aquatic pollutants. This Family Sparidae synopsis summarizes the most important literature concerning the pinfish. Generic i IDENTITY The genus Lagodon Holbrook, 1855, is monotypic; type of the genusis Sparus rhomboides Linnaeus, 1766, by subsequent 1.1Nomenclature designation of Eigenmann and Hughes, 1887:66 (Caldwell 1957). According to Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) the essential 1.11Valid name character of the genus is the skull: Supraoccipital and temporal crests nowhere coalescent; interorbital area not swollen; frontal Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766) (Fig. 1). bone in the interorbital area thin, concave in transverse section; temporal crest low, separated from supraoccipital crest by a flat- Pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766:470) type local- tish area, extending forward on each side of supraoccipital crest to ity: Charleston, SC. The name comes from the Greek lagos (hare) the groove of the premaxillary spines. In addition to skull charac- and odontos (tooth), referring to the large incisor teeth, and the teristics, the genus is distinguished by: Mouth with single row of Greek rhombos (rhombus) and -o + eidos denoting likeness of incisor teeth, triangular in anterior aspect above their base, those form, referring to the rhomboidal body shape. in anterior part of mouth almost always with a single notch, the posterior ones with or without the notch; several series of rounded 1.12Objective synonymy molariform teeth behind incisors (Caidwell 1957). The deeply notched incisor teeth distinguish Lagodon from all other sparids The following synonymy is based on the work of Caidwell (Randall and Vergara R. 1978). (1957): Specific 'Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 75 The following species diagnosis of Lagodon rhomboides is from Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149-1099. Randall and Vergara R. (1978): Body oval and compressed; Figure 1.AdultLagodon rhomboides.(From Goode 1884, Plate 138.) posterior nostril oval-shaped; mouth comparatively small, the (Caldwell 1957); local variations include: Fair-maid (Virginia), maxilla scarcely reaching to below anterior eye margin; both jaws salt-water bream (South Carolina), piggy-perch (certain parts of anteriorly with 8 broad, forward-directed incisorlike teeth, their the western Gulf of Mexico), sargo (in some areas such as the edges deeply notched; laterally with two and one-half rows of Florida Keys), and Spanish porgy (Bermuda). Other common molarlike teeth. Dorsal fin with 12 spines preceded by a small names known to have been applied to L. rhomboides are: Banded forward-directed spine; usually 12 dorsal and 11 anal soft rays; porgy, bastard margaret, brim, Canadian bream, chopa, hogfish, pectoral fins long, extending to anal opening when appressed; perch, pinfish, pin perch, pigfish, pisswink, porgy, rhomboidal caudal fin forked; scales on lateral line 53 to 68. porgy, robin, ronco blanco, ronco prieto, sand perch, sargo, scup, sea bream, shiner, shiny scup, spot, squirrelfïsh, thorny-back, and 1.22Taxonomic status yellowtail (Goode 1884; Caidwell 1957; Hoese and Moore 1977). Lagodon rhomboides is generally considered a morphospecies. 1.3Morphology 1.23Subspecies 1.31External morphology No subspecies are recognized.
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