DOCSLIB.ORG

Seismic Behaviour of the Historical Structural System of the Island of Lefkada, Greece

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seismic Behaviour of the Historical Structural System of the Island of Lefkada, Greece Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture IX 291 Seismic behaviour of the historical structural system of the island of Lefkada, Greece E. Vintzileou1 & P. Touliatos2 1Faculty of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece 2Faculty of Architectural Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Abstract In this paper, the main characteristics of the historical structural system of the island of Lefkada, Greece, are presented. The typical damage caused by a recent strong earthquake (August 2003) are briefly described, since they allow for the seismic behaviour of the system to be studied. The pathology of the structural system seems to confirm that the structural system was conceived to sustain earthquakes. Keywords: earthquake, stone masonry, timber framed masonry, damages. 1 Introduction The island of Lefkada, one of the Ionian Islands, is situated in one of the most earthquake prone regions of Greece. A local structural system was developed before the 19th century in Lefkada. The strong earthquake occurred in 1821 proved the adequacy of the system to sustain seismic actions. Thus, the British Authorities (ruling the Ionian Islands at that time) imposed rules for the construction of new houses following the main characteristics of the local structural system. The rules, further developed and completed, constituted the Code for Construction issued in 1827. That Code provided guidance on the selection of building materials, on the thickness of stone masonry in the ground floor, as well as on the maximum storey height. In addition, minimum distance is required between adjacent buildings, to allow for better protection against fire and earthquakes. A considerable number of buildings, built according to this structural system are still in use in the city of Lefkada. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 83, © 2005 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line) 292 Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture IX In August 14th, 2003, a strong earthquake (Mw 6,2) occurred in Lefkada. A thorough investigation of damages observed in structures built according to the historical structural system, together with a detailed survey of the typical characteristics of the system allowed for the identification of the main features of its seismic behaviour (Vintzileou et al. [1]). The results of this investigation are briefly presented and discussed in this paper. 2 Description of the structural system 2.1 Generalities The historical part of the city of Lefkada, situated by the sea, is developed both sides of a central street that separates the city into two parts of approximately equal areas. Lateral narrow streets start from the central street and are directed to the sea (N-S or S-N direction). This arrangement allows for drainage of rainwater towards the sea. In addition, the-most frequent-north, northwest winds offer favourable conditions for reduction of humidity in the timber parts of the houses. Typical buildings (one- to maximum three-storey buildings, fig. 1) consist of a stone masonry ground floor plus one or two timber framed brick masonry storeys. Intermediate floors and roof are made of timber. Openings (typically rectangular, approx. 1m wide) are symmetrically arranged along the facades of the buildings. Few decorative elements (mainly, in entrances, in the corners of the building, as well as around the openings) characterize the typical building. The roof is covered with tiles. To protect timber framed masonry from humidity, the upper storeys used to be covered along their perimeter by timber planks (fig. 2a). The high cost of replacement of this cover (decayed with time) led to their replacement by plane or corrugated metal sheets (fig. 2b). Covered walkways (fig. 3) constitute a typical morphological and functional element in a city with frequent rainfalls. Figure 1: Typical building. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 83, © 2005 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line) Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture IX 293 Figure 2: Protection of timber elements, (a) by timber planks, (b) by metal sheets. Figure 3: Covered walkway. Figure 4: Grid of trunks (under the foundation). 2.2 Foundation The city of Lefkada is founded on low strength alluvia. Therefore, special care was given to the foundation of buildings. Although it is not practicable to explore the footings of existing buildings, according to descriptions (based on information provided by craftsmen that worked in the construction of similar buildings), the buildings are founded on a grid of trunks (fig. 4), at a depth of 0.6 to 1.0m. The space between trunks is filled with sand, rubble stones and hydraulic mortar. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 83, © 2005 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line) 294 Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture IX 2.3 Ground floor Bearing walls in the ground floor (typically, perimeter walls) are max. 3.0m high. They are 0.6m to 1.0m thick and they are made of stone masonry. The external leaf is made with roughly cut stones, whereas cut stones are used in the corners of the building (fig. 2b), as well as along the perimeter of openings (fig. 2a). Rubble stones are used in the internal leaf of ground floor walls. The space between the two leaves is filled with small size stones mixed with pieces of bricks and mortar. Natural pozzolan was used in the buildings constructed up to the end of 19th century. Later, lime was used together with straw (to improve mechanical properties of mortar), whereas in poorer structures, clay mortar was used. In addition to masonry walls, a secondary (timber) bearing system is present in the ground floor: It consists of timber columns arranged close to masonry walls. The typical distance between consecutive timber columns is equal to 2.0÷3.0m. The function of this secondary system is discussed in §3. 2.4 Upper storey timber framed masonry In fig. 5, the typical arrangement of timber elements in the timber-framed walls is shown. The timber frame of the perimeter walls is connected to the ground floor masonry, through timber beams arranged along the perimeter of stone masonry walls. Metal ties (of various geometry and size, fig. 6) are used to connect the timber elements of the floor with the stone masonry and/or with the timber frame of the upper storeys. Figure 5: Typical timber-framed Figure 6: Metal ties wall. connecting the timber floor with ground floor masonry. 2.5 Floors and roof Fig. 7 shows the typical construction of intermediate floors and roof. It should be reminded here that intermediate floors do not carry only their own (dead and WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 83, © 2005 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line) Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture IX 295 live) loads. They also transfer the loads of the upper storey(s) perimeter masonry to that of ground floor, as well as to the secondary timber bearing system of the ground floor. 2.6 Connection between timber elements As shown in fig. 8, special care was given by the constructors to the connections between timber elements in the roof, within the timber-framed masonry of the upper storeys, as well as between timber beams and columns in the ground floor. Taking into account that Lefkada has always been an island with limited resources, one may assume that the purpose of the constructors was to enhance the overall stiffness of buildings. Figure 7: Typical construction of (a) intermediate floors and (b) roofs. Figure 8: Typical connections between timber elements. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 83, © 2005 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line) 296 Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture IX 3 Seismic behaviour of the structural system On the basis of the description presented in the previous section, a working hypothesis can be adopted regarding the conceptual seismic design of the historical structural system of Lefkada. It should be mentioned that this working hypothesis was confirmed by the typical damages observed after the 2003 earthquake (see Section 4), as well as by parameter analyses carried out within a research project (Vintzileou et al. [1]), presented also in Vintzileou et al. [2]: (a) Stone masonry walls in the ground floor are thick enough (given their limited height), well interconnected in the corners of the buildings, and pierced by a limited number of openings. Thus, they are conceived to provide the stiffness that is necessary for the building to be subjected to rather small deformations during seismic events. This favourable behaviour is enhanced by the floor, consisting of closely spaced timber beams and timber roofing, carefully connected among them, as well as with stone masonry. Thus, the box action of the ground floor is ensured. (b) The upper storey(s) are made of thin (typically, 10-12cm) timber framed masonry. In this way, a-favourable for the seismic behaviour-reduction of the total weight of the building is achieved. On the other hand, the stiffness of timber framed walls is ensured thanks to the closely spaced horizontal, vertical and diagonal timber elements, as well as by their connections (fig. 8). Furthermore, the limited dimensions of brick masonry panels (fig. 5) well confined by the timber elements, ensure their satisfactory in-plane and out-of- plane behaviour. In addition, the negative effect of failure (or even, collapse) of a number of brick masonry panels is substantially reduced. Timber framed walls are connected with the ground floor masonry through the timber floor, whereas the box action of the upper floor is completed by the rather stiff roof system (fig. 7b). It should be mentioned that the diaphragm action of both floors and roof was also proven analytically in Vintzileou et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ionian Islands COPY
    ∆ΩΡΕΑΝ ΑΝΤΙΤΥΠΟ FREE COPY PUBLICATION GRATUITE FRA OPUSCOLO GRATUITO ITA The Ionian Islands EJEMPLAR ESP GRATUITO GRATIS- www.visitgreece.gr AUSGABE Распространяется бесплатно GREEK NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION THE IONIAN ISLANDS GREEK NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION 04Corfu (Kerkyra) 22Diapontia Islands 26Paxoi (Paxi) 32Lefkada 50Kefalonia 68Ithaca (Ithaki) 74Zakynthos (Zante) CONTENTS 1. Cover page: Zakynthos, Navagio beach. Its white sand and turquoise waters attract thousands of visitors each year. Ionian Islands The Ionian Islands have a temperate climate, seawaters as deep as they are refreshing, in the area, reaching 4,406 m., registered as the greatest in the Mediterranean. verdant mountains, a rich cultural heritage and a carefree spirit; the ideal combination for Their mild, temperate climate makes them the ideal choice for vacation or permanent stay. your holidays during which you will enjoy a well-developed tourism infrastructure, hotels, In the wintertime, the mainland’s mountains buffer the bitter northern winds blowing to the restaurants, water sports centres, cultural events and numerous sights, historic monuments, direction of the islands while the hot summer weather is tempered by the mild northwestern and museums. meltemia winds and the sea breeze. The area’s air currents have turned many of the Ionian Scattered along the mainland’s western coastline, the Ionian Islands are a cluster of 12 Islands’ beaches into worldwide known destinations for windsurfing. large and small islands covering an area of 2,200 sq. km. There are six large ones: Zakynthos The Ionian Islands have been inhabited since the Paleolithic times. Since then, numerous (Zante), Ithaki (Ithaca), Kerkyra (Corfu), Kefalonia (Cephallonia), Lefkada (Leucas), and invaders and cultural influences have left their stamp on the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Leykas-Teliko ANATYPOSH POLONIKA Art:Leykas-Teliko ANATYPOSH ENG.Qxp 28/1/2009 12:52 Ìì Page 1
    leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_POLONIKA art:leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_ENG.qxp 28/1/2009 12:52 ìì Page 1 01 Lefkada Doskonały punkt docelowy dla tych, którzy szukają: • Zachwycających piaszczystych plaży.* Morza o turkusowym odcieniu. Cudownych zachodów słońca. • Niewiarygodnie bogatej przyrody. Ekologicznego raju. • Zalet wyspy, bez jej wad (Wyspa jest połączona z lądem pły- wającym mostem zwodzonym o długości 50 metrów) • Łatwego dostępu do pozostałych Wysp Jońskich oraz do znaczących miejsc archeologicznych i innych zabytków konty- nentalnej Grecji. • Bogatych tradycji kulturalnych. Cyklu imprez poświęconych Słowu i Sztuce. • Gościnnych i skorych do zabawy mieszkańców z niesamow- itym poczuciem humoru. • Dobrego wina i smacznego jedzenia za bardzo przystępną cenę. Mnóstwo osób odwiedza wyspę Lefkada przez wiele lat z rzędu. Miejsce to przyciąga ich nieodparcie i nie potrafią się mu oprzeć. Odwiedźcie wyspę Lefkada i poddajcie się jej metafizycznej sile. Lefkada wynagrodzi Was! *Najładniejsze plaże Morza Sródziemnego, zgodnie z wynikami internetowego plebiscytu. leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_POLONIKA art:leykas-teliko ANATYPOSH_ENG.qxp 28/1/2009 12:52 ìì Page 2 02 kilka słów o wyspie Zdjęcie satelitarne wyspy Lefkada, sąsiadujących z nią wysp oraz części regionu Akarnania Czwarta pod względem wielkości wyspa Morza Jońskiego jest N położona pomiędzy wyspami Korfu i Kefalonia. Wąski przesmyk, który został pogłębiony przez Koryncjan w połowie VII wieku p.n.e., oddziela wyspę od Akarnanii. Dostęp do niej jest jednak bardzo łatwy dzięki pływającemu mostowi łączącemu obydwa krańce przesmyku. Lefkada zawdzięcza swoją nazwę przylądkowi o nazwie Lefkatas położonemu na południowym krańcu wyspy. Cypel ten w starożytności nosił nazwę Biała Skała albo Biały Kraniec. LEFKADA Dwadzieścia cztery większe i mniejsze wyspy rozsiane są na morzu w niewielkiej odległości od siebie i składają się na prefekturę Lefkada.
    [Show full text]
  • In Focus: Corfu, Greece
    OCTOBER 2019 IN FOCUS: CORFU, GREECE Manos Tavladorakis Analyst Pavlos Papadimitriou, MRICS Director www.hvs.com HVS ATHENS | 17 Posidonos Ave. 5th Floor, 17455 Alimos, Athens, GREECE Introduction The region of the Ionian Islands consists of the islands in the Ionian Sea on the western coast of Greece. Since they have long been subject to influences from Western Europe, the Ionian Islands form a separate historic and cultural unit than that of continental Greece. The region is divided administratively into four prefectures (Corfu, Lefkada, Kefallinia and Zakinthos) and comprises the islands of Kerkira (Corfu), Zakinthos, Cephalonia (Kefallinia), Lefkada, Ithaca (Ithaki), Paxi, and a number of smaller islands. The Ionian Islands are the sunniest part of Greece, but the southerly winds bring abundant rainfall. The region is noted for its natural beauty, its long history, and cultural tradition. It is also well placed geographically, since it is close to both mainland Greece and Western Europe and thus forms a convenient stepping-stone, particularly for passenger traffic between Greece and the West. These factors have favored the continuous development of tourism, which has become the most dynamic branch of the region’s economy. Island of Corfu CORFU MAP Corfu is located in the northwest part of Greece, with a size of 593 km2 and a costline, which spans for 217 km, is the largest of the Ionian Islands. The principal city of the island and seat of the municipality is also named Corfu, after the island’s name, with a population of 32,000 (2011 census) inhabitants. Currently, according to real estate agents, foreign nationals who permanently reside on Corfu are estimated at 18,000 individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Bereshit| Lefkada
    WELCOME BERESHIT| LEFKADA GREECE | ADVANTAGES ⚫ According to national reports and the Greek economy performance indicators, Greece has began to completely emerged from its 7 years economic crisis. ⚫ The real estate market is already showing a strong recovery by an increase of 30% in housing prices during the last 3 years. ⚫ The forecast for the next 5 years, is that the market will continue to strengthen and real estate prices will return to its 2007 pricing level. ⚫ Improvement of macro-economic situation while complying with economic criteria and requirements set by the European Union, leads to a reduction in the risk attributed to the Greek economy and to a growing expectation for a continuance economic recovery in the coming years. ⚫ The economic crisis and Greece's recession opened up a prime opportunity for investment. GREECE | ADVANTAGES ⚫ The leading sector in Greek economy is tourism, that even during the recent crisis, the tourist industry in Greece has been one of the mainstays of economic growth and employment. ⚫ In 2018 the number of tourists visiting the country reached about 32M, YTY growth rate of 23% compared to 2017. Furthermore, between 2006-2017 the tourists population in Greece almost doubled itself. ⚫ The steady increase in the number of tourists visiting Greece each year is also attributed to geopolitical problems in competing markets as Turkey and Egypt. ⚫ Tourism population is expected to reach 50 million visitors in 2028. ⚫ The Greece government is encouraging investments in the country as a strategic step for growth in the Greek economy, establishing a very convenient position for real estate investments.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Cultures, Traditions and People
    GREEK CULTURES, TRADITIONS AND PEOPLE Paschalis Nikolaou – Fulbright Fellow Greece ◦ What is ‘culture’? “Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts […] The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and Some grow, or cultivation and nurture. […] The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that definitions have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States […] Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of …when, to define, is to the Greco-Roman era and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century.” realise connections and significant overlap ◦ What do we mean by ‘tradition’? ◦ 1a: an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (such as a religious practice or a social custom) ◦ b: a belief or story or a body of beliefs or stories relating to the past that are commonly accepted as historical though not verifiable … ◦ 2: the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction ◦ 3: cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions ◦ 4: characteristic manner, method, or style in the best liberal tradition GREECE: ANCIENT AND MODERN What we consider ancient Greece was one of the main classical The Modern Greek State was founded in 1830, following the civilizations, making important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, revolutionary war against the Ottoman Turks, which started in astronomy, and medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • "Shoot the Teacher!": Education and the Roots of the Macedonian Struggle
    "SHOOT THE TEACHER!" EDUCATION AND THE ROOTS OF THE MACEDONIAN STRUGGLE Julian Allan Brooks Bachelor of Arts, University of Victoria, 1992 Bachelor of Education, University of British Columbia, 200 1 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History O Julian Allan Brooks 2005 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Julian Allan Brooks Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: "Shoot the Teacher!" Education and the Roots of the Macedonian Struggle Examining Committee: Chair: Professor Mark Leier Professor of History Professor AndrC Gerolymatos Senior Supervisor Professor of History Professor Nadine Roth Supervisor Assistant Professor of History Professor John Iatrides External Examiner Professor of International Relations Southern Connecticut State University Date Approved: DECLARATION OF PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection, and, without changing the content, to translate the thesislproject or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ottoman Global Moment
    AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History By Kahraman Sakul, M.A Washington, DC November, 18, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Kahraman Sakul All Rights Reserved ii AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT Kahraman Sakul, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Gabor Agoston, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to place the Ottoman Empire within its proper context in the Napoleonic Age and calls for a recognition of the crucial role of the Sublime Porte in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). The Ottoman-Russian joint naval expedition (1798-1800) to the Ionian Islands under the French occupation provides the framework for an examination of the Ottoman willingness to join the European system of alliance in the Napoleonic age which brought the victory against France in the Levant in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). Collections of the Ottoman Archives and Topkapı Palace Archives in Istanbul as well as various chronicles and treatises in Turkish supply most of the primary sources for this dissertation. Appendices, charts and maps are provided to make the findings on the expedition, finance and logistics more readable. The body of the dissertation is divided into nine chapters discussing in order the global setting and domestic situation prior to the forming of the second coalition, the Adriatic expedition, its financial and logistical aspects with the ensuing socio-economic problems in the Morea, the Sublime Porte’s relations with its protectorate – The Republic of Seven United Islands, and finally the post-war diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Sample Itinerary from Preveza
    7 DAYS SAMPLE ITINERARY STARTING FROM NEW CHARTER BASE IN PREVEZA IONIAN SEA PREVEZA LEFKAS ATOKOS KASTOS ITHACA KEFALONIA MEGANISI PREVEZA 7 DAYS CHARTER SAMPLE ITINERARY Please note that these is only to give you an idea. The final route will be decided on board in coordination with PREVEZA LEFKAS: 40nm ITHACA KEFALONIA: 18nm the Captain, tailor made to your preferences and the weather LEFKAS ATOKOS KASTOS: 18nm KEFALONIA MEGANISI: 17nm conditions at that time. KASTOS ITHACA: 20nm MEGANISI PREVEZA: 20nm THESSALONIKI THASSOS SAMOTHRAKI LIMNOS CORFU PSATHOURA SYVOTA GIOURA VOLOS KYRA PARGA PANAGIA PIPERI PAXOS ALONISSOS ANTIPAXOS PERISTERA PREVEZA LESVOS NEW BASE SKIATHOS SKOPELOS SKANTZOURA PREVEZA SPORADES IONIAN ISLANDS SEA SKYROS LEFKAS MEGANISI KALAMOS ARKOUDI KASTOS PSARA ATOKOS ITHAKA CHIOS NAFPAKTOS TRIZONIA GALAXIDI ANTIRIO RIO PATRA KEFALONIA KORINTHIAN GULF IONIAN ISLANDS ATHENS KYLLINI KORINTHOS ANDROS ZAKYNTHOS LAVRION AEGINA SAMOS KATAKOLO PELOPONNESE ANAVYSSOS AEGEAN AGHISTRI SOUNION ΜΟΝΙ SEA EPIDAVROS SARONIC METHANA KEA IKARIA NAFPLION GULF TINOS FOURNI POROS MYKONOS DELOS ASTROS KYTHNOS SYROS ARKI ARGOLIC RINIA PORTO ERMIONI GULF HELI PATMOS LIPSI KYPARISSIA DOKOS HYDRA SPETSES CYCLADES LEROS LEONIDION SERIFOS ISLANDS DONOUSA PAROS PROTI NAXOS KALAMATA LEVITHIA SIFNOS ANTIPAROS VOIDIKOILIA KALYMNOS KYPARISSI DESPOTIKO KEROS PSERIMOS PANTERONISIA PYLOS SCHINOUSA KOUFONISIA KOS HERAKLIA AMORGOS METHONI GERAKAS KORONI MYRTOAN KIMOLOS SEA POLYAIGOS GYTHION IOS SIKINOS DODECANESE MONEMVASIA MILOS ISLANDS XIFIAS FOLEGANDROS ASTYPALEA SIMI AG. FOKAS NISYROS NEAPOLI ELAFONISOS KASTELORIZO TILOS SANTORINI ANAFI SYRNA RHODES KYTHERA CHALKI ANTIKYTHERA KARPATHOS KASSOS CRETE IONIAN SEA PREVEZA Capital of the prefecture, built on the entrance of the Gulf of Amvrakikos. A modern city, administrative, commercial, intellectual and tourist center of the prefecture.
    [Show full text]
  • The February ‒ March 2019 Seismic Swarm Offshore North Lefkada
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 25 May 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0412.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4491; doi:10.3390/app10134491 Article Τhe February – March 2019 Seismic Swarm Offshore North Lefkada Island, Greece: Microseismicity Analysis and Geodynamic Implications Anastasios Kostoglou 1, Vassilios Karakostas 1, Polyzois Bountzis 1 and Eleftheria Papadimitriou1 1 Geophysics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; (E.P.) Abstract: A quite energetic seismic excitation consisting of one main and additional three distinctive earthquake clusters that occurred in the transition area between the Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (KTFZ) and the continental collision between Adriatic and Aegean microplates, is thoroughly studied after high–precision aftershocks’ relocation. The activated fault segments are in an area where historical and instrumental data have never claimed the occurrence of a catastrophic (M>6.0) earthquake. The relocated seismicity initially defines an activated structure extending from the northern segment of the Lefkada branch of KTFZ with the same NNE–SSW orientation and dextral strike slip faulting and then keeping the same sense of motion its strike becomes NE–SW and its dip direction NW. This provides unprecedented information on the link between the KTFZ and the Collision front and sheds more light on the regional geodynamics. The earthquake catalog, which is especially compiled for this study, starts one year before the occurrence of the Mw5.4 mainshock, and adequately provides the proper data source for investigating the temporal variation of the b– value, which might be used for discriminating foreshock and aftershock behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • 93323765-Mack-Ridge-Language-And
    Language and National Identity in Greece 1766–1976 This page intentionally left blank Language and National Identity in Greece 1766–1976 PETER MACKRIDGE 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Peter Mackridge 2009 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mackridge, Peter.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Seafaring Activity in the Southern Ionian Islands, Mediterranean Sea
    Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2012) 2167e2176 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Early seafaring activity in the southern Ionian Islands, Mediterranean Sea George Ferentinos*, Maria Gkioni, Maria Geraga, George Papatheodorou Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece article info abstract Article history: This paper summarises the current development in the southern Ionian Islands (Kefallinia and Zakyn- Received 15 September 2011 thos) prehistory and places it within the context of seafaring. Archaeological data from the southern Received in revised form Ionian Islands show human habitation since Middle Palaeolithic going back to 110 ka BP yet bathymetry, 21 January 2012 sea-level changes and the Late Quaternary geology, show that Kefallinia and Zakynthos were insular at Accepted 26 January 2012 that time. Hence, human presence in these islands indicates inter island-mainland seafaring. Seafaring most likely started some time between 110 and 35 ka BP and the seafarers were the Neanderthals. Keywords: Seafaring was encouraged by the coastal configuration, which offered the right conditions for developing Stone-age seafaring “ ” “ ” Neanderthal seafaring skills according to the voyaging nurseries and autocatalysis concepts. Ó Ionian Sea 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Mediterranean Sea Late Quaternary geology 1. Introduction relation to the configuration of the islands and of the surrounding mainland. One of the key issues in current research on human maritime The presence of human occupation from Middle Palaeolithic to activity is focused on the questions of when seafaring started in the Mesolithic in Epirus and in Peloponnesus on the western Greek Mediterranean Sea and, what was the logic behind it.
    [Show full text]
  • Lefkas Animal Welfare Society (Laws)
    LEFKAS ANIMAL WELFARE SOCIETY (LAWS) ACTIVITIES OF OUR SOCIETY IN THE YEARS 2017-2018 -- 1 -- Contents ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSOCIATION 2017-2018 ……………………………….……………………………… 3 Setting up of a municipal veterinary clinic in Meganisi, under the patronage of the Municipality of Meganisi. Sterilization programs …..………………………………………….. 4 Sterilization - vaccinations – markings - at Lefkada Municipal Veterinary clinic………….... 5 Accomplished adoptions …………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 6 For adoption (most urgent) .…………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Wild birds (in collaboration with Mrs. Pella Kalogirou) ……………………………………………… 16 Daily care …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18 Care and feeding ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 Events …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 Other activities ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24 -- 2 -- ACTIVITIES OF OUR ASSOCIATION 2017-2018 Every day, our volunteers, all over Lefkada, leave work and family to help animals that are in need. Meet the strays we take care of, the lucky animals we gave away for adoption and those that are still waiting for a home. This brochure includes photos that show only a small part of our work, as it was not always possible to make photos during emergencies (some animals were not that "photogenic”, volunteers did not have a camera, or in many cases photography did not work well due to bad conditions (darkness, rain, etc.). On this occasion, we would like to express a Great Thank You to our volunteers. Also, a Great Thank You, we owe to all animal lovers who support us with all their kind donations, without the help of which the club could not exist. We particularly like to thank the veterinary surgeon of the Municipal Veterinary Hospital. Without his support the sterilization programs would not have been possible to be carried out. -- 3 -- Setting up of a municipal veterinary clinic in Meganisi, under the auspices of the Municipality of Meganisi.
    [Show full text]