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Of New York City's Parks and Great Gull Island Natural History of New York City’s Parks And Great Gull Island Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York Volume X New York City September 2007 ii Linnaean Transactions iii Natural History of New York City’s Parks and Great Gull Island. In a collaboration aimed at highlighting the natural history of New York City Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York, Volume X area parks at the turn of this century, these Transactions were a joint endeavor of the Linnaean Society of New York, the National Parks Conservation Association, and City of New York Department of Parks & Recreation. Linnaean Society of New York 15 West 77th Street New York NY 10024 Book Design by DonnaClaireDesign, Seattle WA Printed by Linnaean Society of New York Front cover photograph of an American Kestrel at Floyd Bennett Field, 2006, by Ardith Bondi. Back cover photograph of Monarch butterfly on Goldenrod, Gateway National Recreation Area by Alexander R. Brash. City of New York Parks & Recreation ISSN: 0075-9708 © 2007 The Linnaean Society of New York New York City National Parks Conservation Association September 2007 City of New York Parks & Recreation iv Linnaean Transactions v The Linnaean Society of New York Contents The Linnaean Society of New York, organized in 1878, is the second oldest American ornithological society. Regular meetings of the Society are held on the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month from September to May, inclusive. Informal meetings are held once a month during June, July, and August. All meetings are open to the public and are usually held at the American Museum of Natural History. Foreword vii Persons interested in natural history are eligible for election to membership Acknowledgements xi in the Society. Map of Central Park Ramble xii The Society conducts field trips. It also maintains a website at linnaeannewyork.org. Map of Hempstead Lake Park xiii It distributes free to all members a monthly News-Letter, and every few years Map of Pelham Bay Park xiv an issue of Proceedings containing longer articles and notes of ornithological Map of Prospect Park xv interest. At irregular intervals the Society publishes longer papers and monographs called Transactions, which members receive free or at a substantial Inwood Hill and Isham Parks: Geology, 1 discount. Geography and History Sidney Horenstein Communications should be addressed to: Secretary New York City’s Primeval Forest: A Review 55 Linnaean Society of New York Characterizing the Type Ecosystem 15 West 77th Street Alexander R. Brash New York NY 10024 Forest Vegetation along an Urban-Rural Gradient 79 Editorial Committee in the New York City Metropolitan Area: Alice Deutsch, Editor Patterns and Relationships to Ecosystem Processes Terence Clarke, Past Editor M.L. Cadenasso, S.T.A. Pickett, M.J. McDonnell, R.V. Pouyat Joseph DiCostanzo Helen Hays Wildflowers and Flowering Shrubs of Forest Hills, 100 Mary LeCroy Queens, 1984-2005 Guy Tudor One Hundred Fifty Years of Change in the 123 Orchid Flora of Brooklyn and Queens Eric Lamont The Butterflies of Staten Island Revisited 133 Harry Zirlin vi Linnaean Transactions vii Fort Tilden Dragonfly Migration Watch, 1993-1995 147 Steve Walter Salamander Diversity and Distribution in 157 Forward New York City, 1880 to the Present Ellen Pehek Migratory Bird Mortality at the World Trade Center 183 and World Financial Center, 1997-2001: A Deadly Mix of Lights and Glass Allison Sloan Changes in Wildlife at Floyd Bennett Field 205 over 20 Years with Emphasis on Birds Jean Bourque The Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) Colony 213 Conceived in order to simultaneously celebrate the 125thAnniver- at Rockaway Beach within a Regional Context sary of the Linnaean Society of New York, the 20th Anniversary of the Theodore Boretti, Evelyn Fetridge, and Alexander R. Brash Department of Park’s Natural Resource Group, and the opening of a new office of the National Park Conservation Association, this volume reflects The Colonial Waterbirds of Goose Island, 229 recent research regarding the area’s natural history. Inside, you will find an Pelham Bay Park, Bronx, New York 1996-2006 array of papers covering countless facets of the area’s natural history; papers David S. Kunstler written by an array of scholars, students and native naturalists. There is also a series of splendid maps depicting some of the city’s finest parks, drawn by The Influence of Urbanization, Patch Size, and Habitat 238 Society members James R. Nolan and noted cartographer, Richard Edes Type on Small Mammal Communities in the New York Harrison, nearly 40 years ago. We hope this volume will feed your interest, Metropolitan Region: A Preliminary Report spark your enthusiasm and strengthen your commitment to the beauty and L. Stefan Ekernas and Katherine J. Mertes wonder inherent to New York City’s natural history. Founded in 1878 and celebrating its 125th Anniversary in 2003, the Great Gull Island: A Short Report 265 Linnaean Society’s mandate was that it be “composed primarily of persons Helen Hays living in the New York City area who are interested in the natural sciences.” In keeping with this mandate, the Society originally fostered a strong Great Gull Island Project Bibliography 280 relationship with the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), and Joseph DiCostanzo broadened its relations to include other institutions such as the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. The Society has always sought to Linnaean Society List of Publications 298 build a membership encompassing people from all walks of life who share Joseph DiCostanzo an interest in the natural world. Throughout its existence, the Society has been a venue for New Yorkers to share their insights into nature or provide an opportunity for those with viii Linnaean Transactions ix research experience abroad to bring their knowledge to New York City’s natural Tweed was spending his final days behind bars. Two years later, streetlights areas. As a Bronx birder, Roger Tory Peterson introduced field guides to a first illuminated Madison Square, and soon thereafter, the city’s population ready audience. Joe Hickey’s passion for peregrines led to an understanding surpassed one and a half million. of the awful toll DDT was taking on avian populations; with Rachel Carson Since that time, the area’s natural history has undergone a great then conveying Hickey’s findings to the world with her inspiredS ilent Spring. number of changes. Development reached its zenith and then slowed as by Margaret Morse Nice published her treatise on the life history of the Song the early twentieth century most of the city’s natural areas were paved and the Sparrow as a Linnaean Society Transaction and it is still considered a classic in remnant fragments were captured in parks. With the post-war Baby Boom population biology. Past society member and scientific assistant at AMNH, and the advent of new technologies, buildings started growing ever taller in John Bull, wrote the Birds of New York State, one of the most comprehensive the confined spaces. Both Silent Spring and the burning rivers of Cleveland species account of the area. Celebrated members such as Dean Amadon, John loosened society’s blinders and the resulting environmental reformation Burroughs, Frank Chapman, Guy Coheleach, Allan Cruickshank, William of the 1960s inspired aggressive legislation aimed at cleaner air, waters and T. Davis, Jean Delacour, Don Eckleberry, Eugene Eisenmann, Ludlow landscapes. Griscom, G. Stuart Keith, John Kieran, Thomas Lovejoy, Ernst Mayr, C. Hart Arising amidst civil rights issues and urban burdens, in 1972 the Merriam, Richard Pough, Theodore Roosevelt, Arthur Singer, Edwin Way City’s greatest park was launched. Twenty-six thousand acres of salt marsh, Teale, Niko Tinbergen, Guy Tudor, Alexander Wetmore and Leroy Wilcox old airfields and abandoned forts were cobbled together to create Gateway all made significant contributions to science, public education and conserva- National Recreation Area. Sadly though, this park has not become the iconic tion. Through the Society, they have shared their artistic and intellectual national park called for. By the 1990s, the city’s air, once gray with soot, gifts, their profound love of nature, and their desire to impart knowledge and the Hudson, Bronx and Hutchinson Rivers, once turbid with industrial to the people of New York City and the world. Indeed, in one case such pollution, had all slowly regained much of their clarity. Herons and egrets, work has even led to a new national park. Between his trips to the southern nearly obliterated by the millinery trade before being granted federal protec- oceans, the renowned Robert Cushman Murphy, who was both Chair of the tion in 1913, subsequently returned to the city as common breeders. Peregrine AMNH Department of Ornithology and a Society member, published in Falcons, Bald Eagles and other raptors that were pursued by hunters and egg 1943 a small article on a place he found unique: Fire Island’s maritime forest. collectors through the 1940s and adversely affected by DDT and habitat loss, As he continued to relentlessly advocate for Fire Island he remarked that he then returned to the region after a host of intricate re-introduction programs. found the article’s ensuing popularity “quite astonishing”, and noted that it Peregrines were brought back by Tom Cade and his cadre at Cornell during demonstrated “that the homely and familiar is likely to have wider appeal the 1970s, and Bald Eagles were re-introduced to upper Manhattan by the than something from the ends of the earth.” His efforts culminated with the City’s Park Rangers in the 1990s. Finally, as a capstone to all these efforts, in creation of Fire Island National Seashore in the 1960s. 2001 the remaining natural areas in the city’s parks were officially designated We believe his words still hold true today, and we hope that the as nature preserves in the Forever Wild Program.
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