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J.W. Eerkens and H. Barnard Introduction Growth of Residue TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE J.W. Eerkens and H. Barnard Introduction 1 Growth of Residue Studies 1 Scope of the Current Volume 5 References 7 CHAPTER TWO R.K. Lusteck and R.G. Thompson Residues of Maize in North American Pottery: What Phytoliths can add to the Story of Maize 8 Materials and Methods 9 Results 12 Conclusions 15 References 16 CHAPTER THREE M. Lombard and L. Wadley Micro-Residues on Stone Tools: The Bigger Picture from a South African Middle Stone Age Perspective 18 How Blind Tests improved our Method 19 Zooming Out 21 Conclusion 22 References 23 Caption to the Color Plate 28 CHAPTER FOUR N.I. Shishlina, A.V. Borisov, A.A. Bobrov and M.M. Pakhomov Methods of Interpreting Bronze Age Vessel Residues: Discussion, Correlation and the Verification of Data 29 Cultural Context 29 Methodology 30 Determination of Phosphate Residues 31 Archaeobotanical Analyses 32 Results 36 Interpretation of the Results 36 Discussion and Recommendations 38 Conclusion 39 References 41 CHAPTER FIVE H. Barnard, A.N. Dooley and K.F. Faull An Introduction to Archaeological Lipid Analysis by GC/MS 42 Lipids and Fatty Acids 42 Extraction of an Archaeological Sample 46 Additional Treatment of the Sample 47 Gas Chromatography (GC) 48 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 50 Interpretation of GC/MS-results 56 Glossary 57 References 59 CHAPTER SIX M. Regert Elucidating Pottery Function using a Multi-step Analytical Methodology combining Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatographic Procedures and Mass Spectrometry 61 Organic Remains and Pottery Production 62 Organic Remains and Pottery Function 63 Organic Remains and Pottery Repair 63 Analytical Strategy 63 Interpreting Analytical Data 66 Description of the Samples 68 Pottery with Tars or Resins 71 Conclusion 72 References 73 CHAPTER SEVEN M.E. Malainey Fatty Acid Analysis of Archaeological Residues: Procedures and Possibilities 77 Previous Research 77 Development of the Identification Criteria 78 Testing the Validity of Identification Criteria 81 Experimental Procedures 81 Oven Storage of Cooking Residues 82 Soil Storage o Cooking Residues 84 Sample Selection and Handling Guidelines 86 Conclusion 88 References 88 CHAPTER EIGHT J.W. Eerkens Organic Residue Analysis and the Decomposition of Fatty Acids in Ancient Potsherds 90 Organic Residue Analyis 90 Decomposition: Food Sciences Perspective 91 Decomposition: Archaeological Perspective 92 Dealing with Decomposition 92 Fatty Acid Ratios 93 Conclusions 94 References 96 CHAPTER NINE T.F.M. Oudemans and J.J. Boon A Comparative Study of Extractable Lipids in the Sherds and Surface Residual Crusts of Ceramic Vessels from Neolithic and Roman Iron Age Settlements in the Netherlands 99 Introduction: Lipid Analysis in Ceramic Studies 99 Introduction: Types of Residues 99 Introduction: Aims 100 Experimental: Sample Material and Treatment 100 Experimental: Instrumentation 101 Experimental: Quantification 102 Results: CHN Analysis 104 Results: Qualitative Lipid Analysis 104 Results: Quantitative Lipid Analysis 105 Discussion: Lipid Quantification 108 Discussion: Chemotaxonomic Markers 108 Discussion: Lipid Preservation and Degradation 110 Discussion: Possible Origin of Lipids 111 Discussion: Lipids from Surface Residues 111 Discussion: Lipids Absorbed in Ceramics 112 Discussion: Chars from Other Sites 112 Discussion: Sampling Issues 112 Conclusions 113 References 121 CHAPTER TEN J. Cassidy Patterns of Subsistence Change During the Final Neolithic in the Primorye Region of the Russian Far East as Revealed by Fatty Acid Residue Analysis 125 The Bronze Age in the Primorye Region 126 Zera Lake 127 Macrobotanical Analysis 129 Fatty Acid Ceramic Residue Analysis 131 iv Table of Contents Conclusions 134 References 135 CHAPTER ELEVEN H.A. Hoekman-Sites Using Residue Analysis to Confirm Trade Connections at Pella, Jordan 138 Trade at Pella 138 Theory behind Derivatization 140 Sample Selection and Preparation 141 Procedures and Criteria 142 IR and GC/MS Results 142 Interpretation of the Results 143 Specific Plant Identification 144 Conclusion 146 References 146 CHAPTER TWELVE E.A. Reber The Well-Tempered Pottery Analysis: Residue and Typological Analysis of Potsherds from the Lower Mississippi Valley 148 Archaeological Background 148 Description of the Sites 149 Methods 151 Results 152 Discussion 156 Conclusions 158 References 158 CHAPTER THIRTEEN C. Solazzo and D. Erhardt Analysis of Lipid Residues in Archaeological Artifacts: Marine Mammal Oil and Cooking Practices in the Arctic 161 Cooking Practices in the Arctic Coastal Areas 161 The Artifacts 163 Archaeological Samples 163 Modern Specimens 165 Analytical Methods 167 Fatty Acid Profiles in Modern Specimens 167 HTGC Results of the Archaeological Samples 170 GC/MS Results of the Archaeological Samples 170 The Samples from Miyowagh 171 Artifacts from Alaska and Labrador 173 Discussion 177 References 177 CHAPTER FOURTEEN S.M. Rafferty The Archaeology of Alkaloids 179 Examples of Alkaloid Archaeology 180 Discussion 185 References 186 CHAPTER FIFTEEN D.E. Beehr and S.H. Ambrose Reconstructing Mississippian Diet in the American Bottom with Stable Isotope Ratios of Pot Sherd Residues 189 Cahokia and its Neighbors 190 Diet Reconstruction 192 The Archaeological Sites 192 Methods and Results on Untreated Samples 193 Methods and Results on Treated Samples 195 Discussion and Conclusions 196 References 197 v CHAPTER SIXTEEN H. Barnard, S.H. Ambrose, D.E. Beehr, M.D. Forster, R.E. Lanehart, M.E. Malainey, R.E. Parr, M. Rider, C. Solazzo and R.M. Yohe II Results of Seven Methods for Organic Residue Analysis Applied to One Vessel with the Residue of a Known Foodstuff 200 Birth of the 'Round Robin' 200 Camels and Camel Milk 203 The Analysis of Camel Milk Residues 204 Results of the 'Round Robin': Stable Isotopes 205 Results of the 'Round Robin': Proteins 207 Results of the 'Round Robin': Lipids 208 Discussion 211 References 213 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN H. Barnard, L. Shoemaker, M. Rider, O.E. Craig, R.E. Parr, M.Q. Sutton and R.M. Yohe II Introduction to the Analysis of Protein Residues in Archaeological Ceramics 216 The Preservation of Proteins 216 Proteins as Archaeological Biomarkers 217 Extraction of Archaeological Proteins 218 Immunological Detection 218 Gel Separation and Proteomics 220 First Case Study: Cannibalism at Cowboy Wash 222 Second Case Study: Proteins on Stone Tools 223 Third Case Study: The Origins of Dairying 224 Fourth Case Study: Proteins in Paint Media 224 Fifth Case Study: the Round Robin 225 Discussion 227 References 228 APPENDIX I: COMMON ISOTOPES OF 99 ELEMENTS 232 APPENDIX II: A SHORT OVERVIEW OF PROTEIN BIOCHEMISTRY 236 Transcription 238 Translation 240 Post-translational Modifications 240 Mutations 242 Antibodies 243 Chirality 244 Denaturation, Decomposition and Diagenesis 245 Collisionally Induced Dissociation 247 Glossary 248 References 252 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 253 THE AUTHORS 261 INDEX 263 vi INDEX α-carbon ...42 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...242 δ13C...205-207, 212 amyrin...69 δ15N...192, 205-207, 212 anabasine...184 ΔР2О5...37-39 anaerobe...217 ω-3 fatty acid...44, 92 anaerobic...62, 109, 177, 217 ω-carbon...42, 44 animal food...38, 88, 192 animal protein...191, 192, 208 --- 1/10 --- aniseed...39, 138, 145, 146 anode...208, 219 2-DE...220, 221 anthropogenic transformation...61, 66, 71, 73 12C...44, 53, 55, 192, 204 anthropological archaeology...125 13C...12, 13, 44, 53, 190, 192-196, 204, 207 antibody...49, 205, 208, 217-220, 222-225, 227, 228, 13C/12C ratio...12, 13, 190, 192, 204 243, 244 14C...44 antibody-antibodies...218-220 anticodon...239 --- A --- antigen...49, 205, 208, 218-220, 222-224, 227, 243, 244 Antilocapra americana...223 abietic acid...71 antiserum...205, 208 aboriginal...182, 186, 223 anvilstones...128, 135 acetanilide...101 apatite...191 acetolysis...32 APCI...51, 52 acetonitrile...49, 208, 221, 226, 248 archaeobotanical...12, 30, 71, 88, 149, 150, 155, 157, ACN...208 158, 179, 183 acorn...150, 128, 130, 223 Arctic...161, 163, 165 acrylamide...49, 219 Argentina...16 active hydrogen...47 arginine...220, 227, 241, 247 acyl...103-105, 107-109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 171 aromatic...91 acylglycerols...102, 210 array detector...52 Addis...149 Artemisia lerchiana...36, 38 Adena Culture...183 Asia...2, 138, 203 adenine...238, 239 asparagine...241, 245 adhesive...1, 20-22, 61-63, 66, 68, 71-73 Astbury...238 adipocere...109 atmospheric pressure...51, 52 Adlavik Harbour...165, 166, 173 Atropa belladonna...185 agarose gel...207, 219 atropine...182, 185 Agave perryi...81 average mass...53, 237, 240-242 age...20, 29, 36, 40, 45, 93, 100, 161, 190 Avery...238 agitation...218 Aztec...182 agricultural activities...128 alanine...245 --- B --- Alaska...161-166, 173, 176, 177 alcohol...9, 10, 64, 102, 140, 141, 153 backed tool...20, 21 Aleutian Islands...161, 163, 166, 172, 173 bacteria...45, 90, 91 Algonquian...185 Baga-Burul...30, 31, 34-38 alkaloid...42, 56, 179, 180, 182-186, 212 Balmoral phase...150 Altmann...238 Banisteriopsis caapi...185 Amadori rearrangement...217, 245, 246 bark...19, 28, 62-64, 68, 71-73, 146, 155, 181 amaranth...149, 208, 243 barley...31, 33, 39, 125, 129, 130, 201 AMDIS...132 base peak...54 American Bottom...2, 189-192, 194, 196, 197 Bayou des Familles...149, 151, 155, 157 amino acid...90, 96, 110, 204, 216, 217, 221, 222, 225, Baytown...148-150 227, 236-247 B-cell...219, 243, 244 aminolysis...245 beans...16, 80, 192, 201 ammonia...207, 218, 245 bear...81, 208, 243 ammonium hydroxide...47, 207, 208, 218, 219 beaver...79, 81 AMS...8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 189 beer...9, 205 264 beeswax...61,
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