TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE J.W. Eerkens and H. Barnard Introduction 1 Growth of Residue Studies 1 Scope of the Current Volume 5 References 7 CHAPTER TWO R.K. Lusteck and R.G. Thompson Residues of Maize in North American Pottery: What Phytoliths can add to the Story of Maize 8 Materials and Methods 9 Results 12 Conclusions 15 References 16 CHAPTER THREE M. Lombard and L. Wadley Micro-Residues on Stone Tools: The Bigger Picture from a South African Middle Stone Age Perspective 18 How Blind Tests improved our Method 19 Zooming Out 21 Conclusion 22 References 23 Caption to the Color Plate 28 CHAPTER FOUR N.I. Shishlina, A.V. Borisov, A.A. Bobrov and M.M. Pakhomov Methods of Interpreting Bronze Age Vessel Residues: Discussion, Correlation and the Verification of Data 29 Cultural Context 29 Methodology 30 Determination of Phosphate Residues 31 Archaeobotanical Analyses 32 Results 36 Interpretation of the Results 36 Discussion and Recommendations 38 Conclusion 39 References 41 CHAPTER FIVE H. Barnard, A.N. Dooley and K.F. Faull An Introduction to Archaeological Lipid Analysis by GC/MS 42 Lipids and Fatty Acids 42 Extraction of an Archaeological Sample 46 Additional Treatment of the Sample 47 Gas Chromatography (GC) 48 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 50 Interpretation of GC/MS-results 56 Glossary 57 References 59 CHAPTER SIX M. Regert Elucidating Pottery Function using a Multi-step Analytical Methodology combining Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatographic Procedures and Mass Spectrometry 61 Organic Remains and Pottery Production 62 Organic Remains and Pottery Function 63 Organic Remains and Pottery Repair 63 Analytical Strategy 63 Interpreting Analytical Data 66 Description of the Samples 68 Pottery with Tars or Resins 71 Conclusion 72 References 73 CHAPTER SEVEN M.E. Malainey Fatty Acid Analysis of Archaeological Residues: Procedures and Possibilities 77 Previous Research 77 Development of the Identification Criteria 78 Testing the Validity of Identification Criteria 81 Experimental Procedures 81 Oven Storage of Cooking Residues 82 Soil Storage o Cooking Residues 84 Sample Selection and Handling Guidelines 86 Conclusion 88 References 88 CHAPTER EIGHT J.W. Eerkens Organic Residue Analysis and the Decomposition of Fatty Acids in Ancient Potsherds 90 Organic Residue Analyis 90 Decomposition: Food Sciences Perspective 91 Decomposition: Archaeological Perspective 92 Dealing with Decomposition 92 Fatty Acid Ratios 93 Conclusions 94 References 96 CHAPTER NINE T.F.M. Oudemans and J.J. Boon A Comparative Study of Extractable Lipids in the Sherds and Surface Residual Crusts of Ceramic Vessels from Neolithic and Roman Iron Age Settlements in the Netherlands 99 Introduction: Lipid Analysis in Ceramic Studies 99 Introduction: Types of Residues 99 Introduction: Aims 100 Experimental: Sample Material and Treatment 100 Experimental: Instrumentation 101 Experimental: Quantification 102 Results: CHN Analysis 104 Results: Qualitative Lipid Analysis 104 Results: Quantitative Lipid Analysis 105 Discussion: Lipid Quantification 108 Discussion: Chemotaxonomic Markers 108 Discussion: Lipid Preservation and Degradation 110 Discussion: Possible Origin of Lipids 111 Discussion: Lipids from Surface Residues 111 Discussion: Lipids Absorbed in Ceramics 112 Discussion: Chars from Other Sites 112 Discussion: Sampling Issues 112 Conclusions 113 References 121 CHAPTER TEN J. Cassidy Patterns of Subsistence Change During the Final Neolithic in the Primorye Region of the Russian Far East as Revealed by Fatty Acid Residue Analysis 125 The Bronze Age in the Primorye Region 126 Zera Lake 127 Macrobotanical Analysis 129 Fatty Acid Ceramic Residue Analysis 131

iv Table of Contents

Conclusions 134 References 135 CHAPTER ELEVEN H.A. Hoekman-Sites Using Residue Analysis to Confirm Trade Connections at Pella, Jordan 138 Trade at Pella 138 Theory behind Derivatization 140 Sample Selection and Preparation 141 Procedures and Criteria 142 IR and GC/MS Results 142 Interpretation of the Results 143 Specific Plant Identification 144 Conclusion 146 References 146 CHAPTER TWELVE E.A. Reber The Well-Tempered Pottery Analysis: Residue and Typological Analysis of Potsherds from the Lower Mississippi Valley 148 Archaeological Background 148 Description of the Sites 149 Methods 151 Results 152 Discussion 156 Conclusions 158 References 158 CHAPTER THIRTEEN C. Solazzo and D. Erhardt Analysis of Lipid Residues in Archaeological Artifacts: Marine Mammal Oil and Cooking Practices in the Arctic 161 Cooking Practices in the Arctic Coastal Areas 161 The Artifacts 163 Archaeological Samples 163 Modern Specimens 165 Analytical Methods 167 Fatty Acid Profiles in Modern Specimens 167 HTGC Results of the Archaeological Samples 170 GC/MS Results of the Archaeological Samples 170 The Samples from Miyowagh 171 Artifacts from Alaska and Labrador 173 Discussion 177 References 177 CHAPTER FOURTEEN S.M. Rafferty The Archaeology of Alkaloids 179 Examples of Alkaloid Archaeology 180 Discussion 185 References 186 CHAPTER FIFTEEN D.E. Beehr and S.H. Ambrose Reconstructing Mississippian Diet in the American Bottom with Stable Isotope Ratios of Pot Sherd Residues 189 Cahokia and its Neighbors 190 Diet Reconstruction 192 The Archaeological Sites 192 Methods and Results on Untreated Samples 193 Methods and Results on Treated Samples 195 Discussion and Conclusions 196 References 197

v CHAPTER SIXTEEN H. Barnard, S.H. Ambrose, D.E. Beehr, M.D. Forster, R.E. Lanehart, M.E. Malainey, R.E. Parr, M. Rider, C. Solazzo and R.M. Yohe II Results of Seven Methods for Organic Residue Analysis Applied to One Vessel with the Residue of a Known Foodstuff 200 Birth of the 'Round Robin' 200 Camels and Camel Milk 203 The Analysis of Camel Milk Residues 204 Results of the 'Round Robin': Stable Isotopes 205 Results of the 'Round Robin': Proteins 207 Results of the 'Round Robin': Lipids 208 Discussion 211 References 213 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN H. Barnard, L. Shoemaker, M. Rider, O.E. Craig, R.E. Parr, M.Q. Sutton and R.M. Yohe II Introduction to the Analysis of Protein Residues in Archaeological Ceramics 216 The Preservation of Proteins 216 Proteins as Archaeological Biomarkers 217 Extraction of Archaeological Proteins 218 Immunological Detection 218 Gel Separation and Proteomics 220 First Case Study: Cannibalism at Cowboy Wash 222 Second Case Study: Proteins on Stone Tools 223 Third Case Study: The Origins of Dairying 224 Fourth Case Study: Proteins in Paint Media 224 Fifth Case Study: the Round Robin 225 Discussion 227 References 228 APPENDIX I: COMMON ISOTOPES OF 99 ELEMENTS 232 APPENDIX II: A SHORT OVERVIEW OF PROTEIN BIOCHEMISTRY 236 Transcription 238 Translation 240 Post-translational Modifications 240 Mutations 242 Antibodies 243 Chirality 244 Denaturation, Decomposition and Diagenesis 245 Collisionally Induced Dissociation 247 Glossary 248 References 252 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 253 THE AUTHORS 261 INDEX 263

vi

INDEX

α-carbon ...42 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...242 δ13C...205-207, 212 amyrin...69 δ15N...192, 205-207, 212 anabasine...184 ΔР2О5...37-39 anaerobe...217 ω-3 fatty acid...44, 92 anaerobic...62, 109, 177, 217 ω-carbon...42, 44 animal food...38, 88, 192 animal protein...191, 192, 208 --- 1/10 --- aniseed...39, 138, 145, 146 anode...208, 219 2-DE...220, 221 anthropogenic transformation...61, 66, 71, 73 12C...44, 53, 55, 192, 204 anthropological archaeology...125 13C...12, 13, 44, 53, 190, 192-196, 204, 207 antibody...49, 205, 208, 217-220, 222-225, 227, 228, 13C/12C ratio...12, 13, 190, 192, 204 243, 244 14C...44 antibody-antibodies...218-220 anticodon...239 --- A --- antigen...49, 205, 208, 218-220, 222-224, 227, 243, 244 Antilocapra americana...223 abietic acid...71 antiserum...205, 208 aboriginal...182, 186, 223 anvilstones...128, 135 acetanilide...101 apatite...191 acetolysis...32 APCI...51, 52 acetonitrile...49, 208, 221, 226, 248 archaeobotanical...12, 30, 71, 88, 149, 150, 155, 157, ACN...208 158, 179, 183 acorn...150, 128, 130, 223 Arctic...161, 163, 165 acrylamide...49, 219 Argentina...16 active hydrogen...47 arginine...220, 227, 241, 247 acyl...103-105, 107-109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 171 aromatic...91 acylglycerols...102, 210 array detector...52 Addis...149 Artemisia lerchiana...36, 38 Adena Culture...183 Asia...2, 138, 203 adenine...238, 239 asparagine...241, 245 adhesive...1, 20-22, 61-63, 66, 68, 71-73 Astbury...238 adipocere...109 atmospheric pressure...51, 52 Adlavik Harbour...165, 166, 173 Atropa belladonna...185 agarose gel...207, 219 atropine...182, 185 Agave perryi...81 average mass...53, 237, 240-242 age...20, 29, 36, 40, 45, 93, 100, 161, 190 Avery...238 agitation...218 Aztec...182 agricultural activities...128 alanine...245 --- B --- Alaska...161-166, 173, 176, 177 alcohol...9, 10, 64, 102, 140, 141, 153 backed tool...20, 21 Aleutian Islands...161, 163, 166, 172, 173 bacteria...45, 90, 91 Algonquian...185 Baga-Burul...30, 31, 34-38 alkaloid...42, 56, 179, 180, 182-186, 212 Balmoral phase...150 Altmann...238 Banisteriopsis caapi...185 Amadori rearrangement...217, 245, 246 bark...19, 28, 62-64, 68, 71-73, 146, 155, 181 amaranth...149, 208, 243 barley...31, 33, 39, 125, 129, 130, 201 AMDIS...132 base peak...54 American Bottom...2, 189-192, 194, 196, 197 Bayou des Familles...149, 151, 155, 157 amino acid...90, 96, 110, 204, 216, 217, 221, 222, 225, Baytown...148-150 227, 236-247 B-cell...219, 243, 244 aminolysis...245 beans...16, 80, 192, 201 ammonia...207, 218, 245 bear...81, 208, 243 ammonium hydroxide...47, 207, 208, 218, 219 beaver...79, 81 AMS...8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 189 beer...9, 205

264

beeswax...61, 63-65, 68-71, 73, 100 cacao...180, 181, 185 behavior...1, 17, 18, 20, 21, 52, 90, 99, 125, 186, 217, CAD...221, 247 224 Caffea arabica...180 behavioral ecology...125 caffeine...56, 180, 181, 212 Belgium...61, 68 Cahokia...189-193, 195 beluga whale...165, 167, 170 CAM...152 Bercy...68, 69, 71 camel milk...200-204, 211, 212, 226 berry...78-80, 94, 133, 135, 145, 146, 161, 209, 212 Camellia sinensis...138, 145, 146 Berzelius...236 Camelus bactrianus...203 betulin...71 Camelus dromedarius...203, 225, 227 bioapatite...247 campesterol...109 biogenic silica...13 Canada...2, 78-81, 84, 130, 161, 163-165, 177, 183 biomarker...5, 56, 61, 66-69, 71, 73, 77, 88, 92, 94, 108, Cannabis sativa...36, 38, 185 133, 138, 144-146, 152-154, 156, 157, 170, 179, cannibalism...6, 222, 223 180, 182, 184, 185, 212, 213, 217 capillary electrophoresis...49, 51, 52 biomolecules...1, 3, 90-92, 216, 223, 224, 247 carbohydrate...49, 86, 90, 96, 99, 128, 191, 192, 197, b-ion...247 207, 236, 240 Biot...244 carbon isotope...3, 10, 13, 15, 152, 156, 189-193, 196 birch bark...61, 63-65, 68, 70-73 carbonized residue...72, 86, 167, 189, 192-197 birefringence...18 carboxyl...220, 246, 247 birefringent...18, 19 carnivores...20, 204 bison...79, 80, 84, 85, 94, 223 carrier gas...48, 49, 82, 102, 140 Black Drink...181 case study...179, 216, 220, 222, 224, 228 Blackduck...15 casein...204, 205, 224, 226, 227 blind test...17-19, 21, 77, 223 Caspian steppe...29, 31, 36, 39, 40 blood residue analysis...223 Castor canadensis...81 blubber...161-163, 165, 167-170, 174, 176, 177 Catacomb...29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40 bog bodies...109, 110, 247 cathode...208, 219 bog butter...109 cellulose...3, 18, 32, 216 boil line...84, 207 centralization...149, 151 bola...164, 173, 175, 176 centrifuge...46, 132, 142, 226 borderland...139, 140, 146 centroid spectrum...55 boreal forest...79-81, 84 century...42, 48, 49, 61, 62, 66, 68, 72, 91, 138, 139, Bos tarus...227 141, 149, 150, 165, 181-184, 186, 200, 203 bovine serum albumin...219 ceramic matrix...6, 42, 46, 56, 62, 63, 99, 105, 109, 112, branched fatty acid...45 140, 142, 152, 204, 207, 213, 218, 223, 224 Brassica oleacera...71 ceramic vessel...6, 37, 50, 56, 61-63, 66-73, 112, 113, Bromophenol Blue...225 126, 131, 133, 140-142, 158, 180, 189, 192, 196, Bronze Age...29, 36-40, 68, 71, 73, 100, 108, 125-128 200, 207, 213, 217, 218, 220, 222-225 browning...217, 245, 246 cereals...9, 31-33, 35-39, 204 BSA...219 ceremonial activity...148 BSTFA...47, 100, 140, 141, 142, 151, 167, 210 Cervus elaphus...80 Buffalo River...10, 14 cetoleic acid...170, 171 buffer solution...49, 219 Chalain...67-69, 71 burial...3, 5, 29, 33-36, 39, 77, 81, 84, 86, 94, 100, 108, chaoma...39 111, 112, 148, 149, 163, 166, 167, 183, 189, 191, charge detector...52 192, 196, 197, 217, 247 charred residue...67, 104, 105, 107, 110-113 burned rock...77, 80, 86 Chase...238 butcher...201 cheese...63, 203, 224 butchering...21, 222 chemical hydrolysis...104 Byzantine...138-141, 143-146 chemical ionization...51 chemotaxonomic marker...108, 109 --- C --- chenopod...149 Cherokee...181 C3 pathway...192, 204 chicha...9 C4 pathway...152, 190, 192, 204 Chilgir...30, 36 C16:0/C18:0...56, 57, 94, 169, 170, 173, 176, 211, 212 China...138, 144-146 C16:1/C18:1...56, 57, 94, 211, 212 chirality...244

265

chi-square...20 C-terminus...241 chitin...32 Cucurbita foetidissima...80 chitinous remains...32, 34, 35, 37, 40 Cucurbitaceae...8 chloroform...46, 65, 81, 100, 132, 151, 167, 179, 180, culinary activities...61, 63, 69, 71 182, 208-210 cultural ecology...125 CHN analysis...101, 104 cultural variability...125 chocolate...180 culture...9, 29, 125, 128, 133, 148, 149, 151, 158, 161, cholesterol...42, 54, 56, 68, 90, 102, 105, 107, 109, 111, 163, 181, 185, 186, 244 112, 121, 152, 155, 163, 171, 173, 210, 212 cyclic dipeptide...245 CID...221, 247 cyclic hydrocarbon...109 CIEP...205, 208, 212, 218, 219, 223, 225, 227 cysteine...241 clam...151 cytoplasm...238, 240 clay...11, 13, 14, 37, 62-64, 66, 81-87, 91, 100, 131, 162- cytosine...238 164, 167, 173, 174, 177, 190, 207 climatic oscillations...125 --- D --- cluster analysis...11, 79, 93 C/N ratio...104, 110, 195, 206, 207 DACIA...218, 224, 227 codon...237, 238, 240 DAG...45, 69, 102, 104-109, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119, cognitive archaeology...186 167, 170, 173, 210, 211 cold-on-column...49 Dahnke Site...9, 10, 11, 14 Coles Creek...148-151, 153, 155 dairy...31, 45, 61, 62, 68, 69, 73, 111, 210 collagen...19, 21, 28, 161, 189, 191, 192, 216, 224, 236, dairying...212, 224 247 Dalton...225 collisionally induced dissociation...221, 247 D-amino acid...245 color...14, 18, 19, 35, 48, 62, 63, 153, 154, 157, 158, Dasylirion wheeleri...80 219, 245 Datura meteloides...182 Columbus...16 Datura stramonium...182 concerted...140, 141 de novo sequencing...218, 221, 222 conch shell...181 deamination...6, 216, 217, 222, 241, 245 condensation process...109 Decapolis...139, 145, 146 conductivity detector...48 decarboxylation...216, 217, 222, 245 conservation...6, 163, 217, 222 decompose...5, 50, 77, 81, 91-94, 170 contaminants...1, 18, 19, 61, 73, 81, 86, 112, 132, 142- decomposition...1, 3, 5, 6, 77-81, 83, 84, 86, 90-94, 96, 144, 189, 190-192, 194-197, 218, 220, 222 169, 170, 173, 209, 212, 213, 216, 245 contamination...3, 5, 10, 47, 54, 56, 66, 82, 90, 91, 105, degradation...19, 61, 66, 68, 73, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 109, 142, 144, 170, 177, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 90, 91, 94, 99, 100, 104, 109-113, 133, 152, 165, 205, 212, 217, 223, 226, 247 167, 170, 171, 173, 177, 184, 208 contamination marker...66 degradation marker...61, 66, 68, 73 control sample...30, 32, 38 degrade...77, 79, 81, 91, 93, 131, 196 convergent evolution...217, 222 Delphinapterus leucas...165 cooking pit...86, 129 denaturation...217, 219, 225, 245 cooking stone, 1, 90 deoxyribonucleic acid...238 Coomassie Brilliant Blue...219, 220 deoxyribose...238 copal...64, 65 derivatization...47, 48, 65, 96, 102, 140, 141, 161, 167 coprolite...8, 222, 223 DHA...167, 168 corn...9, 11, 13, 14, 79, 80 diacid...115, 117, 119, 167-170, 173, 174, 176, 177 Cornus sanguinea...71 diacylglycerol...45, 68, 69, 102, 104, 105, 107, 210, 211 cost-benefit...128 diagenesis...66, 109, 216, 224, 247 counter immuno-electrophoresis...218 diagnostic marker...99, 216 cow milk...111, 201, 224 diatoms...13 Cowboy Wash...222 diazomethane...47 Crassulacean acid metabolism...152 dicarboxylic fatty acid...45, 169, 176 Creek...148-151, 181 dichloromethane...65, 138, 141, 142, 146 Cresap Mound...183 diet...3, 12, 14, 15, 44, 90, 128, 130, 133, 134, 138, 148, crescents...20 150-152, 155, 157, 158, 161, 189, 190-192, 197, Crick...238 206, 213 cross-over electrophoresis...205 dietary protein...191, 192 cross-reactivity...217, 219, 222, 225, 228, 244 dietary reconstruction...189

266

dietary system...29 ester...45, 47, 69, 77, 82, 102-105, 107, 109, 111, 142- diketopiperazine...245 146, 151, 209, 210 direct inlet mass spectrometry...3, 61, 63, 64 esterification...47 discovery-based...218, 220, 225, 228 ethnobotanical...182 disilicic acid...8 ethnographic...19, 61, 62, 86, 90, 91, 158, 186, 224, 228 disulfide bond...219, 240, 241 ethnographical...7, 31, 218, 223, 228 diterpenoid...71, 154 ethnohistoric...181 DNA...1, 5, 9, 49, 90, 208, 216, 217, 219, 238-240, 242 Eurasian steppe...29, 39 docosenoic acid...43, 56, 212 even carbon number...104, 108, 110-112, 121 dogwood...71, 73, 185 evolution...16, 17, 73, 125, 217, 243 dolerite...21 evolutionary stable state...125 Drink of the Gods...39 extremely high fat content foods...81 drinking vessel, 181 dromedary...225, 227 --- F --- drying process...109 D-sugar...244 FAB...51 DTT...219, 225 FAMEs...47, 82, 142, 151, 209 Dual Empire Interaction...138 Faraday cup...52 dye...56, 212, 219, 220, 225 farming...39, 149, 150, 151, 155, 190, 191, 193 dyeing...62 fat...19, 21, 28, 42, 45-47, 61, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 77- 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 91-93, 108-112, 121, 128, 133, --- E --- 143, 158, 161, 163, 165, 170, 171, 176, 177, 191, 192, 197, 201, 203, 204, 207, 209, 212, 219 Eastern Desert Ware...200, 203, 212 fatty acid...1, 6, 42-47, 53, 55, 56, 68, 69, 77-96, 100, ECD...48 104-106, 109-111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 125, 128, ECN...102, 105, 114-119 131-135, 142, 143, 151-157, 163, 167-171, 173, ecology...125 174, 176, 177, 179, 196, 203-205, 208-212, 216 edible plant...32, 185 fatty acid profile...78, 91, 92, 153, 163 effective carbon number...102, 114-119 fatty acid ratio...78, 93-95, 133, 216 egg...201, 211, 212, 224, 225, 245 feasting...148-150, 190, 192, 193, 195 Egypt...138, 145, 200, 201, 203, 212 feather...19, 38, 163, 164 EI+...50, 53, 64, 102, 104, 108, 152 febrifuge...155 electron impact...50, 51, 53, 64, 65, 140 female sacrifice...191 electron microscopy...32 fermented beverage...62 electron multiplier...52 fibers...18, 19, 20, 38, 62, 161 electrophoresis...49, 51, 208, 218, 220 FID...48, 100, 101, 102, 108 electrospray ionization...51 field-based replication...18, 19 ELISA...218, 219 fire carrier...153, 157 elk...80, 208 Fischer...236 Emerson...149-151, 155, 182, 190, 191, 193 fish...32, 35, 38-40, 45, 55, 77-80, 83, 86, 92, 94, 110, enamel...217, 245, 247 128, 133-135, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 158, 161, enantiomer...244 162, 170, 196, 200, 201, 212, 217, 224, 245 environment...9, 12, 29, 32, 44, 65, 66, 77, 81, 84, 86, fish scales...32, 35, 40 90, 91, 125, 134, 149, 165, 177, 179, 203, 204, 216, fishing...125, 133, 135 217, 219, 245, 246 five prime...240 environmental...12, 18, 62, 93, 125, 183 flame ionization detector...48, 82, 100, 132, 209 enzymatic hydrolysis...104, 109-111 flotation...12, 30, 128-130, 135 enzyme...44, 46, 216-220, 227, 236, 243, 244, 247 fluorescence...49, 92, 190, 220 EPA...51, 167, 168 food preparation...86, 133, 217 ephedra...39 food residue...1, 8, 10, 12-16, 77, 80, 86, 90, 189, 190, epicuticular...71 192, 216 epimerization...244, 245 food science...91, 92 epitope...208, 217, 219, 220, 224, 227, 243, 244 food web...189, 192 erucamide...56, 212 foraging...128, 135, 148, 149, 151 erucic acid...44, 56, 92, 168, 171 forest...77, 79, 84-87 Eryngium aquaticum...181 fossilization...247 ESI...51, 52 Four Corners...222 Eskimo...161, 166 Foxtail millet...130

267

F(R molar)i ...102 half-life...44 France...61, 68 Halichoerus grypus...165 frankincense...64 Halliday...193, 195, 196 Franklin...223, 238 hallucinogenic...39, 181-183 free fatty acid...47, 90, 102, 104-106, 108-111, 167, 173, harbour seal...165 176, 210 harmaline...183, 185 Free State...17 Hawking...242 freshwater...83, 86, 133-135, 223 hazelnuts...71, 128, 130 FT-ICR...52 Hazendonk...100, 101, 105, 106, 111, 112, 118, 119 FTMS...52 HCG...220 fulvic acid...190 HCl...47, 132, 167, 197, 210 funeral ceremony...30, 32 hearth...18, 128-130, 135, 208 fungus...200 Hebrides Archipelago...224 hemp...31, 35, 36, 39 --- G --- herbivore...78-81, 83, 84, 88, 204, 207, 212 Herodotus...39 gadoleic acid...171 Hersey...238 gallinaceous fowl...223 heterocyclic...179, 238 Gambell...163, 171 hexadecenoic acid...43, 204 Garrod...243 high fat content...81, 84, 88, 110 GC/C/IRMS...196, 210 high performance...49, 179 GC column...48, 51, 56 high pressure liquid chromatography...49, 226 GC/MS...2, 3, 42, 48, 49, 56, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, 92, 99, high status...191 102-105, 131, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 142, 144, high temperature...48, 65, 66, 90, 92, 104, 126, 128, 151, 146, 152, 161, 167, 170, 171, 173, 175, 179, 183, 153, 161, 165, 167, 170, 246 184, 208, 210-212, 225 historic...12, 14, 163, 181 Gehrig...242 historical...7, 12, 56, 126, 181, 212, 213, 216, 218, 223, gel electrophoresis...49, 220, 221 224, 228 gender...29, 36, 40, 90, 126 Hoff...244 gene...9, 242 holed vessel...63 genera...8, 92, 94 holistic...18 genetic code...9, 238-240 Hopi...182 geochemistry...61, 66 hormone...220, 236, 240 geological...8, 18, 31, 72, 216, 217, 245, 246 hornfels...21 geology...217 horticulture...12, 148, 149, 151, 155, 185 glumes...9 household...16, 190, 197, 217, 245, 247 glycerol...45, 46, 77, 82, 170, 210, 225 Howiesons Poort...17, 20, 21 glycine...236, 237, 245 HPLC...49, 51, 52, 92, 179, 180, 226 goat milk...201, 208, 212 HTGC...105, 161, 167, 170, 171, 173, 210-212 gondoic acid...170, 171 human behavior...17, 20, 22, 125, 148 grain...8, 19, 28, 32-39, 130, 149, 225 human bone...190, 191, 222 gramineous plant...32-38, 40 human chorionic gonadotropin...220 Grand Aunay...62, 68, 69, 71, 72 human myoglobin...222, 223 grape...71, 130, 244 humic acid...190, 246 grass...8, 13, 34, 38, 39, 130, 150, 163-166 humus...217 grave...29, 30, 32, 33, 35-38, 56, 148, 213 hunter-gatherer...79, 131, 135, 212 Great Plains...80 hunting camp...12, 15 greens...78-80, 93, 94, 133, 135, 209 hunting weapon...20, 21, 90 grey seal...165, 167 hydrofluoric acid...218, 224 grog...149 hydrogen...47, 53, 101, 140, 238, 240, 245 Grossmann...193, 195 hydrogen bond...238, 240, 245 group behavior...125 hydrolysis..90, 94, 100, 104, 109, 110-113, 167, 170, guanine...238 173, 177, 210, 216, 217, 220, 222, 225, 245-247 hydrolysis index...100, 104, 110, 113 --- H --- hydrophilic...42, 221, 240, 245 hydrophobic...42, 163, 221, 240, 245, 246 hafting...1, 17, 19-22, 28, 72 hydroxy fatty acids...110 hair...19, 28, 32, 62, 163, 164, 183

268

L-amino acid...244, 245 --- I --- lamp...108, 153, 157, 161-166, 170, 171, 173, 175-177 landscape...149 ibogaine...183 last meal...29, 30, 38, 39 Ihydr ...104, 110-112 Late Woodland...149, 190 Ilex vomitoria...80, 181 lauryl sulfate...218 immune system...243 LC-MS/MS...66, 220, 221, 226, 248 immunological...217, 218, 220, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228 LCQ...226 INAA...92 Le Bel...244 inborn errors of metabolism...243 leaf wax...71 incubation...218, 224 legume...34, 130, 133, 192, 208, 243 individual agent...125 leucine...237, 245 infrared spectroscopy...3, 5, 61 Levene...238 instrument drift...152 L-glyceraldehyde...244 insulin...236, 240 Lidovka Culture...126 integer mass...51, 53, 54, 56, 242, 243 linoleate...44 internal standard...47, 48, 56, 69, 82, 100, 105, 107, 156, linolenate...44 210, 211, 221 lipid...1, 5, 7, 37, 39, 42, 46, 47, 49, 64, 66, 67, 77, 81, Inuit...161, 165 82, 86, 88, 90-92, 100, 104-113, 121, 131-135, 151, Io/e ...104, 110, 111, 112 152, 156, 158, 161, 163, 167, 170, 173, 177, 196, ion repeller...51 197, 205, 207, 209-211, 213, 216, 218, 223, 225, ion source...50-52 236, 240 Iron Age...61, 62, 68, 69, 71, 73, 99-101, 111, 121, 125, liquid chromatography...49, 66, 179, 221, 248 126 liver...37 Iroquois...11, 14, 182 LMV...148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 158 Isat ...104, 110-112 Lohmann phase...190, 191 iso-electric point...220, 221 long chain...64, 69, 77, 79-81, 85, 87, 111, 236 isomer...83-86, 104, 209, 212 long-chain fatty acid...106, 110, 170 isotope...13, 15, 44, 53, 55, 99, 153, 156, 189, 191-193, long-chained...91, 92 195-197, 204, 205, 210 Louisiana...148, 149, 151, 155-157 isotopic composition...189-192, 196, 197, 204, 207, 213 low status...191 Issaquena...148, 149 Lower Mississippi Valley...2, 148, 149, 151 IUPAC...183 luminescence...220 lunates...20 --- J --- lupeol...69, 71, 154 lymphocyte...243 Jordan...2, 138 lysine...220, 227, 241, 247

--- K ------M ---

Kendrew...240 M¯...103, 104, 221 keratin...226, 236 M+...51, 52, 103, 104 ketone...102 Ma...17 ketonic decarboxylation...109 macrobotanical...80, 129, 130, 135, 182, 191 ketosamine...245 macromolecules...109, 110 kinnickkinnick...185 MAG...45, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115, 117, knife...30 119, 170, 171, 174, 176, 177, 210, 211 KOH...45-47, 167, 210 magnetic sector...52, 102 krill...170 Maillard reaction...110, 217, 245, 246 KwaZulu-Natal...17, 21, 22 maize...3, 8-16, 93, 148-156, 181, 189-194, 196, 197, 204 --- L --- Majkop...29, 39 MALDI...51, 221, 228 La Fangade...68, 71 Manchurian walnut...128, 130 Labrador...161, 165, 173 Mandan...11, 13, 14 lacustrin...62, 67 Mandjikiny...30, 33, 35, 36 ladder of inference...186 Manitoba...16, 81, 84, 165 Laemmli...219 manos...223

269

Maple River...9 Mississippi...148, 149, 151, 181, 183, 190 Margarita Culture...125, 126, 128-130 Mississippian...2, 149-151, 189-191, 193-196 marker...191 Miyowagh...162, 163, 165, 166, 171 marrow...78, 80 mobile phase...48, 49, 51, 221, 248 mass...3, 5, 8, 43, 45, 48, 49-56, 62, 65, 66, 68, 99, 102, modification...66, 110, 125, 167, 177, 217 104, 105, 108, 131, 138, 140, 142, 146, 152, 161, moiety...104, 105, 107, 109, 111 179, 183-185, 189, 191, 193, 196, 205, 206, 210, molecular weight...102, 142, 219, 221, 225, 240 217, 218, 220-222, 226, 228, 237, 247, 248 Monks Mound...190 mass analyzer...50, 52, 221 monoacylglycerol...45, 68, 102, 104, 105, 107, 210, 211 mass spectrometry...3, 5, 8, 48, 49, 62, 65, 66, 99, 138, monoclonal antibody...218-220, 223, 224, 227, 228, 244 161, 179, 183, 184, 189, 196, 210, 217, 220, 221, Monodon monoceros...165 228, 247 mono isotopic mass...53 mass spectrum...51-56, 65, 66, 68, 104, 105, 108, 142, mono-unsaturated fatty acids...43, 44, 110, 132 146, 179, 183, 184, 218 moose...80, 208 matates...223 Morgan Mounds...149, 151, 155, 156 Maya...180 morphine...185 maygrass...148, 150 mortuary wax...109 MCP...50, 52 mRNA...238-240, 242 meat...29, 31-33, 36, 37, 40, 69, 77-81, 83, 84, 93, 110, MS/MS...51, 52, 221, 226, 228, 247, 248 133, 134, 152, 155, 157, 158, 161, 165, 167, 177, MSTFA...208 189, 191, 192, 195, 200, 201, 203, 207, 212, 216, multi-analytical...20 245 Mu-Sharet...30, 34, 37 meat consumption...191 mustard...92, 212 medicine...71, 145, 146, 155, 220, 243 mutation...227, 242 Medieval...138, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146 mya...17 medium chain...79-81, 209, 212 myoglobin...222, 223, 240 medium-chain fatty acid...45, 81 m/z...50, 52-54, 102, 103, 140, 152, 183, 196 melanoidins...217, 246 mescal...81, 83 --- N --- Mesoamerica...180 metallurgical activities...128 NaOH...46, 47, 195 metasilicic acid...8 narcotic infusion...37 methanol...46, 49, 65, 81, 82, 100, 132, 142, 151, 167, narwhal...165 179, 182, 208-210, 221, 225, 248 native...12, 78, 90, 91, 112, 113, 144-146, 155, 165, 180, methionine...237, 238 181, 184, 186, 217, 218 methylization...47 Native American...6, 14, 181-183, 185, 186 Mexico...9, 16, 80, 182 Navajo...182 MH+...221 Neolithic...2, 61-63, 67, 68, 69-73, 99-101, 105, 106, micelle...44 112, 113, 121, 125-129, 131, 185, 220 microbial activity...84, 85, 104, 109, 110 Netherlands...99, 100, 121 microbiological attack...217 network...109, 111, 138, 145, 146 micrographs...28 Nicotiana rustica...183-185 Micromeria fruticosa...138, 144-146 nicotine...183-186 micro-organism...45, 54-56, 109, 176, 177, 216, 217, NIH...51, 54 247 NIST...51, 54, 56, 132, 138, 142 micro-residue...17-21 nitrocellulose membrane...219 microscope...11, 18, 62, 63, 66, 72 nitrogen isotope...3, 189, 190-193, 195, 206, 213 microscopic...8, 9, 18, 34, 37, 225, 247 Nobel Prize...238, 244 midden, 128, 129, 135, 149, 150, 151, 171 nodoc...240 Middlesex Culture...183 nomads...29, 39, 40 Miescher...238 non-charred residue...100, 104-106, 111, 112 milk...29, 39, 69, 100, 110-112, 121, 192, 200, 203, 204, nonconcerted...140, 141 207, 212, 213, 219, 224, 225, 227, 245 non-enzymatic browning...111 milk fat...110-112, 121 non-enzymatic hydrolysis...109, 110 millennium...39, 66, 68, 92, 184, 216 NO-Polder...100, 101, 106, 111, 112, 118, 119 millet...125, 129, 130, 133, 135 North Africa...138, 145, 146 mineralization...247 North America...1, 2, 8, 16, 88, 155, 157, 179, 182-186, Minnesota...2, 10, 11, 14 190, 192, 195, 209, 212, 223

270

Northeast Asia...125-127 palmitate ester...69 Northeastern Plains...10, 12-16 palmitic acid...54, 177 Northern Plains...86 palmitoleic acid...171 NP-HPLC...49 palynology...10 N-terminal...245 pandemic disease...125 N-terminus...241 Papaver somniferum...185 nucleotides...238 parasites...34, 35, 37 nucleus...44, 238 parent molecule...54 Nuphar lutea...71 parkland...77, 79-81, 84-87 nut...78, 79, 81, 92, 94, 128, 133, 135, 149, 150, 158, Pasteur...244 201 PCA...93 PDB...192 --- O --- pecan...149, 150 Peedee Formation Belemnite...192 ochre...17, 19-21 Pella...2, 138-146 octadecenoic acid...43, 204 peptide...216, 217, 220-222, 224, 226-228, 236, 237, odd carbon number...100, 104-106, 110-112, 121, 210 240-243, 245-247 odd carbon number fatty acid index...100, 104, 110, 112 peptide bond...216, 217, 236, 240, 241, 245 Odeum...141, 144 peptide chain...237, 240, 241, 245 Odocoileus virginianus...151 peptide mapping...221 oil-producing...71 peptide sequence tagging...222 Old Bering Sea...163 peptide sequencing...221 Old Man site...193 peptide-mass fingerprinting...221 Old World...157, 179, 182, 185, 222 perfumes...138 oleic acid...92, 168, 170, 176, 177, 208 persimmon...149, 150, 154, 155 Olmec...180, 181 personal survival...125 opal phytolith...8 personal wealth...125 opium...185 Pertus...68, 71, 72 optical isomer...244 Peru...9, 29, 183 optically stimulated luminescence...17 Perutz...240 optimal foraging theory...125 pestle...46, 81, 132, 151, 208, 210 Opuntia engelmannii...80 Pfeffer...193, 195 orthosilicic acid...8 phenotype...9 Oryza...8 phenotypic profile...9, 10, 14 Osceola...149-158 phenylalanine...193 OSL...17 Phoca hispida...165 osteocalcin...216, 224, 247 Phoca vitulina...165 ostrich...20, 217, 245 Phoenix dactylifera...138, 145, 146, 201 ostrich eggshell...20, 217, 245 phosphorylation...241 Ostrovnoy...30, 31, 34, 36, 37 photocalorimetry...32 oxidation...6, 45-47, 90-92, 94, 104, 109, 110, 163, 167, photo-ionization detector...48 168, 170, 171, 173, 177, 204, 208, 210 phthalate...54, 55, 56, 105, 107, 112, 143, 144, 212 oxidize...91, 92, 132, 143, 167, 170, 213 phytanic acid...45, 56, 171, 177 oxygen...53, 65, 77, 91-93, 109, 113, 140, 240, 245 phytolith...3, 8-14, 16, 29, 32, 34, 35-39, 197 phytolith redundancy...9 --- P --- phytoplankton...170 pickerel...83 Pachyrhizus erosus...80 PID...48 Pacific Salmon...131, 132 pigment...224 paint...88, 141, 216, 224, 225 pike...86, 87 paint binder...224 Pimpinella anisum...138, 146 paint media...224 Pinus...33-38, 81, 145, 146 paleodiet...8 Pinus edulis...81 paleoenvironment...128 Pinus sylvestris...145, 146 paleogeography...127 Pistacia...64 Paleoindian...80 Pithecellobium ebano...81 Paleolithic...20, 71, 126 placenta...220 palmetto...149, 150 plant with large herbivore...79

271

Plaquemine...149-151, 155 quartzite...18 plasma cell...243 quaternary structure...240 Poaceae...8, 33-37, 40 Podrî l'Cortri...68, 71, 72 --- R --- Point Barrow...161, 163, 166, 173, 176, 177 polarized light...18, 244 rabbit...93, 208, 222, 224, 243 polarizing microscope...18 racemic mixture...244, 245 pollen...3, 8, 10, 12, 29, 30, 32- 40, 72 racemization...216, 217, 225, 244, 245 polyacrylamide gel...220 radio-active marker...218, 243 polyclonal antibodies...219, 223, 243, 244 radiocarbon dating...8, 12, 44, 189 polypeptide...236, 239-242, 245, 247 radioimmunoassay...185, 218 polysaccharides...66, 216, 243 rancid...91 polyunsaturated...77, 79, 83, 91, 93, 109, 167, 170, 171 rcf...225 poppy...31, 39, 71, 185 receptor...180, 182, 183, 236, 244 porridge...29, 33-37, 39, 192 recipe...20, 21, 39 post-translational modification...240, 241, 244 Red River...9 pottery...8, 13-15, 29, 31, 42, 46, 47, 56, 57, 61-63, 66, relative abundance...50, 55, 77, 121, 152, 171, 204, 220, 68, 69, 71-73, 77, 79, 80, 86, 100, 131, 138, 142, 225, 245 146, 148, 149, 156, 158, 163, 181, 182, 184, 189, relative centrifugal force...225 190, 194-197, 216, 223, 224 relative intensity...52, 53, 54 pottery function...61, 62, 66, 69, 71, 73 Reno Brake...149, 150-153, 156, 158 pottery powder...46, 47, 142 reproductive success...125 pottery repair...61, 62, 71 resin...1, 19, 20, 21, 28, 61, 63-66, 68, 71, 73, 100, 154, pottery typology...148 155, 210, 226 pottery use...148, 158 retention time...49, 50, 55, 66, 68, 104, 142, 146, 183 Precontact...79 RIA...101, 218, 219 prehistoric...4, 9, 12, 14, 61, 67, 71, 73, 90, 100, 109, ribonucleic acid...238 126, 131, 134, 148, 179-183, 185, 186, 189, 190, ribose...238 223 ribosome...240 primary antibodies...218 Richland Complex...190, 191, 192 primary structure...217, 240, 245 rim...46, 62, 63, 90, 148, 152, 156, 158, 165, 166, 192, primary/secondary antibody complex...218 205-207 Primorye Region...125-128, 134 ringed seal...165, 167 principal components analysis...93 rites des passage...39 pristanic acid...170 ritual...6, 9, 29, 30, 35, 37, 39, 40, 150, 153, 179, 181, probability based matching...222 183, 185, 186, 190, 218 projectile technology...20 RNA...238, 239, 240 proline...220, 227, 247 Roman...99-101, 105, 111-113, 121, 138, 139 Prosopis glandulosa...80 rondels...8, 9 protein...1, 5, 42, 49, 66, 86, 90, 99, 110,128, 161, 190- root...8, 78-80, 92, 94, 146, 182, 209, 212 192, 197, 203-205, 207, 208, 212, 216-228, 236, Rose Cottage Cave...17, 20 238, 240-245, 247 Round robin...200-202, 204, 205, 209-212, 225-228, 243 protein synthesis...236, 238 Royal Canadian Mounted Police...208 proteinogenic amino acid...236, 237, 240 RP-HPLC...49 proteolytic cleavage...241 Russian Far East...2, 125, 126, 128 proteomics...205, 222 proton...44, 51 --- S --- P/S ratio...56, 57, 69, 168-171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 211, 212 SAA...18 psychoactive...179, 182, 183, 185, 186 saltwater...133-135 PTM...241, 245 sampling...12, 100, 113, 144, 148, 158, 193, 197, 205, Pueblos...14 207 Py/GC/MS...65, 66, 71 sandwich ELISA...222, 223 Sandy Lake...11, 14 --- Q --- saponification...46, 47, 82, 210, 211 Saranac phase...150 quadrupole...52, 140 saturated peak...49 quartz...18, 21, 65 saturation index...100, 104, 110, 112

272

Saxon oil...109 sonication...167 Schagen-Muggenburg...100, 105, 118, 119 soot...63, 69, 86, 133, 171 Schisandra chinensis...138, 146 sorghum...201, 204 scopolamine...182, 185 soup...29, 34-40 Scotland...108, 145, 224 South Africa...2, 17, 21 screening...151 South America...140, 180, 183, 185 SDS-PAGE...219-221, 225, 226 Southern Cult...181 sea mammal...161, 163, 171, 177 Soxhlet apparatus...151 Sea of Japan...125, 126 Spanish dagger...80, 82-84 seal...37, 78, 161, 163-165, 167, 168, 170, 176, 177 species...5, 8, 9, 38, 46, 80, 92-94, 104, 128, 133, 138, seasonality...3, 29, 125, 128, 130, 135 144-146, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 165, 167, secondary antibodies...218, 220, 222, 244 170, 173, 177, 181-185, 205, 207, 208, 216, 217, secondary structure...240 222, 227, 243 seed...9, 32, 36, 79, 81, 130, 191, 207, 212 split injection...82, 210 SEM...32 squalene...111, 210 Seminole...181 square chord distance...10, 11, 15 Senii Gai Culture...126 squash...16, 150 SEQUEST...226, 227 Srubnaya...29, 36, 39 serine...241, 245 St. Gabriel Mound...149, 151, 155, 157 Sharachalsun...33, 37 St. Lawrence Island...162, 163, 165, 166, 171-173 Shea Site...9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 stable isotope...44, 53, 88, 96, 152, 189, 204, 205, 216 shell temper...149, 190, 191, 193 starch...1, 8, 19, 28, 37, 100, 205, 216 short chain...210 stationary phase...48, 49, 51, 102, 104, 167 short-chain fatty acid...109, 111 statistical test...20 short-chained...91 statistics...10 SI...78 status...126, 140, 146, 182, 185, 190, 191 Sibudu Cave...17-21, 28 stearic acid...56, 92 Sierra Nevada...223 steatite...166 signal-to-noise...105 sterol...55, 69, 77, 109, 113, 152, 173 silica phytolith...8 Still Bay...17, 21 siliceous remains...32-35, 37, 40 Stirling phase...190, 191 silicic acid...8 stomach...5, 29, 30, 32, 36-39 silicon dioxide...8 Stone Age...17, 20, 21, 28, 125 silver nitrate...226 stone tool...1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 17-21, 77, 135, 216, 223, 224 silylation...47 story of maize...3 SIM...183 stratification...149 single-meal...190 subcutaneous...68, 69 sitosterol...55, 109 Sub-Saharan Africa...17 skeleton...29, 30, 32-37, 66, 238 subsistence...13, 16, 79, 80, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133-135, smoking pipe...56, 182-186, 213 148, 151, 161, 163, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 191, smoking pit...135 193 soapstone...162, 163, 165, 173, 175 sucrose...193 social complexity...126, 190 Sudan...200, 203 social inequality...191 sugar...9, 201, 204, 238, 245, 246 social organization...125, 128, 190 sumpweed...150 social stratification...126, 151, 190 Sundown phase...150 Society for American Archaeology...1, 2, 18, 200, 225 Sus scrofa...227 sodium dodecyl sulfate...218, 220 sylvic acid...71 soft drink...29 symbolic...20, 21, 155, 181, 185, 186, 190 soil...5, 8, 10, 18, 30-32, 36, 38, 39, 66, 81, 84-87, 90, Sypro Ruby...219, 220 91, 99, 100, 108, 109, 111, 144, 170, 177, 189-193, 195-197, 216, 217, 246 --- T --- soil organic matter...189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 197, 246 soil sample...18, 30-32, 36, 39 TAG...45, 69, 102, 104, 105, 107-113, 115, 117, 119, solvent slug...49 121, 167, 170, 171, 210, 211 SOM...246 tagen...200, 201, 202 soma...39 tandem mass spectrometry...51, 52, 66, 221, 247 Soma drink...39 tandem MS/MS...228, 247

273

tar...37, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70-73 two-dimensional electrophoresis...220 tartaric acid...205, 244 tyrosine...241 Tayassu tajacu...80 TCA...225 --- U --- TCD...48 TDS...201 UHPLC...49 technocomplexes...17, 21 Uitgeesterbroekpolder...100, 118, 119 Teflon...46, 82, 141, 142, 144 Uitgeest-Groot Dorregeest...100, 104, 105, 108, 111, Tensas...148-156 114-117 teosinte...9 Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter...21 terminal deoxyribose...240 uracil...238, 239 terminal ribose...240 Ursus americanus...81 terpenoids...6, 42, 56, 64, 152, 210, 212 USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory...208 tertiary structure...240, 245 use-phases...6, 99, 113, 218 tetradecanoic acid...204 tetrahedron...244 --- V --- tetratriacontane...47, 167, 210, 211 Texas...80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 181 valine...245 tga1...9 vegetable...32, 38, 45, 62, 63, 68, 69, 71, 73, 192, 204 Theobroma cacao...180 vegetable oil...62, 68, 69, 71, 73 thiourea...193 vessel function...131, 153, 156, 158, 189, 190 three prime...240 vessel life...62 threonine...227, 241, 245 vessel shape...148, 156 Thule...165 vessel thickness...156 thymine...238, 239 vessel use...61, 99, 110, 112, 113, 148, 207 TIC...49, 50 Virola calophylla...181, 185 tick...32, 35, 37 vitamin C...203 time-of-flight...50, 52, 221 VLCS...78, 79, 85, 87 TLY...104, 105, 110, 111, 113-119 VLCU...78, 79 TMAH...47 volatile...46, 65, 66, 77, 91, 140, 144 TMCS...47, 100, 151, 167, 210 vugs...90, 131 TMS...47, 56, 102, 104 TMTD...170 --- W --- TMTFTH...47 TOF...50, 52, 221, 228 walrus...161, 163, 170 toloache...182 water lilies...71 tonic...155 Watson...238 total lipid yield...104 wax...104, 111, 152, 210 toxins...179 Western blot...218-220 trade...3, 29, 39, 130, 138-140, 145, 146 wet screening...128, 135 transcription...238-240 whale...161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 174, 177, 217 translation...238-240 whey...63 tree resin...62, 154, 155 white birch...63 triacylglycerol...42, 45, 46, 65, 66, 68, 69, 102, 105, 107, wild cereal...32, 38, 39, 40 210-212 Wilford Site...9-11, 14, 15 trichloro-acetic acid...225 Wilkins...238 trimethylxanthine...180 wine...66, 205, 244 triplet...238, 240, 242 Winnipeg...84 tris-HCl...218, 219, 225 wood working...20 triterpenoid...69-72, 154 wormwood...33-36, 38, 39 Triticum...8, 201 wu wei zi...138, 145, 146 tRNA...239, 240 wyscoean...182 trophic level...189, 192 trout...50, 82, 83 Troyville...148, 149 trypsin...220, 221, 226-228, 247 tryptophan...236-238 Tubatulabal...223

274

--- X ------Z ---

X! Tandem...226, 227 Zaisnovka Culture...127 XRF...92 Zea mays...8, 9, 12, 189, 204 Zera Lake...127-130, 134, 135 --- Y --- Zizania...16 Zunda-Tolga...30, 35-37 Yamnaya...29, 33 Zuni...182 yaupon...181 Yazoo...148 y-ion...247 Yucca treculeana...80

275